mercado e comercialização dos fertilizantes orgânicos ... e comercialização dos... · „100 -...
TRANSCRIPT
1
Compostagem em
Escala Industrial 06 e 07 de outubro de 2016
Mercado e comercialização
dos fertilizantes orgânicos
na Europa e seus
beneficios agronômicos Florian Amlinger
„100 - 1st Zero Waste
& Organic Cycle Organisation‟, Austria
2
Soil Organic Matter – the Key to Biodiversity & Sustainable Soil Use
The End of Waste Project for Biodegradable
Waste
3
The End of Waste Project for Biodegradable
Waste
4
INPUT
Materials
Treatment
Process
Provision
of
Information
Quality
Assurance
EoW Criteria
Requirement
s
Product
Quality
NO Mixed Waste
NO Municipal
Sewage
Sludge
non-contaminated … from separate
collection of bio-waste,
biodegradable residues from
agriculture (including manure),
forestry, fishery and horticulture, or
any such previously composted or
digested material.
3
Time/Temperature
profiles for
composting
Draft EU Fertiliser Regulation (2)
Composting - process requirements
NO physical contacts between input and output
materials shall be avoided, including during storage.
Controlled decomposition predominantly aerobic
temperatures suitable for thermophilic bacteria
regular and thorough moving correct sanitation and
homogeneity
Temperature-time profiles for All parts of each batch :
65°C or more for at least 5 days,
60°C or more for at least 7 days, or
55°C or more for at least 14 days.
5
Draft EU Fertiliser Regulation (2)
Anaerobic Digestion - process requirements NO physical contacts between input and output materials shall be
avoided, including during storage.
Controlled decomposition predominantly anaerobic
Temperatures suitable for thermophilic or mesophilic bacteria
Regular and thorough moving sanitation and homogeneity
Temperature-time profiles for all parts of each batch :
Thermophilic process: 55 °C
24 h hydraulic retention: 20 d
+ pasteurisation: 70 °C 1 h
followed by composting of digestate
Mesophilic process: 37-40°C
+ pasteurisation: 70 °C 1 h
followed by composting of digestate
6
7
SOLID ORG. FERTILISER [compost]
SOIL IMPROVER [compost]
LIQUID ORG. FERTILISER [digestate]
Dry matter % Fresh Matter > 40% < 40%
N total % Fresh Matter ≥ 2.5 % ---. ≥ 2 %
P2O5 total % Fresh Matter ≥ 2% --- ≥ 1%
K2O total % Fresh Matter ≥ 2% --- ≥ 2%
Org. CARBON % Fresh Matter ≥ 15% ≥ 7.5% ≥ 5%
Stability
OXIGEN UPTAKE RATE
mmol O2/kg organic matter/h ≤ 25 mmol ≤ 50 mmol
SELF HEATING FACTOR Rottegrad III (40 - 50 °C) ---
Residual Biogas Potential
Litre biogas / g volatile solids --- --- 0,45 l biogas
Compost Maturity / Stability OXITOP - O2 Consumption Test:
mmol O2 / kg volatile solids * h NL BE
Very unstable > 30 > 26
Unstable 15 - 30 16 - 25
Moderately stable --- 11 - 15
Stable 5 - 15 11 - 10
Very / completely stable < 5 < 5
8
10
20
30
40
0
Veeken et al., Wageningen
University & NMI, 2003
Irish composts
9
SOLID ORG. FERTILISER [compost]
SOIL IMPROVER [compost]
LIQUID ORG. FERTILISER [digestate]
Cd (mg/kg d.m.) 1.5 3
(+ growing medium) 1.5
Cr (mg/kg d.m.) CrVI: 2
Hg (mg/kg d.m.) 1
Ni (mg/kg d.m.) 50 (growing medium: 100)
Pb (mg/kg d.m.) 120 (growing medium: 150)
Cu (mg/kg d.m.) DECLARE ABOVE 200 mg
Zn (mg/kg d.m.) DECLARE ABOVE 600 mg
PAH16* (mg/kg d.m.) 6
Biuret (C2H5N3O2) (g/kg d.m.) 12 --- 12
Salmonellae ABSENT in 25 g
E. coli OR Entercoccaceae < 1000 CFU/g fresh mass
Impurities (glass, metal,
plastics) in > 2 mm (% d.m.)
NOW: < 0,5 % AFTER 8 YEARS: < 0,25 %
Precautionary Quality Criteria – Heavy Metals
mg/kg d.m. Food Production Restricted Use
“Quality Compost”
CLASS ‚A+„
“Quality
Compost”
CLASS ‚A„ Draft EU
Fertiliser
Regulation
“Compost”
CLASS ‚B„
“MSW Compost”
ANY CLASS
Biological
Agriculture
Agriculture
general
Non-Food
Landscaping
Landfill
reclamation
Cadmium (Cd) 0.7 1.0 1.5 – 3.0 3.0
Chromium (Cr) 70 70 Cr-VI: 2.0 250
Copper (Cu) 70 150 DECLARATION:
>200
500
DECLARATION: >400
Mercury (Hg) 0.4 0.7 1.0 3.0
Nickel (Ni) 25 60 50 100
Lead (Pb) 45 120 120 200
Zinc (Zn) 200 500 DECLARATION:
> 600
1800
DECLARATION: >1200
Austrian Standard as compared to the draft EU Fertiliser Regulation (2016)
Heavy metals in compost from
bio-waste / sewage sludge / mixed waste
11
Source: JRC Study End of Waste criteria for biodegradable waste
Physical impurities in different composts
12
Mixed waste compost
Sewage sludge
compost
Bio-waste compost
Source: JRC Study End of Waste criteria for biodegradable waste; 2014
Quality Criteria for COMPOST
growing media, bagged … 25% compost 90% - 100% performance
private gardening … 50% compost 80% - 90% performance
Cress (Lepidium sativum) & Chinese cabbage
Plant response / germination test!
Sheet 16
“Key advantages of
COMPOST FERTILISATION confirmed”
Higher WATER
RETENTION capacity
reduces impacts of
weather extremes
Increased soil
TEMPERATURES
Improves plant
growth in spring
More STABLE SOIL
STRUCTURE
better infiltration
better workability
Higher NUTRIENT
SORPTION capacity
Increased nutrient
availability
PHYTOSANITARY
effect
Suppression of soil
born plant diseases
Enhancing soil
BIODERVISITY
increases
transformation
Reduced susceptibility
for EROSION
Reduced soil loss
Better WORKABILITY
of soil
reduces energy
consumption
Soil conservation &
improvement through
COMPOST
fertilisation
Bundesgütegemeinschaft Kompost e.V., 2005
Sheet 17
Sheet 18
• Plants provide up to 25% of the photosynthesis process for their
symbiontic microorganisms in the rhizosphere –
• guess the evolution did not make a mistake with this interaction?!
• The root sphere contains 50-times the microbial colonisation than the
environment soil !
Sheet 19
10 µm
Prof. W.W. Blum Foto: Blum, W.W.
0 200 400 600 800 1000
sand
loam
clay
soil
humified org. matter
< 0.1
0.1 - 1
5 - 400
5 - 500
800 - 1000
[m²/g]
Sheet 21
Soil C Stocks & Dynamics
< 1 % Corg 1 - 2 % Corg
14 % 34 %
Total 48 %
Mediterr. 75 %
Sheet 22
Soil Carbon Dynamics and Soil Management
Organic vs conventional farming (Germany, Hülsbergen)
+ 0.2% Corg + 9 t C/ hectare
300 to 500 kg C build-up / year
Lal, 2008
Key agricultural practices supporting
C-sequestration in in soils
24
Organic Matter Increase in
Compost Fertilised Soils
Kluge et al.
(2008) Input of Organic Matter with compost
ferrtilisation (t/ha dry matter)
Incre
ase
of
So
il O
rgan
ic M
att
er
(%)
Trend increase
Soil Organic Matter [SOM]
=0.012xSOM; R² = 0.43
Humus effect: 14 years compost field trial „STIKO“ VIENNA
Compost (t ha-1; FM)
N from fertilizer (kg ha-1)
(average of 14 years)
C1 8 C2 14 C3 20
N1 26 N2 41 N3 57
O - -
Source:
0
1
2
3
4
O BK1 BK2 BK3 N1 N2 N3 N1BK1 N2BK1 N3BK1 N1BK2 N1BK3
compost
fertilization mineral
fertilization combined fertilization
without
fertilization
%
Quelle: LBI
Humus content in % after 14 years of
comparative compost/mineral fertlisation
Source:
„STIKO“ field trial, Vienna
O C1 C2 C3 N1 N2 N3
Hu
mu
s b
ala
nce
(kg
C h
a-1
y-1
)
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Source:
Humus BALANCE after 14 years of
comparative compost/mineral fertlisation
compost
fertilization
mineral fertilization
without
fertilization
Sheet 28
Carbon distribution in
humic fractions
Fließbach et al. (2000)
21 years DOC- trial FiBl CH
„Humines, the most stable
humic fraction, are
significantly increased in
bio-dyn manure
compost plots“
C distribution in humic fractions g Corg / kg soil
Sheet 29
Bild-up of Stable Aggregates
21 Jahre DOK- trial FiBl, CH Alföldi et al.
2000
„In soils treated with
bio-dyn Manure
Compost stable macro
aggregates are increased
by 20 to 30 % “
Aggregate Stability
(% stable aggregates
>250µm
Sheet 30
Effect of compost on pore size distribution of topsoils (5-15 cm)
Ebertseder & Gutser, 2003
0 10 20 30 40 50
> 50 µm 10 - 50 µm 5 - 10 µm
1 - 5 µm 0,2 - 1 µm < 0,2 µm
Vol.-%
trial I:
trial II:
without
84 t TS ha-1 in
2 applications
52 t TS ha-1
every 3 years
104 t TS ha-1
every 3 years
without
compost
application:
Sheet 31
Compost reduces soil loss by Erosion T
ota
l S
oil
Loss (
kg/h
a)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
ControlStandard Compost
CMC-Compost
Total soil loss (kg/ha) in compost vs. control plots
Strauss, 2001
Sheet 32 Hartl et al. (2000); Hartl (2007)
Summary of fertilising value of compost
33
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
nu
trie
nt
inp
ut
/ exp
ort
[k
g/h
a]
input with 6-7 t/ha dm compost input with 10 t/ha dm compost
moderate export of crops * high export of crops **
N P2O5 K2O MgO
mean values
to (-)
- to +
+
* moderate – maize / winter wheat / winter barley
** high – sugar beet / winter wheat / winter barley
straw remains on the field
Crop export:
Kluge et al. (2008)
Current Trading Schemes ...
relevant for Compost and soil ?
Sheet 34
Strategies to tackle climate change often do not recognise the
potentially important role of LULUCF (Land Use, Land Use
Change and Forestry, i.e. farm-and soil-based activities)
e.g. EU Emission Trading Schemes (Dir. 2003/87)
Excludes C sinks and LULUCF from crediting/trading !!
Composting included in CDM schemes by the CDM Board (2005)
A standard calculation method to assess GHG savings has been
defined
Only methane savings from landfills are allowed for, yet
No crediting of soil-related benefits
Composting in CDMs ?
Mechanism for monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas
emissions – a new approach in the EU
REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on the
inclusion of greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land use, land use change
and forestry into the 2030 climate and energy framework and amending Regulation No
525/2013 of the European Parliament and the Council on a mechanism for monitoring
and reporting greenhouse gas emissions and other information relevant to climate
change
Article 2 (c) – Scope: Accounting for managed cropland, managed grassland and managed wetland
Article 5 (4): Member States shall include in their accounts for each land accounting category any
change in the carbon stock of the carbon pools listed in Annex I, section B.
Annex I - B. Carbon pools pursuant to Article 5(4): (a) above-ground biomass;
(b) below-ground biomass;
(c) litter;
(d) dead wood;
(e) soil organic carbon;
(f) for afforested land and managed forest land: harvested wood products.
35
Climate relevance of biowaste management
Direct CO2 emission reduction
• creates carbon sinks
through formation
of humus
(compost)
• use of compost
fertilizer (organic
farming) reduces
N2O emission
• use of peat-free
soils reduces
peat depletion
Easily degradable organic matter
Mineralisation within 2 - 4 years
Active pool - soil
Mineralisation within 10 - 100 years
Passive pool - soil
Mineralisation within 3000 years
Harvest backlog
Compost
99%
60%
40%
1%
25%
60%
15%
Source: Rogalski; MA48; City of Vienna
Importance of C in soils: EXAMPLE from FRANCE
545.000 Gg CO2
148.636.364 ton C
16.000.000 hectares Arable Land Area
3600 ton/ha unit weight of the soil
57.600.000.000,00 ton soil
0,258% % of Carbon to be locked up in the soil in order to
balance the overall national emissions of carbon
dioxide in 1 year
Source: "National Communications
from Parties included in Annex 1 to
the Convention: Greenhouse Gas
Inventory Data"
Source: Enzo Favoino, SAPM, Italy
Total possible GHG savings from treatment of organics
1 94 to 188 kg (substitution) + 120 to 180kg (transport)
GHG saving by kg CO2 eq.
Anaerobic digestion with combined heat &
power (CHP) option 135
C-sink in the soil by added humus 80 Peat substitution and avoided transport 200 - 3001
Replaced mineral fertiliser 30 Total 400 - 500
Source: Enzo Favoino, SAPM, Italy
Are there any good incentives for
C-sequestration or humus build-up in Europe?
Country Humus build-up program
Netherlands NO
Ireland NO
Hungary EU Structural Fund (Operational Programm Environment
covers 40% of eligible costs) is only granted if 50% of the
compost is applied on agricultural land based on a mutual
contract
Austria Only indirect by accepting compost as organic fertiliser within
the Agricultural Environment Program (substituting mineral N,
biological agriculture)
Italy Regional Rural Development Programs dedicated to compost
application pay between
€ 78.- and € 374.- per ha
O C1 C2 C3 N1 N2 N3GH
G p
ote
ntia
l (k
g C
O2-e
q h
a-1
y-1
)
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
Net CO2
sequestration
Net GHG
emission
GHG balance of the Vienna plot trial „STIKO“
after 14 years
8 t*
14 t* 20 t*
* Fresh matter compost per ha and year
Source: MA 48, Vienna; Bioforschung Austria
Sheet 41
Rodale Institute 10-years composted manure
• Carbon sequestration of up 2,000 kg/hectare
7,000 kg CO2 per Hectare
• Standard tillage + chemical fertilizers lost almost 300 kg/hectare]
Carbon sequestration in
compost fertilisation systems
ECOREGION Kaindorf, Austria
a local CO2 trading scheme
The Humus build-up project:
1. Contracting the farmers
2. Sample taking of each plot (25 incremetal sampling points (275,-€)
Every 2 – 5 years
3. Self responsisibility of farmers for
all measures
4. Calculation of additional
C sequestration
5. Farmers receive €30,-/to CO2
6. Farmer has to gurantee
the achieved C-level for 5 years!
Source: G. Dunst; Humusprojekt Kaindorf, Austria, 2016
ECOREGION Kaindorf Humus build-up measures
Compost application Green manuring
SUMMER
Cover crops
Mixed cropping
Green manuring
WINTER
Source: G. Dunst; Humusprojekt Kaindorf, Austria, 2016
ECOREGION Kaindorf, Austria
a local CO2 trading scheme
How is the CO2 stock calculated:
Total plot [m²]
x 0.25 m³ = total volume
x soil dry density [d.m.]
x % soil fraction < 2mm [= to soil without sceleton/stones]
x %C
x 3,67 = tons CO2
1% Soil Organic Matter ~ 55 to 65 t CO2 per hectare
Source: G. Dunst; Humusprojekt Kaindorf, Austria, 2016
ECOREGION Kaindorf, Austria
a local CO2 trading scheme
Companies that buy CO2 compensation credits
The companies pay: 45,00€ / to CO2
Only CO2 is compensated that cannot be
avoided otherwise
Yearly assessment by indipendent institute of
the total direct and indirect CO2 emission
including the entire production and logistic
chain
CO2 reductiion strategy and implementation
plan
Substitution of fossil to renewable energy
supply
Allocation of bought CO2 credits dirctly to the
sequestered CO2 of a specific farm and plot!
Source: http://www.oekoregion-kaindorf.at/index.php/arbeitsgruppen/ag-landwirtschaft/kaeufer-zertifikate
ECOREGION Kaindorf
Humus build-up DATA BASE … 42 plots
SOM build-up … % absolute
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Source: G. Dunst; Humusprojekt Kaindorf, Austria, 2016
ECOREGION Kaindorf
Humus build-up DATA BASE … 42 plots
The impact on C/N Ratio
C/N start C/N final
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
C/N
Source: G. Dunst; Humusprojekt
Kaindorf, Austria, 2016
Sheet 48
Nitrogen Fractions in Organic Fertilisers
[kg N / t fresh matter]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
mature compost
fresh compost
solid manure, cattle
digestate, solid
digestate, liquid
slurry, cattle
slurry, pigs
straw
green manure
soluble easily mobilised passive pool=> humus reproduction
Bundesgütegemeinschaft Kompost e.V., 2005
49
ECOREGION Kaindorf Humus build-up measures
Nearly no losses of applied N only from C/N >~ 9-10
N lo
ss
es
[%
of
N s
up
ply
]
At C/N < ~6 the entire added N get lost !
ECOREGION Kaindorf Humus build-up measures
SOM [%]
From a SOM content of > 4.5% the C/N ratio is always < 9
A very low C/N ratio can be only found
at SOM levels < 2.5
C/N
ra
tio
Interdependence of SOM level and C/N ratio
Sheet 51
Relation between C/N ratio and N mineralisation rate in
the year of the application of different organic materials
Digestate of various organic residues
Digestate of energy crops & biowaste
½ rotted cattle manure
Biowaste compost
C/N Ratio
Legume grain shred
Pig slurry, vinasse, rape cake etc.
Bone meal, keratin
N r
ele
ase
[%
]
Disease supressing effect of compost
Sheet 52 Joeke Postma & Els Nijhuis,
2015
Impact of decomposition and maturity on disiease
supressing effect of organic matter applied!
Raw organic matter shows a high
variation of effects
In 44% increased decomposition
effectuates disease suppression
In 23% the opposite is the case
Different pathogens react different
With ongoing maturation the
microbial competition weakens
saprophytic pathogens
Further mineralisation decreases
biodiversity growth conditions for all
organisms, thus alsodeminishing the
suppressing capacity
Bonanomi et al. 2010
Impact of microbial, chemo-physical & enzymatic
parameter with different organic amendments
Enzy
mat
ic
Ch
em.-
ph
ysi
cal
Mic
rob
iolo
gic
al
all amendments compost crop residues organic waste
SI – Suppressions-Index
Bonanomi et al. 2010
Experiences of European
Compost Producers
How to create sustainable compost markets?
+
Separate
collection of
organic waste
=
Clean sources
=
High quality
composts/digestates
=……..…
Marketable product
Quality
Assurance
=
External!!
control
The Quality Assurance System
Accredited Laboratory - sampling
- quality analysis - Test Report
Bg QA Organisation for Compost On-site plant inspection and audits
Assessment of Compliance based on
A) Compliance Report
B) Inspection Report
Quality Committee - evaluates Assessment Report
- decides on approval
Composting Plant
Member national QA-Organisation
+ QAS Contract Requirements Biowaste Ordinance
Quality Manual of QAO
Assessment Report Quality Label /Certificate
Test
Report
Sanctions, complaints, measures
Okay
Not okay
Contract LAB: regular external quality testing
Inspector’s
Report
National QAS for compost in EU
57
Country Quality Assurance Organisation /Scheme
Austria ARGE Kompost & Biogas
Belgium Flemish compost organisation VLACO
Germany Compost Quality Assurance Organisation
(Bundesgütegemeinschaft Kompost BGK)
Denmark DAKOFA (Danish Association on waste management)
Italy Italian Compost Association (CIC)
Netherlands BVOR Dutch Association of Compost Plants and
Dutch Waste Management Association DWMA/VA
Sweden Swedish Waste
Management Association (Avfall Sverige)
UK UK Compost Certificatiion Scheme
Bulgaria 100 – First Zero Waste & Organic Cycle Organisation
(100 NGO) / ARGE Kompost & Biogas
Sheet 58
Main areas of compost utilisation in the EU
Range [n=12 MS] Market range
Agriculture 1) 45 - 78%
Horticulture 3 - 15%
Landscaping 6 - 20%
Blends/soil mix 10 - 15%
Land reclamation 2 - 10%
Hobby gardening 12 - 20%
Export 6 - 7%
1) Incl some special cultures like vinyards 2) in small bags.
Compost Markets and
Sales Prices … € per ton
Standard
qualities
Additional
specifications
High quality
compost Greenhouses
EUR 20-40
Sports turf
EUR 15-40
Landscaping
EUR 10-20 Top soil mix EUR 10-15
Nurseries EUR 15-35
Hobby . gardens EUR 5-20
Landfill cover EUR 0-4
Wine and fruit EUR 2-4
Organic farms EUR 2-6
Agriculture
EUR 0-4
High price market
Low price market
Compost value based on market price for mineral ferrtiliser and the humus reproduction value based on the
the price for straw (Germany 2015)
60
Quelle Düngemittelpreise: Landwirtschaftliches Wochenblatt Westfalen Lippe
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,00
8,00
10,00
12,00
14,00
16,00
18,00
20,00
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Co
mp
on
en
t m
ark
et
va
lue
of
co
mp
os
t (€
/t)
Stickstoff (N) Phosphor (P2O5) Kalium (K2O)
Magnesium (Mg0) Kalk (CaO) Kompost-Humus (C)
ASA e. V. - 26.11.2015 - Leipzig
Market prices of compost (Germany; at facility)
61
0,00 0,00
15,00
1,00
50,00
7,00
Privat Landwirtschaft
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
€/t
niedrig mittel hoch
ASA e. V. - 26.11.2015 - Leipzig
2 Marketing Trends
of Composting Facilities
1. Little or no marketing for high volume markets
that require only standard product quality,
such as agriculture
► Organic waste treatment plant
2. Specialised marketing for high quality compost products supplied to high
value markets e.g. growing media
- large range of value added products
- specialised, tailor-made mixtures
► Humus and soil production plant
or
SMS at compost plants =
Saturday Morning Service
SMS at sites provides everything what gardeners need on a Saturday morning
e.g. compost, bark, sand, stones, gravel
Bulk supply Drop-off area for garden organics Compost super market
in
out
Recommandations and
Specifications for Use
Basic tool to develop compost markets if properly done. Only in co-
operation with end-user organisations!
Marketing
with posters
Blühende Kaffeefilter Blooming Coffee Filters
creates benefit Our soil Tasty Green Cuttings
creates benefit Our soil &
Space for
logo & address
Professional Marketing -
Competitive to Bark/Peat Industry
FLORATOP compost products presentation in a supermarket chain.
Return of up to 70 Euro/cbm!!!!
The Compost Market
Is there a demand for compost?
A) No real demand in starting countries, because
compost products and their benefits are UNKOWN.
B) A strongly growing demand in advanced countries
with mature and developed markets
• The amount of produced compost is increasing
No marketing problems for quality compost, high demand
• The development of different compost products leeds to
an opening of additional market sectors and demand.
• Different market sectors have different prices, sometimes
quite low, partly quite high (agriculture versus growing
media sector)
Market of Compost in EU
Average price for compost products in EU
Prices range from 0 - 30 € per tonne - depending on the
feedstock, content of nutrients and quality
Average cost for composting in EU:
35 – 60 EUR per tonne
69
• Peat-free Substrate production “Guter Grund” (in sum approx. 20,000 t/a)
• > 37,000 bags/a
• 18 litres bag: 3 €, 40 litres bag: 5 €/
• Agriculture, particularly organic
farming (approx. 20,000 t/a)
• Free distribution to inhabitants (approx. 5,000 t/a)
• Production of compost/soil blends (approx. 2,000 t/a)
• City parks and gardens, private
businesses, other (approx. 3,000 t/a)
City of VIENNA - compost utilisation
• Co-operation with potting-soil-production
facility, production of peat-free potting soil
“Guter Grund” (in sum approx. 20,000 t/a)
• Agriculture, particularly organic farming
(approx. 20,000 t/a)
• Made available to inhabitants
(approx. 5,000 t/a)
• Production of compost/soil blends
(approx. 2,000 t/a)
• City parks and gardens, private businesses, other
(approx. 3,000 t/a)
• Applied research (first of all with Bioresearch Austria)
• Cross-border co-operation in EU context (e.g.“BIORES”)
Current compost utilisation
What the clay-humus complex
provides
Sheet 72
Provides a conducive environment for
beneficial microbes
Enhances N, P, K, and other nutrient
uptake
Aids in the decomposition of soil minerals
by forming metal-clay-organic
processes
Improves the soil‟s water holding
capacity
Loosens the soil structure
Aids in the degradation or inactivation of
toxic substances
Buffers soil pH
Liberates CO2 needed for
photosynthesis
Stabilizes soil temperatures
Reduces water evaporation
Reduces leaching of trace elements
Increases seed germination and
seedling development
Accelerates root growth
Increases the uptake of the high-energy
adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) within
the plant cell
Increases yield & quality directly and
indirectly
Increases the permeability of nutrients
back and forth through the cell wall
Speeds up the plant‟s metabolism
Enhances the chlorophyll content of
leaves
Seminar in Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
Steps towards Sustainable Waste Management Venue: GRANFPOLIS Rua Cândido Ramos, 250, Capoeiras, Florianópolis - SC
Date: 25 October 2016
08:30 – 18:00
Practical transition steps towards resource efficiency and recycling practice
Legal and strategic framework conditions towards a recycling society?
Collection of municipal waste: residual waste, recyclables, from „door to door„ to
recycling centres – logistics and economic instruments
Integrating (residual) waste treatment and recycling technology
Bio-waste: best practice collection & composting and anaerobic digestion options
Basics of food waste prevention along the food supply chain
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The Key = BIODIVERSITY !
Fotos: Bioforschung Austria, Hildebrandt, Hedl, Amlinger