las dos revoluciones del siglo xvii

7/31/2019 Las Dos Revoluciones Del Siglo XVII

1/34

Las dos revoluciones del siglo XVII

Oliver Cromwell.

Durante la primera mitad delsiglo XVII, se form la unin dinstica entreInglaterrayEscociaal otorgar el trono ingls aJacobo Ien1603, quien pertenecaa la casa escocesa de losEstuardo(no obstante, la unin poltica no se produjohasta1707, con elActa de Unin). Mientras, continuaba el proceso decolonizacin inglesa de Irlandamediante la confiscacin de tierras.

Durante elsiglo XVIIse produjeron dos procesos revolucionarios enInglaterra. El

primero de ellos, conocido con el nombre deRevolucin inglesa, liderado por elpuritanoOliver Cromwell, ocurri entre1640y1660, y tuvo como consecuencia laproclamacin de la nica repblica en la historia inglesa.

El segundo proceso revolucionario fue a finales del siglo XVII y se le conoci conel nombre deRevolucin Incruentao La Gloriosa. sta ocurri tras larestauracin de la monarqua de los Estuardo, como respuesta del parlamentocontra el absolutismo del rey catlicoJacobo II. En la Revolucin Incruenta, lostoriesy loswhigsse aliaron para destituir a Jacobo II, lo que consiguieron en1688, proponiendo a su yerno, el prncipeGuillermo de Orange, para sustituirle enel trono, a quien impusieron ladeclaracin de derechos(Bill of Rights) (1689) y el

Acta de Tolerancia.

[editar] Fundacin del Reino Unido de Gran Bretaa e Irlanda (1801-1922)

Artculo principal:Reino Unido de Gran Bretaa e Irlanda
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XVIIhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XVIIhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XVIIhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterrahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterrahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escociahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escociahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escociahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_I_de_Inglaterra_y_VI_de_Escociahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_I_de_Inglaterra_y_VI_de_Escociahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_I_de_Inglaterra_y_VI_de_Escociahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1603http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1603http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1603http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuardohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuardohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuardohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1707http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1707http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1707http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_de_Uni%C3%B3n_(1707)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_de_Uni%C3%B3n_(1707)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_de_Uni%C3%B3n_(1707)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizaciones_de_Irlandahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizaciones_de_Irlandahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XVIIhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XVIIhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XVIIhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterrahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterrahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterrahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_inglesahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_inglesahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_inglesahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritanismohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwellhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwellhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwellhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1640http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1640http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1640http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1660http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1660http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1660http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Gloriosahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Gloriosahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Gloriosahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_II_de_Inglaterrahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_II_de_Inglaterrahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_II_de_Inglaterrahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toryhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toryhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whighttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whighttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whighttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1688http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1688http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_de_Orangehttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_de_Orangehttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_de_Orangehttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaraci%C3%B3n_de_derechoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaraci%C3%B3n_de_derechoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaraci%C3%B3n_de_derechoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_de_Toleranciahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_de_Toleranciahttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historia_del_Reino_Unido&action=edit&section=2http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historia_del_Reino_Unido&action=edit&section=2http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historia_del_Reino_Unido&action=edit&section=2http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1801http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1801http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Unido_de_Gran_Breta%C3%B1a_e_Irlandahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Unido_de_Gran_Breta%C3%B1a_e_Irlandahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Unido_de_Gran_Breta%C3%B1a_e_Irlandahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Oliver_CromwellUT.jpghttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Oliver_CromwellUT.jpghttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Oliver_CromwellUT.jpghttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Oliver_CromwellUT.jpghttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Unido_de_Gran_Breta%C3%B1a_e_Irlandahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1801http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historia_del_Reino_Unido&action=edit&section=2http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_de_Toleranciahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaraci%C3%B3n_de_derechoshttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_de_Orangehttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1688http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whighttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toryhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_II_de_Inglaterrahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Gloriosahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1660http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1640http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwellhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritanismohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_inglesahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterrahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XVIIhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonizaciones_de_Irlandahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_de_Uni%C3%B3n_(1707)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1707http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuardohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1603http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_I_de_Inglaterra_y_VI_de_Escociahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escociahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterrahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XVII


2/34


3/34

primera la tirana del reloj, que les impone una vida montona y con largasjornadas de trabajo. Las mujeres y los nios eran mano de obra barata. Elabsentismo laboral se penalizaba con la crcel. Los servicios pblicos eranmediocres o inexistentes, por ejemplo, no haba agua corriente en los hogares, nialcantarillado ni servicios de limpieza urbana. Esto provoc epidemias. El idelogo

liberalAdam Smithse opona a esta situacin de explotacin de clases.[editar] Las reformas polticas de la 1 mitad delsiglo XIX

La 1 Ley de Reforma electoral fue en1832. Supuso la redistribucin de losescaos para ir eliminando losburgos podridos, dando mayor representatividad aaquellos condados con ms poblacin y rebajndosela a los condados con menoshabitantes. Se duplic el cuerpo electoral, pasando de 420.000 a 800.000electores, gracias a que se le dio derecho al voto a los propietarios de inmueblescon una renta mayor de 10 por ao, lo cual equivala al burgus medio-alto.

A pesar de que esta reforma no afect a un nmero significativo de la poblacininglesa (del 70% al 80% de los representantes en la Cmara de los Comunesseguan siendo grandes hacendados), sta posibilit que se aprobasennumerosas leyes que supusieron avances sociales importantes. Como porejemplo, en1833, se aprob laLey de municipios de 1833, la abolicin de laesclavitud, la creacin de una Educacin estatal y lasLeyes fabriles de 1833. En1834, se aprob laNueva Ley de Pobreso New Poor Law. En1836, se redact laReforma matrimonial, se suprimi eldiezmoy se realiz una redistribucin dentrodel seno de laIglesia de Inglaterraentre el 36 y1840. En1846, debido a laCrisisde la Patatairlandesa, se suprimi la poltica proteccionista sobre los cereales, locual supuso el triunfo dellibrecambismohasta laCrisis de 1929. En1847, seaprob la jornada de 10 horas de trabajo, gracias a las presiones delCartismo.
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smithhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smithhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smithhttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historia_del_Reino_Unido&action=edit&section=5http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historia_del_Reino_Unido&action=edit&section=5http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historia_del_Reino_Unido&action=edit&section=5http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XIXhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XIXhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XIXhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1832http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1832http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1832http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgo_podridohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgo_podridohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgo_podridohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1833http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1833http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1833http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_municipios_de_1833_(Inglaterra)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_municipios_de_1833_(Inglaterra)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_municipios_de_1833_(Inglaterra)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyes_fabriles_de_1833_(Inglaterra)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyes_fabriles_de_1833_(Inglaterra)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyes_fabriles_de_1833_(Inglaterra)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1834http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1834http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nueva_Ley_de_Pobres_(Inglaterra)&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nueva_Ley_de_Pobres_(Inglaterra)&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nueva_Ley_de_Pobres_(Inglaterra)&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1836http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1836http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1836http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reforma_matrimonial_de_1836_(Inglaterra)&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reforma_matrimonial_de_1836_(Inglaterra)&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diezmohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diezmohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diezmohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_de_Inglaterrahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_de_Inglaterrahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_de_Inglaterrahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1846http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1846http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1846http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_hambruna_irlandesahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_hambruna_irlandesahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_hambruna_irlandesahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_hambruna_irlandesahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librecambismohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librecambismohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librecambismohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_de_1929http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_de_1929http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_de_1929http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1847http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1847http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1847http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartismohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartismohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartismohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartismohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1847http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_de_1929http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librecambismohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_hambruna_irlandesahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_hambruna_irlandesahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1846http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_de_Inglaterrahttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diezmohttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reforma_matrimonial_de_1836_(Inglaterra)&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1836http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nueva_Ley_de_Pobres_(Inglaterra)&action=edit&redlink=1http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1834http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyes_fabriles_de_1833_(Inglaterra)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_municipios_de_1833_(Inglaterra)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1833http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgo_podridohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1832http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XIXhttp://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historia_del_Reino_Unido&action=edit&section=5http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith


4/34

History of the United Kingdom

The history of the United Kingdom as a unifiedsovereign statebegan with thepolitical unionof the kingdoms ofEngland, which includedWales, andScotlandon1 May 1707 in accordance with theTreaty of Union, as ratified by theActs of Union

1707. The Union created the new state ofGreat Britain,[1][2][3][4]

which shared asingle constitutional monarch and a singleParliament of Great BritainatWestminster. Prior to this, the kingdoms of England and Scotland had beenseparate sovereign states, although inpersonal unionfollowing theUnion of theCrownsof 1603, each with political, administrative and cultural institutions includingrepresentative governance, law systems, and distinguished contributions to thearts and sciences, upon which the institutions of the United Kingdom were later tobe built. On the new kingdom, the historianSimon Schamasaid, "What began as ahostile merger would end in a full partnership in the most powerfulgoing concerninthe world... it was one of the most astonishing transformations inEuropeanhistory."[5]A furtherAct of Unionin 1800 added theKingdom of Irelandto create

theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.The early years of the unified kingdom of Great Britain were marked byJacobiterisingswhich ended with defeat for the Stuart cause atCullodenin 1746. Later, in1763,victory in the Seven Years Warled to the dominance of the British Empire,which was to be the foremostglobal powerfor over a century and grew to becomethelargest empirein history. By 1921, the British Empire held sway over apopulation of about 458 million people, approximately one-quarter of the world'spopulation.[6]and as a result, theculture of the United Kingdom, and its industrial,political and linguistic legacy, is widespread.

In 1801, Great Britain andIrelandmerged to form theUnited Kingdom of GreatBritain and Ireland. In 1922, following theAnglo-Irish Treaty, Ireland effectivelyseceded from the United Kingdom to become theIrish Free State later,Irelandorire, a new dominion of theBritish Empire; a day later,Northern Irelandseceded from the Free State and was confirmed byKing George Vas part of theUnited Kingdom. As a result, in 1927 the United Kingdom changed its formal title tothe "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,"[7]usuallyshortened tothe "United Kingdom", the "UK" or "Britain", but theStyle of the British sovereign,as the result of the dissolution of the previous Union, entirely abandoned the term"United Kingdom". It became, and remained until 1953, "By the Grace of God, ofGreat Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King/Queen,

Defender of the Faith".Following theSecond World War, in which the UK was anallied power, most of theterritories of the British Empire became independent. Many went on to join theCommonwealth of Nations, a free association of independent states.[8]Some haveretained theBritish monarchas theirhead of stateto become independentCommonwealth realms. In its capacity as agreat power, and as a leading member
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Crownshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Crownshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Crownshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Crownshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Schamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Schamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Schamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going_concernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going_concernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going_concernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_risinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_risinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_risinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_risinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cullodenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cullodenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cullodenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_empireshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_empireshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_empireshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Free_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Free_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Free_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles_(terminology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles_(terminology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles_(terminology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles_(terminology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_of_the_British_sovereignhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_of_the_British_sovereignhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_of_the_British_sovereignhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_monarchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_monarchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_monarchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_monarchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_of_the_British_sovereignhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles_(terminology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles_(terminology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Free_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_empireshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cullodenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_risinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_risinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going_concernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Schamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Crownshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Crownshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state


5/34

of theUnited Nations,European UnionandNATO, the United Kingdom remains astrong economic, cultural, military and political influence in the 21st century.

Contents

[hide]

1 18th centuryo 1.1 Birth of the Uniono 1.2 Hanoverian kingso 1.3 South Sea Bubbleo 1.4 Warfare and financeo 1.5 British Empire

2 19th centuryo 2.1 Union with Irelando 2.2 Napoleonic warso 2.3 Whig reforms of the 1830so 2.4 Victorian erao 2.5 Empire expandso 2.6 Ireland and the move to Home Rule

3 20th centuryo 3.1 World War Io 3.2 Irish Home Rule, Partition of Ireland and Irish Independenceo 3.3 Great Depressiono 3.4 World War IIo 3.5 Postwaro 3.6 Empire to Commonwealth

o 3.7 From the Troubles to the Belfast Agreemento 3.8 The economy in the late 20th centuryo 3.9 Common Market (EEC), then EU, membershipo 3.10 Devolution for Scotland and Wales

4 21st centuryo 4.1 War in Afghanistan and Iraq, and terrorist attacks at homeo 4.2 Nationalist government in Scotlando 4.3 The 2008 economic crisiso 4.4 The 2010 coalition government

5 See also 6 Notes

7 References 8 Further reading 9 Primary sources 10 External links

[edit] 18th century
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#18th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#18th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Birth_of_the_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Birth_of_the_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Hanoverian_kingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Hanoverian_kingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#South_Sea_Bubblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#South_Sea_Bubblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Warfare_and_financehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Warfare_and_financehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#19th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#19th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Union_with_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Union_with_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Napoleonic_warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Napoleonic_warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Whig_reforms_of_the_1830shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Whig_reforms_of_the_1830shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Victorian_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Victorian_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Empire_expandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Empire_expandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Ireland_and_the_move_to_Home_Rulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Ireland_and_the_move_to_Home_Rulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#20th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#20th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Irish_Home_Rule.2C_Partition_of_Ireland_and_Irish_Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Irish_Home_Rule.2C_Partition_of_Ireland_and_Irish_Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Great_Depressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Great_Depressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Postwarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Postwarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Empire_to_Commonwealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Empire_to_Commonwealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#From_the_Troubles_to_the_Belfast_Agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#From_the_Troubles_to_the_Belfast_Agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#The_economy_in_the_late_20th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#The_economy_in_the_late_20th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Common_Market_.28EEC.29.2C_then_EU.2C_membershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Common_Market_.28EEC.29.2C_then_EU.2C_membershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Devolution_for_Scotland_and_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Devolution_for_Scotland_and_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#21st_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#21st_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#War_in_Afghanistan_and_Iraq.2C_and_terrorist_attacks_at_homehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#War_in_Afghanistan_and_Iraq.2C_and_terrorist_attacks_at_homehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Nationalist_government_in_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Nationalist_government_in_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#The_2008_economic_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#The_2008_economic_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#The_2010_coalition_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#The_2010_coalition_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Primary_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Primary_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Primary_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#The_2010_coalition_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#The_2008_economic_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Nationalist_government_in_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#War_in_Afghanistan_and_Iraq.2C_and_terrorist_attacks_at_homehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#21st_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Devolution_for_Scotland_and_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Common_Market_.28EEC.29.2C_then_EU.2C_membershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#The_economy_in_the_late_20th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#From_the_Troubles_to_the_Belfast_Agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Empire_to_Commonwealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Postwarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Great_Depressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Irish_Home_Rule.2C_Partition_of_Ireland_and_Irish_Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#20th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Ireland_and_the_move_to_Home_Rulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Empire_expandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Victorian_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Whig_reforms_of_the_1830shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Napoleonic_warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Union_with_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#19th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Warfare_and_financehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#South_Sea_Bubblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Hanoverian_kingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Birth_of_the_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#18th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations


6/34

Main article:18th century Britain

[edit] Birth of the Union

Main articles:Treaty of UnionandActs of Union 1707

See also:Union of the CrownsandHistory of the formation of the United Kingdom

"Articles of Union with Scotland", 1707

The united kingdom ofGreat Britaincame into being on 1 May 1707, as a result of

thepolitical unionof theKingdom of England(which includedWales) and theKingdom of Scotland. The terms of the union had been agreed in theTreaty ofUnionthat was negotiated the previous year and then ratified by the parliaments ofScotlandandEnglandeach approvingActs of Union.[9]

Although previously separate states, England and Scotland hadshared monarchssince 1603 whenJames VI of Scotlandbecome James I of England on the deathof the childlessElizabeth I, an event known as theUnion of the Crowns. TheTreaty of Union enabled the two kingdoms to be combined into a single kingdomwith the two parliaments merging into a singleparliament of Great Britain.Queen

Anne, who reigned from 1702 to 1714, had favoured deeper political integration

between the two kingdoms and became the first monarch ofGreat Britain. Theunion was valuable to England from a security standpoint, since it meant thatScotland lost the possibility to choose a different monarch on her death, reducingthe chance of a European power using Scotland as a route to invading England.

Although now a single kingdom, certain aspects of the former independentkingdoms remained separate, in line with the terms in the Treaty of Union:ScottishandEnglish lawremained separate, as did thePresbyterianChurch of Scotland
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Crownshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Crownshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Crownshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_formation_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_formation_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_formation_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Crownshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Crownshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Crownshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Articles_of_Union_1707.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Articles_of_Union_1707.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Articles_of_Union_1707.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Articles_of_Union_1707.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Crownshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_formation_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Crownshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century_Britain


7/34

and theAnglicanChurch of England. England and Scotland also continued to havedivergent systems of education.

The creation of Great Britain happened during theWar of the Spanish Succession,in which just before his death in 1702 William III had reactivated the Grand Alliance

against France. His successor, Anne, continued the war. TheDuke of Marlboroughwon a series of brilliant victories over the French, England's first major battlefieldsuccesses on the Continent since theHundred Years War. France was nearlybrought to its knees by 1709, whenKing Louis XIVmade a desperate appeal to theFrench people. Afterwards, his generalMarshal Villarsmanaged to turn the tide infavour of France. A more peace-minded government came to power in GreatBritain, and the treaties ofUtrechtandRastadtin 17131714 ended the war.

[edit] Hanoverian kings

George I in 1714, by Godfrey Kneller

Queen Anne died in 1714, and the Elector of Hanover, George Louis, became kingasGeorge I. Jacobite factions remained strong however, and they instigated arevolt in 17151716. The son ofJames IIplanned to invade England, but before hecould do so,John Erskine, Earl of Mar, launched an invasion from Scotland, whichwas easily defeated.George IIsucceeded to the throne in 1727 and ruled until hisdeath in 1760. During his reign, the rising power of Prussia led to two majorconflicts in Europe, theWar of the Austrian Successionfrom 1740 to 1748, and theSeven Years Warfrom 1756 to 1763. Both spilled over into the American colonies,and when the latter ended, Britain gained all of Canada and France was destroyedas a colonial power in North America.

Although British sea power proved decisive in the wars, the French navy hadbecome a serious challenger by the middle of the 18th century and aninvasion of
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Successionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Successionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Successionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlboroughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlboroughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlboroughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Louis_Hector_de_Villarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Louis_Hector_de_Villarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Louis_Hector_de_Villarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrechthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrechthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrechthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Rastatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Rastatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Rastatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Erskine,_22nd_Earl_of_Marhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Erskine,_22nd_Earl_of_Marhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Erskine,_22nd_Earl_of_Marhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Successionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Successionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Successionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_French_Invasion_of_Britain_(1759)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_French_Invasion_of_Britain_(1759)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_I_Oval.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_I_Oval.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_I_Oval.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_I_Oval.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_French_Invasion_of_Britain_(1759)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Successionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Erskine,_22nd_Earl_of_Marhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Rastatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrechthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Louis_Hector_de_Villarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlboroughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Successionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism


8/34

Britain nearly took place in 1759. After the death of George II in 1760, his grandsonbecame king asGeorge IIIat the age of 22. Unlike his two predecessors, he wasborn in Britain and English was his first language. Frequently reviled by Americansas a tyrant and the instigator of the US War of Independence, he ruled for sixtyyears. George had fifteen children with his queen Charlotte of Mecklenburg; two of

his nine sons became kings themselves. Beginning in the 1780s, he sufferedrecurrent fits of insanity due to being afflicted withporphyriaand became totallyinsane by the last decade of his life.

[edit] South Sea Bubble

The era was prosperous as entrepreneurs extended the range of their businessaround the globe. TheSouth Sea Bubblewas a business enterprise that explodedin scandal. The South Sea Company was a private business corporation set up inLondon ostensibly to grant trade monopolies in South America. Its actual purposewas to renegotiate previous high-interest government loans amounting to 31

million through market manipulation and speculation. It issued stock four times in1720 that reached about 8000 investors. Prices kept soaring every day, from 130a share to 1000, with insiders making huge paper profits. The Bubble collapsedovernight, ruining many speculators. Investigations showed bribes had reachedinto high placeseven to the king.Robert Walpolemanaged to wind it down withminimal political and economic damage, although some losers fled to exile orcommitted suicide.[10][11]

[edit] Warfare and finance

From 1700 to 1850, Britain was involved in 137 wars or rebellions. It maintained a

relatively large and expensiveRoyal Navy, along with a small standing army. Whenthe need arose for soldiers it hired mercenaries or financed allied who fieldedarmies. The rising costs of warfare forced a shift in government financing from theincome from royal agricultural estates and special imposts and taxes to reliance oncustoms and excise taxes and, after 1790, an income tax. Working with bankers inthe City, the government raised large loans during wartime and paid them off inpeacetime. The rise in taxes amounted to 20% of national income, but the privatesector benefited from the increase in economic growth. The demand for warsupplies stimulated the industrial sector, particularly naval supplies, munitions andtextiles, which gave Britain an advantage in international trade during the postwaryears.[12][13][14]

[edit] British Empire

Main article:British Empire
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_French_Invasion_of_Britain_(1759)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_French_Invasion_of_Britain_(1759)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sea_Bubblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sea_Bubblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sea_Bubblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sea_Bubblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_French_Invasion_of_Britain_(1759)


9/34


10/34

independence of the United States. However, the British continued to maintainforts along theCanadianborder until 1796 and theGreat Lakesremainedmilitarised until 1815.

British general John Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga (1777), painting by JohnTrumbull 1822

The loss of the Thirteen Colonies, at the time Britain's most populous colonies,marked the transition between the "first" and "second" empires,[17]in which Britainshifted its attention to Asia, the Pacific and later Africa.Adam Smith'sWealth ofNations, published in 1776, had argued that colonies were redundant, and thatfreetradeshould replace the oldmercantilistpolicies that had characterised the firstperiod of colonial expansion, dating back to the protectionism of Spain andPortugal. The growth of trade between the newly independent United States andBritain after 1783[18]confirmed Smith's view that political control was not necessaryfor economic success.

During its first 100 years of operation, the focus of theBritish East India Companyhad been trade, not the building of an empire in India. Company interests turnedfrom trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined inpower and the British East India Company struggled with its French counterpart,theLa Compagnie franaise des Indes orientales, during theCarnatic Warsof the1740s and 1750s. The British, led byRobert Clive, defeated the French and theirIndian allies in theBattle of Plassey, leaving the Company in control ofBengalanda major military and political power in India. In the following decades it graduallyincreased the size of the territories under its control, either ruling directly orindirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force of theIndian Army, 80%of which was composed of native Indiansepoys.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantilisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantilisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantilisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_East_India_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_East_India_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_East_India_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnatic_Warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnatic_Warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnatic_Warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Clivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Clivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Clivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Plasseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Plasseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Plasseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepoyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepoyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepoyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepoyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Plasseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Clivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnatic_Warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_East_India_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantilisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian


11/34

Voyages of the explorer James Cook

On 22 August 1770,James Cookdiscovered the eastern coast of Australia [19]whileon a scientificvoyageto the South Pacific. In 1778,Joseph Banks, Cook's botaniston the voyage, presented evidence to the government on the suitability ofBotanyBayfor the establishment of a penal settlement, and in 1787 the first shipment ofconvictsset sail, arriving in 1788.

At the threshold to the 19th century, Britain was challenged again by France underNapoleon, in a struggle that, unlike previous wars, represented a contest ofideologies between the two nations.[20]

British Empire in 1921

The British government had somewhat mixed reactions to the outbreak of theFrench Revolution in 1789, and when war broke out on the Continent in 1792, itinitially remained neutral. But the following January,Louis XVIwas beheaded. Thiscombined with a threatened invasion of the Netherlands by France spurred Britainto declare war. For the next 23 years, the two nations were at war except for ashort period in 18021803. Britain alone among the nations of Europe neversubmitted to or formed an alliance with France. Throughout the 1790s, the Britishrepeatedly defeated the navies of France and its allies, but were unable to performany significant land operations. An Anglo-Russian invasion of the Netherlands in1799 accomplished little except the capture of the Dutch fleet.

It was not only Britain's position on the world stage that was threatened: Napoleonthreatened invasion of Britain itself, and with it, a fate similar to the countries ofcontinental Europe that his armies had overrun.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_voyage_of_James_Cookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_voyage_of_James_Cookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_voyage_of_James_Cookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bankshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bankshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bankshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convictism_in_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convictism_in_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Empire_1921.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Empire_1921.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cookroutes.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cookroutes.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Empire_1921.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Empire_1921.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cookroutes.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cookroutes.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Empire_1921.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Empire_1921.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cookroutes.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cookroutes.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Empire_1921.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Empire_1921.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cookroutes.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cookroutes.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convictism_in_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bankshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_voyage_of_James_Cookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook


12/34

[edit] 19th century

Main article:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

Further information:Georgian era,British Regency,Victorian era, andBritish

Empire[edit] Union with Ireland

TheFlag of the United Kingdomis based on the flags ofEngland,ScotlandandIreland

Main article:Act of Union 1800

On 1 January 1801, theGreat BritainandIrelandjoined to form theUnitedKingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Events that culminated in the union with Ireland had spanned several centuries.Invasions from England by the rulingNormansfrom 1170 led to centuries of strifeinIrelandand successiveKings of Englandsought both to conquer and pillageIreland, imposing their rule by force throughout the entire island. In the early 17thcentury, large-scale settlement by Protestant settlers from both Scotland andEngland began, especially in the province ofUlster, seeing the displacement ofmany of the nativeRoman CatholicIrish inhabitants of this part of Ireland. Sincethe time of the first Norman invaders from England, Ireland has been subject tocontrol and regulation, firstly by England then latterly by Great Britain.

After theIrish Rebellion of 1641, Irish Roman Catholics were barred from voting or

attending theIrish Parliament. The new English Protestant ruling class was knownas theProtestant Ascendancy. Towards the end of the 18th century the entirelyProtestant Irish Parliament attained a greater degree of independence from theBritish Parliament than it had previously held. Under thePenal Lawsno IrishCatholic could sit in theParliament of Ireland, even though some 90% of Ireland'spopulation was native Irish Catholic when the first of these bans was introduced in1691. This ban was followed by others in 1703 and 1709 as part of acomprehensive system disadvantaging the Catholic community, and to a lesser
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Regencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Regencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Regencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_Laws_(Ireland)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_Laws_(Ireland)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_Laws_(Ireland)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flags_of_the_Union_Jack.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flags_of_the_Union_Jack.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flags_of_the_Union_Jack.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flags_of_the_Union_Jack.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_Laws_(Ireland)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Regencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7


13/34

extent Protestant dissenters.[21]In 1798, many members of this dissenter traditionmade common cause with Catholics in a rebellion inspired and led by theSocietyof United Irishmen. It was staged with the aim of creating a fully independentIreland as a state with a republican constitution. Despite assistance from FrancetheIrish Rebellion of 1798was put down by British forces.

Possibly influenced by theWar of American Independence(17751783), a unitedforce of Irish volunteers used their influence to campaign for greater independencefor the Irish Parliament. This was granted in 1782, giving free trade and legislativeindependence to Ireland. However, theFrench revolutionhad encouraged theincreasing calls for moderateconstitutional reform. The Society ofUnited Irishmen,made up of Presbyterians fromBelfastand both Anglicans and Catholics inDublin,campaigned for an end to British domination. Their leaderTheobald Wolfe Tone(176398) worked with theCatholic Conventionof 1792 which demanded an endto thepenal laws. Failing to win the support of the British government, he travelledtoParis, encouraging a number of French naval forces to land in Ireland to helpwith the planned insurrections. These were slaughtered by government forces, butthese rebellions convinced the British under Prime MinisterWilliam Pittthat theonly solution was to end Irish independence once and for all.

Henry Gratton, an Irish politician who opposed the union with Britain

The legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland was brought about by the Act ofUnion 1800, creating the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland". The Actwas passed in both the Parliament of Great Britain and theParliament of Ireland,dominated by theProtestant Ascendancyand lacking representation of thecountry'sRoman Catholicpopulation. Substantial majorities were achieved, andaccording to contemporary documents this was assisted bybriberyin the form ofthe awarding ofpeeragesandhonoursto opponents to gain their votes.[22]Under
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_reformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_reformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_reformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Irishmenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Irishmenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Irishmenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_Wolfe_Tonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_Wolfe_Tonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_Wolfe_Tonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Convention&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Convention&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Convention&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_lawshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_lawshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_lawshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Youngerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Youngerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briberyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briberyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briberyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peeragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peeragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peeragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_honours_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_honours_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_honours_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Grattan.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Grattan.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Grattan.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Grattan.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_honours_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peeragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briberyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Youngerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_lawshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Convention&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_Wolfe_Tonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Irishmenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_reformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-20


14/34

the terms of the merger, the separate Parliaments ofGreat BritainandIrelandwereabolished, and replaced by a unitedParliament of the United Kingdom. Ireland thusbecame an integral part of the United Kingdom, sending around 100 MPs to theHouse of Commons at Westminster and 28representative peersto the House ofLords, elected from among their number by the Irish peers themselves, except that

Roman Catholic peers were not permitted to take their seats in the Lords. Part ofthe trade-off for the Irish Catholics was to be the granting ofCatholic Emancipation,which had been fiercely resisted by the all-Anglican Irish Parliament. However, thiswas blocked byKing George III, who argued that emancipating the RomanCatholics would breach hisCoronation Oath. The Roman Catholic hierarchy hadendorsed the Union. However the decision to block Catholic Emancipation fatallyundermined the appeal of the Union.

[edit] Napoleonic wars

Main article:Napoleonic wars

During theWar of the Second Coalition(17991801), Britain occupied most of theFrench and Dutch colonies (the Netherlands had been a satellite of France since1796), but tropical diseases claimed the lives of over 40,000 troops. When theTreaty of Amiens ended the war, Britain was forced to return most of the colonies.The peace settlement was in effect only a cease fire, and Napoleon continued toprovoke the British by attempting a trade embargo on the country and byoccupying the German city ofHanover(afiefof the British crown). In May 1803,war was declared again. Napoleon's plans to invade Britain failed due to theinferiority of his navy, and in 1805, Lord Nelson's fleet decisively defeated theFrench and Spanish at Trafalgar, which was the last significant naval action of theNapoleonic Wars.

The BritishHMS Sandwichfires to the FrenchflagshipBucentaure(completelydismasted) into battle offTrafalgar. The Bucentaurealso fightsHMS Victory(behind her) andHMS Temeraire(left side of the picture). In fact, HMS Sandwichnever fought at Trafalgar, it's a mistake fromAuguste Mayer, the painter.[23]

The series of naval and colonial conflicts, including a large number of minor navalactions, resembled those of the French Revolutionary Wars and the preceding
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_peershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_peershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_peershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Emancipationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Emancipationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Emancipationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Oathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Oathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Oathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Sandwich_(1759)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Sandwich_(1759)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Sandwich_(1759)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Sandwich_(1759)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Bucentaure_(1803)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Bucentaure_(1803)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Bucentaure_(1803)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Victoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Victoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Victoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Victoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Temeraire_(1798)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Temeraire_(1798)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Temeraire_(1798)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Temeraire_(1798)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_%C3%89tienne_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mayerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_%C3%89tienne_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mayerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_%C3%89tienne_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mayerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trafalgar-Auguste_Mayer.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trafalgar-Auguste_Mayer.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trafalgar-Auguste_Mayer.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trafalgar-Auguste_Mayer.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_%C3%89tienne_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mayerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Temeraire_(1798)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Victoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Bucentaure_(1803)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Sandwich_(1759)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Oathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Emancipationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_peershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain


15/34

centuries of European warfare. Conflicts in the Caribbean, and in particular theseizure of colonial bases and islands throughout the wars, could potentially havesome effect upon the European conflict. The Napoleonic conflict had reached thepoint at which subsequent historians could talk of a "world war". Only theSevenYears' Waroffered a precedent for widespread conflict on such a scale.

In 1806, Napoleon issued the series ofBerlin Decrees, which brought into effecttheContinental System. This policy aimed to eliminate the threat of the UnitedKingdom by closing French-controlled territory to its trade. The United Kingdom'sarmy remained a minimal threat to France; the UK maintained a standing army of

just 220,000 at the height of the Napoleonic Wars, whereas France's armyexceeded a million men in addition to the armies of numerous allies and severalhundred thousandnational guardsmenthat Napoleon could draft into the military ifnecessary. The Royal Navy, however, effectively disrupted France's extra-continental trade both by seizing and threatening French shipping and byseizing French colonial possessions but could do nothing about France's tradewith the major continental economies and posed little threat to French territory inEurope although the dominance of the Royal Navy dispelled any threat of aninvasion by Napolean from across the channel. In addition France's population andagriculturalcapacity far outstripped that of the United Kingdom.

However, the United Kingdom possessed the greatest industrial capacity inEurope, and its mastery of the seas allowed it to build up considerable economicstrength through trade to its possessions from its rapidly new expanding Empire.That sufficed to ensure that France could never consolidate its control over Europein peace or threaten British colonies outside the continent thanks to Britain's navalsupremacy. However, many in the French government believed that cutting theUnited Kingdom off from the Continent would end its economic influence overEurope and isolate it. Though the French designed the Continental System toachieve this, it never succeeded in its objective.

The Spanish uprising in 1808 at last permitted Britain to gain a foothold on theContinent. The Duke of Wellington and his army of British and Portuguesegradually pushed the French out of Spain and in early 1814, as Napoleon wasbeing driven back in the east by the Prussians, Austrians, and Russians,Wellington invaded southern France. After Napoleon's surrender and exile to theisland of Elba, peace appeared to have returned, but when he escaped back intoFrance in 1815, the British and their allies had to fight him again. The armies ofWellington and Von Blucher defeated Napoleon once and for all at Waterloo.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Decreehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Decreehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Decreehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_(France)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_(France)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guard_(France)http

las dos revoluciones del siglo xvii

Documents