monografia trabalho de conclusão de curso tcc

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Page 1: Monografia Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso TCC

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_BCQOP]CJEJO JF O]ZEJF JO NEZF LPF]]F CB]ZCZ_ZF JO EJNCBC]ZPEÌÍF, MCOBMCE] MFBZÅ@OC] O OMFBFNCE 

MENT_] _BCQOP]CZÅPCF JO ZEBLEPÅ JE ]OPPE JOTEPZENOBZF JO EJNCBC]ZPEÌÍF

EJNCBC]ZPEÌÍF ON ONTPOOBJOJFPC]NF

K_MCEBF ]FEPO] JF] ]EBZF]

LO]ZÍF JO O]ZFU_O]7 _NE EBÅKC]O JE] AOPPENOBZE] JO MFBZPFKOJF ]OZFP JO TOÌE] ON _NE ONTPO]E APCLFPÎACME JO ZEBLEPÅ JE

]OPPE - NZ

NFBFLPEACE ON EJNCBC]ZPEÌÍF/ZMM

ZEBLEPÅ JE ]OPPE/NZ

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K_MCEBF ]FEPO] JF] ]EBZF]

LO]ZÍF JO O]ZFU_O]7 _NE EBÅKC]O JE] AOPPENOBZE] JO MFBZPFKOJF ]OZFP JO TOÌE] ON _NE ONTPO]E APCLFPÎACME JO ZEBLEPÅ JE

]OPPE - NZ

Zre`ekhf jo Mfbmkusíf jo Mursf on afrne jonfbflreace eprosobtejf mfnf roqucsctf rolukenobterf`rcletýrcf pere f`tobìíf jf lreu jo @emherok onEjncbcstreìíf, jo emfrjf mfn e Posfkuìíf b· 5 o 0 joaovorocrf jo 044: jf Mfbsokhf Bemcfbek jo Ojumeìífo je Posfkuìíf b· 4=4/0450 jf Mfbsokhf jo Obscbf,Tosqucse o Oxtobsíf je _BONEZ.

Frcobtejfr7 Trfa. Okoc Mhevcor Nertcbs

Zeblerå je ]orre (NZ)045= 

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JOJCMEZÝPCE

Ä ncbhe aenîkce poke aã o mfbacebìe jonfbstreje jurebto tfjfs fs ebfs je ncbhe vcje.

Efs nous enclfs pokf epfcf cbmfbjcmcfbek bes hfres jcaîmocs, aezobjf mfn quo ou

 `usmesso afrìes pere mfbtcbuer oste mencbheje.

Efs prfaossfros pokf scnpkos aetf jo osteron jcspfstfs e obscber, on ospomcek ä

 prfaossfre Ns. Okecbo Pfjrcluos.

Obacn, ä tfjfs quo jo eklune afrne tfrberen osto mencbhf scbufsf o ostroctf necs aåmck

jo sor pormfrrcjf.

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ELPEJOMCNOBZF]

Ä Jous pfr no e`obìfer mfn se÷jo, pez o nuctes roekczeìÿos.

Efs nous pecs Guerçz o Lckjoto quo no luceren enfrfsenobto, josjo mojf pokfs

mencbhfs jf mfbhomcnobtf hunebf, trebsafrnebjf-no bf quo hfgo sfu.

Ä ncbhe ospfse Ekmcfbo o ncbhe ackhe \ekosie, pfr supfrter ncbhes eusçbmces jurebto

f jomfrror joste gfrbeje.

Efs nous mfkoles pokes vc`reìÿos jo ekolrces mfbstebtos ef nou rojfr tfrbebjf-so

esscn e oborlce pere f prýxcnf pessf.

Efs nous prfaossfros pfr toron no frcobtejf mfn jojcmeìíf pere quo ou mholesso etã

equc, on ospomcek ef nou frcobtejfr Okoc Mhevcor pokf lrebjo epfcf e ncn jcspobsejf.

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OTÎLPEAO

‛  E vcje bíf emfbtomo on oxtronfs, oke sorvo mfnf

 pormursf quo bfs propere pere nfnobtfs o fpìÿos

rejcmecs, fbjo so nosmken çxctfs o aremessfs,

mfbqucstes o porjes, ekolrces o nålfes. Boke

 pessenfs pfr nfnobtfs jo mcsíf, bfs quecs ã oxclcje

jomcsíf, mfnf be hfre jf bfssf obmfbtrf mfn Jous.

 Bíf hå mrosmcnobtf son mrcso„

.

(Eutfr josmfbhomcjf)

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PO]_NF

F ostfquo ã un jfs elobtos quo necs ton cbakuçbmce jobtrf jo une frlebczeìíf, pfcs cbtorelomfn fs jonecs jopertenobtfs, tecs mfnf mfnpre, vobjes, prfjuìíf o futrfs. Tfr cssf, oko ton

une permoke jo cnpfrtàbmce nuctf lrebjo pere f `fn aubmcfbenobtf je onprose, gå quoroprosobte `fe perto je tftekcjejo jo sous cbvostcnobtfs. Kflf, osto tre`ekhf afc josobvfkvcjfon une onprose arclfrîacme jf nubcmîpcf jo Zeblere je ]orre  ”   NZ, f quek nfstrfu ecnpfrtàbmce jo so utckczer es aorrenobtes ejoquejes bf lorobmcenobtf o mfbtrfko jo ostfquos.Tertcbjf jf prcbmîpcf je joacbcìíf jo Ejncbcstreìíf9 je lostíf jo netorcecs o jes aorrenobtesjo mfbtrfko jo ostfquos on sc, o pfstorcfrnobto je cnpfrtàbmce ostretãlcme mfnpotctcve jesonproses, quo ton mfnf un jfs sous prcbmcpecs f`gotcvfs f lorobmcenobtf oaotcvf jf ostfquo.Ef kfblf josso tre`ekhf utckczfu-so je posqucse jfmunobtek, mugf f`gotcvf afc ebekcser kcvrfs oroketýrcfs portobmobtos ä frlebczeìíf. E posqucse jo menpf aocte mfn f usf jo un quostcfbårcfepkcmejf ef kîjor jf sotfr o obtrovcstes mfn fs jonecs mfke`frejfros, afc roekczeje epýs f ostujf

 `c`kcflråacmf pere f`tor jejfs rokovebtos ef tre`ekhf. Gå f ostujf jo mesf tovo e aubìíf jo

rospfbjor efs quostcfbenobtfs, es cbmortozes o es pfssc`ckcjejos jobtrf jf mfbtoxtf je lostífjo ostfquos. ]objf esscn, mfn e ebåkcso quekctetcve jfs jejfs, jcelbfstcmfu-so e oacmåmce jesaorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquos utckczejes bf sotfr jo poìes je onprose on ostujf. Jostonfjf suprcu-so es bomosscjejos jo rospfstes sf`ro mfnf o pfr quo fs ovobtfs fmfrron,jonebjebjf un tretenobtf vcsîvok bf mftcjcebf kclejf e osto menpf jo posqucse.

TEKEQPE]-MHEQO7 Ejncbcstreìíf jo Netorcecs, Kflîstcme, Mejoce jo ]uprcnobtfs.

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E@]ZPEMZ

Zho stfmi cs fbo fa tho elobts thet hevo nfro cbakuobmo wcthcb eb frlebczetcfb es ct cbtoremtswcth fthor jopertnobts sumh es purmhescbl, sekos, prfjumtcfb ebj fthors. ]f ho hes e permok fa

lroet cnpfrtebmo afr tho prfpor aubmtcfbcbl fa tho mfnpeby, es ct roprosobts e lffj pert fa thocrobtcro cbvostnobt. Zhoroafro, thcs stujy wes mfbjumtoj cb e noet pemicbl mfnpeby cb tho mctyfa Zeblere je ]orre - NZ, whcmh shfwoj tho cnpfrtebmo fa uscbl tho rclht tffks cb nebelonobtebj cbvobtfry mfbtrfk. Essuncbl tho joacbctcfb fa Ejncbcstretcfb9 netorceks nebelonobt ebjcbvobtfry mfbtrfk tffks ctsoka, ebj ketor tho stretolcm cnpfrtebmo fa mfnpotctcvo mfnpebcos, thethes es fbo fa cts necb lfeks tho oaaomtcvo nebelonobt fa cbvobtfry. Zhrfulhfut thcs wfri wousoj tho jfmunobtery rosoermh ecnoj tf oxencbo `ffis ebj ropfrts portecbcbl tf thofrlebczetcfb. Zho acokj rosoermh wes jfbo uscbl e quostcfbbecro ejncbcstoroj tf tho Koejor fatho cbjustry ebj cbtorvcows wcth fthor onpkfyoos, wes hokj eator tho `c`kcflrephcmek stujy tff`tecb jete rokovebt tf tho wfri. Ekroejy tho meso stujy hej tho aubmtcfb tf rospfbj tf quostcfbs,ubmortecbtcos ebj pfssc`ckctcos wcthcb tho mfbtoxt fa cbvobtfry nebelonobt. Zhus, wcthquekctetcvo jete ebekyscs, wes jcelbfsoj tho oaaomtcvoboss fa tffks usoj cb cbvobtfry mfbtrfk

 perts somtfr mfnpeby ubjor stujy. Zhus suppkcoj tf tho boojs fa ebswors e`fut hfw ebj whyovobts fmmur, roqucrcbl troetnobt vcsc`ko cb ovoryjey mfbbomtoj tf thcs acokj fa rosoermh.

IOS-\FPJ]7 Netorceks Nebelonobt, Kflcstcms, ]uppky Mhecb.

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KC]ZE JO ACL_PE]

Aclure 57 Tkebte ̀ ecxe jf sotfr jo poìes je Onprose Ekae, Fut/045=...................................... :0 Aclure 07 Frlebflrene jf sotfr jo poìes je Onprose Ekae, Fut/045= ................................... := Aclure =7 Lråacmf je ovfkuìíf jf ostfquo, Onprose Ekae, Fut/045= ....................................... :: Aclure :7 Akuxflrene jf prfmossf jo obtrejes, Onprose Ekae, Fut/045= ............................... :< Aclure ?7 Zoke jo kebìenobtf bf scstone ]ET Kflcx, Fut/045= ............................................. :8 Aclure 17 Akuxflrene jo seîjes pfr mfbsunf prýprcf, Onprose Ekae, Fut/045= .................... :3 Aclure <7 Zoke jo oaotcveìíf jo ̀ ecxes scstone ]ET Kflcx, Fut/045= .................................... ?4 Aclure 87 Akuxflrene jo seîjes pfr trebsaorçbmce, Onprose Ekae, Fut/045=........................... ?5 

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]_NÅPCF 

5 CBZPFJ_ÌÍF.......................................................................................................... 50

5.5 Ostruture je Nfbflreace ............................................................................................. 5:

0 A_BJENOBZEÌÍF ZOÝPCME ............................................................................. 51

0.5 Ejncbcstreìíf ............................................................................................................ 51

0.0 Ejncbcstreìíf jo Netorcecs........................................................................................ 51

0.= Mfbmoctf jo Ostfquos ................................................................................................. 5<

0.: Lostíf jo Ostfquos ..................................................................................................... 58

0.? Tfkîtcmes jo Ostfquos .................................................................................................. 53

0.1 Zcpfs jo Ostfquos ....................................................................................................... 04

0.< Acbekcjejo jfs Ostfquos ............................................................................................. 05

0.8 Mustfs jfs Ostfquos ................................................................................................... 00

0.3 ]cstone jo Tkebogenobtf jo Ostfquos........................................................................ 0=

0.54 Torjes jo Ostfquo ....................................................................................................... 0:

0.55 Aorrenobtes jo Mfbtrfko jo Ostfquos ........................................................................ 0:

0.55.5 Ostfquo jo solurebìe ................................................................................................. 0:

0.55.0 Tfbtf jo Tojcjf .......................................................................................................... 0?

0.55.= Murve E@M ................................................................................................................. 01

0.55.: NPT............................................................................................................................ 0<

0.55.? Gust cb Zcno ................................................................................................................ 08

0.55.1 Lcrf jo Ostfquo .......................................................................................................... =4

0.55.< Cbvobtårcf aîscmf .......................................................................................................... =4

0.55.8 OJC ............................................................................................................................. =5

0.50 Nãtfjfs jo Evekceìíf jo Ostfquos ............................................................................ =0

0.50.5 TOT] ........................................................................................................................... =0

0.50.0 _OT] .......................................................................................................................... ==

0.50.= Mustf Nãjcf ............................................................................................................... =:

0.50.: Mustf jo Popfscìíf .................................................................................................... =?

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0.5= Mejoce jo ]uprcnobtfs ............................................................................................... =?

0.5=.5 Mfnpres...................................................................................................................... =?

0.5=.0 Zrebspfrto ................................................................................................................... =1

0.5=.= Ernezobelon ............................................................................................................. =1

0.5=.: Jcstrc`ucìíf ................................................................................................................ =<

= TPFMOJCNOBZF] O NÃZFJF] ........................................................................... =8

=.5 Zcpf jo posqucse ......................................................................................................... =8

=.0 Nãtfjf........................................................................................................................ =8

=.= Mkesscacmeìíf je Tosqucse ........................................................................................... =3

=.: Ebåkcso jfs Jejfs ...................................................................................................... :4

: PO]_KZEJF] O JC]M_]]ßO].............................................................................. :5

:.5 Jejfs je posqucse on rokeìíf ef sotfr jo poìes ........................................................ :5

:.0 Jejfs je posqucse on rokeìíf äs Tfkîtcmes jo Mfbtrfko jo Ostfquo .......................... ::

:.= Jejfs je posqucse sf`ro es Aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko o afrnes jo utckczeìíf ............ :?

:.=.5 Tfbtf jo Tojcjf .......................................................................................................... :?

:.=.0 Ostfquo jo ]olurebìe ................................................................................................. :1

:.=.= OJC ............................................................................................................................. :<

:.=.: Cbvobtårcf Aîscmf ......................................................................................................... ?0

:.: Jejfs je posqucse sf`ro pfssîvocs lerlekfs o fpfrtubcjejos jo nokhfrces .............. ?=

? MFB]CJOPEÌßO] ACBEC] ..................................................................................... ??

?.5 Jokcncteìíf o Kcncteìÿos jf Ostujf .......................................................................... ??

?.0 Mfbscjoreìÿos pere ostujfs auturfs ........................................................................... ?1

POAOPÇBMCE] ....................................................................................................................... ?<

Epçbjcmo E7 Uuostcfbårcf epkcmejf ef Kîjor jf ]otfr jo Toìes ............................................. ?8

Epçbjcmo @7 Pftocrf je obtrovcste epkcmeje efs jonecs mfke`frejfros .................................. ?3

Eboxf 57 Evcsf jo Pomo`cnobtf jo Normejfrces je Onprose Ekae ........................................ 14

Eboxf 07 Poketýrcf jo @ecxes bf ]cstone ]ET Kflcx ............................................................. 15

Eboxf =7 Mekobjårcf jo cbvobtårcfs Onp. Ekae solubjf sonostro 045= ................................. 10 

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5  CBZPFJ_ÌÍF

Jo emfrjf mfn Mhcevobetf (044?), e ejncbcstreìíf jo netorcecs oxcsto josjo fs tonpfs

necs ronftfs, etrevãs jes trfmes jo meìes o jo utobsîkcfs etã mholernfs efs jces jo hfgo.Trfjuzcr, ostfmer o trfmer f`gotfs o normejfrces ã eklf tíf ebtclf quebtf e oxcstçbmce jf sor

hunebf. O, e Povfkuìíf Cbjustrcek emcrrfu e mfbmfrrçbmce jo normejf o sfacstcmfu es fporeìÿos

jo mfnormcekczeìíf jfs prfjutfs, aezobjf mfn quo mfnpres o ostfquos lebhesson necfr

cnpfrtàbmce.

Tere oko, e mfbstebto ovfkuìíf ae`rck, f mfbsunf, es oxclçbmces jfs mfbsuncjfros, f

normejf mfbmfrrobto o es bfves tombfkflces joren cnpuksf ä Ejncbcstreìíf jo Netorcecs,

aezobjf mfn quo oste afsso vcste mfnf une erto o une mcçbmce jes necs cnpfrtebtos pere fekmebmo jfs f`gotcvfs jo une frlebczeìíf, soge quekquor quo afsso.

F eutfr jcz ten`ãn quo oqucpenobtfs o netorcecs soríf bomossårcfs sonpro, bf

nfnobtf fpfrtubf o bf kfmek mortf. Cstf quor jczor quo ejncbcstrer netorcecs ã mfnf

ejncbcstrer cbafrneìÿos, quon fs tçn quebjf bomosscte, bf kfmek o be quebtcjejo bomossårce,

 pfssuc enpke pfssc`ckcjejo jo sor `on sumojcjf.

]objf esscn, e lostíf mfrrote jfs ostfquos ã une pråtcme vctek pere f poraoctf

aubmcfbenobtf jes frlebczeìÿos, o e`sfrvo une aetce su`stebmcek bf frìenobtf jes nosnes.

Mfnf fs ostfquos bíf elrolen jcrotenobto vekfr efs prfjutfs, quebtf nobfr afr f bîvok mfn

quo fs ejncbcstrejfros mfbsolucron tre`ekher, necs oacmcobto sorå e lostíf pretcmeje jobtrf jes

frlebczeìÿos.

Tere Nertcbs (0441), f mfbtrfko oacmcobto jostos ostfquos pfjorå fmescfber un

jcaorobmcek arobto ä mfbmfrrçbmce, prfpfrmcfbebjf ä onprose une vebtelon mfnpotctcve,

ncbcnczebjf f tonpf, rojuzcbjf fs mustfs, jobtro futrfs aetfros. Josto nfjf e frlebczeìíf

 pfjorå pretcmer nokhfros proìfs o prezfs o mfbmfrror clueknobto bosto normejf tíf

mfnpotctcvf.

Obtobjo-so ten`ãn quo, e jomcsíf tfneje e rospoctf je mfnpfscìíf jfs ostfquos tfrbe-

so aetfr ossobmcek pere une `fe lostíf jo romursfs netorcecs o petrcnfbcecs. Josto nfjf e

ebåkcso mfrrote jes jcacmukjejos jo pkebogenobtf ostretãlcmf jo netorcecs ã jo oxtrone

rokovàbmce pere f sumossf jes frlebczeìÿos.

Tfzf (0454), ten`ãn sekcobte quo ã jo lrebjo cnpfrtàbmce pere es onproses jcncbucr

ef nîbcnf sous ostfquos, ef bîvok jo vfkuno o jo proìf, pere quo joste afrne, pfssen

fmescfber remcfbekczeìíf bfs mustfs jo ostfmelon o jo nebutobìíf jostos, cnpemtebjf

jcrotenobto bf vfkuno jo josposes quo poraezon fs frìenobtfs jes frlebczeìÿos.

F eutfr josteme ecbje quo f normejf ton prosscfbejf afrtonobto es frlebczeìÿos pfr

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5=

mfbstebtos nujebìes jo beturoze omfbúncme, sfmcek o tombfkýlcme, nujebìes osses ossobmcecs

 pere f sou josobvfkvcnobtf. O, pere emfnpebher osse jcbàncme tfrbe-so aubjenobtek, on

quekquor onprose, e lostíf ostretãlcme jo ostfquos, tobjf fs onprolejfs mfnf elobtos

aemckctejfros quo euxckcon be tfneje jo jomcsíf.

 Be fpcbcíf jf eutfr, es bfves afrnes jo lostíf o e bomosscjejo quo es onproses

 pfssuon jo so ejoqueron repcjenobto e osto bfvf mobårcf normejfkýlcmf, aez mfn quo ostes

rovogen sous pkebfs jo etueìíf, prcbmcpeknobto quebjf so trete je lostíf jo ostfquos. Oste

nujebìe vcse ÷bcmf o oxmkuscvenobto ftcnczer fs prfmossfs jo afrne quo es frlebczeìÿos

 pfssen mencbher sclbcacmetcvenobto son lrebjos jcacmukjejos.

 Bosto sobtcjf, osto tre`ekhf jo mfbmkusíf jo mursf afc vfktejf ä ebåkcso jes aorrenobtes

jo mfbtrfko o lostíf jo ostfquo jf sotfr jo poìes jo nebutobìíf, on une onprose arclfrîacmeje mcjejo jo Zeblerå je ]orre ”  NZ, quo fre jobfncbenfs jo Onprose Ekae.

E  Onprose Ekae ostå sctueje be mcjejo jo Zeblerå je ]orre  ”  NZ., o pfssuc futres

ubcjejos kfmekczejes jobtrf o afre jf ostejf. Ã une frlebczeìíf jf renf jo ekcnobtfs,

ospomcacmenobto mfrtos `fvcbfs, etobjo prfjutfros jf prýprcf nubcmîpcf o jo nubcmîpcfs

mcrmubvczcbhfs, ton mepemcjejo jo e`eto eprfxcneje on morme jo nck o qucbhobtes me`oìes jo

lejf pfr jce.

Meremtorcze-so mfnf une onprose jo lrebjo pfrto, mfn morme jo nck o trozobtfsaubmcfbårcfs, ton ncssíf, vcsíf o vekfros `on joacbcjfs. Zen`ãn pfssuc frlebflrene `on

ostruturejf, aez usf jo pkebogenobtfs ostretãlcmf, tåtcmf o fporemcfbek, fu soge, jo prezfs

kfblfs, nãjcfs o murtfs, rospomtcvenobto.

E  Onprose Ekae ton sue ostruture `on frlebczeje, ã jotobtfre jo vårcfs mortcacmejfs

mfnf7 C]F 5:445, C]F 00444, ]E 8444 o FH]E] 58445. Nosnf esscn, hege vcste e osmessoz

jo níf-jo-f`re ospomcekczeje, obarobte eklunes jcacmukjejos be hfre jo mfbtreter prfacsscfbecs

 `on quekcacmejfs quo jfncbon es tãmbcmes jo lostíf o quo sec`en aezor e mfbmckceìíf obtro etofrce o e pråtcme, prcbmcpeknobto mfn rokeìíf efs ostfquos.

Jcebto josto mobårcf, surlcu e cjoce jo ebekcser es aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquo

utckczejes bf sotfr jo poìes jo nebutobìíf je Onprose Ekae, o jcelbfstcmer pfssîvocs lerlekfs

o fpfrtubcjejos jo nokhfrces mfn rokeìíf ä ejfìíf jostes aorrenobtes, pfjobjf etã nosnf

euxckcer pfsctcvenobto on tfnejes jo jomcsÿos autures.

]objf esscn, quostcfbfu-so7 Es aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquos oxcstobtos bf sotfr

jo poìes jo nebutobìíf je Onprose Ekae síf oacmezos6

Tere ebekcser e oacmåmce jes aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquo utckczejes bf sotfr jo

 poìes jo nebutobìíf je  Onprose Ekae, afc jotorncbebto nepoer es pfkîtcmes jo mfbtrfko jo

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ostfquo ejftejes pokf sotfr, `on mfnf cjobtcacmer es aorrenobtes utckczejes. Zen`ãn afc

bomossårcf kovebter gubtf efs onprolejfs jf sotfr, mfnf síf usejes es aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko

jo ostfquo bf sotfr jo poìes je frlebczeìíf, jcelbfstcmebjf esscn pfssîvocs lerlekfs o

fpfrtubcjejos jo nokhfrces.

Gustcacmfu-so e osmfkhe josto ostujf, jovcjf ef aetf jo tor-so f`sorvejf bfs ÷ktcnfs ebfs

quo e lostíf mfrrote jfs ostfquos ã une jes nfkes prfpuksfres pere ekevebmer rosuktejfs

 pkeusîvocs bes frlebczeìÿos. ]ogen okes onproses nebuaeturocres, jo mfnãrmcf fu jo sorvcìfs,

tobjf on vcste quo e mfbtcbucjejo je oxcstçbmce je onprose sorå jotorncbeje poke quekcjejo jo

sous prfjutfs o sorvcìfs, utckczebjf mfnf pcker aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko ejoquejes o mfn ektf

bîvok jo quekcjejo fporemcfbek.

Cstf pfstf, f ostujf tfrbfu-so rokovebto pfcs, fs lostfros je frlebczeìíf tcvoren efpfrtubcjejo jo vcsuekczer mfn mkeroze, e oacmcçbmce jes aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquo

utckczejes bf sotfr jo poìes je onprose, o e pertcr jostes cbafrneìÿos pfjon oxomuter so

bomossårcf f nokhfr pkebf jo eìíf pfssîvok, e acn jo nokhfrer es aubmcfbekcjejos jes

aorrenobtes epfbtejes bf ostujf.

Tere f posqucsejfr, e rokovàbmce afc be fpfrtubcjejo jo enpkcer sous mfbhomcnobtfs be

åroe posqucseje. O pere e mfnubcjejo oxtorbe e fpfrtubcjejo jo vcsuekczer son mustfs un

ostujf mfnpkotf sf`ro e oacmåmce jes aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo lostíf jo ostfquo utckczejes bfsotfr jo poìes je frlebczeìíf, une voz quo f tre`ekhf ostå jcspfbîvok be `c`kcftome je

ubcvorscjejo, ef ekmebmo jo tfjfs.

Josto nfjf, f ostujf tfrbfu-so portcbobto, une voz quo e onprose jcspfbc`ckczfu

 permceknobto eklubs emossfs bomossårcfs pere e roekczeìíf je posqucse, o ten`ãn so nfstrfu

cbtorosseje bfs rosuktejfs e soron f`tcjfs. Zen`ãn afc afrbomcjf ef emejçncmf pokfs lostfros

eklubs jejfs bomossårcfs, o un ospeìf jo tonpf prã-jotorncbejf pokf mffrjobejfr jf ostujf

 pere mfbmkusíf jf tre`ekhf.

5.5  Ostruture je Nfbflreace

F prosobto ostujf ostå jcvcjcjf on mcbmf mepîtukfs, oke`frejfs mfn f f`gotcvf jo

ropesser fs rosuktejfs f`tcjfs mfn e posqucse. E`ecxf soluo un `rovo roketf sf`ro es

ertcmukeìÿos jo meje un jokos.

 Bf prcnocrf mepîtukf ostå e cbtrfjuìíf, eprosobtebjf un `rovo osmfpf jf quo `usme e

 posqucse, f f`gotcvf lorek o fs f`gotcvfs ospomîacmfs. Bosto mepîtukf obmfbtre-so ecbje e

jokcncteìíf jf tone, f prf`kone e`frjejf pere e roekczeìíf je posqucse, `on mfnf e

 gustcacmetcve.

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F solubjf mepîtukf eprosobte e rovcsíf je kctoreture, oxpfbjf fs mfbmoctfs jo eutfros

robfnejfs mfnf7 Tfzf (0454), Jces (0455) o Qcebe (0443), quo erlunobten sf`ro e lostíf jo

netorcecs, o ten`ãn sf`ro es aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquos. Es tofrces ̀ c`kcflråacmes equc

síf josmrctes, mfnobtejes o vekcjejes mfn mcteìÿos jfs nosnfs.

 Bf mepîtukf trçs obmfbtre-so f prfmossf notfjfkýlcmf utckczejf pere e roekczeìíf je

 prosobto posqucse. Josjo es tãmbcmes jo posqucse utckczejes etã e afrne jo kovebtenobtf jo

jejfs pere e rosfkuìíf jf prf`kone.

 Bf quertf mepîtukf ton-so fs rosuktejfs o jcsmussÿos, roketejfs jo afrne e rospfbjor ef

 prf`kone kovebtejf o ekmebìer fs f`gotcvfs equc acrnejfs. Bosto, mfbste tfjfs fs jejfs je

 posqucse ckustrejfs on lråacmfs o aclures eacn jo ropesser mfn necs mkeroze pfssîvok fs

rosuktejfs ekmebìejfs bosto ostujf.Acbeknobto, bf mepîtukf mcbmf ostíf es mfbscjoreìÿos acbecs, jonfbstrebjf fs f`gotcvfs

ekmebìejfs. Zen`ãn bosto mepîtukf obmfbtren-so fs mfnobtårcfs sf`ro e mfbtrc`ucìíf

mcobtîacme je posqucse, `on mfnf es kcncteìÿos o jcacmukjejos pere e roekczeìíf josto ostujf.

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0  A_BJENOBZEÌÍF ZOÝPCME

0.5  Ejncbcstreìíf

E bomosscjejo jo frlebczer fs oste`okomcnobtfs besmcjfs mfn e Povfkuìíf Cbjustrcek, 

kovfu prfacsscfbecs jo futres åroes necs ebtcles mfnf e Oblobherce,  e `usmer sfkuìÿos

ospomîacmes pere prf`kones quo bíf oxcstcen ebtos. Esscn, e epkcmeìíf jo nãtfjfs jes mcçbmces

jcvorses pere ejncbcstrer ostos onproobjcnobtfs, jou frclon efs rujcnobtfs je Mcçbmce je

Ejncbcstreìíf.

Jo emfrjf mfn Mhcevobetf (044?), Ejncbcstreìíf ã e tfneje jo jomcsíf sf`ro romursfs

jcspfbîvocs, tre`ekhebjf mfn o etrevãs jo possfes pere etcblcr f`gotcvfs. Ã f lorobmcenobtf jo

une frlebczeìíf kovebjf on mfbte es cbafrneìÿos afrbomcjes pfr futrfs prfacsscfbecs o

ten`ãn pobsebjf provcenobto bes mfbsoquçbmces jo sues jomcsÿos. Ã ten`ãn e mcçbmce sfmcek

quo ostuje o scstonetcze es pråtcmes usejes pere ejncbcstrer.

]olubjf oko, aroquobtonobto e Ejncbcstreìíf ã tfneje mfnf scbúbcnf

jo Ejncbcstreìíf jo Onproses.  Tfrãn, cstf sfnobto aez sobtcjf so f tornf onprose afr

mfbscjorejf mfnf scbúbcnf jo frlebczeìíf, quo sclbcacme fs osafrìfs hunebfs frlebczejfs,

aoctfs on mfnun, mfn un acn fu f`gotcvf ospomîacmf.

F eutfr jcz ten`ãn quo f ejoquejf ã mfbscjorer e Ejncbcstreìíf jo Onproses su` åroe

je Ejncbcstreìíf, une voz quo oste trete jo frlebczeìÿos quo pfjon sor  p÷`kcmes, sfmcojejos

jo omfbfnce ncste fu prcvejes, mfn fu son acbs kumretcvfs. O, jobtrf jostes e`frjen åroes

ecbje necs ospomîacmes mfnf7 Pomursfs Hunebfs, Acbebìes, Neriotcbl, Trfjuìíf o e Lostíf

jo Netorcecs.

0.0  Ejncbcstreìíf jo Netorcecs

]e`o-so quo e ejncbcstreìíf jo netorcecs bíf ostå rokemcfbeje sfnobto ä lostíf jo

ostfquos, oste e`reblo un menpf necs enpkf je lostíf acbebmocre o jo mustfs, quo gubtes

afrnen un euxîkcf pere rojuzcr josposes o ovcter josporjîmcfs josbomossårcfs. Obtobjo-so

ten`ãn quo f mfrrotf nebusocf o ernezobelon euxckcen pfsctcvenobto pere une `fe

ejncbcstreìíf jo netorcecs.

Erbfkj (0448, p.01) eacrne quo, ‛e ejncbcstreìíf jo netorcecs ã une aubìíf

mffrjobejfre rospfbsåvok pokf pkebogenobtf o mfbtrfko jf akuxf jo netorcecs„. Esscn obtobjo-

so quo ekfmer normejfrces on kuleros jo aåmck emossf o jo aåmck nebusocf, aemckcte e

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emossc`ckcjejo be hfre on quo ostos afron sfkcmctejfs, eunobtebjf f josonpobhf jfs

mfke`frejfros o nokhfrebjf e quekcjejo je ejncbcstreìíf jostos netorcecs.

 Bosto sobtcjf, obtobjo-so quo aetfros mfnf7 tonpf fpfrtubf o quebtcjejo bomossårce so

nek ejncbcstrejfs emerroten kumrfs mossebtos o mustfs acbebmocrfs cbjosogåvocs. Cstf pfrquo e

 perekcseìíf je kcbhe jo prfjuìíf pfr aekte jo netãrce-prcne cbmfrro on proguîzfs pokf bíf

munprcnobtf jfs prezfs o lestfs ejcmcfbecs bíf prflrenejfs jomfrrobtos jo mfnpres jo

onorlçbmce.

Ejncbcstreìíf jo netorcecs sclbcacme mffrjober e nfvcnobteìíf jo suprcnobtfs mfnes oxclçbmces jo prfjuìíf. Cssf sclbcacme epkcmer f mfbmoctf jo mustf tftek äs etcvcjejosjo suprcnobtf kflîstcmf jo nfjf e f`tor vebtelon je mfbtrepfscìíf je murve jo mustf,fu soge, f f`gotcvf necfr je ejncbcstreìíf jo netorcecs ã prfvor f netorcek mortf, bfkfmek jo prfjuìíf mortf, bf nfnobtf mortf o on mfbjcìÿos utckczåvok ef mustf nîbcnf

 pere e pkobe setcsaeìíf jf mkcobto o jfs emcfbcstes (TFWF, 0454, p.=3).

Josto nfjf, e ejncbcstreìíf nfjorbe jo netorcecs ã ostujeje mfnf un mfbgubtf jo

scstone jo ostfquos quo gubtfs cbtorelon pere mfbstctucr un tfjf frlebczejf. Zek ostujf

jostcbe-so e afrner un ostfquo jo netorcecs bf vfkuno nobfr pfssîvok o bf nobfr mustf,

jcspfstf e suprcr es bomosscjejos jes frlebczeìÿos bf tonpf o quebtcjejo cnprosmcbjîvocs ef

aubmcfbenobtf je nosne.

Qcebe (0443, p.:4) jcz7 ‛Y...^ pfjonfs eacrner quo ejncbcstrer mfn oacmcçbmce o oxetcjíff nfvcnobtf jo obtrejes o seîjes jfs netorcecs bomossårcfs ä onprose  ”   f quç6 Uuebtf6

Uuebjf6 o mfnf mfnprer6 ”  bíf ã teroae scnpkos„. Kflf, pfjo-so jczor ten`ãn quo e mfnpre

mfrrote ã un aetfr rokovebto pere une `fe ejncbcstreìíf jo netorcecs, pfr cssf jovo tor sues

meremtorîstcmes rospoctejes, pere quo so pfsse f`tor f nokhfr robjcnobtf pfssîvok.

]objf esscn, obtobjo-so quo e mfrrote ejncbcstreìíf jo netorcecs vcse jotorncber e

quebtcjejo cjoek e sor ernezobeje o mfbsuncje, ekcbhebjf es mfnpres jo emfrjf mfn f akuxf

jo mecxe je onprose. Tere cssf, aez-so bomossårcf un ostujf jf sou porack o jo sous

mfke`frejfros o, joste afrne etobjor äs bomosscjejos je frlebczeìíf mfrrotenobto pere quo cstf

bíf tfrbo un aetfr boletcvf.

0.=  Mfbmoctf jo Ostfquos

Jo emfrjf mfn Tfzf (0454), ostfquos síf em÷nukfs jo netãrces on vårces aesos

ospomîacmes jf prfmossf jo prfjuìíf. Nosnf so ejfter une afrne jo lostíf pere meje tcpf joostfquo, fu so utckczer epobes une pere quekquor tcpf jo prfjutf ostfmejf, osto sonpro oxcstcrå

 pfr une jcaorobìe jo prezf obtro f afrbomcnobtf o f mfbsunf.

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Tere Mhcevobetf (044?, p.1<), ‛ostfquo ã e mfnpfscìíf jo netorcecs on prfmossenobtf

o netorcecs sonceme`ejfs, quo bíf ã utckczejf on jotorncbejf nfnobtf be onprose, nes quo

 promcse oxcstcr on aubìíf jo autures bomosscjejos„. Obtíf, fs ostfquos síf netorcecs o

suprcnobtfs quo une onprose fu cbstctucìíf nebtãn, soge pere vobjor fu pere afrbomor

cbsunfs pere suprcr f prfmossf jo prfjuìíf.

Gå Qcebe (0443, p.543) jcz quo, ‛jf pfbtf jo vcste necs trejcmcfbek, pfjonfs

mfbscjorå-kf mfnf roprosobtetcvf jo netãrces-prcnes, prfjutfs sonceme`ejfs, mfnpfbobtos

 pere nfbtelon, sf`rossekobtos, prfjutfs eme`ejfs, netorcecs ejncbcstretcvfs o suprcnobtfs

vercejfs„. Esscn, obtobjo-so quo ostfquos síf jopýsctfs bomossårcfs pere f ebjenobtf jo

quekquor frlebczeìíf.

0.:  Lostíf jo Ostfquos

E lostíf jo ostfquos ã f etf jo ejncbcstrer netorcecs fmcfsfs jobtrf jo une

frlebczeìíf, netorcecs jotobtfros jo vekfr omfbúncmf o pfssucjfros jo bomosscjejos autures.

]ogen on etcvcjejos jo prfjuìíf fu nebutobìíf, sonpro hå e bomosscjejo jo mortf tcpf jo

netorcek on ostfquo pere ovcter f mfnprfnotcnobtf je prfjuìíf.

Jf pfbtf jo vcste jo Jces (0455), onproses etuebtos bf normejf on quecsquor quo

sogen sous renfs jo etcvcjejos, jopobjon afrtonobto jo un `fn lorobmcenobtf jo ostfquos

 pfr une sãrco jo rezÿos. ]ogen okes onproses nebuaeturocres fu jo sorvcìfs, hå jo so mfbvcr

quo f mfrrotf lorobmcenobtf jo sous ̀ obs netorcecs o fu petrcnfbcecs síf jo oxtrone rokovàbmce

 pere f sou ̀ fn josonpobhf o mfrrotf josobvfkvcnobtf.

F ostfquo ã bomossårcf pere quo f prfmossf jo prfjuìíf/vobjes je onprose fporomfn un b÷norf nîbcnf jo profmupeìÿos o josbîvocs. Fs netorcecs on ostfquo pfjonsor jo trçs tcpfs ̀ åscmfs7 netãrce-prcne, prfjutfs on ae`rcmeìíf o prfjutfs eme`ejfs.

F sotfr jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquo emfnpebhe o mfbtrfke f bîvok jo ostfquo o fcbvostcnobtf acbebmocrf obvfkvcjf (JCE], 0455, p.:).

Zobjf on vcste quo e jonebje pfr `obs o sorvcìfs bíf soríf fs nosnfs jurebto tfjf f

 porîfjf, o f`sorvebjf e sezfbekcjejo jo meje prfjutf, un ostfquo `on pkebogejf vcse munprcr

tfjes es oxclçbmces jf normejf, o se`o-so quo e mhevo jf sumossf je frlebczeìíf ã f

munprcnobtf tftek ä jonebje.

]olubjf Qcebe (0443, p.:0), ‛e etcvcjejo jo lostíf vcse f lorobmcenobtf jfs ostfquos

 pfr nocf jo tãmbcmes quo porncton nebtor f oquckî`rcf mfn f mfbsunf, joacbcbjf perànotrfso bîvocs jo rossuprcnobtf o emfnpebhebjf sue ovfkuìíf„.

Tere Zejou, ot ek (0454), e lostíf jo ostfquos ton mfnf f`gotcvf, nebtor fs romursfs

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 perejfs, fs romursfs quo ostíf rolcstrejfs bf cbvobtårcf, on mfbstebto scbtfbce mfn fs

cbvostcnobtfs. Tere cstf ã bomossårcf nebtor fs ostfquos bf nîbcnf, son cbmfrror bfs rcsmf jo

bíf tor netãrce-prcne suacmcobto pere suprcncr es bomosscjejos jf akuxf jo prfjuìíf fu

jcstrc`ucìíf.

E oacmcçbmce josse lostíf, pfrãn, bíf so rosuno epobes on obmfbtrer f bîvok joostfquo quo supro e bomosscjejo jo mfbsunf. Ã promcsf ecbje oste`okomor ebåkcsos jomustf jf ostfquo, cssf pfrquo fs prfjutfs o fs cbsunfs ernezobejfs roprosobten bífepobes romursfs aîscmfs ostfmejfs, nes ten`ãn romursfs acbebmocrfs cnf`ckczejfs beafrne jo etcvfs pere e onprose o quo, pfr cssf nosnf, roprosobten quebtcesoxprosscves on jcbhocrf (ZEJO_, ot ek , 0454, p.4=).

 Bosto mfbtoxtf, obtobjo-so quo e lostíf meutokfse jfs ostfquos euxckce es onproses e

oxomuter sues aubìÿos mfn necfr oacmcçbmce o mfn mfbtcbucjejo. Tfrtebtf, un lorobmcenobtf `on ostruturejf, porncto ef ejncbcstrejfr ftcnczer sous mustfs jo afrne e etobjor

 pfsctcvenobto tfje e jonebje jurebto tfjf f porîfjf.

0.?  Tfkîtcmes jo Ostfquos

E pfkîtcme jo ostfquos ã mfbscjoreje pfr nuctfs e `eso pere f lorobmcenobtf je mejoce

jo suprcnobtfs, pfcs, perto jes etcvcjejos je mejoce ostå vfkteje pere e nfvcnobteìíf jfs

ostfquos. Zek nfvcnobteìíf so jå e acn jo jcspfbc`ckczer pere f mkcobto prfjutfs be quebtcjejo

o nfnobtfs mortfs, jo afrne e etobjor f munprcnobtf tftek je jonebje on tfjes es sues aesos.

]olubjf Jces (0455), e pfkîtcme jo ostfquos ã e erto o mcçbmce quo eguje e joacbcr e afrne

quo une onprose osmfkho púr on pråtcme e lostíf jfs sous ostfquos, fu soge7 mfnf okos soríf

ejncbcstrejfs, mfnf soríf luerjejfs, mfbsuncjfs, o ten`ãn fbjo soríf jopfsctejfs obquebtf

bíf afron usejfs fu vobjcjfs.

Jobtrf jo une mfbgubture omfbúncme cbståvok, o nuctes vozos ejvorse, ã aubjenobtekquo f lorobto jo netorcecs tobhe mepemcteìíf pere rospfbjor äs bfves oxclçbmces jonormejf, äs verceìÿos jfs proìfs jo vobje pere sous prfjutfs o jfs proìfs jesnetãrces-prcnes. Jcebto je cbmortoze, une jes aorrenobtes mfbacåvocs pere sue lostífã e mfrrote cnpkebteìíf je pfkîtcme jo ostfquos (JCE], 0455, p.3).

]objf esscn, vor-so quo une pfkîtcme jo ostfquos jopobjo jo joacbcìÿos mkeres pere

quetrf quostÿos7 quebtf pojcr, quebjf pojcr, quebtf nebtor on ostfquos jo solurebìe o fbjo

kfmekczå-kf. E ropfste pere meje une jostes quostÿos pesse pfr jcvorses ebåkcsos, roketcves ef

vekfr elrolejf jf prfjutf, ä provcsc`ckcjejo jo sue jonebje o äs oxclçbmces jfs mfbsuncjfros

acbecs on tornfs jo prezf jo obtrole o jcspfbc`ckcjejo jo prfjutf.

Cstf pfstf, pfjo-so jczor quo ostes pfkîtcmes síf jcrotrczos oxtronenobto cnpfrtebtos,

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quo vcsen jotorncber ef jopertenobtf jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquo, f prflrene jo f`gotcvfs e soron

etcblcjfs, cstf ã, oste`okomor mortfs pejrÿos quo scrven jo luces efs prflrenejfros o

mfbtrfkejfros o ten`ãn jo mrctãrcfs pere nojcr f josobvfkvcnobtf jf jopertenobtf quo, jo

nebocre lorek, síf es notes je onprose.

0.1  Zcpfs jo Ostfquos

Eklubs ae`rcmebtos nebtãn vercejfs tcpfs jo ostfquos, mfnproobjobjf cbsunfs,

netãrce-prcne, prfjutfs on prfmossf, prfjutfs sonceme`ejfs, jobtro futrfs. ]olubjf Tfzf

(0454), es onproses pfssuon on sue frlebczeìíf eklubs ostfquos `åscmfs quo euxckcen bf

 prfmossf prfjutcvf, o josteme eklubs e solucr7

  Ostfquo jo netãrce-prcne7 F ostfquo jo netãrce-prcne mfnproobjo-so on tfjf f

netorcek quo e onprose jcspÿo pere f prfmossf jo trebsafrneìíf. Osto ostfquo so aez

bomossårcf pere quo bíf hege cbtorrupìÿos bf prfmossf jo prfjuìíf, quo pfsse fmescfber

etresfs o porjes josbomossårces, quo mfbsoquobtonobto rosukterå on proguîzfs9

  Ostfquo jo netorcecs euxckceros7 Mfnpÿo-so jfs elrolejfs quo pertcmcpen jf

 prfmossf jo trebsafrneìíf jes netãrces-prcnes jobtrf je aå`rcme, tecs mfnf7 ro`fkfs,

kcxes, `ojenos, ýkofs, aorrenobtes otm. Ã f netorcek quo eguje o pertcmcpe be oxomuìíf o

trebsafrneìíf jf prfjutf, pfrãn bíf so elrole e oko, nes ã cnprosmcbjîvok bf prfmossf

jo ae`rcmeìíf9

  Ostfquo jo nebutobìíf7 Osso ostfquo ã fbjo ostíf es poìes quo sorvon jo epfcf ä

nebutobìíf jfs oqucpenobtfs o ojcaîmcfs, tecs mfnf rfkenobtfs, pereausfs, poìes,

aorrenobtes otm. Bfrneknobto, equc ostíf ten`ãn fs netorcecs jo osmrctýrcf, usejfs be

onprose9

  Ostfquo cbtornojcårcf7 Mfnpÿon ossos ostfquos es poìes quo ostíf on prfmossf jo

ae`rcmeìíf, fu on su`mfbgubtfs, quo síf ernezobejes pere mfnpfr f prfjutf acbek. F

vfkuno josso ostfquo ã bfrneknobto rosuktebto jo pkebogenobtf jf ostfquo jo netãrce-

 prcne o jf pkebogenobtf je prfjuìíf9

  Ostfquo jo netorcecs on prfmossf7 Osto jcz rospoctf e ctobs jo tormocrfs fu ctobs

cbtorbfs quo ostíf sobjf prfmossejfs, nes quo ecbje bíf ã un prfjutf eme`ejf. F tornf

ostfquo jcaorobmce f netorcek on prfmossf jf ostfquo jo netorcek on prfmossf. F ÷ktcnfcjobtcacme f aetf jo quo fs netorcecs pornebomon fmcfsfs, mfnf ostfquo, bíf sobjf

elrolejf bobhun vekfr9 

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  Ostfquo jo prfjutfs eme`ejfs7 Ostfquo jo prfjutfs eme`ejfs síf equokos afrnejfs

 pokfs prfjutfs tfteknobto acbekczejfs, prfjutfs quo ostíf prfbtfs pere soron

mfnormcekczejfs. Ostos ostfquos pfjon oster bf prýprcf kfmek jo mfnãrmcf fu on kuleros

jcstebtos jf p÷`kcmf mfbsuncjfr, jopobjobjf jf tcpf jo prfjutf o je jonebje

oxcstobto9

  Ostfquo vcrtuek7  Ostfquo Qcrtuek ã e sfne jf ostfquo aîscmf necs f sekjf jo

afrbomcnobtf. Eklunes onproses quo pfssuon mfbtrfko jo quekcjejo jo romo`cnobtf

ten`ãn cbmkuon f ostfquo on cbspoìíf bf ostfquo vcrtuek. Jovo-so aezor une bfve

ropfscìíf jo ostfquo, quebjf f ostfquo vcrtuek ostcvor e`ecxf fu cluek ä quebtcjejo prã

jotorncbeje.

F eutfr josteme ecbje quo nuctes frlebczeìÿos prfmuren nebtor sous ostfquos portf

jfs kfmecs fbjo soríf mfbsuncjfs, josto nfjf pfjoríf nebtor un vfkuno nobfr ostfmejf o

fmescfber necfr elckcjejo bf prfmossf kflîstcmf, cnpkcmebjf jcrotenobto be rojuìíf jfs mustfs.

0.<  Acbekcjejo jfs Ostfquos

Jo emfrjf mfn ]kemi, Mhen`ors o Gfhbstfb (0443), fs ostfquos elon mfnf afrne jo

solurebìe pere es onproses, be hfre je vobje jo un jotorncbejf prfjutf pfr okes

mfnormcekczejf. Ostfquos oxcston pere prfpfrmcfber e cbjopobjçbmce on tfjes es aesos je

 prfjuìíf. Uuebtf necfros fs ostfquos obtro jues aesos jf prfmossf jo trebsafrneìíf, necfr e

cbjopobjçbmce obtro okes, pfcs e bíf cbtorrupìíf jo une aeso bíf emerrote e perekcseìíf je futre,

 prfpfrmcfbebjf necfr elckcjejo o prfjutcvcjejo be kcbhe.

 Bíf cnpfrte f quo ostå sobjf ernezobejf mfnf ostfquo, fu fbjo oko ostå pfscmcfbejfbe fporeìíf9 oko oxcstcrå pfrquo oxcsto une jcaorobìe jo rctnf fu jo texe obtroafrbomcnobtf o jonebje. ]o f afrbomcnobtf jo quekquor cton fmfrrosso oxetenobto

quebjf afsso jonebjejf, f cton bubme sorce ostfmejf (]KEMI9 MHEN@OP]9GFHB]ZFB , 0443, p.0<3).

Cstf pfstf, obtobjo-so quo un jfs prfpýsctfs `åscmfs jfs ostfquos ã soperer f

suprcnobtf je jonebje. F ostfquo sorvo mfnf un ernezobenobtf cbtornojcårcf obtro faorte

o prfmure. On futres pekevres, f cbvostcnobtf on ostfquos oxcsto pere ovcter quo es

frlebczeìÿos cbmfrren on proguîzfs fmescfbejfs poke aekte jo netorcecs fu prfjutfs quo

 pfssen vcr e progujcmer e vobje fu ae`rcmeìíf, perekcseìíf jo sorvcìfs fu fporeìÿos, obtro

futrfs aetfros.

]kemi, Mhen`ors o Gfhbstfb (0443), ecbje jostemen futre acbekcjejo jfs ostfquos, quo

ã e jo ropfuser fs netorcecs ostemcfbejfs, netorcecs quo bíf so obmfbtren on nfvcnobtf, o

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joste afrne roluker fs akuxfs kflîstcmfs scbmrfbczebjf es vokfmcjejos jo obtreje mfn e

vokfmcjejo jo seîje, okcncbebjf fs lerlekfs je kcbhe jo prfjuìíf fu jcstrc`ucìíf.

0.8  Mustfs jfs Ostfquos

Jcnobscfber un ostfquo sclbcacme jotorncber quecs quebtcjejos o pfr quebtf tonpf

meje prfjutf jovo pornebomor ostfmejf, pere quo e onprose bíf cbmfrre on proguîzfs.

Loreknobto es frlebczeìÿos so joperen mfn f jckone jo7 Uuebtf e onprose jovo ostfmer6

Ostes jomcsÿos cnpkcmen jcrotenobto bf mustf oaotcvf quo f prfmossf jo ostfmelon prfpfrmcfbe

ä frlebczeìíf.

E lrebjo jcacmukjejo ã e evekceìíf mfrrote jossos vårcfs aetfros jo mustfs, tecs mfnff jo ernezobelon, on quo jovonfs etrc`ucr un vekfr pere f ekuluok jfseknfxercaejfs. Bf mesf jf nebusocf, jovonfs etrc`ucr un mustf jo jopromceìíf perefs oqucpenobtfs, mfnf onpckhejocres, merrcbhfs nebuecs, tekhes o pfbtos rfkebtos.Tfr nocf jo un scstone jo mustocf ejoquejf, ossos mustfs pfjon sor evekcejfs mfn

 `fe promcsíf (NEPZCB]9 EKZ, 0441, p.5<3).

Obtobjo-so quo f etf jo nebtor ostfquos roquor cbvostcnobtfs o ecbje prfpfrmcfbe

rcsmfs jes normejfrces acmeron f`sfkotes. ]e`o-so ten`ãn quo nuctes onproses romfrron e

onprãstcnfs pere e afrneìíf jostos, o cstf eunobte mfbscjorevoknobto f mustf jo ostfmelon

jostos prfjutfs o mfbsoquobtonobto es josposes acbebmocres je onprose.

Eposer jostos obubmcejfs, se`o-so quo pere e onprose f ostfquo ã un cbvostcnobtf

bomossårcf. Tfrtebtf, e lostíf jo ostfquos jovo prfmurer ftcnczer ostos mustfs o josposes,

vcsebjf e mfbtîbue rojuìíf jo mepctek cbvostcjf on ostfquos pokes frlebczeìÿos. Tfzf (0454),

josteme eklubs tcpfs jo mustfs, mfnf soluo7

  Mustf jf Tojcjf7 Meje voz quo une roqucscìíf fu un pojcjf ã onctcjf, cbmfrro mustfs

acxfs o vercåvocs roaorobtos e osso prfmossf. F mustf jo pojcjf síf tfjfs fs vekfros

oxprossfs on nfoje mfrrobto, cbmfrrcjfs jurebto f prfmossenobtf jf pojcjf, fu soge,

josjo e afrnukeìíf jf pojcjf etã e obtrole ef mfbsuncjfr acbek9 

  Mustf jo Ernezobelon7 Fs prfmossfs kflîstcmfs roprosobten un mustf sclbcacmetcvf

jobtrf jes frlebczeìÿos cjobtcacmejfs be ernezobelon, cbvobtårcfs, nfvcnobteìíf,

akuxf jo cbafrneìÿos, otm. Esscn, ã jo sune cnpfrtàbmce cjobtcacmer, nobsurer o

mfbtrfker ostos mustfs jo ernezobelon, quo ã un jfs aetfros quo pfjo etã sclbcacmer e

oxcstçbmce je onprose9 

  Mustf je Aekte7 Osto emfbtomo quebjf fmfrro prfmure pfr ctobs quo ostíf on aekte bfs

ostfquos, fu quebjf e jonebje oxmojo es quebtcjejos jcspfbîvocs ostfmejes. Osto tcpf

jo mustf ã jo jcaîmck nobsureìíf. Be fmfrrçbmce jostos tcpfs jo aekte e onprose pfjo

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cbmfrror on proguîzfs pfr etresf be prfjuìíf fu porme jo vobjes. Tfzf (0454, p.=5) jcz

quo, ‛Y...^ so nosnf mfn f etresf, f mkcobto bíf mebmoker f pojcjf, e cnelon je onprose

osterå joslestebjf-so o cssf ton un mustf okovejf o jcaîmck jo nojcr„. 

0.3  ]cstone jo Tkebogenobtf jo Ostfquos

]olubjf Tfzf (0454, p.==), ‛oxcston jcvorses nebocres o nãtfjfs jo pkeboger o

mfbtrfker ostfquos, eklubs nuctfs scnpkos, futrfs mfnpkoxfs„. Kflf, vor-so quo f pkebogenobtf

ã un prfmossf jcbàncmf o mfbtîbuf, quo mfbscsto on une sãrco jo eìÿos frlebczejes e acn jo

quo so tfrbon roekcjejo eklubs f`gotcvfs auturfs, pfssc`ckctebjf e tfneje jo jomcsíf

ebtomcpejenobto.

F eutfr ecbje eacrne quo be lostíf jo ostfquos f pkebogenobtf ton pepok aubjenobtek,

 pfcs mfn e mrosmobto bomosscjejo jo akuxfs mfbstebtos jo netorcecs jo afrne råpcje o ftcnczeje,

ã quo so pfjo lerebtcr un etobjcnobtf setcsaetýrcf efs mkcobtos, etrevãs jo une kflîstcme

mfnpotobto o oacmez, fmescfbebjf joste afrne un jcaorobmcek mfnpotctcvf quo pfjo mfkfmer e

frlebczeìíf ä arobto je mfbmfrrçbmce.

Tere Qcebe (0443), f lostfr vor-so prosscfbejf meje voz necs e jcncbucr fs ostfquos ef

nîbcnf pfssîvok. Eposer je joacmcçbmce, je osmessoz jo romursfs o je prossíf sfarcje poke

cbmortoze je jonebje, osto eme`e sobjf mfbjuzcjf e romfrror ef ostfquo jo solurebìe. Tfr ostes

o futres so aez meje voz necs bomossårce e pråtcme jf scstone josto pkebogenobtf.

F lorobmcenobtf nfjorbf evekce o jcnobscfbe mfbvobcobtonobto fs ostfquos on `esos mcobtîacmes, su`stctucbjf f onpcrcsnf pfr sfkuìÿos. Esscn, fs bîvocs jovon sorrovcstfs o etuekczejfs porcýjcme o mfbstebtonobto pere ovcter prf`kones prfvfmejfs

 pokf mrosmcnobtf jf mfbsunf fu vobjes o ektoreìÿos jfs tonpfs jo ropfscìíf(QCEBE, 0443, p.5::-5:?).

 Bosto mfbtoxtf, un scstone jo pkebogenobtf jo ostfquos so aez vctek pere quekquor tcpf

jo onprose, pfcs sfnobto etrevãs joko ã quo so pfjo mfbtrfker josvcfs o josporjîmcfs

josbomossårcfs, `on mfnf epurer f jonescejf cbvostcnobtf on ostfquo quo pfjo sor

 progujcmcek ef mepctek jo lcrf jes frlebczeìÿos, rostrcblcbjf es mfbjcìÿos jo fporeìíf je

nosne.

Zfjevce, obtobjo-so quo une onprose bíf pfjorå tre`ekher son ostfquos, pfcs supro es

bomosscjejos jfs mkcobtos o jf prfmossf jo prfjuìíf on tfjes es sues aesos jf mfnoìf ef acn.

Tfr cssf jovo-so utckczer je aubìíf jf pkebogenobtf o mfbtrfko jo ostfquos quo ã f jo ncbcnczeref nåxcnf f mepctek tftek cbvostcjfs on netorcecs, pfcs osto ã merf o eunobte mfbtcbuenobto,

une voz quo f mustf acbebmocrf ten`ãn so okove.

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0.54  Torjes jo Ostfquo

]olubjf Tfzf (0454), e nebutobìíf jo un mfbtrfko ejoquejf jo sous ostfquos ã mrumcek

 pere es onproses, pfcs ostos roakoton jcrotenobto be jotorncbeìíf jfs sous kumrfs, ekãn jo

eaoter fs rosuktejfs lorobmcecs quo, eme`en pfr roakotcr jcrotenobto be ebåkcso jo josonpobhf

jes frlebczeìÿos. F eutfr ten`ãn obtobjo quo ã jo oxtrone rokovàbmce pere es onproses e mfrrote

nojcìíf, nebutobìíf o mfbtrfko jes porjes bfs sous ostfquos. Ostes pfjon sor mekmukejes

etrevãs je jcaorobìe obtro fs roketýrcfs mfbtå`ocs o f cbvobtårcf aîscmf. Ostes porjes síf

jomfrrobtos jo jcvorsfs aetfros, pfrãn, fs prcbmcpecs nftcvfs epfbtejfs e`reblon tebtf fs

orrfs ejncbcstretcvfs quebtf fs fporemcfbecs.Jo emfrjf mfn Qcebe (0443), fs orrfs ejncbcstretcvfs síf aekhes jo prfmossfs quo

loren orrfs bes cbafrneìÿos jfs ostfquos mfbtå`ocs. _n oxonpkf, síf es obtrejes bf scstone

jo quebtcjejos orrejes jo prfjutfs, quo pfjon fmescfber jcvorlçbmces obtro f ostfquo aîscmf o

f ostfquo vcrtuek.

]olubjf Jces (0455), fs orrfs fporemcfbecs, síf mfbscjorejfs josporjîmcfs necs aåmocs

jo soron mfrrclcjfs, pfcs eklunes nojcjes jo nokhfrce rojuzon sclbcacmetcvenobto ostos orrfs.

_n oxonpkf tîpcmf jo orrf fporemcfbek, ã f usf cbmfrrotf jf nãtfjf TOT] (prcnocrf quo obtreã f prcnocrf quo sec), quo cnpkcme be pfssc`ckcjejo jo porjes jo prfjutfs pfr prezf jo vekcjejo,

quebjf f ostfquo so treter jo netorcecs poromîvocs o mfn prezf jo vekcjejo rojuzcjf.

Jcebto josto mfbtoxtf, pfjo-so jczor quo obtobjor nokhfr meje pfbtf o promevor-so, síf

 prcbmîpcfs prcnfrjcecs quebjf so treter jo porjes jo ostfquos, lorebjf esscn ýtcnfs rosuktejfs

be lostíf jo netorcecs jes onproses, o mfbsoquobtonobto euxckcer be tregotýrce jo sumossf je

frlebczeìíf

Acbekczebjf, vor-so quo f nokhfr e aezor ã ebekcser tfjfs fs pfbtfs mrîtcmfs ocnojcetenobto mrcer eìÿos provobtcves quo nujon prfmojcnobtfs o etctujos. Kon`rebjf quo f

trocbenobtf je oqucpo sorå jomcscvf be cnpkebteìíf jostos bfvfs prfmojcnobtfs.

0.55  Aorrenobtes jo Mfbtrfko jo Ostfquos

0.55.5  Ostfquo jo solurebìe

]e`o-so quo nuctes frlebczeìÿos bíf tre`ekhen mfn f jcnobscfbenobtf cjoek jo sous

ostfquos, pfcs kcjer mfn es cbmortozes je jonebje ã un joseacf mfbstebto pere fs lostfros.

Eposer je utckczeìíf jo jcvorsfs nãtfjfs jo mfbtrfko, tfrbe-so meje voz necs jcaîmck provor e

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quebtcjejo jonebjeje jo jotorncbejf `on fu sorvcìf, pfcs mfbtcblçbmces mfnf etresfs bf

rossuprcnobtf, josvcfs be provcsíf jo jonebje o robjcnobtf je prfjuìíf emcne jf pkebogejf

aezon perto jf mftcjcebf jes frlebczeìÿos.

]olubjf Tfzf (0454), pere kcjer mfn osses cbmortozes etuebtos on tfje mejoce kflîstcme,

jovon sor utckczejfs ostfquos jo solurebìe. Osto ostfquo vcse suprcr jotorncbejf porîfjf, ekãn

jf prezf jo obtrole pere mfbsunf fu vobjes, provobcbjf pfssîvocs etresfs be obtrole pfr perto

jf afrbomojfr, lerebtcbjf f ebjenobtf jf prfmossf prfjutcvf mesf fmfrre un eunobtf

be jonebje jf cton.

Zen`ãn mfbhomcjf pfr ostfquo nîbcnf fu ostfquo rosorve, ã une quebtcjejonîbcne jo poìes quo ton quo oxcstcr bf ostfquo mfn e aubìíf jo mf`rcr es pfssîvocsverceìÿos jf scstone, quo pfjon sor7 ovobtuecs etresfs bf tonpf jo afrbomcnobtf pfr

bfssf afrbomojfr, rogocìíf jf kfto jo mfnpre fu eunobtf be jonebje jf prfjutf(TFWF, 0454, p.?:).

Joste afrne, f lrebjo joseacf jf lostfr ã cjobtcacmer f poraoctf jcnobscfbenobtf josto

ostfquo. Nuctes onproses jotorncben jo nebocre cbejoqueje sous ostfquos jo solurebìe, pfcs

bíf so ̀ esocen on nojcjes promcses jes cbmortozes jf prfmossf, rosorvebjf esscn netorcecs on

quebtcjejo cbaorcfr fu suporcfr ef romfnobjejf.

Jo emfrjf mfn Tfzf (0454), f oxmossf jf ostfquo jo solurebìe lore mustfs

josbomossårcfs jo nebutobìíf jo ostfquos o jo ernezobelon. Futrf aetfr jomfrrobto jf neu

jcnobscfbenobtf jf ostfquo jo solurebìe, síf es porjes jo vobjes fu ejcenobtf jo pojcjfs,

lorebjf un bîvok jo sorvcìf ef mkcobto cbsetcsaetýrcf, rucn fu pãsscnf, quo pfjorå cbakuobmcer

jcrotenobto on proguîzfs pfr porje jo mkcobtos.

Nosnf esscn, f eutfr obtobjo quo osto tcpf jo ostfquo ã bomossårcf, pfcs mfrrospfbjo

ä permoke oxmojobto quo es frlebczeìÿos nebtçn ostfmeje, mfnf afrne jo provobìíf ef

eunobtf ropobtcbf je jonebje, efs pfssîvocs etresfs bfs prfmossfs kflîstcmfs jo obtrole, `on

mfnf so eklun kfto je normejfrce afr roprfvejf pokf mfbtrfko jo quekcjejo oxcstobto befrlebczeìíf.

0.55.0  Tfbtf jo Tojcjf

Tfzf (0454) eacrne quo f mfbtrfko oacmcobto jfs ostfquos ã une quostíf jo lrebjo

rokovàbmce o un joseacf jcårcf pere fs lostfros bes cbj÷strces, bf mfnãrmcf fu bf sotfr jo

sorvcìfs. Kflf, ã promcsf prflrener quebtf o quebjf pojcr pere e`estomor un jcstrc`ucjfr, unrovobjojfr fu pere f prýprcf mfbsunf.

Nuctfs nfjokfs jo pojcjfs usejfs pokes frlebczeìÿos jopobjon ossobmceknobto jf

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hcstýrcmf je jonebje, o mfbscjoren f tonpf jo rospfste jf afrbomojfr provcsîvok, e pertcr jo

une jcstrc`ucìíf mfbhomcje. Tere Tfzf (0454), f pfbtf jo pojcjf ã f nãtfjf necs oacmez quo

 pfjorå sor usejf bostos mesfs.

à e quebtcjejo jo poìes quo tonfs on ostfquo o quo lerebto quo f prfmossf prfjutcvfbíf sfare prf`kones jo mfbtcbucjejo, obquebtf eluerjenfs e mholeje jf kfto jomfnpre, jurebto f tonpf jo ropfscìíf. Cssf quor jczor quo quebjf un jotorncbejfcton jo ostfquo etcblo sou pfbtf jo pojcjf jovoronfs aezor f rossuprcnobtf jfostfquo, mfkfmebjf-so un pojcjf jo mfnpre (TFWF, 0454, p. ?0).

 Bf obtobjcnobtf jf eutfr, hå mesfs on quo fmfrron nujebìes `rusmes bf mobårcf

omfbúncmf, fmescfbebjf rupture fu oxpkfsíf bf mfbsunf. Osses ektoreìÿos síf, pfr beturoze,

cnprovcsîvocs o pfjon fmfrror on quekquor nfnobtf jf mcmkf jo ropfscìíf jo ostfquo jo une

mejoce jo suprcnobtfs.

Nosnf esscn, Tfzf (0454) obtobjo quo fs pojcjfs jo mfnpre jovon sor onctcjfs

quebjf es quebtcjejos ostfmejes etcblcron bîvocs suacmcobtos epobes pere mf`rcr f ostfquo

nîbcnf, fu ostfquo jo mfbsunf provcstf pere f porîfjf mfrrospfbjobto ef prezf jo obtrole

jfs afrbomojfros.

0.55.=  Murve E@M

]f`ro e murve E@M, Qcebe (0443, p.1:) jcz7 ‛trete-so jo nãtfjf mugf aubjenobtf ã

epkcmåvok e quecsquor sctueìÿos on quo soge pfssîvok oste`okomor prcfrcjejos, mfnf une teroae

e munprcr necs cnpfrtebto quo futre Y...^„. Obtobjo-so obtíf quo mkesscacmeìíf E@M ã une

aorrenobte quo euxckce be lostíf jfs ostfquos, prfpfrmcfbebjf cbafrneìÿos rokovebtos sf`ro

 prfjutfs quo ton necfr fu nobfr lcrf, mfn rokeìíf ef mustf mfn quek afren ejqucrcjfs.

 Bf obtobjcnobtf jo Nertcbs o Ekt (0441), e murve E@M trete-so je oquekczeìíf

ostetîstcme `esoeje bf prcbmîpcf jo Terotf, e quek so mfbscjore e cnpfrtàbmce jfs netorcecs

kovebjf on mfbscjoreìíf es quebtcjejos utckczejes o fs vekfros pokf quek afren ejqucrcjfs.

Oste oqueìíf ten`ãn pfjo sor utckczeje be oqucpereìíf jo mkcobtos mfn rokeìíf ef vfkuno jo

mfnpre o e kumretcvcjejo prfpfrmcfbeje pfr okos, ̀ on mfnf f vfkuno jo seîjes jo jotorncbejf

 prfjutf mfn rokeìíf ä sue robte`ckcjejo.

E mkesscacmeìíf E@M ã une jes afrnes necs usuecs jo oxencber ostfquos. Osse ebåkcsomfbscsto be vorcacmeìíf, on mortf ospeìf jo tonpf (bfrneknobto 1 nosos fu 5 ebf),jf mfbsunf, on vekfr nfbotårcf fu quebtcjejo, jfs ctobs jo ostfquo, pere quo okos

 pfssen sor mkesscacmejfs on frjon jomrosmobto jo cnpfrtàbmce (NEPZCB]9 EKZ,0441, p.055).

]olubjf fs eutfros, e mkesscacmeìíf E@M von sobjf utckczeje bes frlebczeìÿos be

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ejncbcstreìíf jfs ostfquos, mfnf perànotrf jo cbjcmeìíf je bomosscjejo jo equcscìíf jo

jotorncbejfs ctobs, mfnf normejfrces o netãrce-prcne ossobmcecs quo críf euxckcer bf prfmossf

 prfjutcvf jes onproses on tfjes es sues aesos.

Jces (0455, p.<=) eacrne quo, ‛e murve E@M ã un cnpfrtebto cbstrunobtf pere f

ejncbcstrejfr, oke porncto cjobtcacmer equokos ctobs quo gustcacmen etobìíf o tretenobtf

ejoquejfs quebtf ä sue ejncbcstreìíf„. E vcste jcstf, oste mkesscacmeìíf ten`ãn ã utckczeje

mfnf euxîkcf be prflreneìíf jes vobjes, be prfjuìíf o be rosfkuìíf jo jcvorsfs prf`kones

oxcstobtos on onproses nebuaeturocres, jo mfnãrmcf fu jo prosteìíf jo sorvcìfs.

Joste afrne, obtobjo-so quo e murve E@M von mfnf afrne jo aorrenobte be lostíf

ostretãlcme jfs ostfquos, epfbtebjf quecs prfjutfs síf necs cnpfrtebtos quo futrfs o jovon

sor tretejfs mfnf tek. Tfjo-so soperer fs ctobs bf ostfquo, solucbjf un mrctãrcf mfnf7 lcrf jf prfjutf, prfpfrìíf je nerlon jo kumrf, permoke sf`ro f aeturenobtf, mustf fmescfbejf ef

ostfquo, obtro futrfs perànotrfs.

0.55.:  NPT

]e`o-so, quo e ejncbcstreìíf mfrrote jfs ostfquos ã une jes pråtcmes quo pfjo euxckcer

bf ekmebmo jf sumossf jes frlebczeìÿos. Cstf pfstf, tfrbe-so bomossårcf e oke`freìíf jo

mfnpkoxfs pkebogenobtfs bf sobtcjf jo ftcnczer oste afrne jo lostíf, jo nfjf e jokcboer o

eporaocìfer egustebjf pfsctcvenobto f prfmossf jo prfjuìíf.

Zen`ãn ã jf mfbhomcnobtf jo nuctfs quo fs cnpemtfs je lkf`ekczeìíf bes

frlebczeìÿos, emerroten nujebìes bes jcvorses nebocres jo ejncbcstrer. Bosto sobtcjf surlon

cb÷nores aorrenobtes jo lostíf quo elrolen vekfr e ostos prfmossfs, vcsebjf sonpro e rojuìíf

jo mustfs, lestfs o josporjîmcfs josbomossårcfs.

Esscn sobjf, e lostíf on NPT von mfnf afrne jo aorrenobte, o cnpkcme on mfbarfbter

f pkebogejf mfn f fmfrrcjf, vcsebjf ejoquer e pråtcme mfn f quo afc josmrctf bfs pkebfs,

mfbtrfkebjf o egustebjf tfjf f prfmossf pere ncbcnczer es jcaorobìes, mfbtrc`ucbjf pere quo

fs b÷norfs so eprfxcneron ef nåxcnf jf quo afc provcstf.

Tfzf (0454), josteme quo f NPT C ( Netorcek Poqucronobts Tkebbcbl ) fu Tkebogenobtf

je Bomosscjejo jf Netorcek, elo mfnf afrne jo euxîkcf ä lostíf jo ostfquos mfn

 pkebogenobtfs `esoejfs be ostruture jfs prfjutfs, vcsebjf mfbtrfker es bomosscjejos jo

nfvcnobteìíf jfs netorcecs mfn f usf jf mfnputejfr. E epkcme`ckcjejo joste aorrenobte

jopobjorå jcrotenobto jf usf joste tombfkflce, sorvcbjf jo sustobteìíf pere tfjf f prfmossf

 prfjutcvf.

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 Netorcek Poquorcnobts Tkebbcbl  (Tkebogenobtf jes Bomosscjejos jo Netorcek) ã unscstone utckczejf pere ovcter aekte jo poìes, quo oste`okomo un pkebf jo prcfrcjejosquo joacbo o nfstre tfjfs fs mfnpfbobtos bomossårcfs on meje prfmossf jo ae`rcmeìífo, `esoebjf-so bfs tonpfs jo fporeìÿos o bfs koej tcnos, mekmuke fs prezfs pere soutckczer meje un jokos (TFWF, 0454, p.548-543).

Tere Erbfkj (0448), f NPT CC ( Nebuaemturcbl Posfurmo Tkebbcbl ) fu Tkebogenobtf jo

Pomursfs jo Trfjuìíf, ã e ovfkuìíf jf NPT C fbjo afren cbmfrpfrejes aorrenobtes jo romursfs

o mustocf `esoejes be ostruture jf prfjutf. Jcz Erbfkj (0448, p. :0), ‛osto scstone ã pkebogejf

 pere sor un scstone jo pkebogenobtf o mfbtrfko tfteknobto cbtolrejf, quo tre`ekhe jo mcne pere

 `ecxf o pfssuc aooj`emi  jo `ecxf pere mcne„.

F eutfr josteme ecbje f  Obtorprcso Posfurmos Tkebbcbl   (OPT) fu Tkebogenobtf jo

Pomursfs Onprosercecs, mfnf sobjf futre aorrenobte tombfkýlcme lorobmcek jo mfbtrfko joostfquos utckczeje on tfjf f nubjf. ]olubjf f eutfr, bf prcbmîpcf ostos epkcmetcvfs surlcren

mfn aubìÿos jcromcfbejes ä åroes ospomîacmes jes onproses, mfnf7 mfbtes e peler, acbebmocrf,

mfbte`ckcjejo, jopertenobtf possfek, obtro futres. Tfrãn, e pertcr je jãmeje jo 84 e ovfkuìíf

jfs mfnputejfros jou un cnpuksf necfr be ekevebmelon jostos epkcmetcvfs, etcblcbjf åroes

necs mfnpkoxes jes frlebczeìÿos, mfnf e lostíf jo ostfquos.

0.55.?  Gust cb Zcno

]olubjf ]kemi, Mhen`ors o Gfhbstfb (0443), f  Gust cb Zcno, quo sclbcacme bf tonpf

 gustf, surlcu bf Gepíf bf cbîmcf je jãmeje jo ?4, sobjf fs mrãjctfs jo sou josobvfkvcnobtf

etrc`uîjfs ä Zfyfte Nftfr Mfnpeby, quo prfmureve un nfjokf jo lostíf je prfjuìíf muge

ae`rcmeìíf jo sous nfjokfs so acbjesso mfn f nîbcnf jo etresf pfssîvok. O, ecbje ore promcsf

 `estebto akoxc`ckcjejo pere prfjuzcr nfjokfs on poquobfs kftos, mfn bîvok jo quekcjejo peromcjf mfn fs jo sous mfbmfrrobtos.

Fs eutfros jostemen quo mfn f pesser jf tonpf f  Gust cb Zcno tfrbfu-so nuctf necs

quo une tãmbcme je lostíf je prfjuìíf, sobjf mfbscjorejf pokfs lostfros une jes necs

mfnpkotes aorrenobtes quo cbmkuc espomtfs bíf sý je lostíf je prfjuìíf, nes ten`ãn je lostíf

je quekcjejo, oblobherce jo prfjutf, frlebczeìíf jf tre`ekhf, lostíf jo romursfs hunebfs,

 `on mfnf e lostíf ostretãlcme jo netorcecs.

On sou espomtf necs ̀ åscmf, pfjo-so tfner f mfbmoctf jf GCZ ”  f GCZ sclbcacme prfjuzcr `obs o sorvcìfs oxetenobto bf nfnobtf on quo síf bomossårcfs ”  bíf ebtos pere quobíf so trebsafrnon on ostfquo, o bíf jopfcs pere quo sous mkcobtos bíf tobhen quoosporer. Ekãn josto okonobtf tonpfrek jf GCZ, pfjonfs ejcmcfber es bomosscjejos joquekcjejo o oacmcçbmce (]KEMI9 MHEN@OP]9 GFHB]ZFB , 0443, p. =??).

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Tere fs eutfros, osto nãtfjf ton e aubìíf jo obxuler e prfjuìíf, ae`rcmebjf sfnobto

f quo ã sfkcmctejf be quebtcjejo bomossårce o bf nfnobtf bomossårcf. _ne jes tãmbcmes usejes

 pere etcblcr e note jf GCZ, ã f Ieb`eb, osto ã f bfno jejf efs mertÿos utckczejfs bf sobtcjf jo

rojuzcr fs tonpfs jo pertcje je nåqucbe o fs tenebhfs jfs kftos, o prfjuzcr epobes es

quebtcjejos bomossårces ä ekcnobteìíf je jonebje.

Jo emfrjf mfn Tfzf (0454, p.55<), ‛e ackfsface  Gust cb Zcno (GCZ), quebjf epkcmeje

ejoquejenobto, rojuz fu okcncbe e necfr perto jfs josporjîmcfs quo fmfrron bes mfnpres,

 prfjuìíf, jcstrc`ucìíf o etcvcjejos jo epfcf ä prfjuìíf Y...^„. Uuebjf f eutfr aeke on

josporjîmcf, jovo-so obtobjor osto mfnf7 mfnpre jonesceje, porjes be prfjuìíf, `on mfnf

 porjes be jcstrc`ucìíf jfs prfjutfs.

E vcste jcstf, mfnproobjo-so quo f  Gust cb Zcno (GCZ) jotorncbe quo e prfjuìíf onmeje otepe jf prfmossf prfjutcvf, soge sfnobto jf netorcek bomossårcf pere mfnpkoter e otepe

 pfstorcfr, bf nfnobtf o be quebtcjejo oxete. Cstf sclbcacme e okcncbeìíf tftek jfs ostfquos,

mfbsuncbjf o prfjuzcbjf be quebtcjejo oxete pere quo bíf hege sf`res, etobjobjf tfteknobto

ef prfmossf jo jonebje.

Tere Jces (0455), fs ostfquos elon mfnf afrne jo solurebìe ef prfmossf prfjutcvf, f

 prftolobjf jo pfssîvocs ruptures quo pfssen meuser perekcseìÿos bf scstone, fmescfbebjf

etresfs pfr aekte jo netãrce-prcne. Nes solubjf oko, so f Gust cb Zcno afr epkcmejf on tfje sueîbtolre bíf hevorå necs ostfquos, okcncbebjf esscn fs mustfs mfn ernezobelon, nebutobìíf

o nfvcnobteìíf jes normejfrces, cnpemtebjf jcrotenobto bf proìf acbek jfs prfjutfs.

Mfbtoxtuekczebjf, pfjo-so jczor quo f  Gust cb Zcno  ton mfnf f`gotcvf prcbmcpek e

nokhfrce mfbtîbue jf prfmossf prfjutcvf, quo sorå ekmebìeje quebjf osto mfbsolucr aezor e

okcncbeìíf tftek jfs ostfquos, mugfs tçn pfr acbekcjejo okcncber fs prf`kones fmfrrcjfs bf

 prfmossf jo prfjuìíf fu jcstrc`ucìíf jes normejfrces.

Esscn sobjf, jovo-so obtobjor quo quebjf bíf hfuvor necs ostfquos, fs prf`konesacmen necs vcsîvocs o pormoptîvocs jo cnojcetf, pfjobjf sor okcncbejfs tfteknobto tfrbebjf f

akuxf prfjutcvf necs suevo o mfbtîbuf, mfbtrc`ucbjf jcrotenobto pere e rojuìíf jo mustfs

etrevãs jf munprcnobtf jfs prezfs o notes oste`okomcjes poke onprose.

]kemi, Mhen`ors o Gfhbstfb (0443), sekcobten quo f GCZ ton eklunes scnckercjejos mfn

f NPT quebjf mfnperejfs mfn rokeìíf ä aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquo. Tfrãn, obquebtf

f GCZ ton e aubìíf jo lerebtcr quo e aå`rcme prfjuze fs `obs bf nfnobtf on quo síf

bomossårcfs pere f normejf, f NPT mfnoìe fkhebjf ä arobto, o cjobtcacmebjf quecs prfjutfs

jovon sor obtroluos on quo nfnobtf bf auturf, pkebogebjf e prfjuìíf quebjf so quor

ebtomcper bomosscjejos autures.

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0.55.1  Lcrf jo Ostfquo

]olubjf Tfzf (0454), f Lcrf jo Ostfquo ã joacbcjf mfnf e rokeìíf obtro f Mustf jes

Normejfrces Qobjcjes (MNQ) o f sekjf jo ostfquo. Jo afrne e ncbcnczer orrfs jo vfketckcjejo

jo ostfquos, romfnobje-so utckczer fs vekfros nãjcfs jo ostfquo. Lcrf jo Ostfquo roprosobte f

b÷norf jo vozos on quo f ostfquo ã robfvejf jurebto un jotorncbejf porîfjf.

à e evekceìíf jf mepctek cbvostcjf on ostfquos mfnperejf mfn f mustf jes vobjesebuecs, fu je quebtcjejo nãjce jo netorcecs on ostfquo jcvcjcjf pokf mustf ebuek jesvobjes. E rftetcvcjejo, osto ã f tornf necs mfnunobto utckczejf tebtf pokes onprosesnuktcbemcfbecs mfnf pokes bemcfbecs, ã oxprosse pfr nocf je quebtcjejo jo poìes quoetobjorå un jotorncbejf porîfjf jo tonpf (TFWF, 0454, p.=?).

Obtobjo-so obtíf quo e pekevre robfver sclbcacme quebtes vozos on nãjce f ostfquo

vfkte ef vekfr jf cbvostcnobtf e quo so josoge, jurebto equoko porîfjf. Tere mfbhomor f b÷norf

jo jces on quo f ostfquo pornebomo perejf jurebto un jotorncbejf cbtorvekf jo tonpf `este

jcvcjc-kf pokf b÷norf jo jces jf porîfjf on ostujf. Osto qufmcobto roprosobte f b÷norf jo

jces, on nãjce, quo e onprose pfjo vobjor son robfver sou ostfquo.

Tfzf (0454), jcz ecbje quo quebjf so se`o e rftetcvcjejo jfs ostfquos, pfjo-so

jotorncber ten`ãn f porîfjf jo tonpf quo osso ostfquo supfrte, fu soge, quek f porîfjf jo

tonpf quo f ostfquo sorvo pere etobjor une jotorncbeje jonebje.

Mfbsoquobtonobto, vor-so quo e evekceìíf je lostíf jo ostfquos pfr nocf je

rftetcvcjejo ã nuctf ÷tck o råpcje, aemckcte e ebåkcso je sctueìíf fporemcfbek je onprose, o ã un

 pejríf nubjcek jo ebåkcso o mfnpereìíf, pfcs, quebtf necfr afr f b÷norf je rftetcvcjejo,

nokhfr sorå e ejncbcstreìíf kflîstcme je onprose.

0.55.<  Cbvobtårcf aîscmf

F cbvobtårcf ã une aorrenobte je lostíf jo netorcecs, sobjf e pertcr joko quo evekceìÿos

jo mfnf ostíf sobjf ejncbcstrejfs fs prfjutfs o fs netorcecs je onprose pfjon sor

josobvfkvcjfs. F cbvobtårcf ã une afrne jo cjobtcacmer es quebtcjejos jo prfjutfs fu netorcecs

jcspfbîvocs bes jopobjçbmces je onprose.

Jo emfrjf mfn Qcebe (0443), etrevãs jf cbvobtårcf pfjo-so evekcer es porjes on

normejfrces quo so tfrberen f`sfkotes, f joseperomcnobtf jo ctobs o es prfvåvocs aektes quo

fmescfberíf pereje jo prfjuìíf. Ekãn josto espomtf, f cbvobtårcf ton e aubìíf jo jotorncberfs vekfros jo prfjutfs on ostfquo pere evekceìíf acbebmocre jo cbvostcnobtfs, pelenobtf jo

cnpfstfs, obtro futrfs.

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]olubjf Tfzf (0454), f cbvobtårcf meremtorcze-so jo jues afrnes7 lorek o rftetcvf. F

cbvobtårcf lorek ã oke`frejf bf acn jo meje porîfjf acsmek, e`reblobjf e mfbtelon aîscme jo

tfjfs fs ctobs jo une sý voz. Gå f cbvobtårcf rftetcvf ã aoctf bf jomfrror jf ebf acsmek je

onprose, son quekquor tcpf jo pereje bf prfmossf fporemcfbek, o e`reblo sfnobto jotorncbejes

åroes epfbtejes provcenobto pokf mffrjobejfr jf cbvobtårcf.

F eutfr ecbje sekcobte quo, fs cbvobtårcfs síf oke`frejfs o oxomutejfs sf` frcobteìíf o

mfbtrfko je åroe acbebmocre o mfn jfmunobteìíf propereje pere osto acn. Ostes eìÿos ton un

 prfpýsctf ÷bcmf o oxmkuscvenobto jo evekcer so es cbafrneìÿos mfbtrfkejes ostíf jo emfrjf mfn

es quebtcjejos aîscmes, prcbmcpeknobto quebjf fs ostfquos síf cbafrnetczejfs.

Cstf pfstf, obtobjo-so quo f cbvobtårcf ã emcne jo tujf une aorrenobte jo mfbtrfko o

 pkebogenobtf jo ostfquos, sobjf cbjcspobsåvok on quekquor prfgotf pere so f`tor un `fn orobtåvok rosuktejf. Mfn osto pkebogenobtf ã pfssîvok provor es aekhes, es jcacmukjejos quo

surlcríf, o oke`frer eìÿos provobtcves, obacn etcblcr fs f`gotcvfs o notes je frlebczeìíf.

0.55.8  OJC

E Zombfkflce je Cbafrneìíf ã une cnpfrtebto aorrenobte useje be eutfnetczeìíf jo

jcvorses åroes je frlebczeìíf. Fs evebìfs boste åroe mfbstctuon un sclbcacmebto eunobtf je

oacmcçbmce bf lorobmcenobtf. Tere ejepter-so äs mfbstebtos nujebìes bf en`cobto lkf`ek es

onproses ostíf prfmurebjf e cbtolreìíf mfn futres frlebczeìÿos be oxpomtetcve jo nokhfreron

fs sous sorvcìfs.

]olubjf Nertcbs o Ekt (0441), oste cbtolreìíf gå ã pfssîvok mfn e utckczeìíf je

Zombfkflce jo Cbafrneìíf - ZC, on ospomcek bf usf jf OJC -  Okotrfbcm Jete Cbtormheblo, fu

Cbtormàn`cf Okotrúbcmf jo Jejfs. Oste ã une aorrenobte pere trebsncssíf okotrúbcme jo jejfs,

vce mfnputejfros, etrevãs jo kcbhe tokoaúbcme, nfjon o sfatwero ospomîacmf pere trejuìíf o

mfnubcmeìíf jo jfmunobtfs obtro e onprose o fs afrbomojfros.

Jo emfrjf mfn fs eutfros, f OJC ã une jes afrnes necs cnpfrtebto jo mfnãrmcf

okotrúbcmf oxcstobtos, pfssuc f pftobmcek jo eunobter e vokfmcjejo jes fporeìÿos, e oacmcçbmce

jfs prfmossfs, o jo rojuzcr fs mustfs fporemcfbecs o jo prfmossenobtf jo cbafrneìÿos obtro es

frlebczeìÿos. Mfbtujf e cnpkonobteìíf jf OJC bíf ã aåmck, oxclcbjf nujebìes bf nfjf jo

fporer jes frlebczeìÿos bf quo teblo e pejrfbczeìíf jfs prfmossfs, ekãn je oxcstçbmce jo

vårcfs prftfmfkfs jo trebsncssíf, f quo kove nuctfs e bíf ejfteron osto prfmossf.

Fs eutfros ecbje sekcobten quo fs `oboaîmcfs pftobmcecs mfn e utckczeìíf jf OJC síf

nuctfs, quo víf josjo f eunobtf je mfnpotctcvcjejo jes onproses, ä un mfbtrfko necs ostroctf

o necs jcbàncmf sf`ro e porafrnebmo jes vobjes. Zen`ãn trez mfnf ̀ oboaîmcfs, eìÿos jo tfjfs

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fs tcpfs mfnf7 necs elckcjejo o oacmcçbmce bfs prfmossfs prfjutcvf, jo ejncbcstreìíf,

ncbcnczeìíf jo mustfs trebsemcfbecs, eutfnetczeìíf jo jomcsÿos kflîstcmes, okcncbeìíf jfs

cbovctåvocs orrfs jo jclcteìíf, otm.

Nertcbs o Ekt (0441) eacrnen ecbje quo une eutfneìíf oacmcobto bíf sclbcacme sfnobto

ejqucrcr `fbs oqucpenobtfs o prfpfrmcfber trocbenobtf ejoquejf, sclbcacme prcbmcpeknobto

ejepter fs prfmossfs je onprose e oste bfve ostruture. Epobes cbafrnetczer prfmojcnobtfs

ebtclfs bíf ã f `estebto, fu ecbje cbmkucr bf bfvf osmfpf epobes eklunes teroaes, o nebtor

akuxfs perekokfs jo pepãcs.

 Be vcsíf jfs eutfros, e afrne mfnf fs prfmossfs síf oxomutejfs promcse sor nujeje,

jo afrne e oxtrecr f nåxcnf pftobmcek jo sue eutfneìíf. Kflf, pere eprfvocter jo afrne pkobe

fs `oboaîmcfs je cnpkonobteìíf jf OJC, es onproses tçn jo ermer mfn mortfs mustfs, fs quecs,nuctes vozos, tfrben-so onpomckhfs bfs sous prfmossfs jomcsýrcfs rokemcfbejfs ä osmfkhe jo

ejfter oste bfve tombfkflce.

Nosnf esscn, acme ovcjobto quo f OJC trez nuctes nokhfres pere e frlebczeìíf, pfrãn

e nosne jovo vorcacmer so ostå jcspfste prcbmcpeknobto e ejoquer-so äs quostÿos rokemcfbejes ä

 pejrfbczeìíf, on vårcfs espomtfs, ekãn jfs lestfs be equcscìíf jo oqucpenobtfs o trocbenobtf

jo possfek.

0.50  Nãtfjfs jo Evekceìíf jo Ostfquos

0.50.5  TOT]

Tere ovcter f obvokhomcnobtf josfrjobejf jfs prfjutfs on ostfquo, ã proaorîvok quo fs

nosnfs sogen utckczejfs be nosne frjon on quo afren romo`cjfs. Oste ã une pråtcme

mfbhomcje mfnf TOT] (Trcnocrf quo obtre, Trcnocrf quo sec), fu ACAF ( Acrst cb, Acrst fut )

mfnf necs so pfpukerczfu.

]olubjf Tfzf (0454, p.<1), ‛f prfmojcnobtf jo `ecxe jfs ctobs jo ostfquo ã aoctf pfr

frjon jo obtreje jf netorcek be onprose, f prcnocrf quo obtrfu sorå f prcnocrf quo secrå, o

esscn utckczer sous vekfros be mfbte`ckczeìíf jf ostfquo„. Jces (0455, p.5?0) ten`ãn mfbmfrje

quo, ‛sec f netorcek quo prcnocrf cbtolrfu f ostfquo, sobjf su`stctuîjf poke frjon mrfbfkýlcme

on quo afc romo`cjf, jovobjf sou mustf roek sor epkcmejf„.  

Obtrotebtf Qcebe (0443), sekcobte quo bf mfbmoctf ã nuctf scnpkos, nes be pråtcme bon

tebtf. E necfr jcacmukjejo on solucr osto nãtfjf ostå be frlebczeìíf o jcspfscìíf on quo fs

netorcecs síf emfnfjejfs, be sue nfvcnobteìíf, kfmekczeìíf, mfbtrfko o jcsmcpkcbe pretcmeje

 pokfs mfke`frejfros.

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F eutfr josteme ecbje quo, e necfrce jossos espomtfs joven sor mfbscjorejfs gå be

oxomuìíf jf prfgotf je åroe jostcbeje pere ernezobelon jfs netorcecs. F keyfut  bfrneknobto

roquor vcbto fu trcbte pfr mobtf je åroe rosorveje, o osto ã un pormobtuek jo ospeìf quo jovorå

sor nebtcjf josfmupejf pornebobtonobto, pere nfvcnobteìíf o nebusocf jfs prfjutfs on

ostfquos.

Jces (0455) eacrne quo so epkcmejf mfrrotenobto osto nãtfjf emerrote nuctes vebtelobs,

jobtro okes ostå f aetf jo quo fs netorcecs soluon un nfvcnobtf jo afrne mfbtîbue o frjobeje,

f quo pfjo sor mfbjcìíf ossobmcek pere un poraoctf mfbtrfko jf quo ostå sobjf ostfmejf. F

rosuktejf f`tcjf roakoto jcrotenobto bfs mustfs jfs prfjutfs quo ostíf sobjf utckczejfs bes

seîjes.

Uuebjf f lcrf jfs ostfquos fmfrro jo nebocre råpcje fu quebjf so jcspÿo jo netorcekquo ostoge nebtcjf pfr kfblf prezf, osso tcpf jo evekceìíf sorvo ten`ãn perevekfrczeìíf jfs ostfquos. Mfbsoquobtonobto, fs ostfquos síf nebtcjfs on mfbtes jfetcvf, mfn vekfros eprfxcnejfs jfs proìfs etuecs jo normejf (JCE], 0455, p.5?0).

Kflf, mencbhe-so pfsctcvenobto be jcroìíf jo un `fn bîvok jo ostfquos, mfn ctobs

mfrrotfs o bes quebtcjejos o proìfs ejoquejfs, pere quo sous mkcobtos pfssen sor etobjcjfs on

un bîvok setcsaetýrcf o bomossårcf, bíf oxcstcbjf jcaorobìe obtro f rctnf afrbomcjf o f

jonebjejf.

0.50.0  _OT]

F ×ktcnf e Obtrer, Trcnocrf e ]ecr ”  _OT], fu Kest cb Acrst Fut  ”  KCAF, mfnf ã necs

mfbhomcjf, ã un nãtfjf jo evekceìíf jo ostfquos nuctf jcsmutcjf bf nubjf je ejncbcstreìíf.

 Bosto mrctãrcf, fs ÷ktcnfs ctobs quo obtren bfs ostfquos síf fs prcnocrfs e secr, fs prcnocrfs e

soron vobjcjfs fu utckczejfs quebjf sfkcmctejfs.

Tfzf (0454, p.<<) josteme quo, ‛osso nãtfjf ten`ãn ã `esoejf be mrfbfkflce jes

obtrejes o seîjes, o mfbscjore quo f prcnocrf e secr jovo sor f ÷ktcnf quo obtrfu on ostfquo

Y...^„. Bosto mesf, f ostfquo acbek acmerce mfnpfstf pfr ctobs necs ebtclfs, f mustf jf quo afc

vobjcjf so roakoto `escmenobto bfs ÷ktcnfs ctobs mfnprejfs.

Nertcbs o Ekt (0441) obtobjon quo pfr hevor un rcsmfs jo so f`tor proguîzfs be

epureìíf jfs rosuktejfs, jopobjobjf jf renf jo etueìíf, osto nãtfjf jo evekceìíf bíf ã nuctf

jcaubjcjf obtro es onproses. Uuebjf so treter, pfr oxonpkf, jo prfjutfs poromîvocs, fu

normejfrces quo pfssuon un murtf prezf jo vekcjejo, hå une lrebjo mhebmo jo f ostfquo acbek

acmer mfnpfstf pfr une necfrce jo prfjutfs mfn prezf jo vekcjejo uktrepessejf.

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]oge quek afr f nãtfjf utckczejf, TOT] fu _OT], sou onprolf ostå mfbjcmcfbejf eftcpf jo onprose, pfrquo e evekceìíf jf ostfquo acbek cbakuc jcrotenobto bf mustf jfs

 `obs vobjcjfs fu jes netãrces-prcnes utckczejes be prfjuìíf. Uuekquor verceìíf bfvekfr jf ostfquo ropormuto jo cnojcetf bfs mustfs fporemcfbecs o mfbsoquobtonobtobf kumrf (NEPZCB]9 EKZ, 0441, p.05<).

Fs eutfros ecbje epfbten futre josvebtelon bf usf jf _OT], quo ostå gustenobto bf

aetf jo quo nosnf so bíf eme`ejf f usf jo un jotorncbejf kfto jo normejfrces, osto torå quo

sor e`ebjfbejf o pesser-so e aezor usf jo un kfto necs romobto, romãn mholejf. Josterto,

toronfs quo mfbtrfker jcvorsfs kftos mfn sekjfs bfs quecs useronfs permceknobto fs mustfs.

Nosnf esscn, fs eutfros eacrnen quo eposer jo nuctes frlebczeìÿos mfbjoberon f usf

jf _OT] osto nãtfjf eprosobte eklunes vebtelobs, jobtro okes ostå f aetf jo quo oko prfmure

jotorncber so e onprose aoz une epureìíf mfrrote jfs mustfs mfrrobtos on rokeìíf ä sue romoctemfrrobto. Kflf, f ostfquo ã evekcejf jo emfrjf f bîvok jo proìfs jo sue cbtrfjuìíf. On

tonpfreje jo proìfs ektfs, fs vekfros pfjon sor egustejfs mfn necfr repcjoz.

0.50.=  Mustf Nãjcf

Jo emfrjf mfn Jces (0455), e evekceìíf aocte etrevãs jf mustf nãjcf ã e necs aroquobto.

Zon pfr `eso f proìf jo tfjes es rotcrejes, ef proìf nãjcf jf suprcnobtf tftek jf cton on

ostfquo. Osso nãtfjf elo mfnf un oste`ckczejfr, pfcs oquckc`re es akutueìÿos jo proìfs o, ef

kfblf jf prezf, roakoto fs mustfs roecs jes mfnpres jo netorcek.

F eutfr rossekte quo f mustf nãjcf ã `esoejf be mrfbfkflce jes obtrejes o seîjes. F

 prfmojcnobtf jo `ecxe jfs ctobs jo ostfquo ã aoctf bfrneknobto poke quebtcjejo je prýprce

frjon jo ae`rcmeìíf o fs vekfros acbecs jo sekjf síf jejfs pokf proìf nãjcf jfs prfjutfs.

Mfnf ã pfssîvok vorcacmer, meje seîje jo prfjutf ã vekfrczeje pokf vekfr jo mustf nãjcf jfs prfjutfs on ostfquo poke obtreje mrfbfkýlcme jfs nosnfs.

Tfzf (0454) ten`ãn mfbmfrje quo e evekceìíf pfr osto nãtfjf ã nuctf utckczeje, pfcs

sou prfmojcnobtf ã scnpkos o ef nosnf tonpf elo mfnf un nfjorejfr jo proìfs, okcncbebjf

es akutueìÿos quo pfssen fmfrror. Osso prfmossf ton pfr notfjfkflce e acxeìíf jo proìf nãjcf

obtro tfjes es obtrejes o seîjes.

 Bosto sobtcjf, obtobjo-so quo fs ostfquos síf evekcejfs pokf mustf nãjcf jo equcscìíf,

epurejf e meje obtreje jo normejfrces, pfbjorejf pokes quebtcjejos ejqucrcjes o pokesebtorcfrnobto oxcstobtos. Obtobjo-so ten`ãn quo osso prfmossf ton pfr notfjfkflce e acxeìíf

jo proìf nãjcf obtro tfjes es obtrejes o seîjes.

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0.50.:  Mustf jo Popfscìíf

Jces (0455) trete f mustf jo ropfscìíf mfnf sobjf f vekfr etuek jo normejf jfs cbsunfs

ejqucrcjfs bf pessejf pere e ae`rcmeìíf jo prfjutfs fu prosteìíf jo sorvcìfs, ten`ãn

obtobjcjf mfnf vekfr prosobto jfs ostfquos. ]ou prcbmcpek usf ã pere acbs jo tfneje jo

jomcsÿos, une voz quo e mfbte`ckcjejo acbebmocre o jo mustfs bíf pfjon user f mustf jo

ropfscìíf on sous rolcstrfs.

]olubjf f eutfr, e evekceìíf pokf mustf jo ropfscìíf ton pfr ̀ eso e okoveìíf jfs mustfs

e murtf prezf on rokeìíf ä cbakeìíf, fu soge, e pfrmobtelon sfarcje bf proìf ubctårcf jfs

 prfjutfs f`sorvejfs on autures ropfscìÿos. Bune vcsíf necs mfnormcek, jcz sor f vekfr pelf

 pfr un `on quo crå su`stctucr un futrf, quo secu pfr vobje fu mfbsunf.

Mfbsoquobtonobto, f eutfr sekcobte quo bíf so jovo mfbaubjcr f mustf jo ropfscìíf mfn

f mustf jo rocbvostcnobtf fu f mustf jo su`stctucìíf. Zek mfkfmeìíf jå-so on vcrtujo jf tcpf jo

netorcek quo ostå sobjf su`stctuîjf. ]o e su`stctucìíf ã jo netorcek jo usf o mfbsunf, jcz sor

un mustf jo ropfscìíf, so ã jo un `on cnf`ckczejf, jcz sor jo un rocbvostcnobtf fu

une su`stctucìíf.

0.5=  Mejoce jo ]uprcnobtfs

0.5=.5  Mfnpres

 Be vcsíf jo Tfzf (0454), e necfrce jes onproses ejqucron lrebjo vercojejo jo

 prfjutfs, o f vfkuno o f vekfr josses mfnpres von mrosmobjf ä nojcje quo es frlebczeìÿos

ton so mfbmobtrejf on sous prfmossfs aubjenobtecs. Eposer je vercojejo jo mfnpres quo une

onprose roekcze, hå eklubs f`gotcvfs `åscmfs je etcvcjejo jo mfnpres, quo síf våkcjfs pere

tfjfs fs netorcecs o sorvcìfs mfnprejfs, quo síf7 f proìf mfrrotf, e quebtcjejo mfrrote o obtrole

bf nfnobtf mortf.

Jo emfrjf mfn f eutfr, jues josses etcvcjejos cbakuobmcen sclbcacmebtonobto bf

 prfmossf. On prcnocrf ostå e sokoìíf jfs afrbomojfros, sue osmfkhe jopobjo jo proìf,

quekcjejo, mfbtcbucjejo jo afrbomcnobtf o kfmekczeìíf. On solubjf ostå e mfkfmeìíf jfs

 pojcjfs, muge frjon jo mfnpre ospomcacme es quebtcjejos o es cbstruìÿos jo obtrole. Osto ã f

jfmunobtf prcnfrjcek pere cbcmcer f akuxf jo prfjutfs be mejoce jo suprcnobtfs.

Tere @ecky, ot ek (0443), es frlebczeìÿos bíf soríf mepezos jo josobvfkvor un

rokemcfbenobtf n÷tuf fu jo permorce mfn tfjfs fs sous afrbomojfros. Epkcme-so eî f prcbmîpcf

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jo Terotf, fu soge, fctobte pfr mobtf jes mfnpres soríf roekczejes gubtf ä vcbto pfr mobtf jfs

afrbomojfros. Ã prfvåvok quo fs afrbomojfros mfn fs quecs soríf lestfs lrebjos sfnes jo

jcbhocrf soríf equokos mfn quon es frlebczeìÿos nebtoríf rokemcfbenobtfs necs prýxcnfs

Obtíf, obtobjo-so quo f prfmossf jo mfnpres ã oxtobsf o obvfkvo etcvcjejos ossobmcecs,

tecs mfnf7 mfnprer netorcecs mfn quekcjejo mfrrote, be quebtcjejo morte, bf cbstebto mortf o ef

 proìf mfrrotf, je afbto morte, pere obtrole bf kfmek mfrrotf. Etcvcjejos nuctf ekãn jf quo

equokes rokemcfbejes mfn nfvcnobteìíf o ernezobelon jo normejfrces.

0.5=.0  Zrebspfrto

 Be vcsíf jo Tfzf (0454), f trebspfrto roaoro-so efs vårcfs nãtfjfs utckczejfs pere

nfvcnobter prfjutfs. Eklunes jes ektorbetcves necs pfpukeros síf fs nfjfs rfjfvcårcfs,

aorrfvcårcfs o eorfvcårcfs. E ejncbcstreìíf je etcvcjejo jo trebspfrto loreknobto obvfkvo

jomcjcr quebtf ef nãtfjf jo trebspfrto, efs rftocrfs o e utckczeìíf je mepemcjejo jfs voîmukfs.

F eutfr sekcobte ecbje quo e mejoce jo suprcnobtfs ã une oxtobsíf je kflîstcme. Tere oko

f lorobmcenobtf je kflîstcme ostå prcnocrenobto profmupejf mfn e ftcnczeìíf jo akuxfs jobtrf

je frlebczeìíf, obquebtf e lostíf je mejoce jo suprcnobtfs romfbhomo quo e cbtolreìíf cbtorbe

 pfr sc sý bíf ã suacmcobto.

Mfbtoxtuekczebjf, f trebspfrto ejcmcfbe vekfr jo kuler ef prfjutf, f ostfquo elrole

vekfr jo tonpf. Tere elroler osso vekfr jcbàncmf, f ostfquo jovo sor pfscmcfbejf prýxcnf efs

mfbsuncjfros fu efs pfbtfs jo nebuaeture, e acn jo ftcnczer f trebspfrto.

0.5=.=  Ernezobelon

Jf pfbtf jo vcste jo Tfzf (0454), e mejoce jo suprcnobtfs ã un mfbgubtf jo nãtfjfs

quo síf usejfs pere prfpfrmcfber une nokhfr cbtolreìíf o une nokhfr lostíf jo tfjfs fs

 perànotrfs je rojo7 mfnpres, trebspfrto, ernezobelon o jcstrc`ucìíf. Ossos perànotrfs ostíf

 prosobtos bfs afrbomojfros, bes onproses o bfs mkcobtos.

]olubjf oko, eklunes onproses bíf síf mepezos jo okcncber e bomosscjejo je

ernezobelon jo netorcecs, josto nfjf prossupÿo quo ostfmer nobfs ã nokhfr. Kflcmenobto

quo nobfr quebtcjejo ostfmeje rosukte on nobfr quebtcjejo jo jcbhocrf perejf o on nokhfr

lostíf je mejoce jo suprcnobtfs. E ostfmelon aroquobto ã rosuktebto jo josoquckî`rcf bes

vokfmcjejos jo akuxf jo fporeìÿos, o f roakoxf jo mfnpres nek oke`frejes.

Joste afrne, e lostíf ejoqueje je mejoce jo suprcnobtfs porncto une prfjuìíf

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ftcnczeje pere faoromor ef mkcobto acbek f prfjutf mortf, be quebtcjejo morte. O un jfs f`gotcvfs

 prcbmcpecs josse lostíf ã, f`vcenobto, rojuzcr fs mustfs mfn ernezobelon, tobjf on mfbte es

oxclçbmces jf mkcobto acbek.

0.5=.:  Jcstrc`ucìíf

 Bf obtobjcnobtf jo Tfzf (0454), e nebocre mfnf es onproses jcstrc`uon sous prfjutfs

 pfjo tor un cnpemtf bf mustf je frlebczeìíf o be setcsaeìíf jfs mkcobtos. E vobje pfjo fmfrror

jcrotenobto mfn f mkcobto, etrevãs jo une oqucpo jo neriotcbl jo un ae`rcmebto fu nosnf

 poke cbtorbot. Uuebjf f prfjutf afr sor obtroluo, fu quebjf f mkcobto afr romo`or sues netãrces-

 prcnes, jovo-so prfmurer f nokhfr nocf quo elroluo7 mustf, prezf o quekcjejo, ospomceknobto

quebjf so treter jo lrebjos quebtcjejos.

]olubjf f eutfr, f f`gotcvf `åscmf je mejoce jo suprcnobtfs ã nexcnczer o tfrber

roekcjejo es pftobmcecs scborlces obtro es pertos je mejoce prfjutcve, jo afrne e etobjor ef

mfbsuncr acbek necs oacmcobtonobto etrevãs jo une jcstrc`ucìíf ejoqueje. Tråtcmes jo

jcstrc`ucìíf oacmezos ton scjf cnpkonobtejes bes prcbmcpecs frlebczeìÿos jf nubjf tfjf, es

quecs ton vcsejf ä scnpkcacmeìíf o f`tobìíf jo une mejoce jo suprcnobtfs necs oacmcobto o

kumretcve.Josterto, f scstone jo jcstrc`ucìíf jo une onprose ã une jes pertos je kflîstcme jo

necfr cnpfrtàbmce, pfcs e obtrole jfs prfjutfs ef sou jostcbf acbek, roquor une etobìíf ospomcek

 pere quo f mkcobto tobhe pkobe setcsaeìíf jo sues bomosscjejos, cnpemtebjf jcrotenobto bf

rosuktejf acbek je frlebczeìíf.

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=  TPFMOJCNOBZF] O NÃZFJF]

E notfjfkflce ã f prfmossf pokf quek e posqucse ã josobvfkvcje, ã f nocf ejftejf pere

oke`freìíf jo un jotorncbejf prfgotf, quo vcse rospfbjor efs prf`kones jf tone on quostíf.

Mfn e oxomuìíf josto mfbgubtf jo eìÿos o ostretãlces oke`frejes bf prfgotf, eknoge-so ekmebìer

fs rosuktejfs jo afrne f`gotcve o mkere.

Tere Keietfs o Nermfbc (0454, p.04:), ‛e ospomcacmeìíf je notfjfkflce je posqucse ã e

quo e`reblo necfr b÷norf jo ctobs, pfcs rospfbjo, e un sý tonpf, äs quostÿos7 mfnf6 mfn

quç6 fbjo6 quebtf6 Y...^„. E notfjfkflce je posqucse ã un prfmossf jo mfbstruìíf jf

mfbhomcnobtf, o ton mfnf f`gotcvf lorer bfvfs mfbhomcnobtfs efs posqucsejfros.

Tere es eutfres e posqucse mcobtîacme ton f f`gotcvf jo f`tor mfbhomcnobtf ospomîacmf oostruturejf sf`ro un jotorncbejf essubtf. Joste afrne, e posqucse mfbscsto be oxomuìíf jo

un mfbgubtf jo eìÿos o jo ostretãlces pkebogejes bf prfgotf jo posqucse, quo síf cbtolrejes

 pere so lorer f mfbhomcnobtf frclcbek.

=.5  Zcpf jo posqucse

Mfbafrno Lck (0448), e posqucse pfjo sor mkesscacmeje on jfcs tcpfs, quebtf efs acbs o

quebtf efs nocfs. Uuebtf efs acbs e posqucse afc oxpkfretýrce o josmrctcve. Oxpkfretýrce, pfcs

bf prcnocrf nfnobtf afc aoctf un ostujf `c`kcflråacmf sf`ro es prcbmcpecs aorrenobtes jo

mfbtrfko jo ostfquo, o un ostujf ä menpf jo mfnf so jå be pråtcme f mfbtrfko jo ostfquo bf

sotfr jo poìes je frlebczeìíf on ostujf. Jo emfrjf mfn Lck (0448, p.:5), ‛ostes posqucses tçn

mfnf f`gotcvf prfpfrmcfber necfr aenckcercjejo mfn f prf`kone, mfn vcstes e tfrbå-kf necs

oxpkîmctf fu e mfbstrucr hcpýtosos„. 

]f`ro e posqucse josmrctcve Lck (0448) jcz quo, oste vcse josmrovor o cjobtcacmer es

meremtorîstcmes o aetfros quo koven ef prf`kone e`frjejf, oste`okomcnobtf rokeìÿos obtro esvercåvocs, josmrovobjf fs prfmossfs be frlebczeìíf jebjf `eso e oxpkcmeìíf jfs aetfros

lorejfros jf prf`kone. Zon mfnf f`gotcvf prcnfrjcek e josmrcìíf jes meremtorîstcmes jo

jotorncbeje pfpukeìíf fu aobúnobf fu, obtíf, f oste`okomcnobtf jo rokeìÿos obtro vercåvocs.

 Bosto mesf, e posqucse afc josmrctcve pfrquo bun solubjf nfnobtf roekczfu-so un

jotekhenobtf o ebåkcso je oacmcçbmce jes pråtcmes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquo bf sotfr jo poìes je

frlebczeìíf, quebtf e sue oacmåmce mfbarfbtebjf-es mfn e kctoreture ospomcekczeje bf essubtf.

=.0  Nãtfjf

Uuebtf efs prfmojcnobtfs e soron ejftejfs, e posqucse afc mkesscacmeje mfnf7

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 `c`kcflråacme, jfmunobtek, posqucse jo menpf o ostujf jo mesf. Jo emfrjf mfn Lck (0448, p.::),

‛e posqucse `c`kcflråacme ã josobvfkvcje mfn `eso on netorcek gå oke`frejf, mfbstctuîjf

 prcbmcpeknobto jo kcvrfs o ertclfs mcobtîacmfs„. Tfrtebtf, osto ostujf tovo mfnf `eso f`res jo

eutfros robfnejfs mfnf7 Qcebe (0443), Jces (0455), Tfzf (0454), ]kemi, Mhen`ors o Gfhbstfb

(0443).

Zen`ãn e posqucse afc jfmunobtek, pfcs afren ebekcsejfs jfmunobtfs portobmobtos ä

frlebczeìíf, mfnf roketýrcfs jo obtrejes o seîjes, kcvrf jo rolcstrf jo seîjes nebuecs, scstone

jo lorobmcenobtf jfs ostfquos, e acn jo kovebter jejfs mortfs o promcsfs sf`ro e oacmåmce jes

aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquos jf sotfr jo poìes je Onprose. Tere Lck (0448, p.:?), ‛e

 posqucse jfmunobtek veko-so jo netorcecs quo bíf romo`on ecbje un tretenobtf ebekîtcmf, fu

quo ecbje pfjon sor rooke`frejfs jo emfrjf mfn fs f`gotcvfs je posqucse„. E posqucse jo menpf afc roekczeje epýs f ostujf `c`kcflråacmf pere f`tor jejfs

rokovebtos ef tre`ekhf, etrevãs je mfkote jo jejfs oaotuejfs mfn euxîkcf jo un quostcfbårcf

jcromcfbejf ef lostfr jf sotfr, o un rftocrf jo porlubtes pere obtrovcste jcromcfbeje efs jonecs

mfke`frejfros. ]f`ro oste, Lck (0448, p.?=) jcz quo, ‛Y...^ ã josobvfkvcje pfr nocf je

f`sorveìíf jcrote jes etcvcjejos jf lrupf ostujejf, o jo obtrovcstes mfn cbafrnebtos pere

mepter sues oxpkcmeìÿos o cbtorproteìÿos jf quo fmfrro bf lrupf„.  

Gå sf`ro f ostujf jo mesf, Lck (0448, p.?:) jcz quo, ‛mfbscsto bf ostujf prfaubjf o

oxeustcvf jo un fu pfumfs f`gotfs, jo nebocre quo porncte sou enpkf o jotekhejf

mfbhomcnobtf Y...^„. Osto tovo e aubìíf jo rospfbjor efs quostcfbenobtfs, es cbmortozes o es

 pfssc`ckcjejos jobtrf jf mfbtoxtf je lostíf jo ostfquos. Zen`ãn suprcr es bomosscjejos jo

rospfstes roecs sf`ro mfnf o pfr quo fs ovobtfs fmfrron, jonebjebjf un tretenobtf vcsîvok

bf mftcjcebf kclejf e osto ostujf.

=.= 

Mkesscacmeìíf je Tosqucse

Osto ostujf afc josobvfkvcjf bune onprose jf renf jo ekcnobtfs, ospomcacmenobto

mfrtos `fvcbfs, jobfncbeje jo  Onprose Ekae. Oste sctue-so be mcjejo jo Zeblerå je ]orre  ”  

NZ, o etobjo prfjutfros jf prýprcf nubcmîpcf o jo nubcmîpcfs vczcbhfs, ton mepemcjejo jo

e`etor eprfxcnejenobto nck o qucbhobtes me`oìes jo lejf pfr jce.

E Onprose Ekae meremtorcze-so mfnf une onprose jo lrebjo pfrto, mfn morme jo nck o

trozobtfs aubmcfbårcfs, ton sue ncssíf, vcsíf o vekfros `on joacbcjfs. Zen`ãn pfssuc

frlebflrene `on ostruturejf, aez usf jo pkebogenobtfs ostretãlcmf, tåtcmf o fporemcfbek.

 Bf trebsmfrror josto ostujf afren utckczejfs vårcfs cbstrunobtfs jo mfkote jo jejfs,

jobtro okos e f`sorveìíf bíf ostrutureje. ]f`ro oste Keietfs o Nermfbc (0454, p.5<?) jcz7 ‛Y...^

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mfbscsto on romfkhor o rolcstrer fs aetfs je roekcjejo son quo f posqucsejfr utckczo nocfs

tãmbcmfs ospomcecs fu promcso aezor porlubtes jcrotes„.

Zen`ãn afc epkcmejf un quostcfbårcf ostruturejf gubtf ef Kîjor jf sotfr jo poìes,

mfbafrno epçbjcmo E. ]f`ro osto, Keietfs o Nermfbc (0454, p.584) jcz quo, ‛ã equoke on quo

f obtrovcstejfr soluo un rftocrf provcenobto oste`okomcjf9 es porlubtes aoctes ef cbjcvîjuf síf

 projotorncbejes„.

Afc utckczeje ten`ãn un rftocrf jo porlubtes pere obtrovcste mfn fs onprolejfs jf

sotfr, mfbafrno epçbjcmo @. Keietfs o Nermfbc (0454, p.584) jcz quo boste, ‛f obtrovcstejfr

ton e kc`orjejo pere josobvfkvor meje sctueìíf on quekquor jcroìíf quo mfbscjoro ejoqueje„.

=.: 

Ebåkcso jfs Jejfs

E ebåkcso jfs jejfs so meremtorczfu etrevãs je e`frjelon quekctetcve, o bíf quebtctetcve.

Mfbafrno Lck (0448), e e`frjelon quekctetcve so jcaoro je quebtctetcve pokf aetf jo bíf

onproler jejfs ostetîstcmfs mfnf mobtrf jf prfmossf jo ebåkcso jo un prf`kone. E jcaorobìe

ostå bf aetf jo quo f nãtfjf quekctetcvf bíf ton protobsíf jo bunorer fu nojcr ubcjejos fu

metolfrces, so fpfbjf esscn ef nãtfjf quebtctetcvf.

Keietfs o Nermfbc (0454, p.05:) erlunobte quo, ‛e quebtcjejo o e beturoze jfs jejfs

e soron eprosobtejfs críf jotorncber e jcvcsíf josse perto. E frjon je jcvcsíf jovo oster

rokemcfbeje mfn e mfkfmeìíf jes hcpýtosos, cstf ã, jes sumosscves eacrneìÿos boke mfbtcjes„. 

Fs rosuktejfs f`tcjfs afren ebekcsejfs o cbtorprotejfs mfn e acbekcjejo jo prfpfrmcfber

nokhfrces pere e frlebczeìíf, rospfbjobjf efs prf`kones prfpfstfs. O fs jejfs mfkotejfs

etrevãs jes posqucses jo menpf afren mfnproobjcjfs o cbtorprotejfs jo emfrjf mfn fs eutfros

utckczejfs pere e sue roekczeìíf. 

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:  PO]_KZEJF] O JC]M_]]ßO]

 Bosto mepctukf sorå eprosobtejf, prcnocrenobto, fs jejfs je posqucse sf`ro f sotfr jo

 poìes jo nebutobìíf je onprose Ekae. On solucje fs jejfs sf`ro es pfkîtcmes jo mfbtrfko joostfquo ejftejes poke onprose. Bun tormocrf nfnobtf sorå eprosobtejf fs jejfs je posqucse

sf`ro e cjobtcacmeìíf jes aorrenobtes utckczejes bf sotfr, o mfnf ostes síf utckczejes. Kflf on

solucje e eprosobteìíf jfs jejfs je posqucse sf`ro fs jcelbýstcmfs jo pfssîvocs lerlekfs o

fpfrtubcjejos jo nokhfrces.

E acn jo etobjor efs f`gotcvfs ospomîacmfs prfpfstfs pere mfbmkusíf josto ostujf, afc

roekczeje une posqucse mfn e epkcmeìíf jo un quostcfbårcf ef Lostfr jf sotfr jo poìes jo

nebutobìíf je onprose Ekae, o une obtrovcste mfn un rftocrf jo porlubtes prã-sokomcfbejes,epkcmeje efs jonecs mfke`frejfros jf sotfr.

Tfr nftcvfs josmfbhomcjfs hfuvo une morte roscstçbmce pfr perto jf suporvcsfr jf sotfr

jo poìes on rospfbjor äs quostÿos prfpfstes bf quostcfbårcf, kflf obtíf osto afc rojcromcfbejf

ef kîjor jf sotfr, f quek so prfbtcacmfu e mfbtrc`ucr mfn e posqucse afrbomobjf perto jes

cbafrneìÿos bomossårces pere rospfbjor efs f`gotcvfs prfpfstfs.

:.5  Jejfs je posqucse on rokeìíf ef sotfr jo poìes

Jo emfrjf mfn es cbafrneìÿos mfkotejes mfn f quostcfbårcf epkcmejf f Kîjor jf sotfr,

mfbstetfu-so quo e onprose Ekae pfssuc futrfs jopertenobtfs quo oxormon aubìÿos jo ostfquo,

o jo mortf nfjf ostíf kclejfs ef sotfr jo poìes je frlebczeìíf. Jobtro okos pfjo-so mcter f sotfr

jo on`ekelon prcnårce, muge aubìíf ã ernezober fs semfs, semfkes o otcquotes quo nebtãn

mfbtetf jcrotf mfn f prfjutf acbek. Tfr osto nftcvf osto sotfr pfssuc pejrÿos o bfrnes jo

hclcobo rîlcjfs, pere essolurer e bíf mfbtencbeìíf jf prfjutf acbek.

Gå f sotfr jo on`ekelon somubjårce ton pfr aubìíf ernezober es mecxes jo pepokíf

utckczejes pere prftolor f prfjutf. Osto netorcek bíf pfssuc mfbtetf jcrotf mfn f prfjutf acbek,

 pfrãn soluo fs nosnfs pejrÿos jo hclcobo o solurebìe jo ekcnobtfs mctejfs ebtorcfrnobto.

Tfr so treter jo netorcek quo jonebje lrebjo ospeìf aîscmf pere sue ernezobelon, e onprose

ekule un jopýsctf afre jes jopobjçbmces je frlebczeìíf pere tek.

Futrf jopertenobtf kclejf cbjcrotenobto ef sotfr jo poìes bíf nobfs cnpfrtebto, ã f

sotfr jo prfjutfs quîncmfs je frlebczeìíf. Osto ton pfr aubìíf emfnfjer fs ýkofs

ku`rcacmebtos, fs prfjutfs porclfsfs o fs jotorlobtos usejfs be hclcobczeìíf lorek je onprose.

Eposer jo osteron jo mortf nfjf kclejfs ef sotfr jo poìes je onprose Ekae, ostos bíf afren f

afmf je bfsse posqucse.

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F sotfr jo poìes jo nebutobìíf je Onprose Ekae acme kfmekczejf äs nerlobs jf sotfr

 prfjutcvf, vcsebjf aemckcter f emossf o tfrbe-kf ålck o råpcjf efs mfke`frejfros quo `usquon

 pfr normejfrces quo fs euxckceríf on sous tre`ekhfs, sogen ostos tre`ekhfs jo nebutobìíf fu

roketcvfs ä prfjuìíf. Zen`ãn pfssuc une ostruture permceknobto ejoqueje quo vcse emfnfjer

normejfrces frcubjes jo mfnpres fu jo trebsaorçbmces, mfbafrno aclure 45.

Aclure 57 Tkebte `ecxe jf sotfr jo poìes je Onprose Ekae, Fut/045=

Afbto7 Tosqucse jo Menpf, 045=

E aclure 45 roprosobte e pkebte ̀ ecxe jf sotfr jo poìes jo nebutobìíf je onprose Ekae,

esscn, jf kejf osquorjf ostå f tãrrof fbjo acmen kfmekczejfs fs ctobs jo nobfr pfrto o fs quo

tçn necfr lcrf. Jf kejf jcroctf tonfs f pcsf suporcfr, fbjo so kfmekczen fs ctobs jo necfr pfrto

o fs ctobs mfn ostfquos sf`rossekobtos, ten`ãn fs quo pfssuon un lcrf nobfr.

 Bf sotfr jo poìes jo nebutobìíf je Onprose Ekae tre`ekhen 54 (joz) aubmcfbårcfs,

sobjf7 45 (un) ]uporvcsfr jo Eknfxercaejf, 45 (un) Kîjor jo Eknfxercaejf, 40 (jfcs)

Eknfxercaos ‛E„, 45 (un) Eknfxercao ‛@„, 40 (jfcs) Eknfxercaos ‛M„ o 4= (trçs) Euxckceros,

jcstrc`uîjfs on sues rospomtcves aubìÿos, mfbafrno aclure 40.

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Aclure 07 Frlebflrene jf sotfr jo poìes je Onprose Ekae, Fut/045=

Afbto7 Tosqucse jo Menpf, 045=

E aclure 40 roprosobte f frlebflrene jf sotfr jo poìes je onprose Ekae, sobjf quo f

]uporvcsfr ton e aubìíf jo mffrjober tfjes es etcvcjejos jf sotfr, kcjorebjf o jcromcfbebjf fs

tre`ekhfs je oqucpo. Zen`ãn ton e aubìíf jo lorobmcer jcercenobto fs ostfquos aezobjf usf

jfs  sfatweros ]ET Kflcx o Ncmrfsfa Oxmok, ebekcsebjf roketýrcfs o pertcmcpebjf jo roubcÿos

sonebecs jf MEB, bes quecs síf jcsmutcjes notes, prezfs o f`gotcvfs jf sotfr.

F Kîjor jf sotfr mffrjobe aubìÿos somubjårces, mfnf es trebsaorçbmces jo netorcecs

sf`rossekobtos pere futres ubcjejos, ten`ãn ã rospfbsåvok poke oncssíf jo roketýrcfs jcårcfs

quo pfscmcfbe e nfvcnobteìíf jfs ostfquos. Uuebjf bomossårcf essuno es aubìÿos jf

suporvcsfr be eusçbmce josto.

Fs Eknfxercaos ton pfr aubìíf etcvcjejos mfrroketes ä nfvcnobteìíf jcårce jes

normejfrces bf sotfr, mfnf romo`cnobtf o mfbaorçbmce, ekcnobteìíf jf scstone, obtrole o `ecxe

jo poìes. Futre etcvcjejo jfs eknfxercaos ã ekorter fs suporcfros quebjf eklun cton obtre bf

ostfquo jo solurebìe, pere quo ostos tfnon es prfvcjçbmces bomossårces ef rossuprcnobtf

jostes normejfrces. E jcaorobìe obtro es mkesscacmeìÿos E, @ o M síf sfnobto bes aecxes

sekercecs, pfcs es aubìÿos síf pretcmenobto es nosnes

Gå fs euxckceros oxomuten aubìÿos rftcbocres, pfrãn bíf nobfs cnpfrtebto. ]íf

rospfbsåvocs poke kcnpoze, frlebczeìíf o mfbsorveìíf jfs ctobs jf ostfquo, ten`ãn oxomutenaubìÿos jfs eknfxercaos quebjf so aez bomossårcf, fu quebjf e nfvcnobteìíf ã lrebjo,

bomossctebjf jo elckcjejo bf etobjcnobtf.

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:.0  Jejfs je posqucse on rokeìíf äs Tfkîtcmes jo Mfbtrfko jo Ostfquo

Jo emfrjf mfn es cbafrneìÿos mfkotejes mfn f quostcfbårcf epkcmejf ef Kîjor jf sotfr

jo poìes jo nebutobìíf je onprose Ekae, afc pfssîvok cjobtcacmer f usf jo eklunes pfkîtcmes

ejftejes poke onprose, e acn jo euxckcer bf mfbtrfko oacmcobto jfs ostfquos.

 Bíf síf pornctcjes obtrejes jo possfes ekhoces ef sorvcìf bf sotfr jo poìes jo

nebutobìíf je onprose Ekae. Uuebjf ostes so aezon bomossårces, f vcsctebto jovo sor

emfnpebhejf pfr un aubmcfbårcf jf sotfr, pere lerebtcr e cbtolrcjejo jf ostfquo.

Jobtro futres pfkîtcmes pfjo-so mcter e mrceìíf jf Mfnctç jo Eprfveìíf jo Bomosscjejos

(MEB), bf quek fs kîjoros jo meje åroe so ro÷bon une voz pfr sonebe pere joacbcr es mfnpres

jo urlçbmce on quebtcjejos roeknobto bomossårces, ovctebjf esscn mfnpre jonesceje quoemerrote bf eunobtf josmfbtrfkejf jfs ostfquos.

Zen`ãn síf onctcjfs jcercenobto pokf sotfr jo poìes jo nebutobìíf je onprose Ekae,

roketýrcfs bfs quecs cbjcmen e nfvcnobteìíf jcårce jes normejfrces, `on mfnf f sekjf acbek

jo meje cton, o f sekjf tftek e acn jo emfnpebher jce e jce e ovfkuìíf jfs ostfquos,

mfbarfbtebjf mfn roketýrcfs ebtorcfros o f`sorvebjf etobtenobto f quo fmescfbfu f eunobtf

fu e jcncbucìíf jostos etrevãs jo un lråacmf, mfbafrno aclure 4=.

Aclure =7 Lråacmf je ovfkuìíf jf ostfquo, Onprose Ekae, Fut/045=

Afbto7 Tosqucse jo Menpf, 045=

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E aclure 4= roprosobte f lråacmf je nfvcnobteìíf jcårce jf ostfquo jo poìes jo

nebutobìíf je onprose Ekae, roaorobto ef cbîmcf jf nçs jo futu`rf jo 045=. Esscn pfjo-so

f`sorver un lrebjo vfkuno jo ctobs son nfvcnobteìíf, ̀ on mfnf e pfscìíf etuek jf ostfquo

 `on emcne je note oste`okomcje poke jcrotfrce mfrpfretcve je onprose.

F lråacmf gubtenobto mfn fs roketýrcfs jo obtrejes (mfnpre o trebsaorçbmces jo obtreje),

o jo seîjes (mfbsunf o trebsaorçbmce jo seîje), o cton on f`sfkosmçbmce (son nfvcnobteìíf

hå necs jo 584 jces), síf ebekcsejfs pokf suporvcsfr o obmencbhejfs pere e jcrotfrce mfrpfretcve

jcercenobto.

Ef acbek jo meje nçs ã onctcjf un roketýrcf emunukejf o obvcejf gubtf mfn f lråacmf

ä jcrotfrce mfrpfretcve, bf quek nfstre e ovfkuìíf jfs ostfquos josjo f cbîmcf etã f acbek jf nçs

on quostíf. ]o hfuvor un eunobtf mfbscjoråvok jfs ostfquos on rokeìíf efs nosos ebtorcfros,ã sfkcmctejf poke jcrotfrce mfrpfretcve une gustcacmetcve, o f treìejf jo un pkebf jo eìíf e acn

jo rojuzcr ostos vekfros pere fs nosos su`soquobtos.

 Bfte-so quo fs rosuktejfs jonfstrejfs be aclure 4=, víf mfbtre es pfkîtcmes protorcjes

 pokf Mfnctç jo Eprfveìíf jo Bomosscjejos (MEB), muge aubìíf ã ovcter mfnpres jonescejes

 pere bíf okover f vekfr vobek jfs ostfquos. F`sorve-so ten`ãn une lostíf bíf nuctf oacmcobto,

quebjf so trete jo rojuzcr e quebtcjejo jo ctobs ostemcfbejfs.

:.=  Jejfs je posqucse sf`ro es Aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko o afrnes jo utckczeìíf

Jo emfrjf mfn es cbafrneìÿos mfkotejes mfn e epkcmeìíf jo obtrovcstes efs jonecs

mfke`frejfros jf sotfr, afc pfssîvok kovebter quecs síf o mfnf síf usejes es aorrenobtes jo

mfbtrfko jo ostfquo oxcstobtos bf sotfr jo poìes je frlebczeìíf. Zen`ãn mfbsolucu-so

vcsuekczer pfrquç, quon o fbjo síf utckczejes ostes aorrenobtes.

:.=.5  Tfbtf jo Tojcjf

Tfzf (0454) eacrne quo f Tfbtf jo Tojcjf ã f oxetf nfnobtf on quo fs pojcjfs jo

mfnpre jovon sor onctcjfs. Uuebjf es quebtcjejos ostfmejes etcblon bîvocs suacmcobtos

epobes pere mf`rcr f ostfquo jo solurebìe o fs jo mfbsunf provcstfs pere f porîfjf

mfrrospfbjobto ef prezf jo obtrole jfs afrbomojfros.

Tere osto mfbtrfko, f cjoek ã aezor usf jo un  sfatwero quo aeìe eutfnetcmenobto fs

måkmukfs bomossårcfs o oncte fs ekortes jo mfnpre be hfre oxete on quo so obtre bf Tfbtf jo

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Tojcjf, eacn jo bíf cbmfrror on orrfs quo pfssen fmescfber e rupture jf prfmossf jo prfjuìíf,

emerrotebjf proguîzfs ä frlebczeìíf.

 Bf obtebtf, bf sotfr jo poìes jo nebutobìíf je onprose Ekae f Tfbtf jo Tojcjf ã aoctf

jo afrne ertosebek, fu soge, jcercenobto fs eknfxercaos pormfrron f jopýsctf vcsuekczebjf fs

ctobs quo tovo necfr fu nobfr seîje. Aezobjf usf jo une prebmhote, okos ebften e bomosscjejo

jo mfnpre jfs ctobs quo guklen sor bomossårcfs, `esoebjf-so ÷bcmf o oxmkuscvenobto on sues

oxporcçbmces ejqucrcjes ef kfblf jf tonpf.

Mfn ostos b÷norfs on nífs, f ]uporvcsfr jf sotfr jo poìes kove oste jcsmursíf pere f

Mfnctç jo Eprfveìíf jo Bomosscjejos (MEB), on roubcíf sonebek. Ostes ebfteìÿos síf

ropessejes efs sotfros jo Tkebogenobtf o Mfbtrfko je Trfjuìíf (TMT) o Trflreneìíf jo

Mfnpres o Nebutobìíf (TMN), pere oaotcveìíf jfs rospomtcvfs pojcjfs.Qor-so quo, elcbjf joste afrne f Tfbtf jo Tojcjf acme joacmcobto, pfcs f sotfr bíf

mfbsoluo tre`ekher mfn e nosne quebtcjejo sonpro, sobjf quo fre osto fmfrro on un pfbtf,

fre on futrf. Esscn, es aubmcfbekcjejos je aorrenobte acmen mfnprfnotcjes, o

mfbsoquobtonobto f sotfr bíf etcblo fs rosuktejfs eknogejfs, mfn f usf joste pråtcme.

:.=.0  Ostfquo jo ]olurebìe

]olubjf Tfzf (0454), f Ostfquo jo ]olurebìe ã e quebtcjejo nîbcne bomossårce jo un

jotorncbejf prfjutf, mepez jo suprcr es bomosscjejos je prfjuìíf fu vobjes mesf hege

ovobtuekcjejos quo fmescfbon etresf be obtrole. Fu mesf hege un eunobtf cbosporejf be

jonebje pfr un jotorncbejf `on. Oste rosorve vcse mf`rcr es bomosscjejos ekãn jf ostfquo

nîbcnf etã e mholeje je bfve ronosse.

Zen`ãn pere osto mfbtrfko, f cjoek ã aezor usf jo un  sfatwero ospomîacmf quo aeìe f

mruzenobtfs jfs jejfs bomossårcfs, euxckcebjf fs mfke`frejfros on une lostíf necs oacmcobto

jo sous ostfquos, jo afrne quo bíf fmfrre aekte jo netorcek fmescfbebjf esscn e pereje jf

 prfmossf prfjutcvf.

Obtrotebtf, bf sotfr jo poìes jo nebutobìíf je onprose Ekae f ostfquo jo solurebìe

bíf ã oke`frejf mfrrotenobto, acmebjf esscn enoeìejf o on eklunes vozos rosukte on

quebtcjejos cbsuacmcobtos pere munprcr sue aubìíf.

F`sorve-so quo tebtf bf usf jf Tfbtf jo Tojcjf quebtf bf usf jf Ostfquo jo

]olurebìe, f sotfr bíf von mfbsolucbjf ekmebìer fs rosuktejfs osporejfs. Tfcs mfbstebtonobto

e onprose cbmfrro on aekte jo netorcek ebtos je mholeje je bfve ronosse, o pere bíf fmescfber

e perekczeìíf jf sotfr prfjutcvf, oste f`rcle-so e oaotuer mfnpres jo onorlçbmce.

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:.=.=  OJC

]olubjf Nertcbs o Ekt (0441), e cbtolreìíf jes onproses gå ã pfssîvok mfn e utckczeìífje Zombfkflce jo Cbafrneìíf (ZC), on ospomcek bf usf jf OJC -  Okotrfbcm Jete Cbtormheblo,

fu Cbtormàn`cf Okotrúbcmf jo Jejfs. Oste ã une aorrenobte pere trebsncssíf okotrúbcme jo

jejfs, vce mfnputejfros, etrevãs jo sfatwero ospomîacmf pere trejuìíf o mfnubcmeìíf jo

jfmunobtfs obtro e onprose o fs afrbomojfros.

E onprose Ekae aez usf je Zombfkflce je Cbafrneìíf (ZC) pere cbtolreìíf obtro es

ubcjejos, tecs mfnf ackcecs o afrbomojfros, bíf ospomcacmenobto f OJC. Tere tek f sotfr jo poìes

jo nebutobìíf utckcze un sfatwero on pketeafrne jo ]cstones jo Epkcmeìÿos o Trfjutfs (]ET),f ]ET Kflcx, quo mfbtrfke e necfr perto jes etcvcjejos.

Mfn f usf jf ]ET Kflcx  ã pfssîvok mfbtrfker es obtrejes jo netorcecs, sogen okes

 prfvobcobtos jo mfnpres fu trebsaorçbmces frcubjes jo futres ackcecs, mugf prfmossf pfjo sor

roprosobtejf be aclure 4:.

Aclure :7 Akuxflrene jf prfmossf jo obtrejes, Onprose Ekae, Fut/045=

Afbto7 Tosqucse jo Menpf, 045=

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:8

E aclure 4: rotrete f akuxflrene jf prfmossf jo obtreje jo poìes be onprose Ekae, sogen

okes frcubjes jo trebsaorçbmces obtro ubcjejos fu jo mfnpres. Epýs e mholeje je normejfrce

 poke trebspfrtejfre, e Bfte Acsmek ton sue obtreje rolcstreje bf Aeturenobtf, lorebjf-so mfn

cssf un Evcsf jo Pomo`cnobtf mfbafrno eboxf 5, o f netorcek obtre obtíf on prfmossf jo

mfbtelon o mfbaorçbmce.

]o f netorcek bíf ostcvor jo emfrjf mfn f quo afc pojcjf ton-so f kebìenobtf je Bfte

Acsmek oxmkuîje o obvcejf jo vfkte ef afrbomojfr, acbjebjf f prfmossf. Nes, so e mfbaorçbmce

ostcvor jo emfrjf mfn f pojcjf, osto obtíf ton sue mfbtelon mfbacrneje mfn f kebìenobtf bf

scstone ]ET Kflcx. Osto kebìenobtf ã oaotuejf on toke ospomîacme, mfbafrno aclure 4?.

Aclure ?7 Zoke jo kebìenobtf bf scstone ]ET Kflcx, Fut/045=

Afbto7 Tosqucse jo Menpf, 045=

E aclure 4? roprosobte e toke jo kebìenobtf jo normejfrces bf scstone ]ET Kflcx,

utckczejf pokf sotfr jo poìes je onprose Ekae. Epýs osto prfmossf, prfmojo-so obtíf e

mfjcacmeìíf o luerje jf netorcek bf sou rospomtcvf kuler, f`ojomobjf une frjon mrfbfkýlcme

jo mýjclfs pere aåmck kfmekczeìíf.

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E trebspfrtejfre obtíf rotfrbe ef aeturenobtf jo obtreje mfn es jovcjes ebfteìÿos

aoctes be prcnocre vce jf evcsf jo romo`cnobtf. F sotfr jo aeturenobtf pfr sue voz oaotue e

kc`oreìíf je trebspfrtejfre jovfkvobjf ä nosne f ‛mebhftf„ je Bfte Acsmek, jovcjenobto

esscbejf o mercn`ejf, mfbacrnebjf f romo`cnobtf je normejfrce.

F usf jf ]ET Kflcx ten`ãn pfssc`ckcte oaotcver es seîjes pfr mfbsunf prýprcf, fu soge,

seîjes jo poìes quo críf sor epkcmejes jobtrf je prýprce ubcjejo prfvobcobtos jo su`stctucìÿos

roaorobto ä nebutobìíf jo rftcbe fu provobtcve, quo pfjo sor roprosobtejf be aclure 41.

Aclure 17 Akuxflrene jo seîjes pfr mfbsunf prýprcf, Onprose Ekae, Fut/045=

Afbto7 Tosqucse jo Menpf, 045=

F akuxflrene jf prfmossf jo seîjes jo poìes pfr mfbsunf prýprcf je onprose Ekae ã

rotretejf be aclure 41, jo afrne quo, f netorcek ã roqucsctejf bf scstone pokf sotfr quo f

utckczerå, on solucje ton sue eprfveìíf roekczeje pokf suporvcsfr. ]o oste eprfveìíf bíf afr

oaotcveje e roqucscìíf jovo sor oxmkuîje jf scstone pokf nosnf usuårcf quo e oaotufu, acbjebjf

esscn f prfmossf.

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Nes, so oste sfkcmcteìíf afr eprfveje pokf suporvcsfr jf sotfr sfkcmctebto, obtíf osto so

jcrclo ef sotfr jo poìes jo nebutobìíf je onprose Ekae, fbjo sorå aocte e `ecxe je normejfrce

sfkcmcteje. Zek prfmojcnobtf ã roekczejf on toke ospomîacme, e quek pfjo tor roprosobteje poke

aclure 4<.

Aclure <7 Zoke jo oaotcveìíf jo `ecxes scstone ]ET Kflcx, Fut/045=

Afbto7 Tosqucse jo Menpf, 045=

E aclure 4< roprosobte e toke fbjo síf roekczejes es `ecxes jfs netorcecs rotcrejfs jf

sotfr jo poìes je onprose Ekae. Epýs oste `ecxe ã roekczeje e obtrole jf netorcek, be nosne

quebtcjejo roqucscteje bf scstone. Ã onctcjf obtíf un roketýrcf, mfbafrno eboxf 0, f quek jovo

sor esscbejf pokf sfkcmctebto o erqucvejf pokf sotfr jo poìes pere jfmunobteìíf o mfbtrfko,

acbjebjf esscn f prfmossf.

Futre afrne jo seîjes quo pfjo sor vekcjeje pokf scstone jo lorobmcenobtf jo ostfquo

]ET Kflcx, ã e seîje pfr trebsaorçbmce pere futres ubcjejos mesf bomosscton jo un jotorncbejf

 prfjutf quo ostoge on josusf bf sotfr. Oste pfjo sor roprosobteje poke aclure 48.

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Aclure 87 Akuxflrene jo seîjes pfr trebsaorçbmce, Onprose Ekae, Fut/045=

Afbto7 Tosqucse jo Menpf, 045= 

F akuxflrene jo seîje pfr prfmossf jo trebsaorçbmce obtro ubcjejos je onprose Ekae

ã roprosobtejf poke aclure 48, bf quek es poìes e soron trebsaorcjes síf sfkcmctejes pokes

ubcjejos jo jostcbf ef suporvcsfr jf sotfr fbjo ostes sorcen epkcmejes be ubcjejo jo frclon.

]o f suporvcsfr jf sotfr jo frclon vorcacmer quo e trebsaorçbmce jostes pfjo mfkfmer on rcsmf f

akuxf je prfjuìíf, osto pfr sue voz bíf eutfrcze e trebsaorçbmce, acbjebjf esscn f prfmossf.

Tfr futrf kejf, so e trebsaorçbmce afr eutfrczeje f sotfr jo poìes jo nebutobìíf cbcmce

obtíf f prfmossf, mfn e mfteìíf jo aroto gubtf äs trebspfrtejfres mejestrejes. Jo pfsso je

mfteìíf necs emoctåvok ã sfkcmctejf gubtf ä kflîstcme mfrpfretcve e eprfveìíf joste, mesf ostoge

afre jfs pejrÿos jf lrupf f mfrpfretcvf roprfve e mfteìíf, acbjebjf esscn f prfmossf.

]o e kflîstcme mfrpfretcve vekcje e mfteìíf jo aroto, ã sfkcmctejf obtíf pokf sotfr jo

 poìes jo nebutobìíf, e oncssíf jo Bfte Acsmek jo trebsaorçbmce obtro ubcjejos. Bfte-so quo

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mfn e oncssíf joste Bfte Acsmek f prfjutf e sor trebsaorcjf ton sue `ecxe oaotcveje

eutfnetcmenobto jf scstone ]ET Kflcx. Jo pfsso joste bfte f sotfr jo poìes jo nebutobìíf

sfkcmcte e mfkote gubtf ä trebspfrtejfre, quo pfr sue voz, acme obmerroleje jo obtroler f netorcek

be ubcjejo jo jostcbf, acbjebjf f prfmossf.

Ovobtueknobto, on sctueìÿos jo onorlçbmce fu quebjf hå cbjcspfbc`ckcjejo jf

scstone jo lorobmcenobtf pfr quecsquor nftcvfs, pfjo hevor seîjes son f jovcjf prfmojcnobtf

afrnek. Kflf, bostos mesfs, ostes eìÿos acmen rolcstrejes on kcvrf prýprcf bf quek ã romfkhcje

e esscbeture jf sfkcmctebto, pere oaotuer pfstorcfr `ecxe bf scstone.

:.=.: Cbvobtårcf Aîscmf

Jobtro es aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquo utckczejes pokf sotfr jo poìes jo

nebutobìíf je onprose Ekae, f Cbvobtårcf Aîscmf ã f quo necs ton sues aubmcfbekcjejos o

epkcme`ckcjejos rospoctejes, sobjf oxomuteje on tfje sue îbtolre. Osto ã roekczejf 4? (mcbmf)

vozos on meje sonostro, fu soge, : (quetrf) cbvobtårcfs rftetcvfs o 45 (un) cbvobtårcf lorek.

F cbvobtårcf rftetcvf ã roekczejf sfnobto on eklubs lrupfs jo poìes, jotorncbejf

 provcenobto poke mffrjobeìíf jo eknfxercaejfs mfrpfretcvf etrevãs jo un mekobjårcf mfn

lrupfs o jetes prã-jotorncbejes, mfbafrno eboxf =, oke`frejf o ropessejf ä tfjes es ubcjejos

bf cbîmcf jo meje sonostro. F cbvobtårcf lorek ten`ãn soluo f nosnf pejríf.

Fs cbvobtårcfs tebtf rftetcvf quebtf f lorek síf roekczejfs je solucbto afrne7 Bfnoce-

so une possfe jo afre jf sotfr pere mffrjober f cbvobtårcf, osto oaotue f ̀ kfquocf jo emossf ef

scstone ]ET Kflîx jo tfjfs fs usuårcfs jf sotfr jo poìes, ten`ãn bíf ã pornctcjf e obtreje

bon seîje jo bobhun tcpf jo netorcek quo ostoge on prfmossf jo cbvobtercejf.

Jo pfsso jf roketýrcf jo ostfquo bf quek bíf mfbste e quebtcjejo oxcstobto bf scstone,

cbcmce-so obtíf f prfmossf jo mfbtelon on jupkes. Ostos vekfros mfbtejfs síf cbsorcjfs bf

scstone o mfbarfbtejfs mfn fs gå oxcstobtos. Hevobjf jcvorlçbmce jo quebtcjejo oaotue-so une

solubje mfbtelon pfr une jupke jcaorobto ä quo aoz e mfbtelon prcnårce, e acn jo bíf soron

cbjuzcjfs ef orrf.

Mfbstetebjf quo roeknobto oxcsto jcvorlçbmce obtro e quebtcjejo on ostfquo o e

quebtcjejo oxcstobto bf scstone, oste ã ropesseje obtíf ef mffrjobejfr jo eknfxercaejfs

mfrpfretcvf pere quo oko pfsse aezor e mfrroìíf bf scstone ]ET Kflcx, egustebjf f ostfquo aîscmf

mfn f sekjf oxcstobto bf scstone. ]ebejes tfjes es crrolukercjejos, jos`kfquoce-so f emossf jfs

usuårcfs o f sotfr jo poìes vfkte ä rftcbe bfrnek.

Jo emfrjf mfn fs jejfs je posqucse, mfn e epkcme`ckcjejo jf Cbvobtårcf Aîscmf f sotfr

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jo poìes von mfbsolucbjf etcblcr sous f`gotcvfs, pfcs jobtro es aorrenobtes mctejes oste ton

tfjes es sues aubmcfbekcjejos rospoctejes.

F sotfr jo poìes je onprose Ekae bíf utckcze e murve E@M mfnf aorrenobte pere

mfbtrfko jo sous ostfquos. ]olubjf Qcebe (0443), e mkesscacmeìíf E@M ã une aorrenobte quo

euxckce be lostíf jfs ostfquos, prfpfrmcfbebjf cbafrneìÿos rokovebtos sf`ro prfjutfs quo ton

necfr fu nobfr lcrf, mfn rokeìíf ef mustf mfn quek afren ejqucrcjfs.

Zen`ãn bíf ã pretcmeje pokf sotfr f  Netorcek Poqucronobts Tkebbcbl   (NPT C), jo

emfrjf mfn Tfzf (0454) oste aorrenobte cnpkcme on mfbarfbter f pkebogejf mfn f fmfrrcjf,

vcsebjf ejoquer e pråtcme mfn f quo afc josmrctf bfs pkebfs, mfbtrfkebjf o egustebjf tfjf f

 prfmossf pere ncbcnczer es jcaorobìes bf ostfquo, mfbtrc`ucbjf pere quo fs b÷norfs so

eprfxcneron ef nåxcnf jf quo afc provcstf.F Gust cb Zcno (GCZ), ten`ãn bíf ã utckczejf pokf sotfr mfnf aorrenobte jo mfbtrfko jo

sous ostfquos. ]olubjf Tfzf (0454), oste quebjf epkcmeje ejoquejenobto, rojuz fu okcncbe e

necfr perto jfs josporjîmcfs mfnf7 mfnpre jonesceje, porjes be prfjuìíf, `on mfnf porjes

be jcstrc`ucìíf jfs prfjutfs.

Uuebtf ef Lcrf jo Ostfquo, Tfzf (0454), joacbo osto mfnf e rokeìíf obtro f Mustf jes

Normejfrces Qobjcjes (MNQ) o f sekjf jo ostfquo. Jo afrne e ncbcnczer orrfs jo vfketckcjejo

jo ostfquos, f eutfr romfnobje utckczer fs vekfros nãjcfs jo ostfquo. ]olubjf oko Lcrf joOstfquo roprosobte f b÷norf jo vozos on quo f ostfquo ã robfvejf jurebto un jotorncbejf

 porîfjf. Tfrãn, f sotfr jo poìes je frlebczeìíf bíf aez usf josse aorrenobte.

:.:  Jejfs je posqucse sf`ro pfssîvocs lerlekfs o fpfrtubcjejos jo nokhfrces

Jo emfrjf cbafrneìÿos mfkotejes mfn f quostcfbårcf epkcmejf ef kîjor jf sotfr jo poìes

jo nebutobìíf je onprose Ekae, mfbstetfu-so e oxcstçbmce jo eklubs lerlekfs quo obtreven e

 pråtcme mfrrote bf mfbtrfko jf ostfquo. Jobtro okos ostå7 ‛ e aekte jo pkebogenobtf pfr perto jf

 sotfr prfjutcvf o jf sotfr jo nebutobìíf, quo emerrote be equcscìíf jo poìes jo `ecxe

rftetcvcjejo on lrebjo quebtcjejo, lorebjf eunobtf jf vekfr vobek jf ostfquo„.

 Bf obtobjcnobtf jf Kîjor, osto nek pkebogenobtf jfs sotfros fmfrro jovcjf ä aekte jo

mfnprfnotcnobtf jes oqucpos o jopertenobtfs, provekomobjf une mfnubcmeìíf aekhe o

rucjfse quo emerrote on porjes sclbcacmebtos pere e frlebczeìíf. Obtrotebtf, oko obtobjo quo

cstf pfjo sor nokhfrejf mfn e ejfìíf jo eklunes nojcjes, obtro okes e epkcmeìíf jo

trocbenobtfs efs mfke`frejfros.

E posqucse nfstrfu ten`ãn quo on eklunes vozos bíf síf munprcjes eklunes pfkîtcmes

jo lorobmcenobtf jf ostfquo jo poìes jo nebutobìíf je onprose Ekae, f quo rosukte bun

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mfbtrfko cboacmcobto jes seîjes, emerrotebjf ‛aurfs„, fu soge, jcvorlçbmce obtro f ostfquo aîscmf

o f vcrtuek, muges nosnes sý síf pormo`cjes bf cbvobtårcf aîscmf.

Ecbje solubjf fs jejfs je posqucse mfn quostcfbårcf epkcmejf mfn f kîjor, pfjo sor

aoctf eklunes nokhfrces mfnf7 ‛e ejepteìíf jf scstone jo lorobmcenobtf jo ostfquos ]ET

 Kflcx, pere quo osto pfsse afrbomor cbafrneìÿos, mkeres o promcses, jo afrne ålck o oacmcobto„.

Uuebjf oko aeke on ejepteìíf jf scstone jo lorobmcenobtf, pfjo-so jczor e cnpkebteìíf

fu emossf äs aorrenobtes quo bíf síf utckczejes pokf sotfr, fu quo síf utckczejes jo afrne

cbmfrrote, tecs mfnf7 f Tfbtf jo Tojcjf, f Ostfquo jo ]olurebìe, e Murve E@M o f Lcrf jo

Ostfquo. 

F Kîjor josteme ten`ãn quo sorce jo lrebjo rokovàbmce e cnpkebteìíf jf mýjclf jo

 `erres pere mfbtrfko necs oacmcobto je nfvcnobteìíf jes normejfrces. Ftcnczebjf esscn fs prfmossfs jo lostíf jo netorcecs on tfjes es sues aesos.

Tere f Kîjor, f sotfr ten`ãn pfjo nokhfrer f josonpobhf jes etcvcjejos mfn e

equcscìíf jo nåqucbes o oqucpenobtfs necs nfjorbfs, tecs mfnf7 mfnputejfros, cnprossfres,

 pekotocres, osmejes, pfkc mfrto. @on mfnf e enpkceìíf jf ospeìf aîscmf jf sotfr, e acn jo

ronfjoker f keyfut nokhfrebjf ecbje necs f mfbtrfko on tfjfs fs espomtfs.

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?  MFB]CJOPEÌßO] ACBEC]

_n jfs f`gotcvfs je lostíf oacmcobto jo ostfquos ã e f`tobìíf jf nokhfr etobjcnobtf

ef sou mkcobto cbtorbf. Nes sý e oacmcçbmce jfs mfke`frejfros bíf ̀ este, pere etcblcr osto f`gotcvfã aubjenobtek quo so nokhfro f josonpobhf cbtorbf jo meje une jes aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko

jo ostfquos utckczeje poke frlebczeìíf.

à bomossårcf quo so ejncbcstron es cbtoreìÿos obtro fs prfmossfs jo bolýmcf jo meje un

jfs okonobtfs je mejoce jo vekfr, jo nebocre e so f`tor un ýtcnf tftek o bíf sfnobto e

oacmcçbmce kfmekczeje. Tfrtebjf, f josonpobhf je ejncbcstreìíf jo netorcecs be onprose pfjo

scn sor nokhfrejf etrevãs ftcnczeìíf jes aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquo.

Esscn, ef tãrncbf josto tre`ekhf ekmebìfu so fs f`gotcvfs fre prfpfstfs, pormo`objfmfnf e lostíf jo ostfquos jf sotfr jo poìes jo nebutobìíf je onprose Ekae pfjo sor

nokhfreje mfn e ejfìíf jo aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko ejoquejes, mugf sotfr bíf aez usf, o f

lorobmcenobtf o nokhfrenobtf jes aorrenobtes gå oxcstobtos.

Mfbafrno f`gotcvfu-so prcnocrenobto, afc pfssîvok nepoer es pfkîtcmes jo mfbtrfko jo

ostfquos ejftejes pokf sotfr jo poìes jo nebutobìíf onprose Ekae, muges nosnes ton pfr

aubìíf bfrtoer fs mfke`frejfros bune lostíf necs oacmcobto, mfbafrno cton :.0.

F solubjf o f tormocrf f`gotcvf ospomîacmf ten`ãn afren ekmebìejfs, pfcs mfbafrno

cton :.= afc pfssîvok cjobtcacmer es aorrenobtes utckczejes bf sotfr jo poìes je frlebczeìíf, ̀ on

mfnf kovebter mfnf, fbjo o quebjf ostes síf utckczejes.

Zfjevce, f eporaocìfenobtf ecbje ã bomossårcf, f quo pfssc`ckctfu f ekmebmo jf quertf

f`gotcvf joste posqucse, jcelbfstcmebjf esscn fs lerlekfs, sulorcbjf o epfbtebjf

fpfrtubcjejos jo nokhfrces, vcsebjf e ftcnczeìíf jfs prfmossfs jo lostíf jo ostfquos bf sotfr

jo poìes je frlebczeìíf, mfbafrno cton :.:.

On rospfste ef prf`kone me`o sekcobter quo7  Es aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquos

oxcstobtos bf sotfr jo poìes jo nebutobìíf je Onprose Ekae bíf síf oacmezos, hege vcste es

rospfstes jfs f`gotcvfs ospomîacmfs, quo aezon un jcelbýstcmf mfnpkotf je lostíf jo ostfquos

 pretcmeje pokfs mfke`frejfros jf sotfr.

?.5  Jokcncteìíf o Kcncteìÿos jf Ostujf

Fs rosuktejfs ekmebìejfs mfn e posqucse pfssc`ckcteren e vorcacmeìíf jo mfnf f sotfr

jo netorcecs pfjo mfke`frer mfn e rojuìíf jfs ostfquos o mfbsoquobtonobto e rojuìíf jfs

mustfs be onprose. F ostujf, mortenobto sorå afbto jo mfbsukte o jo roaorçbmce pere futres

 posqucses rokemcfbejes ä lostíf, nebutobìíf o mfbtrfko jo ostfquos.

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?1

Zen`ãn e frlebczeìíf ostujeje o f ostujf equc mctejf, pfjo mfbtrc`ucr pere f

epfbtenobtf jo prf`kones be lostíf jo ostfquos, ̀ on mfnf pfssîvocs sfkuìÿos pere ostos. Tere

f posqucsejfr f tre`ekhf trfuxo mfbtrc`ucìÿos vekcfses, tebtf bf quo jcz rospoctf e tofrce sf`ro

lostíf jo ostfquos, quebtf e roekcjejo frlebczemcfbek bf quo so roaoro e åroe jo suprcnobtfs.

E rospoctf jes jokcncteìÿos jf prosobto ostujf, munpro jostemer quo oste posqucse

ebekcsfu sfnobto es aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquo jf sotfr jo poìes jo nebutobìíf je

onprose Ekae, bíf so ostobjobjf efs jonecs jopertenobtfs quo emerrote aubìÿos jo ostfquo be

frlebczeìíf.

Gå quebtf äs kcncteìÿos pere roekczeìíf jf josto ostujf, josteme-so e lostíf mobtrekczeje

jo quo aez usf e onprose Ekae, muges jomcsÿos oneben sonpro je jcrotfrce mfrpfretcve,

tfrbebjf jonfreje o jcacmuktfse es eutfrczeìÿos pere mfbsukte jo jfmunobtfs o roekczeìíf jo posqucses.

?.0  Mfbscjoreìÿos pere ostujfs auturfs

Ef tãrncbf joste posqucse aez-so bomossårcf jostemer quo f sotfr jo poìes jo

nebutobìíf je onprose Ekae, mfrrospfbjo on perto äs bomosscjejos o oxpomtetcves e quo so

jostcbe. Nes f eporaocìfenobtf ã sonpro bomossårcf, o nujebìes pfsctcves síf sonpro `on

vcbjes. Tfr cssf, ostujfs sf`ro e ejfìíf jo bfves pfkîtcmes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquos, trerå

 `oboaîmcfs bíf sý pere åroe jo suprcnobtfs, mfnf pere tfje e frlebczeìíf.

Zen`ãn, mfnf cbjcmeìíf pere tre`ekhfs auturfs suloro-so ostujfs sf`ro fs ostfquos jo

solurebìe roeknobto bomossårcfs pere meje tcpf jo netorcek utckczejf, jo afrne e prflrener mfn

ebtomojçbmce es equcscìÿos quo pfssen etobjor ä jonebje, son mfrror rcsmfs jo f`sfkosmçbmce

jo netorcecs fu e eusçbmce jostos.

Ejonecs, suloro-so ten`ãn f josobvfkvcnobtf jo un prfgotf pere cnpkebteìíf jo

bfves aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquos be frlebczeìíf ostujeje, hege vcste quo ostes pfjon

vcr e mfke`frer bíf sý mfn mfbtrfko jf ostfquo jo poìes, nes pere e nokhfrce on tfje e

frlebczeìíf, etrevãs je rojuìíf jo mustfs, jf eunobtf je quekcjejo jfs prfjutfs o jf nokhfr

eprfvoctenobtf jfs romursfs on tfje e onprose.

Tfr acn, me`o sekcobter ten`ãn quo sorå jo lrebjo rokovàbmce pere e frlebczeìíf e

oxtobsíf joste posqucse efs jonecs sotfros mfn aubìÿos jo ostfquo, quo ostíf jo mortf nfjf

kclejfs ef sotfr jo poìes jo nebutobìíf je onprose Ekae, mfnf7 f sotfr jo on`ekelon

 prcnårce, f sotfr jo on`ekelon somubjårce o f sotfr jo prfjutfs quîncmfs je frlebczeìíf.

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?<

POAOPÇBMCE]

EPBFKJ, G. P. Zfby. Ejncbcstreìíf jo netorcecs7 une cbtrfjuìíf. 5 oj. ]íf Teukf7 Etkes,0448. (Zrejuìíf7 Moksf Pcnfkc o Kobcte P. Ostovos)

@ECKS, Totor9 Mfnpres7 prcbmîpcfs o ejncbcstreìíf. 5 oj. ]íf Teukf7 Etkes, 0443. Zrejuìíf7Ecktfb @fbacn @rebjíf. Futrfs eutfros7 Jevcj Aernor, Jevcj Gossfp, Jevcj Gfbos.

MHCEQOBEZF, Cjek`ortf. Ejncbcstreìíf jo netorcecs7 une e`frjelon cbtrfjutýrce. Pcf joGebocrf7 Oksvcor, 044?.

JCE], Nermf Eurãkcf T. Ejncbcstreìíf jo netorcecs7 prcbmîpcfs, mfbmoctfs o lostíf. 1 oj. ]ífTeukf7 Etkes, 0455.

LCK, Ebtúbcf Merkfs. Mfnf oke`frer prfgotfs jo posqucse. : oj. ]íf Teukf7 Etkes, 0448.

KEIEZF], Ove Nerce9 NEPMFBC, Nercbe jo Ebjrejo. Aubjenobtfs je notfjfkflcemcobtîacme. < oj. ]íf Teukf7 Etkes, 0454.

NEPZCB], Totrúbcf Lermce9 EKZ, Teukf Pf`ortf Menpfs. Ejncbcstreìíf jo netorcecs oromursfs petrcnfbcecs. 0 oj. ]íf Teukf7 ]erecve, 0441.

TCPO], ]îkvcf P. C. Lostíf je mejoce jo suprcnobtfs7 mfbmoctfs, ostretãlces, pråtcmes o mesfs.]íf Teukf7 Etkes, 044:.

TFWF, Hencktfb. Ejncbcstreìíf jo romursfs netorcecs o petrcnfbcecs7 une e`frjelonkflîstcme. 1 oj. ]íf Teukf7 Etkes, 0454.

]KEMI, Bclok9 MHEN@OP], ]tuert9 GFHB]ZFB, Pf`ort. Ejncbcstreìíf je Trfjuìíf. 0oj. ]íf Teukf7 Etkes, 0443.

ZEJO_, Hulf Aorrocre @rele (Frl.)9 Lostíf jo ostfquos7 aubjenobtfs, nfjokfs netonåtcmfso nokhfros pråtcmes epkcmejes. ]íf Teukf7 Moblelo Koerncnl, 0454. Qårcfs eutfros.

QCEBE, Gfíf Gfsã. Ejncbcstreìíf jo netorcecs7 un obafquo pråtcmf. 5 oj. ]íf Teukf7 Etkes,0443.

\EBIO, Totor. Lostíf jo ostfquos be mejoce jo suprcnobtfs7 jomcsÿos o nfjokfsquebtctetcvfs. ]íf Teukf7 Etkes, 044=.

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?8

Epçbjcmo E7 Uuostcfbårcf epkcmejf ef Kîjor jf ]otfr jo Toìes

Osto quostcfbårcf ã perto jo un ostujf jo posqucse pere Zre`ekhf jo Mfbmkusíf jo Mursf/ZMMon Ejncbcstreìíf, je _bcvorscjejo jf Ostejf jo Netf Lrfssf Menpus jo Zeblere je ]orre-

NZ., o jostcbe-so e romfkhor cbafrneìÿos sf`ro ebåkcso jes aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquojf sotfr jo poìes on une onprose arclfrîacme. Kove eprfxcnejenobto ? ncbutfs pererospfbjor, ã jo proobmhcnobtf cbjcvcjuek o es rospfstes síf ebúbcnes o mfbacjobmcecs.Elrejoìf e mfke`freìíf jo tfjfs.

5) Uuecs es pfkîtcmes ejftejes poke onprose mfn rokeìíf ef mfbtrfko jo ostfquos6 Ostífso nfstrebjf ejoquejes6 Tfr quç6 

 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV  VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

0) Be onprose oxcsto un scstone jo lorobmcenobtf jo ostfquos6( ) ]cn ( ) Bíf. ]o scn, quecs6VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

=) F scstone jo lorobmcenobtf jo ostfquos oxcstobto be onprose ã utckczejf6( ) ]cn ( ) Bíf. ]o scn, mfnf6VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

:) E onprose pfssuc eklun tcpf jo aorrenobte jo mfbtrfko jo sous ostfquos6( ) ]cn ( ) Bíf. ]o scn, quecs6VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

?) Mfnf o pfr quon síf utckczejes es aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo sous ostfquos6 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 

 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV1) Mfnf ã e rftetcvcjejo jo sou ostfquo6( ) @ecxe ( ) Ekte ( ) Pezfåvok ( ) ekte pere eklubs ctobs o `ecxes p/futrfs ( ) Cbsclbcacmebto

<) Oxcsto porje jo netorcek bf ostfquo7( ) ]cn ( ) Bíf ( ) Gå hfuvo

8) Qfmç emrojcte quo es porjes fmfrron pfr quç6 (pfjo sor necs jo une ektorbetcve).( ) kfmek cbejoquejf ( ) Nek ernezobejf ( ) Nek mfbtrfkejf( ) Nebusocf orrejf( ) Aekte jo provcsíf jo vobjes( ) Netorcek osquomcjf ( ) Netorcek gå uktrepessejf

3) Uuek e porcfjcmcjejo jo cbvobtårcfs roekczejfs bfs ostfquos je onprose6( ) : vozos pfr ebf ( ) = vozos pfr ebf ( ) 0 vozos pfr ebf ( ) 5 voz pfr ebf

54)On sue fpcbcíf quek f necfr prf`kone oxcstobto mfn rokeìíf ef mfbtrfko jo ostfquos6 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV  VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

55)Josmrove nujebìes fu cnpkebteìÿos quo pfjorcen cnpemter on nokhfrces mfnrokeìíf ef mfbtrfko jo ostfquos je frlebczeìíf.

 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV 

 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

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?3

Epçbjcmo @7 Pftocrf je obtrovcste epkcmeje efs jonecs mfke`frejfros

Osto quostcfbårcf ã perto jo un ostujf jo posqucse pere Zre`ekhf jo Mfbmkusíf jo Mursf/ZMMon Ejncbcstreìíf, je _bcvorscjejo jf Ostejf jo Netf Lrfssf Menpus jo Zeblere je ]orre-

NZ., o jostcbe-so e romfkhor cbafrneìÿos sf`ro ebåkcso jes aorrenobtes jo mfbtrfko jo ostfquojf sotfr jo poìes on une onprose arclfrîacme. Kove eprfxcnejenobto ? ncbutfs pererospfbjor, ã jo proobmhcnobtf cbjcvcjuek o es rospfstes síf ebúbcnes o mfbacjobmcecs.Elrejoìf e mfke`freìíf jo tfjfs.

Trcbmcpecsetcvcjejosjosobvfkvcjes7

Aorrenobte7

Tfrquo ã

ejfteje6

Fbjo ã

ejfteje6

Mfnf

aubmcfbe6

Uuon utckcze6

Uuebjf ã

utckczeje6

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14

Eboxf 57 Evcsf jo Pomo`cnobtf jo Normejfrces je Onprose Ekae

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15

Eboxf 07 Poketýrcf jo @ecxes bf ]cstone ]ET Kflcx

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10

Eboxf =7 Mekobjårcf jo cbvobtårcfs Onp. Ekae solubjf sonostro 045=