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A Little Help with CapitalsSummary: This resource details standard capitalization rules.

Contributors:Chris Berry, Allen Brizee Universidade de Purdue

Last Edited: 2010-04-17 05:52:04

This handout lists some guidelines for capitalization. If you have a question about whether aspecific word should be capitalized that doesn't fit under one of these rules, try checking adictionary to see if the word is capitalized there.

Use capital letters in the following ways:

The first words of a sentence

When he tells a joke, he sometimes forgets the punch line.

The pronoun "I"

The last time I visited Atlanta was several years ago.

Proper nouns (the names of specific people, places, organizations, and sometimes

things)

Worrill Fabrication Company, Golden Gate Bridge, Supreme Court, Livingston,

Missouri, Atlantic Ocean, Mothers Against Drunk Driving

Family relationships (when used as proper names)

I sent a thank-you note to Aunt Abigail, but not to my other aunts.

Here is a present I bought for Mother.

Did you buy a present for your mother?

The names of God, specific deities, religious figures, and holy books

God the Father, the Virgin Mary, the Bible, the Greek gods, Moses, Shiva,

Buddha, Zeus

Exception: Do not capitalize the non-specific use of the word "god."

The word "polytheistic" means the worship of more than one god.

Titles preceding names, but not titles that follow names

She worked as the assistant to Mayor Hanolovi.

I was able to interview Miriam Moss, mayor of Littonville.


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Directions that are names (North, South, East, and West when used as sections ofthe country, but not as compass directions)

The Patels have moved to the Southwest.

Jim's house is two miles north of Otterbein.

The days of the week, the months of the year, and holidays (but not the seasons

used generally)

Halloween, October, Friday, winter, spring, fall

Exception: Seasons are capitalized when used in a title.

The Fall 1999 semester

The names of countries, nationalities, and specific languages

Costa Rica, Spanish, French, English

The first word in a sentence that is a direct quote

Emerson once said, "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds."

The major words in the titles of books, articles, and songs (but not shortprepositions or the articles "the," "a," or "an," if they are not the first word of the

title)

One of Jerry's favorite books is The Catcher in the Rye.

Members of national, political, racial, social, civic, and athletic groups

Green Bay Packers, African-Americans, Anti-Semitic, Democrats,Friends of the

Wilderness, Chinese

Periods and events (but not century numbers)

Victorian Era, Great Depression, Constitutional Convention, sixteenth century

Trademarks

Pepsi, Honda, IBM, Microsoft Word

Words and abbreviations of specific names (but not names of things that camefrom specific things but are now general types)

Freudian, NBC, pasteurize, UN, french fries, italics


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NOUNS

USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS WITH NOUNS

Capital letters are used with:

Names and titles of people

a. Winston Churchillb. Marilyn Monroe

c. the Queen of Englandd. the President of the United States

e. the Headmaster of Etonf. Doctor Mathewsg. Professor Samuels.

Note: The personal pronoun 'I' is always written with a capital letter.

Titles of works, books etc.

a. War and Peace

b. The Merchant of Venicec. Crime and Punishment

d. Tristan and Isolde

Months of the year

January July

February August

March September

April October

May November

June December

Days of the weekMonday Friday

Tuesday Saturday

Wednesday Sunday

Thursday

Seasons

Spring

Summer

Autumn

Winter

Holidays

Christmas Easter New Year's Day

Boxing Day May Day Thanksgiving Day

Geographical names...names of countries and continents

America England Scotland

China Peru Albania

Africa Europe Asia

names of regions, states, districts etc.

Sussex California Queensland


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Provence Tuscany Vaud

Florida Costa Brava Tyrol

names of cities, towns, villages etc.

London Cape Town Rome

Florence Bath Wagga Wagga

Vancouver Wellington Peking

names of rivers, oceans, seas, lakes etc.

the Atlantic the Dead Sea the Pacific

Lake Leman Lake Victoria Lake Michigan

the Rhine the Thames the Nile

names of geographical formations

the Himalayas the Alps the Sahara

Adjectives relating to nationality nouns

France - French music

Australia - Australian animals

Germany - German literature

Arabia - Arabic writing

Indonesia - Indonesian poetry

China - Chinese food

Names of streets, buildings, parks etc.

Park Lane Central Avenue Pall Mall

George Street Sydney Opera House Central Park

Hyde Park the Empire State Building Wall Street

How To Use Capital Letters

1. Step 1: Starting a sentence

Capital letters are always used at the beginning of a sentence.

2. Step 2: Names

You should also use a capital letter at the beginning of people's names, days of the week and month,

and brand names.

3. Step 3: Countries

The names of all countries and cities are spelt with a capital letter, like France and Paris. So are words

that are connected to them, like French and Parisian. This isn't necessary when they don't refer directly

to the country in question, like danish pastries or french windows - which don't have to actually be

Danish or French. It also applies to regional and ethnic divisions like Basque and Catalan, and black

and white, when they refer to people as in Black American.

4. Step 4: Language and religion


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The names of languages and religions like Hindi and Buddhism should always get capital letters, as do

many religious people, concepts and events like The Last Supper, God, Jesus, The Prophet

Mohammed and The Old Testament. This doesn't apply to pagan deities, like the Greek god

Prometheus.

5. Step 5: Holidays

Capitals are also used to indicate historical periods like The Middle Ages and holidays like Easter and

Hallowe'en.

6. Step 6: Titles

In titles, like the title of a book or essay, you should use a capital letter for the first word of the title, and

all significant words after it. For instance:

How to Make Friends and Influence People. The title makes it clear that Making Friends and

Influencing people are the main themes of this book.

7. Step 7: I

The word I as in oneself is always a capital letter.

8. Step 8: Abbreviating

When abbreviating, you should always use a capital letter. It is always preferable to set your standard

abbreviation early on:

Meg Ryan was outstanding in the film When Harry met Sally (WHMS).

But some abbreviations (of large organisations and companies) are well-known enough to be written in

capitals without an explanation: BBC, UN, NATO etc.

9. Step 9: Highlighting words

Capitals can be used to highlight certain words in a sentence, but shouldn't be used for whole

sentences, unless you want to sound angry: STOP STEALING MY MILK!

10.Step 10: Context

The context in which you are using some words changes whether or not they are spelt with a capital

letter. Words like Parliament and Government are spelt with capitals when they refer to a specific

parliament etc.

But note the difference in the following uses:

I want to meet the President of America.

I want to be president of a large company.


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When do we Use Capital Letters?

1. Use a capital letter for the personal pronoun I:

What can I say?

2. Use a capital letter to begin a sentence or to begin speech:

The man arrived. He sat down. Suddenly Mary asked, "Do you love me?"

3. Use capital letters for many abbreviations and acronyms:

G.M.T. or GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) N.A.T.O. or NATO or Nato (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

4. Use a capital letter for days of the week, months of the year, holidays:

Monday, Tuesday January, February Christmas Armistice Day

5. Use a capital letter for countries, languages & nationalities, religions:

China, France Japanese, English Christianity, Buddhism

6. Use a capital letter for people's names and titles:

Anthony, Ram, William Shakespeare Professor Jones, Dr Smith Captain Kirk, King Henry VIII

7. Use a capital letter for trade-marks and names of companies and other organizations:

Pepsi Cola, Walkman Microsoft Corporation, Toyota the United Nations, the Red Cross

8. Use a capital letter for places and monuments:

London, Paris, the Latin Quarter the Eiffel Tower, St Paul's Cathedral Buckingham Palace, the White House Oxford Street, Fifth Avenue Jupiter, Mars, Syrius Asia, the Middle East, the North Pole

9. Use a capital letter for names of vehicles like ships, trains and spacecraft:

the Titanic


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the Orient Express, the Flying Scotsman Challenger 2, the Enterprise

10. Use a capital letter for titles of books, poems, songs, plays, films etc:

War And Peace If, Futility Like a Virgin The Taming of the Shrew The Lion King, Gone With The Wind

11. Use capitals letters (sometimes!) for headings, titles of articles, books etc, and newspaper headlines:

HOW TO WIN AT POKER Chapter 2: CLINTON'S EARLY LIFE LIFE FOUND ON MARS! MAN BITES DOG

Verbs and Verb Tensespresent perfect continous

Keywords: present perfect continous, present participle

simple present

Keywords: verbs, tenses, present simple

future continuous

Keywords: future, actions in progress

present continuous

Keywords: -ing, verbs, tenses, present participle, verbs not used in continuous form

present perfect 1

Keywords: present perfect, past participle, irregular verbs

present perfect 2

Keywords: present perfect, ever, never, already, yet

present perfect 3

Keywords: present perfect, simple past, time, attitude

present perfect 4

Keywords: present perfect, for, since

summary

Keywords: verb tenses, present tenses, perfect tenses, conditional tenses, past tenses, future

tenses

simple past

Keywords: simple past, form, function, irregular verbs, irregular verbs, auxiliary 'did', ago

past continuous

Keywords: past continuous, description, narrativepast perfect

Keywords: past perfect, just

past perfect continuous

Keywords: past perfect continuous, process, reported speech

future forms - introduction

Keywords: future, attitude

future forms - simple future

Keywords: will/shall, prediction, decision, future facts, certainty

present continuous for future events

Keywords: arrangements, future

future with 'going to'

Keywords: plans, intentions

menu / introduction

Keywords: menu, introduction, tenses
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future perfect

Keywords: future, completed actions

future perfect continuous

Keywords: unfinished, future time

other forms of future

Keywords: is to, obligation, about to, immediate future

type 1 conditionalKeywords: if + present + future, fact

simple present for future events

Keywords: future, facts, timetable, calendar
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