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9

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KF\@IDA]OF A@UG]XAJIXAUF;woi i`éda}g hi} xámàmi} hg |g~f|xijgo go~|gjihi} ̀ i }á|ag ‗Mw|i Eid}aeamihi―$

~wldamihi ~gdf kf|ìd G}xihf hg Oaì}

Lgdf Bf|a{f`xgMg`x|f Wàug|}axé|af hg Lgdf Bf|a{f`xg "W@A/LB!

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KF\@IDA]OF A@UG]XAJIXAUF;woi i`éda}g hi} xámàmi} hg |g~f|xijgo go~|gjihi} ̀ i }á|ag ‗Mw|i Eid}aeamihi―$

~wldamihi ~gdf kf|ìd G}xihf hg Oaì}

Of`fj|ieai i~|g}g`xihi if Mw|}f hg Mfowàmiêíf ]fmaid$

hf Hg~i|xiog`xf hg Maë`mai} ]fmaia} hf Mg`x|f

Wàug|}axé|af hg Lgdf Bf|a{f`xg / Wà/LB$ mfof |gywa}axf

~i|maid ~i|i flxg`êíf hf xïxwdf hg limbi|gd go kf|ìda}of.

F|ag`xihf|; Ow|adf Jf`xakf

Lgdf Bf|a{f`xgMg`x|f Wàug|}axé|af hg Lgdf Bf|a{f`xg "W@A/LB!

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A@X\FHWÊÍF ......................................................................................................................... >7

9 I \G^F\XIJGO AO^\G]]I

9.9 I ef|oiêíf hi `fxïmai ........................................................................................................... >5

9.< ]gdgêíf hi} `fxïmai} .............................................................................................................. >2

9.= Xámàmi} hg |g~f|xijgo ao~|g}}i ..........................................................................................9>

9.8 Oáxfhf} g g}x|ixájai} hg ~g}ywa}i .........................................................................................9=

< F KF\@IDA]OF A@UG]XAJIXAUF<.9 Mf`mgaxf} hf kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf ..................................................................................95

<.< Xámàmi} g ~|fmg}}f} hf kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf ............................................................... <9

<.= F gùfduaog`xf hf |g~ý|xg| mfo i ef`xg ............................................................................. <8

<.8 Kf|ìda}of g áxami ................................................................................................................. <5

= G]XWHF HG MI]F / KF\@IDA]OF A@UG]XAJIXAUF

=.9 G}xihf hg Oaì}; f j|i`hg kf|ìd hf} oa`ga|f} ................................................................... =>

=.< I i~damiêíf hf kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf ì }á|ag ‗Mw|i Eid}aeamihi―.................................. =9

=.= Kw}xaeamixaui .......................................................................................................................... =<

=.8 G}xwhf hg mi}f hi }á|ag hg |g~f|xijg`} —Mw|i Eid}aeamihi‟ .......................................... =<

=.8.9 I`éda}g Jg|id .................................................................................................................... =<

=.8.< Hai >1 hg ijf}xf hg <>>1................................................................................................. ==

=.8.<.9 I}~gmxf} j|éeamf} g ywi`xaxixauf} .................................................................................. ==

=.8.<.< I`éda}g ywidaxixaui ......................................................................................................... =7

=.8.= Hai 9> hg ijf}xf hg <>>1 ................................................................................................ =:=.8.=.9 I}~gmxf} j|éeamf} g ywi`xaxixauf} .................................................................................. =:

=.8.=.< I`éda}g ywidaxixaui ......................................................................................................... =2

=.8.8 Hai 99 hg ijf}xf hg <>>1 ................................................................................................ 89

=.8.8.9 I}~gmxf} j|éeamf} g ywi`xaxixauf} .................................................................................. 89

=.8.8.< I`éda}g ywidaxixaui ......................................................................................................... 8<



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=.8.7.9 I}~gmxf} j|éeamf} g ywi`xaxixauf} ................................................................................. 8=

=.8.7.< I`éda}g ywidaxixaui ........................................................................................................ 88

=.8.5 Hai 9= hg ijf}xf hg <>>1 ............................................................................................... 85=.8.5.9 I}~gmxf} j|éeamf} g ywi`xaxixauf} ................................................................................. 85

=.8.5.< I`éda}g ywidaxixaui ........................................................................................................ 8:

=.8.: Hai 98 hg ijf}xf hg <>>1 ............................................................................................... 82

=.8.:.9 I}~gmxf} j|éeamf} g ywi`xaxixauf} ................................................................................. 82

=.8.:.< I`éda}g ywidaxixaui ........................................................................................................ 81

MF@MDW]ÍF ......................................................................................................................... 79

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7

A@X\FHWÊÍF

G}}g x|ilidbf xgo mfof flkgxauf iìda}i| i mf`}x|wêíf hg woi |g~f|xijgo aùg}xajixaui go

mf`x|i}xg mfo f |geg|g`maid xgý|amf wxada{ihf }fl|g kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf$ áxami$ `fxïmai$|g~f|xijgo g ef`xg}. F flkgxf á i }á|ag hg |g~f|xijg`} hg`foaìhi ‗Mw|i Eid}aeamihi―$

~wldamihi ~gdf kf|ìd G}xihf hg Oaì}$ g`x|g f} hai} >1 g 98 hg ijf}xf hg <>>1.

I ~|aoga|i |i{íf ~gdi ywid f xgoi efa g}mfdbahf ha{ |g}~gaxf î j|i`hg |gdguì`mai ~g}}fid$ }fmaid g

~|fea}}afìd$ ké ywg g}xwhf} }fl|g g}}g jë`g|f }íf |i|f} g g}mi}}f}. I }gjw`hi á i m|g`êi hg ywg

f lfo kf|ìda}of ia`hi uia }g| ua}xf mfo oia} e|gywë`mai `f} ogaf} hg mfowàmiêíf

l|i}adga|f}.

î|i flxg| }wmg}}f$ f x|ilidbf efa egaxf j|ihixauiog`xg. F ~|aoga|f mi~ïxwdf i~|g}g`xi

xgf|a{iê÷g} }fl|g i |g~f|xijgo ao~|g}}i. î|i mbgji| if g}xwhf hf kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf$ á

ao~f|xi`xg ~|aoga|f$ g`xg`hg| i ef|oiêíf hi `fxïmai g f} m|axá|af} hg `fxamailadahihg. Hi`hf

mf`xa`wahihg if ~|aoga|f mi~ïxwdf$ f} |gmw|}f} g oáxfhf} ywg f} |g~ý|xg|g} wxada{io ~i|i

~g}ywa}i g i~w|iêíf.

F }gjw`hf mi~ïxwdf ha}mf||g }fl|g f kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf ~|f~|aiog`xg. F} mf`mgaxf}$

xámàmi} g ~|fmg}}f} hf jë`g|f. Fwx|i da`bi hg ha}mw}}íf á f gùfduaog`xf hf |g~ý|xg| mfo i

ef`xg g i áxami hf} kf|ìda}xi} `f} ogaf} hg mfowàmiêíf. Idáo hf} ogaf} laldafj|éeamf}$ woi

g`x|gua}xi mfo i kf|ìda}xi Oi|ai Mdi|i ^|ixg} ikwhi i g}mdi|gmg| f} ~|fmg}}f} g mioa`bf}

~g|mf||ahf} ~f| wo |g~ý|xg| aùg}xajixauf.

F xg|mga|f g ûdxaof mi~ïxwdf ~|f~÷g f g}xwhf go~ï|amf hi }á|ag. Ida á ~f}}ïugd g`xg`hg| mfof f

kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf á i~damihf hw|i`xg i} |g~f|xijg`}. I i`éda}g á egaxi ywidaxixaui gywi`xaxixauiog`xg$ mfo f iwrïdaf$ xioláo$ hf} |gmw|}f} j|éeamf} hf kf|ìd hw|i`xg i ~wldamiêíf.

I mf`}x|wêíf hf g}xwhf á egaxi mfo ikwhi hf oixg|aid xgý|amf g}xwhihf `f ~|aoga|f g }gjw`hf

mi~ïxwdf}.



5

Mi~ïxwdf 9 / I \G^F\XIJGO AO^\G]]I

9.9 I ef|oiêíf hi `fxïmai

F kf|ìda}of á woi ~|fea}}íf ywg gùfdug mfo~dgri} ug|xg`xg} g }wjg|g ~g}ywa}i} g |gedgr÷g}

hai`xg hg }gw} jë`g|f}. G}}g mi~ïxwdf ~|gxg`hg i~f`xi| f ywg á eixf$ i ìxw|g{i hf}

imf`xgmaog`xf} g i `fxïmai. F g}xwhf hg}xi} ywg}x÷g} uia `f|xgi|$ oia} xi|hg$ woi ha}mw}}íf

}fl|g i |g~f|xijgo$ ~i|i go }gjwahi$ mbgji| if xgoi ~|a`ma~id$ i |g~f|xijgo aùg}xajixaui.

I `fxïmai$ go ~|aoga|i a`}xì`mai$ á i ì||iêíf hg wo eixf$ fl}g|ui`hf/}g i ao~f|xì`mai g i

dgjaxaoahihg hf imf`xgmaog`xf ~i|i i }fmaghihg. Hai|aiog`xg wo `ûog|f aèaàxf hg mfa}i}imf`xgmg$ `f} hg~i|iof} i xfhf f ofog`xf mfo fmf||ë`mai} mfxahaiì}. G`x|g xi`xi}

~f}}aladahihg}$ hg mg|xi ef|oi$ f} kf|ìda}xi} i~f`xio xgoi} ao~f|xi`xg} ywg }íf hg a`xg|g}}g

~ûldamf g ~f}}io ua|i| `fxïmai. Gdmai} Dw}xf}i9 "9115! g`xg`hg i `fxïmai mfof f |gdixf hg wo

eg`øog`f }fmaid$ hg a`xg|g}}g mfdgxauf$ g ~f| a}}f$ woi aèf|oiêíf x|i`}ef|oihi go ~|fhwxf hg

mf`}wof. Oi}$ ~i|i g`xg`hg| i dýjami `fxamaf}i$ á `gmg}}é|af wo fdbi| ~i|i f} eixf|g} ywg

hgxg|oaìo }gw uidf|.

I mfo~|gg`}íf hf} uidf|g}/`fxïmai g}xé ~|g}g`xg if df`jf hg xfhf f ~|fmg}}f hg ~|fhwêíf

kf|ìdï}xami. ]gjw`hf @gd}f` X|iywaì< "9111!$ }íf f} ~|fmg}}f} hg }gdgêíf hf} imf`xgmaog`xf}

g hg gdilf|iêíf hi `fxïmai ywg mf`hw{go î mf`}x|wêíf hi `fxïmai. F imf`xgmaog`xf á ywg uia

jg|i| fw `íf i `fxïmai. Ywi`xf og`f} ~|gua}ïugd g ~|fuéugd ef| f imf`xgmaog`xf$ oiaf| i

~|fliladahihg hgdg }g xf|ì| ~g|xa`g`xg `f ha}mw|}f kf|ìdï}xamf. Ih|ai`f Hwi|xg \fh|ajwg}=

"9122$ maxihf ~f| X\IYWA@I$ 9111! ~f`xwi ywg f imf`xgmaog`xf kf|ìdï}xamf hgug xg| woi

ìxw|g{i g}~gmaid ~i|i }g xf|ì| `fxïmai. G gdg xfoi ef|oi i ~i|xa| hf ofog`xf go ywg }íf

ix|alwïhf} idjw`} m|axá|af} mdi}}aeamixý|af} }fl f ~f`xf hg ua}xi kf|ìdï}xamf.

Hg`x|f hg}}g} m|axá|af}$ ~fhgo/}g mdi}}aeami| x|ë} |gja}x|f}. F ~|aoga|f á hf grmg}}f$ ywg

mf||g}~f`hg i wo ew`mafìog`xf i`f|oid$ fw }gki$ mfo oi|mi} grmg}}aui} `f ew`mafìog`xf

9 DW]XF]I$ Gdmai}. F xgrxf hi `fxïmai. L|i}ïdai; Ghaxf|i Wàug|}ahihg hg L|i}ïdai$ 9115.< X\IYWA@I$ @gd}f`. Kf|ìda}of; ywg}x÷g}$ xgf|ai} g ‗g}xý|ai}―. Da}lfi; Ugki$ 9111. = \FH\AJWG]$ Ih|ai`f Hwi|xg. F imf`xgmaog`xf. A` Kf|ìda}of; ywg}x÷g}$ xgf|ai} g ‗g}xý|ai}―. Da}lfi; Ugki$ 9111.



:

`f|oid hf} mf|~f} a`hauahwia}$ mfdgxauf} fw a`}xaxwmafìa}. F }gjw`hf á f hi eidbi$ ywg mf`}xaxwa$

li}amiog`xg$ imahg`xg}$ hgegaxf} g eixf} ao~|gua}ïuga}$ ywg ~fhgo ji`bi| `fxf|aghihg. ^f|

ûdxaof$ f hi aùg|}íf hi gr~gmxixaui }fl|g f} eixf}$ ywg xgo mfof `fxïmai idjf aùg|}f if

`f|oid$ mfof wo bfogo of|hg| f míf. I `fxïmai á$ g`xíf$ f `gjixauf hi |imafìdahihg$ |fo~gmfo f `f|oid g f ha}mw|}f kf|ìdï}xamf á |g}~f`}éugd ~f| |gjwdi| g}xg} imf`xgmaog`xf}

a`g}~g|ihf}$ hi`hf/dbg} ua}aladahihg "X\IYWA@I$ 9111!.

F} |gja}x|f} "grmg}}f$ eidbi g aùg|}íf! }íf |geg|ë`mai g hgeaàhf|g} hf} ogxi/imf`xgmaog`xf}.

Eixf} `fxéuga} mfo ua}aladahihg wàug|}id. G}xg} }íf |gjahf} ~f| |gj|i} hf ow`hf }aolýdamf g hi

g`w`maiêíf g xëo woi dýjami ao~df}aui. \fh|ajwg} iea|oi ywg ‗S..._ f} ogxi/imf`xgmaog`xf} }íf

imahg`xg} ywg a||fo~go `f }gaf hi f|hgo |gjwdi| hf ew`mafìog`xf hi} mfa}i}$ hi} ~g}}fi}$ hi}a`}xaxwaê÷g}― "\FH\AJWG]$ 9122$ maxihf ~f| X\IYWA@I$ 9111$ ~. =>!. ]íf imf`xgmaog`xf}

ha}mw|}auf} ywg ~|fufmio f }w|jaog`xf hg `fuf} |gdixf} hg imf`xgmaog`xf}. G g}}g} |gdixf}

hgugo }g xf|ì| ~ûldamf} i ~i|xa| hg ~|fea}}afìa} }á|af} g mfo m|ghaladahihg. I}}ao$ xg`xio/}g

grmdwa| f} kwï{f} hg uidf| g f~aà÷g}$ lw}mi`hf }go~|g i flkgxauahihg$ ao~i|maidahihg g ug|hihg.

Wo j|i`hg ~f`xf hg a`xg||fjiêíf `f ha}mw|}f kf|ìdï}xamf á$ hg eixf$ f oaxf hi flkgxauahihg.

E|i`ma}mf Kf}á Ci|io8 "<>>8! hgeg`hg ywg i flkgxauahihg á wo hf} ~|gmgaxf} hi `fxïmai

kf|ìdï}xami$ `f g`xi`xf$ f iwxf| iea|oi ywg gdi$ go }a$ `íf gra}xg$ g$ hg mg|xi ef|oi$ i

}wlkgxauahihg xioláo `íf ‗S..._ i} hwi} g}xíf a`xaoiog`xg |gdimafìhi} g woi idaog`xi i fwx|i―

"CI\IO$ <>>8$ ~. =1!. î|i f g}xwhaf}f Hiàgd Mf|`w7 "9111$ maxihf ~f| CI\IO$ <>>8!$ á

`gmg}}é|af ywg f} kf|ìda}xi} |gmw~g|go i flkgxauahihg g grmdwio hi} `fxïmai} f kwï{f hg uidf| g

f~aàíf. Á ~|gma}f oi`xg|

S..._ i flkgxauahihg mfof oáxfhf hg f kf|ìda}xi |gmf||g| if}~|a`mï~af} hgf`xfdýjamf} mf`}xaxwïhf} ì ba}xý|ai hi ~|fea}}íf$

g`x|g gdg}$ grixahíf$ hg}m|aêíf mf||gxi hf} eixf}$ aèf|oiê÷g}mfo f|ajgo mf`bgmahi "g |g}}idui} egaxi} î ao~f}}aladahihg hgei{ë/df ì hauwdjiêíf!$ |gxaeamiêíf hg g||f}$ mfèa|oiêíf hghihf}$ a`mdw}íf hi} aèf|oiê÷g} g}}g`maia}$ eahgdahihg i xgrxf}fw hfmwog`xf} "MF\@W$ 9111$ i~wh CI\IO$ <>>8$ ~. 89!.

8 CI\IO$ E|i`ma}mf Kf}á. I áxami kf|ìdï}xami g f a`xg|g}}g ~ûldamf. ]íf îwdf. ]woow}$ <>>8.7 MF\@W$ Hiàgd. Kf|ìda}of g ug|hihg; ~i|i woi áxami hg aèf|oiêíf. X|ihwêíf I|oi`hf ^g|ga|i ]adui. Da}lfi;

A`}xaxwxf ̂ aijgx$ 9118.



2

I flkgxauahihg `f kf|ìda}of mi}i mfo i bf`g}xahihg g i ao~i|maidahihg. Á hg a`xg|g}}g hf

kf|ìda}xi fwua| ~g}}fi} lgo aèf|oihi} g g}mdi|gmg| f} eixf}$ ké ywg gdg á f a`xá|~|gxg hf

~ûldamf. î|i Oi|af G|lfdixf5 "9119!$ i `fxïmai hgug }g| ~wldamihi hg ef|oi }a`xáxami g mfo efmf

`f i}}w`xf. ]go ~g|hg| i flkgxauahihg$ f kf|ìda}xi ~|fmw|i ~g}}fi} ywg ~|f~f|mafìo g}}gg`xg`haog`xf$ ywg$ go }gjwahi$ uia }g| ~i}}ihf if ~ûldamf.

I ~|feg}}f|i Jiqg Xwmboi`: "91:=$ maxihi ~f| X\IYWA@I$ 9111$ ~. :1/2=! mbioi ixg`êíf

if} |axwia} g}x|ixájamf} ywg$ }gjw`hf gdi$ f} kf|ìda}xi} w}io ~i|i oi}mi|i| i flkgxauahihg. Wo

grgo~df ha{ |g}~gaxf î} ~f}}aladahihg} mfèdaxwia}. F |g~ý|xg| w}i mfof }wlxg|eûjaf i eidi hg

fwx|i ~g}}fi$ f w}f hi} i}~i} g i ghaêíf hg woi aèf|oiêíf hg ef|oi aì~|f~|aihi.

I ~i|xa| hg}}g} i|jwog`xf}$ á ywg}xaf`éugd ixá if`hg uia i ao~i|maidahihg hf ~|fea}}afìd. Gdmai}

Dw}xf}i "9115! hgeg`hg ywg i ao~i|maidahihg á wo oaxf g$ i}}ao mfof i ao~g}}fidahihg$ `íf

fmf||g gegxauiog`xg `f kf|ìda}of. Ixá og}of f |g~ý|xg|$ if x|ihw{a| wo eg`øog`f }fmaid$

~|fmw|i f ogdbf| ì`jwdf ~i|i hg}m|gug| i `fxïmai. F} ugïmwdf} hg mfowàmiêíf }íf mi||gjihf}

hg a`xg|g}}g} g ~f`xf} hg ua}xi dajihf} î ~fdïxami hi go~|g}i. Ywi`xf oiaf| i go~|g}i$ og`f}

dau|g á f ha|gaxf hg gr~|g}}íf$ ~f|xi`xf$ `íf bé dalg|hihg.

F} kf|ìda}xi}$ g`x|gxi`xf$ `íf ~fhgo }g| }fog`xg fl}g|uihf|g} ~i}}auf}$ oi} ixauf} hai`xg hf~|fmg}}f hg mf`}x|wêíf hi `fxïmai. A}}f ~f|ywg$ ì ug|hihg$ f dgaxf| im|ghaxi `f} ~|fea}}afìa} hg

kf|ìda}of g ywg `íf bé x|i`}j|g}}íf `f} mýhajf} áxamf} hg mf`hwxi. ‗G`ywi`xf f imf`xgmaog`xf

m|ai i `fxïmai$ i `fxïmai xioláo m|ai f imf`xgmaog`xf― "X\IYWA@I$ 9111$ ~. 952!. F kf|ìda}xi

x|i`}ef|oi wo imf`xgmaog`xf go `fxïmai$ hg}hg i }gdgêíf hf} eixf}$ ixá i ëèi}g hihi i mihi

eixf.

9.< ]gdgêíf hi} `fxïmai}

Woi hi} mi|imxg|ï}xami} hi `fxïmai á f ~fhg| hg hg}~g|xi| f a`xg|g}}g bwoi`f$ ieaìd$ gdi á

goaxahi ~i|i wo j|i`hg ~ûldamf. î|i wo kf|ìda}xi x|i`}ef|oi| wo eixf go `fxïmai$ gdg |gedgxg

5 G\LFDIXF$ Oi|af. Xámàmi} hg mfhaeamiêíf go kf|ìda}of. ]íf îwdf; Éxami$ 9119.: XWMBOI@$ Jiqg. I flkgxauahihg mfof |axwid g}x|ixájamf; woi i`éda}g hi} `fê÷g} hg flkgxauahihg hf} kf|ìda}xi}.

A` Kf|ìda}of; ywg}x÷g}$ xgf|ai} g ‗g}xý|ai}―. Da}lfi; Ugki$ 9111.



1

wo fdbi| mdïàmf }fl|g f ywg á g `íf á hg a`xg|g}}g ~ûldamf g hf ~ûldamf. Ywi`xf i woi

|g~f|xijgo$ idjwoi} mi|imxg|ï}xami} }íf ew`hiog`xia}; i ~|ghfoa`ì`mai hi ef|oi ì||ixaui$ i

bwoià{iêíf hf |gdixf$ f xgrxf hg ìxw|g{i ao~|g}}afà}xi g i flkgxauahihg hf} eixf} ì||ihf}

"EG\\I\A g ]FH\Á$ 91252!.

F i}}w`xf hg woi `fxïmai á }gdgmafìhf hg`x|f hg woi jioi hg f~ê÷g} g milg if kf|ìda}xi ei{g|

g}}i }gdgêíf$ i ~i|xa| hf} m|axá|af} hg `fxamailadahihg. Owaxf oixg|aid mbgji î |ghiêíf. ]íf

f|aw`hf} hg ijë`mai} hg `fxïmai}$ mf||g}~f`hg`xg} g |g~ý|xg|g} hf ~|ý~|af kf|ìd$ hf}}aë} g

|gdgi}g}. Imf`xgmg woi x|aijgo ywg uia hgxg|oaì| f} uidf|g}/`fxïmai hg mihi imf`xgmaog`xf.

A}}f fmf||g hg imf|hf mfo i uidf|iêíf g ug|imahihg hg mihi eixf$ i m|ghaladahihg hi} ef`xg} g i

da`bi ghaxf|aid hf kf|ìd.

F ~|fmg}}f hg }gdgêíf ji|i`xg ywg mihi eixf |gdgui`xg }gki gr~f}xf if ~ûldamf. Oiw|f Zfde 1

"<>><! mfo~i|i g}}i f~g|iêíf }gdgxaui i wo ewàd$ f`hg ué|af} hihf} }íf ~f}xf}$ ~i|i ywg$ go

}gjwahi$ wo `ûog|f |g}x|axf }gki eadx|ihf. Hg a`ïmaf$ i da}xi hg `fxïmai} á df`ji. Idjwoi} }íf

grmdwïhi} ~f| eidxi hg aèf|oiêíf fw a`mg|xg{i hi ug|imahihg$ fwx|i} }g |gugdio aìhgywihi}$ g

owaxi} }íf ‗hg jiugxi―$ e |ai}$ ~fhgo }g| hihi} i ywidywg| ofog`xf$ kw}xiog`xg ~f| `íf }g

ua`mwdi|go i woi hixi g}~gmaid. F ao~f|xi`xg á ywg i} ~|af|ahihg} }gkio ~wldamihi}. Bé woi

dýjami ywg |gjg f ew`mafìog`xf g f} gegaxf} hi aèf|oiêíf hg oi}}i "ZFDE$ <>><$ ~. <8=!.

Go ~|aoga|i a`}xì`mai$ i dýjami hi ~|fhwêíf hi} `fxïmai} mfogêi mfo f jixgcgg~g|. Gdg ixwi

mfof wo ~f|xga|f hg aèf|oiê÷g}$ á f |g}~f`}éugd ~f| eadx|i| f ywg á oia} ao~f|xi`xg. I}

hgma}÷g} hf jixgcgg~g| hgugo }g| xfoihi} hg ef|oi i }g~i|i| aèf|oiê÷g} hg }wi ~|geg|ë`mai

~g}}fid g i~|fraoé/di} hf} m|axá|af} f|jià{imafìa} g ~|fea}}afìa}. F} uidf|g} g f} ahgia} hi

go~|g}i grg|mgo woi j|i`hg ao~f|xì`mai `g}}i} g}mfdbi}. Bé m|axá|af} ao~f|xi`xg} hg

`fxamailadahihg ywg ikwhio f |g~ý|xg| ì }gdgêíf hi} `fxïmai}. G|lfdixf "G\LFDIXF$ 9119$ ~.59/57! i~|g}g`xi idjw`} hg}xg} |gja}x|f}.

2 ]FH\Á$ Owà{ 3 EG\\I\A$ Oi|ai Bgdgì. Xámàmi hg |g~f|xijgo ” `fxi} }fl|g i ì||ixaui kf|ìdï}xami. ]ífîwdf; ]woow}$ 9125

1 ZFDE$ Oiw|f. Xgf|ai} hi mfowàmiêíf. Da}lfi; ^|g}g`êi$ <>><



9>

Hg`x|g f} maxihf} ~f| gdg$ idjw`} i~|g}g`xio mi|imxg|ï}xami} ao~f|xi`xg} ~i|i f g`xg`haog`xf

hg}}g x|ilidbf. F ~|aoga|f á i ~|fraoahihg$ ywg mf`}a}xg go hauwdji| f} eixf} ywg }íf dajihf} if

dgaxf|$ i} `fxïmai} dfmia}. F ao~imxf á f }gjw`hf gdgog`xf g ha{ |g}~gaxf i wo ‗ilidf― miw}ihf

~f| imf`xgmaog`xf} mbfmi`xg} fw ao~|g}}afì`xg}. F ûdxaof |gja}x|f á f a`xg|g}}g ~g}}fid gao~f|xì`mai. ]íf i}}w`xf} hg a`xg|g}}g ~ûldamf g hf ~ûldamf g ywg `w`mi hgario hg }g| hihf}

~f| kf|ìd idjwo.

I~ý} i }gdgêíf hg aèf|oiê÷g} g eixf} oia} ao~f|xi`xg}$ hg imf|hf mfo f} m|axá|af} hg

`fxamailadahihg ké maxihf}$ milg if |g~ý|xg|$ i ~i|xa| hg wo eixf$ |g~f|xé/df hi ogdbf| oi`ga|i

~f}}ïugd. Gdg w}i i|xaeïmaf} ~i|i mbioi| i ixg`êíf g xf|ì| i |g~f|xijgo xíf mdi|i ywi`xf

~f}}ïugd. Woi lfi ilg|xw|i$ f |gidmg hf} }g`xahf}$ hi aoijaìêíf g f kfjf hg ~idiu|i}. Ia`hii}}ao$ i }ao~damahihg ~fhg }g| i ogdbf| oi`ga|i hg ixa`ja| xfhf} f} dgaxf|g}.

9.= Xámàmi} hg |g~f|xijgo ao~|g}}i

F kf|ìda}xi$ ~i|i f|jià{i| f} imf`xgmaog`xf}$ ~|gxg`hg ywg }gw ha}mw|}f |g}~f`hi i }ga}

ywg}x÷g} g}}g`maia}; f ywë$ ywi`hf$ f`hg$ ~f|ywë$ mfof g ywgo$ i eý|owdi x|ihamafìd hf dgih .

G}}g} gdgog`xf} }íf ao~f|xi`xg} ~i|i f g`xg`haog`xf hf dgaxf| g ~i|i f a`xg|g}}g jg|id }fl|g f

i}}w`xf. Owà{ ]fh|á g Oi|ai Bgdgì Eg||i|a9> "91::! ~f`xwio ywg bé haeg|g`êi} g`x|g `fxïmai g

|g~f|xijgo$ ywg uíf idáo hi grxg`}íf hg il|i`jë`mai$ hf dgih . î|i f ha}mw|}f kf|ìdï}xamf$ f

flkgxauf ~|a`ma~id á ~i}}i| i aèf|oiêíf ~i|i f dgaxf|$ a}}f ha{ |g}~gaxf$ xi`xf î `fxïmai mfof î

|g~f|xijgo. I `fxïmai xgo i ew`êíf g}}g`maid hg xf|ì| wo eixf ~ûldamf ~f| ogaf hi aèf|oiêíf$

á f eixf mf||g`xg hf hai mfdfmihf if idmi`mg hf ~ûldamf. F i}}w`xf g}xé ha|gxiog`xg dajihf if

a`xg|g}}g ywg gdg ~f}}i hg}~g|xi| `f ~ûldamf.

@ad}f` Dijg99

"9127$ maxihf ~f| MFAOL\I$ 911=! iea|oi ywg i `fxïmai g i |g~f|xijgo }wjg|gooiàeg}xiê÷g} haeg|g`xg} hi |gidahihg. I `fxïmai mfl|g wo eixf g}~gmïeamf fw woi }á|ag hg eixf} g

i |g~f|xijgo ei{ wo dgui`xiog`xf hg wo i}}w`xf. Dijg "9127! hgxidbi ia`hi ywg i |g~f|xijgo$

~f| il}f|ug| i ilg|xw|i hg g}~iêf} jgfj|éeamf} g i} ~f}}aladahihg} hg xgo~f flkgxauf g

9> ]FH\Á$ Owà{ 3 EG\\I\A$ Oi|ai Bgdgì. Xámàmi hg |ghiêíf ” f xgrxf `f} ogaf} hg aèf|oiêíf. \af hgKi`ga|f; E|i`ma}mf Idug}$ 91::

99 DIJG$ @ad}f`. G}x|wxw|i hi @fxïmai. ]íf îwdf; Éxami$ 9127



99

}wlkgxauf$ ~fhg }g ix|i~idbi| if g}xilgdgmg| woi f|hgìêíf m|f`fdýjami. M|goadhi Oghaì9<

"9125$ maxihi ~f| MFAOL\I$ 911=! hgeg`hg ywg i |g~f|xijgo ~|gxg`hg |gwà| owaxi}

aèf|oiê÷g}$ ~|few`hahihg g `gmg}}ahihg hg xfoi| hgma}÷g} ywi`xf î g}x|wxw|i hi oixá|ai.

Eg||i|a g ]fh|á "9125! i~|g}g`xio mi|imxg|ï}xami} ywg xf|ìo ao~f|xi`xg i mf`}x|wêíf hi

|g~f|xijgo. I ef|êi$ ywg dgui f dgaxf| if eaìd hi ì||ixaui ix|iuá} hf} gegaxf} gofmafìa} fw

|imafìa}. I mdi|g{i$ ywg ua}i î mfo~|gg`}íf aoghaixi$ î flkgxauahihg hf} eixf}. I mf`hg`}iêíf$

ywg ha{ |g}~gaxf i mfo~imxwiêíf$ i grmdw}íf hg gdgog`xf} }w~á|edwf} ywg imilio mfo i

a`xg`}ahihg hi ba}xý|ai. I xg`}íf$ dajihi if mdïoir g if ha|gmafìog`xf hf dgaxf| if} ~f`xf}

oia} a`xg|g}}i`xg} g ao~f|xi`xg} hi ì||ixaui. I `fuahihg$ ywg ~f}}wa hwi} ug|xg`xg}; woi

ba}xý|ai a`áhaxi$ ywg `g`bwo fwx|f ugïmwdf ia`hi ~wldamfw$ fw i fl}g|uiêíf haeg|g`maihi hf|g~ý|xg|$ ywg uë i ba}xý|ai hg wo ì`jwdf ha}xa`xf$ ao~|gua}ïugd. ‗Xg`}íf$ mf`hg`}iêíf g

`fuahihg }íf ew`hiog`xia} ~i|i a`}xiw|i| i ef|êi. Ywi`xf î mdi|g{i$ á `gmg}}é|ai go xfhf f

xgrxf$ ia`hi ywg e|imf― "EG\\I\A g ]FH\Á$ 9125$ ~. :5!.

I ~|éxami kf|ìdï}xami mfo~f|xi x|ë} ofhgdf} ew`hiog`xia} hg |g~f|xijgo$ hg imf|hf mfo

Eg||i|a g ]fh|á "9125!. I |g~f|xijgo hg eixf}$ ywg ~fhg }g| g`xg`hahi mfof wo |gdixf flkgxauf

hf imf`xgmaog`xf g f} eixf} }íf ì||ihf} }wmg}}auiog`xg3 i |g~f|xijgo hg iêíf$ ywg mfogêi

~gdf hgxidbg oia} ix|ig`xg3 g i |g~f|xijgo hfmwog`xid$ ywg á xioláo flkgxaui$ ~f|áo$ w}i

maxiê÷g} ~i|i g}mdi|gmaog`xf hf i}}w`xf.

Bé ia`hi i} ì||ixaui} daxg|é|ai} g i} `íf daxg|é|ai}. Kf}á Dwa{ Eaf|a`9= "9121$ maxihf ~f|

MFAOL\I$ 911=! i~|g}g`xi hwi} mi|imxg|ï}xami} ywg haeg|g`maio g}xi mixgjf|a{iêíf. I ~|aoga|i

á f mi|éxg| eammafìd g `íf eammafìd hf} xgrxf}. I }gjw`hi á i ew`êíf hf xgrxf$ f kf|ìdï}xamf ua}i

i aèf|oi|$ f daxg|é|af ~fhg xg| ew`êíf g}xáxami.

Woi hi} ef|oi} hg ì||ixaui daxg|é|ai$ i~|g}g`xihi} ~f| Eg||i|a g ]fh|á "9125!$ á i hg dau|f/

|g~f|xijgo. G}}g ofhf á w}ihf ~|a`ma~idog`xg `f kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf$ ywi`hf i ba}xý|ai

xgo wo efmf `f a`xg|g}}g ~ûldamf. F} iwxf|g} gr~damio ywg ‗S..._ f dau|f/|g~f|xijgo ~fhg }g|

9< OGHA@I$ M|goadhi. G`x|gua}xi ” f haédfjf ~f}}ïugd. ]íf îwdf; Éxami$ 91259= EAF\A@$ Kf}á Dwa{. Gdgog`xf} hg i`éda}g hf ha}mw|}f. ]íf îwdf; Mf`xgrxf&Ghw}~$ 9121



9<

}ao~dg} mfo~adiêíf hg xgrxf} ké ~wldamihf} go kf|ìd fw f x|ilidbf egaxf ~i|i f dau|f$ oi}

mf`mglahf g |gida{ihf go xg|of} kf|ìdï}xamf}― "EG\\I\A g ]FH\Á$ 9125$ ~. 18!.

F kf|ìda}xi ^g|mauid hg ]fw{i98 "maxihf ~f| ]GYWGA\I$ <>>7$ ~. 7=! iea|oi ywg f dau|f|g~f|xijgo `íf á ~|f~|aiog`xg i x|i`}ef|oiêíf hi oixá|ai go dau|f. Gdg ~|ý~|af mf`}x|ýa wo

`fuf xgrxf$ owaxf oia} i~|few`hihf$ mfo aèf|oiê÷g} ywg `íf g`x|i|io ì oixá|ai$ ixá og}of

a`mdwa`hf hfmwog`xf} ywg `íf milgo `f kf|ìd. F kf|ìda}xi Ghuidhf ^g|ga|i Daoi97 "9117

maxihf ~f| ]GYWGA\I$ <>>7$ ~. 78! mf`mf|hi. ‗F dau|f/|g~f|xijgo `íf |g~wldami i oixá|ai ywg

f kf|ìd ghaxfw$ oi} x|i{ if dgaxf| `fui} aèf|oiê÷g} g `fui da`jwijgo―. Idáo ha}}f$ mfof

dgol|io Df~g} g ^|fg`êi "<>>=!$ gdg xgo i ui`xijgo hg g}~iêf g ~fhg|g} adaoaxihf} if

kf|ìda}xi. Gdg ~fhg g}m|gug| g f|hgì| i |g~f|xijgo mfof ywa}g|.

I g}x|wxw|i hi |g~f|xijgo ì||ixaui `íf daxg|é|ai á haeg|g`xg. F ì||ihf| ~fhg }g| xg}xgow`bi$

~|fxijfà}xi$ fà}mag`xg fw h|ioéxamf$ ‗S..._ }wi mi|imxg|ï}xami ew`hiog`xid á hg mf`xg| f} eixf}

f|jià{ihf} hg`x|f hg woi |gdiêíf hg i`xg|af|ahihg fw hg ~f}xg|af|ahihg$ of}x|i`hf owhi`êi}

~|fj|g}}aui} hg g}xihf ì} ~g}}fi} fw ì} mfa}i}― "MFAOL\I$ 911=$ ~. 8895!.

Mfaol|i "911=! i~|g}g`xi xioláo i |g~f|xijgo ì||ixauf/ha}}g|xixaui g ha}}g|xixauf/ì||ixaui.

]gjw`hf f iwxf|$ á ~f}}ïugd ywg go woi |g~f|xijgo g}xgkio a`}g|ahi} mi|imxg|ï}xami} ì||ixaui}

g ha}}g|xixaui} if og}of xgo~f. ‗Wo xgrxf ha}}g|xixauf$ }gjwahf hg iea|oiê÷g} jg`g|ida{i`xg}$

~fhg }gjwa| hg mfo~|fuiêíf g ew`hiog`xiêíf$ ix|iuá} hi} ywia} }g gr~damaxi wo |imafmïàf$ g

fwx|f$ f ì||ixauf$ ywg |gm|ai i |gidahihg mfof }g f} eixf} g}xaug}}go fmf||g`hf i`xg f} fdbf} hf

dgaxf|― "MFAOL\I$ 911=$ ~. 2<!. Ia`hi i}}ao$ xi`xf f xgrxf ì||ixauf mfof f ha}}g|xixauf

~fhgo a`mf|~f|i| x|gmbf} hg}m|axauf} g uamg/ug|}i. Eg||i|a g ]fh|á "911=! mf`mf|hio mfo f

iwxf|. ‗Woi |g~f|xijgo xfxidog`xg hg}m|axaui mf||g f |a}mf hg xf|ì| /}g ha}mw|}aui fw

grx|goiog`xg e|ai― "EG\\I\A g ]FH\Á$ maxihf} ~f| MFAOL\I$ 911=$ ~. 1>!.

98 A`; ]GYWGA\I$ Mdgfeg. Kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf ” f eixf ~f| x|é} hi `fxïmai. ]íf îwdf; ]woow}$ <>>797 DAOI$ Ghuidhf ^g|ga|i. ^éjaì} io~daihi} ” f dau|f/|g~f|xijgo mfof grxg`}íf hf kf|ìda}of g hi daxg|ixw|i.

Mio~aì}; Wàmio~$ <>>795 MFAOL\I$ F}zidhf. F xgrxf hi |g~f|xijgo `f kf|ìda}of ao~|g}}f. ]íf îwdf; Éxami$911=



9=

Go wo xgrxf bé gdgog`xf} hg mfo~i|iêíf g hgxidbiog`xf ywg híf uahi î ba}xý|ai. I x|i`}m|aêíf

hgxidbihi$ ogxéef|i} g mfo~i|iê÷g} adw}x|io f xgrxf$ ef|oi`hf woi aoijgo ì og`xg hf dgaxf|.

I ogxéef|i$ ~f| grgo~df$ m|ai woi ~f}}aladahihg haeg|g`xg `f xgrxf. ‗Á di|jiog`xg wxada{ihi ì

mfègmêíf hg xgrxf} ~i|i i ao~|g`}i g}m|axi$ mfo ew`êíf ~|gmï~wi hg guaxi| i i|ahg{ go mg|xf}e|ijog`xf} hg}m|axauf}― "MFAOL\I$ 911=$ ~. 15!.

I |g~f|xijgo ~fhg gr~f|$ ia`hi$ hg}m|aêíf g mi|imxg|a{iêíf hg woi ~g}}fi ‗S..._ ~fhg

mf||g}~f`hg| i wo }ao~dg} e|ijog`xf$ ~fhg ~|gg`mbg| wo ldfmf g ~fhg mi|imxg|a{i| xfhi i

|g~f|xijgo$ og}of ywg `gdi gra}xio x|gmbf} ì||ixauf} g ha}}g|xixauf}― "MFAOL\I$ 911=$ ~.

9>=!. A`hg~g`hg`xg hf jë`g|f g hi} ef|oi} hg ì||iêíf$ f ao~f|xi`xg á ywg f |g~ý|xg| ~f}}i

x|ihw{a| i og`}ijgo if dgaxf|$ li}gihf ì} aèf|oiê÷g}$ g mfè|f`xi| mfo i} haeg|g`xg}~g|}~gmxaui}$ }gdgmafì`hf eixf} g ug|}÷g} ~i|i ywg f ~|ý~|af dgaxf| }g f|ag`xg hai`xg hi }wi

|gidahihg. Ieaìd$ f |g~ý|xg| g}xé f`hg }gw ~ûldamf `íf ~fhg g}xi|. Eg||i|a g ]fh|á "9125! ia`hi

ixg`xio ~i|i i a`fuiêíf g `f haédfjf mf`}xi`xg mfo f dgaxf|$ xwhf ~i|i ywg i oixá|ai hg}~g|xg

idjwo xa~f hg gofêíf.

9.8 Oáxfhf} g g}x|ixájai} hg ~g}ywa}i

î|i ei{g| woi j|i`hg |g~f|xijgo bé oáxfhf} g g}x|ixájai} hg ~g}ywa}i g |ghiêíf ywg

imfo~i`bio f |g~ý|xg| hw|i`xg i ~|fhwêíf hi `fxïmai. ]íf gdi}; i ~|fmw|i ~gdi ef`xg ywg uia

ikwhé/df ì }wi lw}mi ~gdi ug|hihg$ i} g}x|ixájai} hg g`x|gua}xi$ ~i|i hg}mfl|a| eixf}

ao~|g}ma`hïuga}$ g ixá f eixf| xgo~f$ ywg ~fhg aèdwg`mai| i mflg|xw|i kf|ìdï}xami.

Á ao~f|xi`xg hw|i`xg f ~di`gkiog`xf hi |g~f|xijgo ywg f kf|ìda}xi xg`bi i hfmwog`xiêíf

`gmg}}é|ai mfo ~|fui} |geg|g`xg} if flkgxf ~g}ywa}ihf g ~f}}ïuga} ef`xg} ywg ~f}}io ikwhé/df

`f hgmf||g| hf ~|fmg}}f. Hg imf|hf mfo \ami|hf Cfx}mbf9: "maxihf ~f| DF^G] g ^\FG@ÊI$

<>>=!$ i m|ghaladahihg hf ~|fhwxf eaìd uia hg~g`hg| hi ~|gma}íf g grixahíf hf ywg efa hg}m|axf

ì |g~f|xijgo g$ ia`hi$ hi grmdw}íf hg f~aà÷g} g kwï{f} hg uidf| ~f| ~i|xg hf |g~ý|xg|.

9: A`; DF^G]$ Ha|mgw Eg|ì`hg}3 ^\FG@ÊI$ Kf}á Dwa{. Kf|ìda}of Aùg}xajixauf. ]íf îwdf; ^wlda}bg| L|i}ad$<>>=.



98

î|i g}}i i~w|iêíf mfo i ef`xg$ i g`x|gua}xi á ~|fmghaog`xf mdé}}amf$ }gjw`hf Dijg "<>>5!. @f

~f`xf hg ua}xi hf} flkgxauf}$ i g`x|gua}xi ~fhg }g| |axwid$ xgoéxami$ xg}xgow`bid g go

~|few`hahihg. Go ma|mw`}xì`mai gdi ~fhg }g| fmi}afìd$ hg mfè|f`xf$ mfdgxaui$ haidfjid g

grmdw}aui. ]gywga|i "<>>7! ~f`hg|i$ ia`hi$ ywg wo x|ilidbf mfo~dgxf hg hfmwog`xiêíf$ i`xg}hf a`ïmaf hi i~w|iêíf$ ~g|oaxg ywg f |g~ý|xg| iui`mg mfo }gjw|i`êi `f ow`hf hf} aèf|oi`xg}.

Mihi mi}f |gywg| woi ogxfhfdfjai g}~gmïeami g xámàmi} hg i~w|iêíf haeg|g`xg}$ ~i|i a}}f$ á

`gmg}}é|af xg| ~di`f} g g}x|ixájai} x|iêihf} ~i|i ywg i grgmwêíf }gki ~f}axaui. Xwhf hgug }g|

~di`gkihf mfo i`xgmghë`mai ~i|i ug|aeami| i |gid ~f}}aladahihg hg |gida{i| f x|ilidbf. Á

ao~|g}ma`hïugd ywg f kf|ìda}xi ué aèf|oihf if g`x|gua}xi| woi ef`xg$ }gjw`hf Uidg`xg 92

"maxihf ~f| ]GYWGA\I$ <>>7!$ ké ywg f |g~ý|xg| mf||g f |a}mf hg }g| hg}~a}xihf ~gdfg`x|gua}xihf.

I g`x|gua}xi á woi xámàmi hg a`xg|iêíf }fmaid ywg lw}mi i aèf|oiêíf. Gdi xgo f flkgxauf hg

|gmfdbg| eixf} ao~f|xi`xg} ~i|i f hg}gùfduaog`xf hi |g~f|xijgo. F ~g}ywa}ihf| I. Ji||gx91

"maxihf ~f| OGHA@I$ <>>>! io~dai f g`xg`haog`xf hg}}i ~|éxami bwoiì. Gdg iea|oi ywg xfhf}

}fof} g`x|gua}xihf|g} fw g`x|gua}xihf}. Gdg ahg`xaeami ywg f g`x|gua}xi| á$ imaoi hg xwhf$ i i|xg

hg fwua|$ ~g|jw`xi| g mfùg|}i|.

]íf ué|af} ~f`xf} i }g|go mf`}ahg|ihf} hw|i`xg woi g`x|gua}xi. Eami| ixg`xf if haédfjf g î

~idiu|i$ ~i|i ywg `íf biki ha}}aowdiêíf. I }g`}aladahihg$ ywg hgug mf`hw{a| f g`x|gua}xihf| î

edwë`mai hf haédfjf. G f mwahihf mfo f~aà÷g} g |imafìda{iê÷g} hf g`x|gua}xihf. Gdg ~fhg eami|

aàlahf go eidi| i ug|hihg }fl|g i}}w`xf} ywg }íf xilw} g eid}gi| }wi} |g}~f}xi}. Hgug biug|

ha}xì`mai g ~|fraoahihg$ if og}of xgo~f.

Idáo ha}}f$ wo eixf ywg }go~|g á ha}mwxahf ì |gdiêíf g`x|g |g~ý|xg| g ef`xg á i ofhidahihgmbioihi hg fee $ ywi`hf i ef`xg ~ghg ~i|i `íf }g| ahg`xaeamihi. î|i a}}f bé wo ‗mf`x|ixf― hg

mwo~damahihg$ kf|ìda}xi g ef`xg hgugo mfèai| wo `f fwx|f. î|i ji|i`xa| }gjw|i`êi$ f}

kf|ìda}xi} ~|fmw|io }go~|g aèf|oi| f} `fog} hi} }wi} ef`xg}.

92 A`; ]GYWGA\I$ Mdgfeg. Kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf ” f eixf ~f| x|é} hi `fxïmai. ]íf îwdf; ]woow}$ <>>791 OGHA@I$ M|goadhi I|iûkf. G`x|gua}xi ” F haédfjf ~f}}ïugd. ]íf îwdf; Éxami$ <>>>



97

F ~f`xf hg ~i|xahi hi g`x|gua}xi á i g}mfdbi hi ef`xg hg aèf|oiêíf. G}}i }gdgêíf ké á

~|ghgxg|oaìhi ~gdi ~g}ywa}i hg mio~f g hg imf|hf mfo i ~iwxi i }g| }gjwahi. Owaxi} ug{g} f}

kf|ìda}xi} ké mf`bgmgo `fog} ywg ~f}}io ikwhé/df} mfo i aèf|oiêíf hg}gkihi. F |g~ý|xg|

|gmf`bgmg ywg gdg `íf hgxáo i aèf|oiêíf$ oi} hgug lw}mé/di. Bé woi ~g}ywa}i hf}g`x|gua}xihf} ~f}}ïuga} xioláo i ~i|xa| hf ~iwxga|f.

Owàhf} hg xfhi aèf|oiêíf ~f}}ïugd ef|`gmahi} ~gdi ef`xg$ á bf|i hf |g~ý|xg| xfoi| hgma}÷g}

|geg|g`xg} î |g~f|xijgo. ‗F hg~faog`xf mfdgxihf ~fhg }g| wo }ao~dg} iuid hg woi `fxïmai

mw|xi― "OGHA@I$ <>>>$ ~. 82!. ^fhg }g x|i`}ef|oi|$ xioláo$ go g`x|gua}xi$ ~|f~|aiog`xg. Woi

mfùg|}iêíf g`x|g f kf|ìda}xi g f g`x|gua}xihf. ]g ef| f mi}f hg ué|ai} ef`xg}$ gdg uia of`xi| wo

‗ow|id― mfo f} ué|af} ì`jwdf} hf imf`xgmaog`xf. ]g i} aèf|oiê÷g} ef|go hg hg`û`mai$

~|fuiugdog`xg mf`hw{a|é if kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf. @g}}g mi}f$ f |g~ý|xg| uia ~|fmw|i|

hfmwog`xiê÷g} ywg mfo~|fugo f ywg i ef`xg dbg ihai`xfw. I bwoià{iêíf ~fhg ua| ~gdf ~g|ead$

`f ywid á x|iêihi i ~g|}fìdahihg$ f} mfo~f|xiog`xf} g uidf|g} hf g`x|gua}xihf. F hg}xa`f hi}

aèf|oiê÷g} uia hg~g`hg| hf kf|ìda}xi "OGHA@I$ <>>>$ ~. 7>/7<!.

F kf|ìda}xi$ mfo i} aèf|oiê÷g} go oíf}$ hgug }g ~|gfmw~i|$ ia`hi$ mfo f eixf| xgo~f$ f hgih

da`g. A}}f ~fhg aèdwg`mai| woi mflg|xw|i kf|ìdï}xami g f uidf| hg woi |g~f|xijgo. Go ~|aoga|f

dwji|$ xfhf} hgugo g}xi| ixg`xf} if egmbiog`xf hf kf|ìd. Hg~g`hg`hf hf bf|é|af ywg i

aèf|oiêíf mbgji go oíf}$ `íf hé oia} xgo~f hg mfdfmé/di ìywgdi ghaêíf$ }g ef| wo kf|ìd

haé|af$ ~f| grgo~df. ^f| g}}i haeamwdhihg$ ywi`hf ~i}}ihi ~i|i f hai }gjwa`xg$ i oixá|ai ~fhg

`íf }g| oia} `fuahihg g`x|g f} dgaxf|g}.

I go~|g}i kf|ìdï}xami á mfof woi oéywaì hf xgo~f. ‗F} ~|ý~|af} xïxwdf} hf} kf|ìa} fw hg

~|fj|ioi} |gedgxgo g}}i dajiêíf ï`xaoi mfo f xgo~f; f Haé|af$ f Hai$ f ]goi`é|af$ <8 bf|i}$

]élihf$ g$ mdi|f$ f Xgo~f― "X\IYWA@I$ 9111$ ~. 9:8!. Xidug{ }gki g}}g f }ilf| hf kf|ìda}ofhaé|af. F ~|ý~|af mf`mgaxf hg ixwidahihg ywg mf`}xaxwa f mf|iêíf g i idoi hf kf|ìda}of. I

~|ý~|ai ixwidahihg á wo eixf| hg `fxamailadahihg.



95

Mi~ïxwdf < / F KF\@IDA]OF A@UG]XAJIXAUF

<.9 Mf`mgaxf} hf kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf

I} |g~f|xijg`} hg`foaìhi} aùg}xajixaui} xëo mfof ~|a`mï~af i gr~f}aêíf mfo~dgxi hg eixf}

g`mflg|xf} fw hg haeïmad img}}f. @f|oidog`xg gdi} }íf hg a`xg|g}}g ~ûldamf$ f ywg ~|g}}w~÷g

gùfduaog`xf g hghamiêíf hg mi|éxg| ~|few`hf hf |g~ý|xg|$ a`mdw}aug i`xg} hi |g~f|xijgo }g|

~wldamihi. ^f| a}}f gdi uia idáo hi ixauahihg ì |ghiêíf g ~|gxg`hg woi iêíf oiaf| g wo

og|jwdbf a`xg`}f$ `f} eixf} g `f} }gw} |gedgrf}$ mfo f flkgxauf hg oi`xg| f dgaxf| mag`xg hg xfhf

f imf`xgmaog`xf. ^f| idjwoi} |i{÷g}$ ywg }g|íf gr~|g}}i} ~f}xg|af|og`xg$ f kf|ìda}of

aùg}xajixauf á ia`hi ~fwmf ~|g}g`xg `f} ogaf} hg mfowàmiêíf.

Mfo i `gmg}}ahihg hg lw}mi| woi |gidahihg mfo~dgxi g i ug|hihg ~f| x|é} hf} eixf}$ f kf|ìda}xi

aùg}xajixauf mfogêfw i g`mf`x|i| idjwo g}~iêf i~ý} i ]gjw`hi Jwg||i Ow`haid. Ha|mgw Df~g}

"<>>=! ~|gji ywg i ~|fmw|i ~gdi ug|hihg }go~|g efa f ~i~gd hg ywidywg| kf|ìda}xi$ oi} f

aùg}xajixauf xgo f hgug| hg x|i`}oaxa| if ~ûldamf ywg}x÷g} ywg híf oi|jgo i hûuahi$ g ywg ~f|

idjwo ofxauf$ }íf g}mf`hahi} hi }fmaghihg. ^f| a}}f$ f |g~ý|xg| hgug a| f oia} ew`hf ~f}}ïugd

~i|i g}mdi|gmg| g}}g} eixf} miowedihf}. Hgug/}g aùg}xaji|$ lw}mi| aèf|oiê÷g} ~|gma}i}$ `íf

eami| ~|g}f i `fxi} feamaia} g |gdgi}g}$ a`hf idáo hi ew`êíf hg |gmg~xf| g x|i`}oa}}f| hg `fxïmai.

Bé xgý|amf} iog|ami`f} ywg hgea`go f kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf mfof f jwi|haíf hi }fmaghihg$

iywgdg kf|ìda}of ywg ua}i i guahg`mai| i} oa}á|ai} ~|g}g`xg} fw ~i}}ihi} hg wo mf|~f }fmaid$

`wo g}ef|êf ~i|i mf`xi| f} eixf} mfof gdg} }íf$ ef|io$ fw hgug|aio xg| }ahf "]GYWGA\I$

<>>7$ ~. <8!. Gdg ijg mfof wo ~|g}xihf| hg }g|uaêf} î }fmaghihg$ kw}xiog`xg ~f| |gmf`}x|wa|

imf`xgmaog`xf} ao~f|xi`xg}$ gr~f| a`kw}xaêi}$ g$ ~|a`ma~idog`xg$ of}x|i| f} ogi`h|f} hi

mf||w~êíf `f }gxf| ~ûldamf.

Ci|io "<>>8! mf`mf|hi mfo i gr~f}aêíf hg ]gywga|i }fl|g i grx|goi |gdguì`mai hg}}i ef|oi hg

ei{g| kf|ìda}of ~i|i f ~ûldamf. I ixauahihg kf|ìdï}xami ~g|oaxg f mf`bgmaog`xf g i aèf|oiêíf

hg imf|hf mfo m|axá|af} mfof |gdguì`mai }fmaid g a`xg|g}}g ~ûldamf. I mf`}x|wêíf hf} eixf}$



9:

hg}hg mwdxw|ia} i ~fdïxamf}$ hg~g`hg hg wo df`jf mioa`bf i }g| ~g|mf||ahf ~gdf |g~ý|xg|. Á wo

~|fmg}}f dg`xf$ hg haeïmad ~|fhwêíf$ mi|f g ywg hgoi`hi owaxf x|ilidbf g i~w|iêíf.

]g owaxf} eidio xi`xf hf kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf$ idjw`} xgý|amf} g kf|ìda}xi} ywg}xafìo fywg }g|ai g`xíf f kf|ìda}of mfùg`mafìd. Xwhf `íf hgug }g| aùg}xajihf g i~w|ihf i`xg} hg }g|

ugamwdihf ì ao~|g`}i6 ]fl|g a}}f Kf}á I|lgr K|<> "maxihf ~f| DF^G] g ^\FG@ÊI$ <>>=!

iea|oi ywg `íf }g hgug }g~i|i| f jë`g|f. Xfhi |g~f|xijgo á aùg}xajihi g i~w|ihi. F iwxf|

mbioi g}}g jë`g|f$ i ywg }g hé f `fog hg aùg}xajixauf$ hg ‗f lfo kf|ìda}of―. Oé|maf hg

]fw{i Mi}xadbf<9 "<>><! ~f`xwi ywg g}}i ahg`xahihg aùg}xajixaui ei{ ~i|xg hf ‗ug|hihga|f

kf|ìda}of―$ ywg efjg hi }w~g|eamaidahihg g hihf} feamaia}.

I |g~ý|xg| Oi|ai Mdi|i ^|ixg}<< hgeg`hg ywg ywgo haeg|g`mai f} hfa} jë`g|f}$ mfùg`mafìd g

aùg}xajixauf$ á f |g~ý|xg|. ‗Ywi`xf oia} mw|af}f$ ‚ewêihf|‒ g a`ywagxf gdg ef|$ oia} i~|few`hihf

}g|é }gw x|ilidbf. Xgo ywg jf}xi|$ xg| ~imaë`mai g `íf }g }ixa}ei{g| mfo i ~|aoga|i aèf|oiêíf.

Î} ug{g} xgo woi ~iwxi }ý ~i|i aèf|oi|$ oi} xgo mi}f} go ywg ufmë eami ‗g`mwmihf―$ ywi`xf

oiaf| i mw|af}ahihg hf |g~ý|xg|$ oia} aùg}xajixauf }g|é f x|ilidbf hgdg. Á mfof ywi`hf ufmë

mfogêi i miui|$ mfogêi ~gdi }w~g|eïmag g uia i~|few`hi`hf―$ hgea`g.

F kf|ìda}xi \wlg`} Uidg`xg<= "maxihf ~f| ]GYWGA\I$ <>>7! iuidai f kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf

mfof f oia} x|ilidbf}f$ dgui`hf f dgaxf| i }g ~g|jw`xi| mfof f |g~ý|xg| hg}mfl|aw a}}f. Ké f

kf|ìda}xi mfdfolai`f Jg|idhf \gq}<8 "maxihf ~f| ]GYWGA\I$ <>>7$ ~. 5:! iea|oi ywg f

|g~ý|xg| aùg}xajixauf á wo ‗S..._ g}~gmaida}xi go of`xijgo hg wo ywgl|i/milgêi$ `f ywid i}

~gêi} g}xíf ha}~g|}i} g idjwáo xg`xi oi`xë/di} g}mf`hahi}―. î|i Dijg "<>>5!$ f kf|ìda}of

aùg}xajixauf á woi ef|oi grx|goi hg |g~f|xijgo. ^|a`ma~idog`xg `g}}g jë`g|f$ i hghamiêíf hg

xgo~f g g}ef|êf ~i|i f dgui`xiog`xf hg wo xgoi$ xi`xf mfo ~g}ywa}i hfmwog`xid mfof mfo

i~w|iêíf mfo i} ef`xg}$ }íf a`guaxéuga}.

<> A`; DF^G]$ Ha|mgw Eg|ì`hg}3 ^\FG@ÊI$ Kf}á Dwa{. Kf|ìda}of Aùg}xajixauf. ]íf îwdf; ^wlda}bg| L|i}ad$<>>=.<9 MI]XADBF$ Oé|maf ]fw{i. F kf|ìda}of ̀ i ha}xg`}íf ~fdïxami hf |gjaog oadaxi| . A` zzz.lfmm.wla.~x<< Ug| i`grf <<= A`; ]GYWGA\I$ Mdgfeg. Kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf ” f eixf ~f| x|é} hi `fxïmai. ]íf îwdf; ]woow}$ <>>7<8 \GQ]$ Jg|idhf. E|f`xg|i}$ fl}xémwdf}$ ~a}xi}$ ewg`xg}...a`xg|}xïmaf} hgd ~g|afha}of hg aùg}xajimaý .̀



92

Mfof ua}xf$ idjw`} xgý|amf} mf`mf|hio$ fwx|f} `íf mfo i mdi}}aeamiêíf ‗aùg}xajixaui―. F

kf|ìda}xi ^g|mauid hg ]fw{i<7 "maxihf ~f| DF^G] g ^\FG@ÊI$ <>>=! fl}g|ui ywg$ idáo hg

gra}xa| f kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf$ i eý|owdi hf jë`g|f `íf á mfo~damihi. Xgo ywg biug| }f|xg$

~imaë`mai g ~g|}a}xë`mai. Idáo ha}}f$ i }g`}aladahihg ~i|i ug| idjf ywg ~fhg|ai ~i}}i|hg}~g|mglahf. ‗Aùg}xajiêíf á w}i| i milgêi ~i|i hg}mfl|a|. Ufmë ~|gma}i }ilg| mfùg|}i|.

Hg}mf l|a| i} ~g}}fi} g f} dwji|g} mg|xf}― "]FW[I$ maxihf ~f| DF^G] g ^\FG@ÊI$ <>>=$ ~.

88!.

F} mf`mgaxf} hf kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf$ `f g`xi`xf$ ~fhgo idmi`êi| x|ë} da`bi}$ mfof

hgeg`hgo Df~g} g ^|fg`êi "<>>=!. F kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf á ~|fhwxf hi aàmaixaui ~g}}fid$

hg |g~f|xijg`} g}~gmaia} g i}}w`xf} hg a`xg|g}}g ~ûldamf ywg ~g}}fi} g a`}xaxwaê÷g} ywg|gog}mf`hg| hf ~ûldamf. G ~i|i }g| mf`}ahg|ihf aùg}xajixauf$ gdg hgug mwo~|a| x|ë} |gywa}axf}; i

aùg}xajiêíf hgug }g| |g}wdxihf hf x|ilidbf hf kf|ìda}xi$ `íf hg ~fdïmai fw f|aw`hf hg hf}}aë} g

|gdgi}g}3 i aùg}xajiêíf hgug }g| hg a`xg|g}}g hi j|i`hg ~f~wdiêíf$ `íf i~gì} idjw`} }gxf|g}3 g

ywg f} hihf} g}xgkio fmwdxf} hf ~ûldamf.

F kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf xgug f|ajgo i~ý} i ]gjw`hi Jwg||i Ow`haid$ `f} G}xihf} Wàhf}.

Ixá i hámihi hg :> g}}g jë`g|f |gmglgw ~fwmi ixg`êíf hf dgaxf|. ]fog`xg go 91:<$ oia}

~|gma}iog`xg `f hai 92 hg kw`bf$ wo eixf ~fdïxamf efa hg}xiywg ì oïhai g f kf|ìda}of

aùg}xajixauf ji`bfw ua}aladahihg. ‗I hixi oi|mi f a`ïmaf hf Mi}f Zixg|jixg g i |guidf|a{iêíf

hf g}xadf hg aèf|oi|― "DF^G] g ^\FG@ÊI$ <>>=$ ~. 9=!. F Mi}f Zixg|jixg efa aùg}xajihf

~f| hfa} |g~ý|xg|g} hf kf|ìd iog|ami`f Zi}ba`jxf` ^f}x $ ywg mfo~|fui|io f gùfduaog`xf hf

g`xíf ~|g}ahg`xg hf} G}xihf} Wàhf}$ \ambi|h @arf`$ mfo ma`mf xámàmf} ywg a`}xidi|io

j|io~f} xgdgeøàmf} `f ~|áhaf Zixg|jixg$ ~i|i ikwhi| ì |ggdgaêíf hf ~|g}ahg`xg. I~ý} f

g}mì`hidf$ @arf` |g`w`mafw if mi|jf.

Idjw`} kf|ìda}xi} ké ~g|mglgo f kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf mfo oia} ef|êi ì oïhai l|i}adga|i.

Bfkg á ~f}}ïugd fl}g|ui| f jë`g|f }g`hf ~|ixamihf `f L|i}ad$ og}of ywg xaoahiog`xg. F

|g~ý|xg| \ami|hf Cfx}mbf il|aw mioa`bf ~i|i i} |g~f|xijg`} hg}}g ~f|xg. I }á|ag hg |g~f|xijg`}

<7 A`; DF^G]$ Ha|mgw Eg|ì`hg}3 ^\FG@ÊI$ Kf}á Dwa{. Kf|ìda}of Aùg}xajixauf . ]íf ̂ iwdf; ̂ wlda}bg| L|i}ad$<>>=.



91

hg`foaìhi ‗I}}ao uaugo `f}}f} }w~g|ew`maf`é|af}― efa ~wldamihi `f kf|ìd G}xihf hg ]íf

îwdf g ji|i`xaw wo ^|ëoaf G}}f$ go 91:5$ if kf|ìda}xi.

F kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf ~fhg `íf }g| xíf gr~df|ihf `f L|i}ad ~f|ywg j|i`hg} kf|ìa} f~xi|io~gdi da`bi go~|g}i|aid$ aèf|oi`hf }go }g mfo~|fogxg|$ g ia`hi$ ~f| eidxi hg ha`bga|f g xgo~f

"HA@G]$ maxihf ~f| ]GYWGA\I <>>7$ ~. <=<5!. \wlg`} Uidg`xg<: "maxihf ~f| ]GYWGA\I$

<>>7! iea|oi$ ia`hi$ ywg$ idáo hf ha`bga|f$ bé f ~|fldgoi hf ghaxf| ogh|f}f$ ywg `íf ywg|

~|fldgoi} fw hf| hg milgêi.

Wo hf} ofxauf} i~f`xihf} ~gdf kf|ìda}xi I`xfàf Mi|df} Ef`<2 "maxihf ~f| ]GYWGA\I$ <>>7!

~i|i f ~gywg`f `ûog|f hg |g~f|xijg`} aùg}xajixaui} `f L|i}ad á f eixf hf} kf|ìa} `ífhgeg`hg|go f} a`xg|g}}g} hi }fmaghihg$ g }ao$ f} hi ~|ý~|ai go~|g}i$ ~|auadgjai`hf i} oixá|ai}

mw|xi} mfo wo `ûog|f |ghw{ahf hg aèf|oiêíf$ ywi`hf hgug|ai g}xi| imf`xgmg`hf grixiog`xg f

mf`x|é|af. F kf|ìda}xi$ g`xíf$ `íf á a`xga|iog`xg dau|g `f grg|mïmaf hg }wi ~|fea}}íf. I ~|fhwêíf

hg woi `fxïmai fw |g~f|xijgo á ha|gxiog`xg dajihi if} a`xg|g}}g} hi f|jià{iêíf f`hg gdg

x|ilidbi.

I ~fdïxami ghaxf|aid hi go~|g}i kf|ìdï}xami mf`hw{ f |g~ý|xg| î} |fxaì} ~|fhwxaui}. Ha|mgw

"<>>=! i~f`xi ywg f kf|ìda}xi hgug ei{g| }gw x|ilidbf ~g`}i`hf go ef|oi} lgo }wmghahi} hg

m|ai| wo a`xg|g}}g oiaf| hi }fmaghihg go ~|fd hg woi ua}íf oia} m|ïxami hi} mfa}i} g woi

f~aàíf mf`}a}xg`xg$ ywg uia mf`x|alwa| ~i|i mf`}fdahi| }gw mf`bgmaog`xf. ^f|áo$ ì ~|éxami$ f

kf|ìda}xi ia`hi }g oi`xáo ~|g}f if ywg f} oghai i~f`xio mfof `fxïmai g$ ì oiaf|ai hi} ug{g}$

j|i`hg} |g~f|xijg`} kf|ìdï}xami} eamio ef|i$ ~f| hgoi`hi|go ha`bga|f g xgo~f$ mfa}i} ywg f}

ugïmwdf} `íf }g a`xg|g}}io go ji}xi|.

Mfo i iw}ë`mai hg dalg|hihg$ fw ixá og}of ~f| ao~f}aêíf hf og|mihf g ~f| mfofha}of$j|i`hg ~i|xg hf} kf|ìda}xi} ei{ ywg}xíf hg idaog`xi| f geëog|f ” ywg ì} |ghiê÷g} }g x|ihw{ go

~|auadgjai| xgrxf} g`rwxf}$ e|ijog`xihf}$ go ldfmf} ~|guaiog`xg g}xilgdgmahf}$ ~i|i eimadaxi| i

<5 A`; ]GYWGA\I$ Mdgfeg. Kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf ” f eixf ~f| x|é} hi `fxïmai. ]íf îwdf; ]woow}$ <>>7<: Ahgo<2 A`; ]GYWGA\I$ Mdgfeg. Kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf ” f eixf ~f| x|é} hi `fxïmai. ]íf îwdf; ]woow}$ <>>7



<>

haij|ioiêíf hi} ~éjaì} g f ~|fmg}}f hg egmbiog`xf hi ghaêíf. I g}xwhaf}i \gki`g ]i`xf} <1

i~f`xi ywg$ `f|oidog`xg$ f mfof g f ~f| ywë$ gdgog`xf} hf dgih$ }íf hgarihf} hg dihf$ woi

ug{ ywg i i~w|iêíf hgoi`hi oia} xgo~f g mf`}wdxi i hfmwog`xf} g ef`xg}. Hguahf i g}}g}

eixf|g}$ f |g~ý|xg| ~|fhw{$ hai|aiog`xg$ owaxi} oixá|ai}$ oi}$ }go ~|few`hahihg$ a`xg|~|gxiêíf gmf`xgrxwida{iêíf.

Og}of ywg f L|i}ad `íf xg`bi x|ihaêíf go |gdiêíf if kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf$ f xgý|amf Mi|df}

]adui=> "9119! fl}g|ui ywg f ei{g| kf|ìdï}xamf `f L|i}ad á haeg|g`xg hf} G}xihf} Wàhf}. I

mwdxw|i hi ao~wàhihg á wo eixf| hgxg|oaì`xg ~i|i i haeg|g`maiêíf hf} ~ih|÷g} mwdxw|ia}

l|i}adga|f}. ‗F oiw ew`mafìog`xf hi} a`}xaxwaê÷g} ~ûldami} ei{ mfo ywg gug`xwia} x|ilidbf} hg

aùg}xajiêíf kf|ìdï}xami `f L|i}ad imilgo mia`hf `f ui{af$ `íf |g}wdxi`hf go ìhi$ ifmf`x|é|af hf fmf||g `f} GWI― "]ADUI$ 9119$ ~. 9>>!.

Ia`hi i}}ao$ hai`xg hg xi`xi} li||ga|i}$ f} flkgxauf} hf kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf `íf ~fhgo }g|

hgarihf} hg dihf. F kf|ìda}of mfùg`mafìd g f aùg}xajixauf mwo~|go flkgxauf} ha}xa`xf}3

g`ywi`xf f x|ihamafìd xgo mfof mi|imxg|ï}xami ~|a`ma~id i x|i`}oa}}íf hi `fxïmai$ f

aùg}xajixauf á oia} i~|few`hihf. ^g~g \fh|ïjwg{=9 i|jwog`xi ywg f ~|aoga|f w}i hg xámàmi}

bilaxwia} hi ~|fea}}íf$ gdilf|i`hf woi aèf|oiêíf ywg ~|gmghg hg woi ef`xg ix|alwïhi i wo

eixf. Gdg i~f`xi i |gidahihg i wo mw|xf ~|i{f. F }gjw`hf w}i hg fwx|i} xámàmi} g}~gmïeami} ~i|i

ikwhé/df. Gdg á wo ~fwmf aùg}xajihf|$ ~fdïmai g ba}xf|aihf|$ g mi||gji woi mi|ji hg

|g}~f`}iladahihg oiaf|. Gdilf|i i aèf|oiêíf i ~i|xa| hg wo `ûog|f a`hgxg|oaìhf hg ef`xg} g

i`éda}g ~|few`hi hg hihf}$ ~f}}aladaxi`hf xf|ì| ~ûldamf idjf ywg g}xi|ai fmwdxf.

Df~g} g ^|fg`êi "<>>=! iuidaio i} eg||iog`xi} hg x|ilidbf wxada{ihi} ~gdf} kf|ìda}xi}

aùg}xajihf|g} mfof mfow`} i fwx|f} xa~f} hg kf|ìda}of. ‗I haeg|g`êi g}xé ì a`xg`êíf

~fdïxami3 ~wldami| f ywg uia oid g mf||aja| f} ilw}f} hf ~fhg|― "DF^G] g ^\FG@ÊI$ <>>=$ ~.97!. F kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf x|ilidbi mfo aèf|oiêíf ywg idjwáo ~|gxg`hg ywg ~g|oi`gêi

<1 ]I@XF]$ \gki`g. I xg`xiêíf hi }w~g|eamaidahihg. A` zzz.fl}g|uixf|afhiao~|g`}i.mfo.l|=> ]ADUI$ Mi|df} Ghwi|hf Da`} hi. F ihai`xihf hi bf|i; i aèdwë`mai iog|amiì }fl|g f kf|ìda}of l|i}adga|f. ]ífîwdf; ]woow}$ 9119.=9 \FH\ÏJWG[$ ^g~g. ^g|afha}of hg aùg}xajimaý`; xámàmi} q g}x|ixgjai}. îahý} î~gdg} hg Mfowàmimaý`;Li|mgdfì$ 9118.



<9

fmwdxi. ]wi oa}}íf g}xé f`hg }g g}mf`hgo hihf} ao~f|xi`xg}. ‗Ix|é} hi} `fxïmai} }ao~dg} hg

mihi hai á ~f}}ïugd ywg biki imf`xgmaog`xf ao~f|xi`xg ywg og|gêi }g| aùg}xajihf― "DF^G] g

^\FG@ÊI$ <>>=$ ~. 98!.

F} iwxf|g} e|a}io$ ia`hi$ ywg milg if kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf$ xioláo$

S..._ ~|fofug| |gef|oi}3 gr~f| a`kw}xaêi}3 hg}oi}mi|i| e|iwhg}3hi| i mf`bgmg| f ywg f} ~fhg|g} ~ûldamf} ywg|go fmwdxi|3hgxgmxi| ywia} i} a`}xaxwaê÷g} mwo~|go f} }gw} hgug|g}3hgof`}x|i| mfof ew`mafìo f} f|jià}of} ~ûldamf}3 hi|aèf|oiê÷g} if} dgaxf|g} }fl|g ~fdïxamf} g }wi} a`xg`ê÷g} g|gmf`}x|wa| imf`xgmaog`xf} ao~f|xi`xg} "DF^G] g^\FG@ÊI$ <>>=$ ~. 97!.

F ao~f|xi`xg á of}x|i| mfof ew`mafìo f} ogmià}of} lw|fm|éxamf} g i} oi{gdi} hf }a}xgoi$

ké ywg woi j|i`hg mi|imxg|ï}xami hf kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf á i gr~f}aêíf hg eixf} ywg g}xíf

fmwdxf}.

<.< Xámàmi} g ~|fmg}}f} hf kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf

F kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf xgo flkgxauf} haeg|g`xg} hf kf|ìda}of mfùg`mafìd. F kf|ìda}xi

aùg}xajixauf$ ~|fufmihf ~f| ywg}xafìog`xf}$ lw}mi i g}}ë`mai hf} imf`xgmaog`xf} g ~|fmw|i

g`xg`hg|$ ~i}}i`hf g}}g g`xg`haog`xf if dgaxf|$ woi }axwiêíf ywg ~|gkwhami$ hg idjwoi ef|oi$ i

mfdgxauahihg. I ao~|g`}i$ `g}}g mi}f$ xgo wo ~i~gd }fmaid |gdgui`xg g ew`hiog`xid. @i bf|i hi

i~w|iêíf$ f kf|ìda}xi w}i oáxfhf} g xámàmi} i~|few`hihf} ~i|i ei{g| x|i`}~i|gmg| f} eixf} ywg

g}xíf g}mf`hahf} hf} mahihíf}.

^g~g \fh|ïjwg{ "9118! i~f`xi idjwoi} mi|imxg|ï}xami} ~g}}fia} g g}x|wxw|ia} ywg ~fhgo iwradai|

wo |g~ý|xg| `f i`hiog`xf hg }gw x|ilidbf aùg}xajixauf. Idjwoi} ywidahihg} }íf hg}gkéuga}$mfof lf`} hfxg} hg fl}g|uiêíf$ ogoý|ai ua}wid$ mi~imahihg hg ~|gua}íf g ~di`gkiog`xf$

ao~|fua}iêíf$ mf`bgmaog`xf} jg|ia} io~df}$ ha}m|aêíf g mi~imahihg hg i}}woa| |a}mf}

"\FH\ÏJWG[$ 9118$ ~. 9:!. F xgo~f g i ha}~fàladahihg xioláo }íf g}}g`maia}.



<<

î|i mbgji| i ~f`xf hg aùg}xaji| wo eixf g f|jià{i| f }gw x|ilidbf$ f kf|ìda}xi ké g}xé mag`xg

hg ywg idjf g}xé g||ihf. ‗Gdg ~|gma}i g}xi| ixg`xf i xfhi aèf|oiêíf ywg `íf }g g`miarg―

"DF^G] g ^\FG@ÊI <>>=$ ~. 95!. A}}f }g|é ûxad ì bf|i hg |gdimafì| f} imf`xgmaog`xf} g

go~|gji| }gw} ~|ý~|af} oáxfhf} hg aùg}xajiêíf. Á a`g|g`xg i g}}g ~|fea}}afìd i fl}g|uiêífha|gxi hf} imf`xgmaog`xf} g wo mf`}xi`xg ywg}xafìog`xf }fl|g f ~f|ywë hi} mfa}i}.

I lw}mi ~gdi mdi|g{i ~fhg dgui| f |g~ý|xg| i w}i| xámàmi} mf`}ahg|ihi} adïmaxi}$ mfof i

aèadx|iêíf$ ~i|i flxg| |g}~f}xi} î} }wi} ~g|jw`xi}. Gdg }g aèadx|i go dwji| f`hg imbi ywg ~fhg

g}xi| f ~f`xf idxf hg }wi aùg}xajiêíf$ fw ~gdf og`f}$ wo ha|gmafìog`xf. Df~g} g ^|fg`êi

"<>>=! hgmdi|io ywg i aèadx|iêíf ~f}}aladaxi i oiaf| i~|fraoiêíf eï}ami hf} imf`xgmaog`xf}$

i}}ao$ f kf|ìda}xi ~fhg mfo~|fui| f} eixf}. Fwx|i ~f}}aladahihg á i hg w}i| mìog|i} g}mf`hahi}.

Oi|ai Mdi|i

=<

e|a}i ywg i} ~g}}fi} gùfduahi} go g}mì`hidf `íf ihoaxgo f adïmaxf$ ~f|xi`xf$ g}}goáxfhf á uédahf.

@f a`ïmaf hi aùg}xajiêíf$ f |g~ý|xg| ~|fmw|i |gwà| xfhf} f} hihf}$ ixá og}of$ f} ywg ~f}}io

}g| a`}ajàeami`xg}$ ywg }w|jgo hw|i`xg f ~|fmg}}f hg lw}mi hg aèf|oiê÷g} }fl|g f xgoi go

~iwxi. Mfolaì| fl}g|uiêíf mfo ~g}ywa}i g g}xwhf hg i|ywauf} ~ûldamf} }íf xámàmi} ûxga} ~i|i

i aùg}xajiêíf. ‗Á ew`hiog`xid f mf`bgmaog`xf ~|few`hf hf} ogmià}of} lw|fm|éxamf} f`hg f}

i|ywauf} }g g`mf`x|io g ywg f kf|ìda}xi xg`bi xgo~f hg g`mf`x|é/df}― "DF^G] g ^\FG@ÊI$

<>>=$ ~. 9:!. \fh|ïjwg{ "9118! ixg`xi ia`hi ~i|i f mwahihf$ i |g}~f`}iladahihg$ bf`g}xahihg g i

ywidaeamiêíf ~|fea}}afìd ywg hgug imfo~i`bi| f |g~ý|xg| go xfhf f ~|fmg}}f aùg}xajixauf.

F} iwxf|g} Df~g} g ^|fg`êi "<>>=! i~f`xio mfof |gj|i ew`hiog`xid ~i|i i mf`hwêíf hg wo

x|ilidbf aùg}xajixauf i mfo~|fuiêíf hg g`hg|gêf} g `fog} mf||gxf} hi} ~g}}fi} fw f|jià}of}

hi} ywia} }g eidi. Gdg ihug|xg$ xioláo$ ywg ywi`hf w}i| |gmf|xg} hg kf|ìa} fw |gua}xi}$ á

ao~|g}ma`hïugd ywg g}xgkio lgo }gdgmafìhf}$ mdi}}aeamihf} g mfo~dgxf}. G`xg`hg| lgo f

ew`mafìog`xf hi ihoaà}x|iêíf ~ûldami g hi} j|i`hg} go~|g}i} á wo fwx|f ~f`xf ao~f|xi`xg~i|i f x|ilidbf kf|ìdï}xamf. G$ ~f| eao$ mf`mg`x|i|/}g go }gjwa| g ~wldami| `fxïmai} |gdgui`xg}$

a`xg|~|gxé/di} g }g|ua|/}g hgdi} ~i|i ixwi| mfof hgeg`}f|g} hf a`xg|g}}g ~ûldamf.

=< Ug| i`grf <



<=

F kf|ìda}xi aùg}xajixauf$ e|g`xg i woi j|i`hg ywg}xíf$ ~fhg xg| }wi kf|ìhi hg x|ilidbf

xfxidog`xg x|i`}ef|oihi. ^f}}augdog`xg$ xfhi aùg}xajiêíf hw|i|é og}g}. ‗W` aùg}xajihf| xag`g

ywg }g| gìof|ihf hg }w x|ilikf$ qi ywg `gmg}}i|aiog`xg }g ui i ~i}i| uga`xamwix|f bf|i} ~f| hai

gkg|mag`hf }w ~|feg}af`==― "\FH\ÏJWG[$ 9118$ ~. <7!. F x|ilidbf á a`xg`}f. ]íf hg{gì} hgef`xg} ~i|i }g|go fwuahi} g i|ywauf} g hfmwog`xf} }gdgmafìhf} ~i|i ~g}ywa}i. I }á|ag hg

|g~f|xijg`} ‗Mw|i Eid}aeamihi―$ ~f| grgo~df$ hgoi`hfw wo g}ef|êf griw}xauf î kf|ìda}xi Oi|ai

Mdi|i ^|ixg}=8. ‗Efa woi i~w|iêíf owaxf df`ji$ oia} hg }ga}$ }gxg og}g} g`x|g i aèf|oiêíf xg|

mbgjihf g i oixá|ai xg| }ahf ~wldamihi―. Ia`hi mfo wo hw|f x|ilidbf g wo é|hwf mioa`bf i }g|

~g|mf||ahf$ á a`guaxéugd ywg f |g~ý|xg| m|ag aàoa{ihg} mfo ~g}}fi} gùfduahi} g maxihi} go }wi

|g~f|xijgo.

Wo ~di`f ogxfhfdýjamf hgug }g| hg}gùfduahf ~i|i i oéraoi geamémai hi |g~f|xijgo. F

|g~ý|xg| uia g}xwhi| i uailadahihg g i} ~f}}aladahihg} hg ëraxf g e|imi}}f hi |g~f|xijgo eaìd.

Mihi aùg}xajiêíf `gmg}}axi hg ogxfhfdfjai g xámàmi haeg|g`xg}. ‗Á ~|gma}f ~g|jw`xi| /}g }g i

|g~f|xijgo á uaéugd g }g ha}~fof} hg xgo~f$ ha`bga|f g xámàmi} ihgywihi} ~i|i |gida{é/ di―

"DF^G] g ^\FG@ÊI$ <>>=$ ~. 92!.

I ei}g hg ~di`gkiog`xf hi aùg}xajiêíf hgoi`hi$ xioláo$ xgo~f g i`éda}g hf} oáxfhf} hg

x|ilidbf g ~|fj|ioiêíf. ‗X|ixi/}g hg hgeaà| daoaxg} ba}xý|amf}$ dgjia}$ xámàmf} g áxamf} ywg

oi|mio f xgoi hi aùg}xajiêíf― "DF^G] g ^\FG@ÊI$ <>>=$ ~. 91=7!. I`xg} hg aàmai| f

x|ilidbf hgug/}g hgeaà| f mio~f hg ixwiêíf$ lw}mi|$ iìda}i| g g}x|wxw|i| ~f}}ïuga} ef`xg}$

lw}mi| hihf} g mfèa|oi| mihi wo hf} gdgog`xf} hi aùg}xajiêíf "\FH\ÏJWG[$ 9118$ ~. 8<!.

Á g}}g`maid ywg f kf|ìda}xi `íf }g g}ywgêi hg ug|aeami| xfhf} f} hihf} flxahf} i`xg} hg ~wldami|

woi oixá|ai.

î|i wo |gdixf |gid g hg m|ghaladahihg f kf|ìda}xi }g }w}xg`xi go hfa} ~adi|g}$ f hi grixahíf g hi~|gma}íf. Hg imf|hf mfo Df~g} g ^|fg`êi "<>>=!$ g}}i m|ghaladahihg mf||g f |a}mf hg }g| dg}ihi

}g f kf|ìda}xi gr~÷g f~aà÷g} g kwï{f} hg uidf| hw|i`xg i grgmwêíf hi |g~f|xijgo.

== Wo aùg}xajihf| xgo ywg }g| i~iarfìhf ~f| }gw x|ilidbf$ ké ywg uia }g| `gmg}}é|af ~i}}i| ua`xg g ywix|f bf|i}~f| hai grg|mg`hf }wi ~|fea}}íf "x|ihwêíf dau|g!.

=8 Ug| i`grf <=7 Ahgo



<8

<.= F gùfduaog`xf hf |g~ý|xg| mfo i ef`xg

I ef`xg kf|ìdï}xami á wo hf} miìa} aèf|oixauf} hf} |g~ý|xg|g}. Gdi á g}}g`maid i xfhf f

x|ilidbf kf|ìdï}xamf hw|i`xg i mf`}x|wêíf hi `fxïmai. I} ef`xg} ~fhgo hgxg|oaì| i ywidahihg hiaèf|oiêíf ~|fhw{ahi ~gdf |g~ý|xg|$ g a}}f hg~g`hg owaxf hi }wi m|ghaladahihg.

A`hg~g`hg`xg hg ywidywg| ~|fhwêíf kf|ìdï}xami$ á eixf ywg f |g~ý|xg| oi`xáo woi |gdiêíf lgo

~|ýraoi mfo i} ef`xg}. Gdi} }íf ao~|g}ma`hïuga} g ij|gjio j|i`hg ao~f|xì`mai if x|ilidbf hf

kf|ìda}xi. Á mfof wo mi}iog`xf hg mfùgàë`mai$ mfof ji|i`xg Oi`wgd â`xf "<>>>!=5.

]gjw`hf gdg$ f} kf|ìda}xi} g i} ef`xg} oi`xëo woi |gdiêíf hg ~|fraoahihg g$ ixá og}of$

a`xaoahihg.

F |gdimafìog`xf g`x|g |g~ý|xg| g ef`xg á }ij|ihf g ~|fxgjahf ~gdi Mf`}xaxwaêíf Eghg|id =:. Gdi

~|guë mf`haê÷g} hg x|ilidbf ywg ~g|oaxio f img}}f î} ef`xg} g dau|g aùg}xajiêíf ~i|i i lw}mi

~gdi ug|hihg. F |g~ý|xg| mfèg|g m|ghaladahihg î ef`xg$ ~|a`ma~idog`xg$ hg imf|hf mfo i ~f}aêíf

bag|é|ywami hg ao~f|xì`mai hgdi iwxf|axi|aiog`xg. ^f| fwx|f dihf$ a}}f hg~g`hg hg mihi mi}f. Go

eixf} hg a`xg|g}}g ~ûldamf$ mfof f mi}f hf kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf$ ywidywg| ~g}}fi ~fhg

i~|g}g`xi| wo eixf |gugdihf|. I} ef`xg} idxg|ìxaui} xioláo ~fhgo }g| hg m|ghaladahihg. G wo

hgdgjihf$ ywg }g|ai woi ef`xg feamaid hi ~fdïmai$ `go }go~|g oi`xáo woi ug|hihg il}fdwxi.

I} ef`xg} ~fhgo }g| mi|imxg|a{ihi} mfof ~|aoé|ai} fw }gmw`hé|ai}. I} ~|aoé|ai} }íf g}}g`maia}

i woi |g~f|xijgo g ef|`gmgo eixf}$ ug|}÷g} g `ûog|f}. I} }gmw`hé|ai} }íf mf`}wdxihi} ~i|i

mf`x|alwaêíf hg ~iwxi} g aèf|oiê÷g} jg`á|ami}. @ad}f` Dijg "<>>5! i} mi|imxg|a{i$ ia`hi$ mfof

feamaia}$ feamaf}i} fw a`hg~g`hg`xg}.

‗Ef`xg} feamaia} }íf oi`xahi} ~gdf G}xihf3 ~f| a`}xaxwaê÷g} ywg~|g}g|uio idjwo ~fhg| hg G}xihf$ mfof kw`xi} mfog|maia} gf} mi|xý|af} hg feïmaf3 g ~f| go~|g}i} g f|jià{iê÷g} mfof}a`hamixf}$ i}}fmaiê÷g}$ ew`hiê÷g} gxm. Ef`xg} feamaf}i} }ífiywgdi} ywg$ |gmf`bgmahiog`xg dajihi} i woi g`xahihg fwa`hauïhwf$ `íf g}xíf$ ~f|áo$ iwxf|a{ihi} i eidi| go `fog hgdgfw hgdi. Ef`xg} a`hg~g`hg`xg} }íf iywgdi} hg}ua`mwdihi} hg

=5 Â@XF$ Oi`wgd. Ef`xg} kf|ìdï}xami} ” mf`x|alwxf} ~i|i wo oi~giog`xf hg mio~f. A` Mfowàmiêíf g ]fmaghihg

<$ Mihg|`f} hf @f|fg}xg$ ]á|ag Mfowàmiêíf$ ufd. 98$ <>>>.=: I|xajf 7»$ a`ma}f RAU$ hi Mf`}xaxwaêíf Eghg|id hg 9122.



<7

woi |gdiêíf hg ~fhg| fw a`xg|g}}g g}~gmïeamf go mihi mi}f―"DIJG$ <>>5$ ~. 5=!.

Gdi} mfdilf|io go xfhf f x|ilidbf g ~fhgo i~f`xi| f} mioa`bf} i }g|go }gjwahf}. Oi} á

ao~f|xi`xg dgol|i| ywg i} ef`xg} `íf }íf xfxidog`xg mfèaéuga}. A}}f }g hgug$ ~|a`ma~idog`xg$

if} a`xg|g}}g} ywg ~f}}io g}xi| gùfduahf} `f |g~i}}g hg woi aèf|oiêíf. Milg if |g~ý|xg|

ei{g| i }gdgêíf hf oixg|aid ywg }g|é hauwdjihf g `íf }g|$ i~gì}$ wo og|f fl}g|uihf|. Oi`wgd

â`xf fl}g|ui ywg bé f |a}mf hf kf|ìda}xi$ ì ~g|oi`g`xg `gjfmaiêíf mfo i ef`xg$ }g xf|ì| wo

}ao~dg} mfog|mai`xg hg aèf|oiêíf.

Mwahihf `w`mi á hgoia}$ ieaìd$ i} ef`xg} ~fhgo og`xa| ~i|i mf`}gjwa| f ywg ywg|go. ]go~|g á

~f}}ïugd ywg xg`bi idjwo xa~f hg a`xg|g}}g ~f| x|é} hg woi aèf|oiêíf ef|`gmahi ~gdi ef`xg. ^f|a}}f$ xfhi aèf|oiêíf hgug }g| mbgmihi. Go mi}f} hg a`xg|g}}g ~ûldamf$ f mwahihf hgug }g| ia`hi

oiaf|.

F kf|ìda}xi Eg|ì`hf \fh|ajwg}=2 gr~dami ywg i |gdiêíf mfo i ef`xg hgug }g| owaxf

~|fea}}afìd. Hgug/}g mfèg|a| î griw}xíf i mfèailadahihg hi} ef`xg} g hi} aèf|oiê÷g}. ‗Á

ao~f|xi`xg ywg i ef`xg `íf }g }a`xi g`jiìhi$ }fl|gxwhf$ hg~fa} hi ~wldamiêíf hi |g~f|xijgo.

Hgug/}g ha{g| }go~|g i ug|hihg― "\FH\AJWG]$ i~wh $ DF^G] g ^\FG@ÊI$ <>>=!.

Mihi aèf|oiêíf `fxamaihi ~fhg imi||gxi| ~|fldgoi} ~i|i f ugïmwdf hg mfowàmiêíf. ^g`}i`hf

à}}f$ f} kf|ìda}xi} eamio ixg`xf} î ~f}xw|i áxami g î grixahíf hf} eixf} ì||ihf}$ ké ywg gdg á f

|g}~f`}éugd ~gdi ~wldamiêíf. Xwhf hgug }g| ywg}xafìhf g ug|aeamihf ~gdf iwxf| hi `fxïmai. @íf

bé aèf|oiêíf }go i ~|fmw|i ~f| ef`xg}$ ~f|áo$ gdi} `íf ~|fhw{go woi ug|hihg il}fdwxi. F

|g~ý|xg| xgo ywg mfèg|a| i ug|imahihg hi aèf|oiêíf mghahi ~gdi ef`xg.

Wo j|i`hg ~|fldgoi bfkg á f kf|ìda}xi }g ~|g`hg| î} ef`xg} feamaia} g `íf i~w|i|~|few`hiog`xg i} aèf|oiê÷g} ywg |gmglg. I aùg}xajiêíf `íf á egaxi g f eixf á mf`xihf i~gì}

~f| g}}i} ef`xg} feamaia}$ ywg$ jg|idog`xg$ ~|gxg`hgo fw g}~g|io ywg imf`xgêi idjf i~ý} }gw

hg~faog`xf. Hg}}i oi`ga|i f mf`}g`}f ~i}}i i }g| ~|fhw{ahf ~gdi} gdaxg} g i} j|i`hg}

=2 A`; DF^G]$ Ha|mgw Eg|ì`hg}3 ^\FG@ÊI$ Kf}á Dwa{. Kf|ìda}of Aùg}xajixauf. ]íf îwdf; ^wlda}bg| L|i}ad$<>>=.



<5

a`}xaxwaê÷g} ywg g}xíf ua`mwdihi} if ~fhg| gmf`øoamf g ~fdïxamf "MBFO]CQ$ maxihf ~f|

CI\IO$ <>>8=1!.

I ef`xg go fee ~fhg }g| ew`hiog`xid$ ~f|áo$ f mwahihf hgug }g| owaxf oiaf| mfo g}}g xa~f hgaèf|oi`xg. ‗@g}}g mi}f$ á ew`hiog`xid ywg hwi} `f|oi} }gkio g}xilgdgmahi}; i |i{íf hf

i`fàoixf hgug }g| gr~damihi ì oixá|ai g i aèf|oiêíf feg|gmahi hgug }g| mbgmihi mfo$ `f

oïàof$ fwx|i ef`xg― "DF^G] g ^\FG@ÊI$ <>>=$ ~. <<!. ]g i} hgmdi|iê÷g} ef|io hihi} go fee $

f |g~ý|xg| xgo i fl|ajiêíf hg ~|g}g|ui| i ahg`xahihg hi ef`xg$ }gjw`hf ^gh|f Mgd}f Mio~f} 8>.

Oi}$ ia`hi i}}ao$ á `gmg}}é|af ‗S..._ mbgmi|$ mfèg|a|$ mfè|f`xi| hihf}$ fwua| hg `fuf i} og}oi}

ef`xg}―. "MIO^F]$ <>>=$ ~. >7!.

@i oiaf|ai hf} mi}f}$ á ~|gma}f mf`ywa}xi| i }ao~ixai hi ef`xg$ ~i|i ywg gdi |gugdg if |g~ý|xg| f

ywg gdg g}xé lw}mi`hf. Mfof hgeg`hg ^gh|f Mio~f}$ a}}f `íf }g ei{ mfo ogai}/ug|hihg}$

og`xa|i}$ eid}i ahg`xahihg$ mìog|i} fmwdxi} fw mfo ywidywg| fwx|f gr~ghag`xg g}mw}f. F ywg

hgug imf`xgmg| á mf`x|é|af i a}}f$ hgug biug| bf`g}xahihg g x|i`}~i|ë`mai.

<.8 Kf|ìda}of g áxami

I áxami á f mf`kw`xf hg uidf|g}$ mf`x|i/uidf|g} g ~f}xw|i} ywg ~|gxg`hg f|ag`xi| i }fmaghihg

hai`xg hi dga. @íf }ý `f kf|ìda}of$ oi} go ywidywg| fwx|i ~|fea}}íf$ á ao~f|xi`xg ywg `f}}i}

iê÷g} }gkio áxami}. Á woi mf`hwxi of|id ywg ~|gxg`hg oi`xg| df`jg f hg}uaf hg mi|éxg|. @ad}f`

Dijg hgea`g áxami mfof ‗S..._ f g}xwhf hf} kwï{f} hg uidf| "lgo&oid!$ i~daméuga} î mf`hwxi

bwoiì `f xfhf$ fw wo mio~f g}~gmïeamf― "DIJG$ <>>5$ ~.21!$ g hg}ximi ywg á `gmg}}é|af xg|

mwahihf mfo i áxami.

I áxami á hg}gkéugd go ywidywg| feïmaf g f kf|ìda}xi `íf efjg i a}}f. Bé mf`}xi`xg dajiêíf g`x|g

f kf|ìda}xi g i áxami. ^f| wo dihf$ bé f} ~|fea}}afìa} ywg dwxio ~gdi |gida{iêíf hi áxami go ~|fd

hf a`xg|g}}g ~ûldamf3 ~f| fwx|f dihf$ ~fhg fmf||g| woi mg|xi |g}a}xë`mai go of}x|i| f} eixf}

|gidog`xg mfof gdg} }íf hguahf if gùfduaog`xf g`x|g f} ugïmwdf} hg mfowàmiêíf g

go~|g}é|af}. G}}i |gdiêíf ~fhg xa|i| wo ~fwmf hi dalg|hihg hi ao~|g`}i hg `fxamai| xwhf$ ké ywg

=1 MBFO]CQ$ @fio3 HAGXG\AMB$ Bga`{. Di idhgi jdflid. Xieiddi; Xridi~i|xi$ 911:8> MIO^F]$ ^gh|f Mgd}f. Jë`g|f} hf kf|ìda}of g xámàmi} hg g`x|gua}xi. A` zzz.lfmm.wla.~x



<:

bé a`xg|g}}g} gùfduahf}$ mfof f ~fhg| gmf`øoamf$ idáo hg ~|f~|aiog`xg ei{g| `fxïmai. I

oiaf|ai hf} ugïmwdf} hg mfowàmiêíf hg~g`hg hg ~wldamahihg ~i|i oi`xg|go i |fxiêíf hf kf|ìd

"CI\IO$ <>>7!.

]ý f grg|mïmaf áxamf kf|ìdï}xamf á ywg uia$ mfo woi dwxi ~fdïxami$ mfolixg| f ~g`}iog`xf ûàmf$

f maà}of g i} g}x|ixájai} |gxý|ami}$ }gjw`hf Ci|io "<>>7!. F iwxf| ~f`hg|i ywg i áxami hgug }g|

g}}g`maid î} |gdiê÷g} bwoiì} g ~|a`ma~idog`xg if x|ilidbf mfowàmixauf$ ké ywg á hgug| hf

kf|ìda}xi hgari| f mahihíf aèf|oihf mf||gxiog`xg. I}}ao mfof }gjwa| f} ~|a`mï~af} áxamf} á

~ix|aoøàf hf kf|ìda}of$ á ew`êíf hf} |g~ý|xg|g} ~|ixamé/df}.

I~g}i| hg$ xgf|amiog`xg$ i áxami }g oi`xg| mfof mf`hwxf|i hg wo kf|ìda}xi$ f ixwid kf|ìda}ofg}xé mbgaf hg mfàuë`mai} g mwo~damahihg}$ hg }wl}g|uaë`mai} g hg mf|xg}ai} "BIDAOG$ maxihf

~f| CI\IO$ <>>8!. F |g~ý|xg| xgo |g}~f`}iladahihg hai`xg hf }gw ~ûldamf$ ~f| a}}f$ hgug xg|

mwahihf mfo f |gmglaog`xf hg ywidywg| oixg|aid go x|fmi hg aèf|oiêíf. Dijg "<>>5! iea|oi

ywg f |g~ý|xg| hgug xg| mwahihf$ ia`hi$ mfo f }ajadf hi} ef`xg} g i g}mfdbi hf} oáxfhf}$

~|a`ma~idog`xg f w}f hg j|iuihf|g} g j|io~f} xgdgeøàmf}.

I hfmwog`xiêíf á$ }go hûuahi$ wo eixf| owaxf ao~f|xi`xg. F kf|ìda}xi iog|ami`f îwd

Zaddai`}89 "91:2$ mfèf|og ]GYWGA\I$ <>>7! ~f`hg|i ywg wo kf|ìda}xi `íf ~fhg

}ao~dg}og`xg hg`w`mai| woi }axwiêíf$ oi} hgug xg| ~|fui} hfmwog`xia} }weamag`xg} g xf|ì|/}g

wo g}~gmaida}xi `f i}}w`xf g}xwhihf.

Kw}xiog`xg ~f| a}}f$ ^|fg`êi "<>>=! ixg`xi ~i|i i áxami$ ké ywg$ mfo xfhi g}}i lw}mi ~f|

aèf|oiê÷g}$ ìhi oia} ìxw|id ywg xwhf x|i`}mf||i hg`x|f hf} daoaxg} áxamf} ~|f~f}xf}. F

kf|ìda}xi hgug }g| |g}~f`}éugd$ bf`g}xf$ }á|af g mfèaéugd$ g mfo f mwahihf hg `íf gr~f|

aèf|oiê÷g} xg`hg`maf}i}$ uiji}$ g$ ia`hi$ woi ixwiêíf `gwx|i g ao~i|maid hai`xg hi aèf|oiêíf.I aùg}xajiêíf hgug }g| mf||gxi g oa`wmaf}i.

89 ZADDAI@]$ ̂ iwd. Aùg}xajixaug |g~f|xa`j i`h ghaxa`j. G`jdgzffh Mdaee}; ^|g`xamg Bidd$ 91:2



<2

@f kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf gra}xgo daoaxg} i }g|go |g}~gaxihf} ~i|i ywg `íf ua|g idjf adgjid$

}g`}imafìda}xi g uafdg f} ha|gaxf} hf} mahihíf}. @f g`xi`xf$ ]gywga|i "<>>8! iea|oi ywg ~i|i

mbgji| if ~|fhwxf eaìd$ f} kf|ìda}xi} w}io owaxi} g}x|ixájai} ì ei}g hg i~w|iêíf. I

aèadx|iêíf$ ~f| grgo~df$ dgui f |g~ý|xg| i foaxa| }wi ahg`xahihg g flkgxauf} ~i|i mbgmi| f} eixf}.

Oáxfhf} mfof ha}ei|mg}$ j|io~f} xgdgeøàmf} g j|iuiê÷g} `íf iwxf|a{ihi} hauahgo f~aà÷g}

g`x|g idjw`} iwxf|g} g kf|ìda}xi}. ]g i `fxïmai ef| hg a`xg|g}}g ~ûldamf$ ^g|mauid hg ]fw{i i~|fui.

Ké Kf}á I|lgr K|8< "maxihf ~f| DF^G] g ^\FG@ÊI$ <>>=! ha{ ywg hg~g`hg hi} ma|mw`}xì`mai} g

hf daoaxg hf |g~ý|xg| g hf ugïmwdf hg mfowàmiêíf. F kf|ìda}xi Jadlg|xf @i}maog`xf 8= `íf

ihoaxg oé}mi|i}. ‗@íf oa`xf ì oa`bi ~|fea}}íf. @w`mi ~i}}i|ai ~f| fwx|i ~g}}fi―

"@I]MAOG@XF$ maxihf ~f| DF^G] g ^\FG@ÊI$ <>>=$ ~. 17!.

Gra}xg woi hûuahi g wo hglixg áxamf }fl|g ixá ywg ~f`xf f kf|ìda}xi ~fhg mbgji| ~i|i `íf

uafdi| f} ha|gaxf} ew`hiog`xia} hf} mahihíf}$ mfof ~|auimahihg g |g}~gaxf. î|i f kf|ìda}xi

I`xfàf Mi|df} Ef`88$ ywi}g xfhf} f} oáxfhf} }g kw}xaeamio ~i|i woi |g~f|xijgo hg a`xg|g}}g

~ûldamf. ‗Hfmwog`xf} g}ywgmahf} go og}i} hg iwxf|ahihg} ~fhgo }g| ha}m|gxiog`xg |gmfdbahf}.

]g hgari| ì oa`bi e|g`xg ~gjf og}of. F ew`hiog`xid og}of `g}}g mýhajf á |g}~gaxi| i ef`xg$

`w`mi g`x|gjé/di― "EF@$ maxihf ~f| DF^G] g ^\FG@ÊI$ <>>=$ ~. 28!. Go mf`x|i~f`xf$ Oi|ai

Mdi|i87 `íf i~|fui g}}i ef|oi hg ija|. ‗Gw imbf ywg `íf uidg á |fwli| hfmwog`xf$ `w`mi ea{ g

`w`mi ei|ai. J|iui| mfùg|}i} }ao$ oi} hg}hg ywg ufmë hg~fa} ~|fmw|g i ~g}}fi g eidg mfo gdi

hi j|iuiêíf―.

I fl|ajiêíf kf|ìdï}xami xioláo ha{ |g}~gaxf if }g`xahf ywg f |g~ý|xg| uia hi| if xgrxf fw

efxfj|ieai$ mfo a`xwaxf hg dgui| ~i|i idjwo dihf i aèf|oiêíf. G}}i} oià~wdiê÷g} ~fhgo hi|

mi|éxg| }g`}imafìda}xi if eixf. G}}g mfo~f|xiog`xf á hg}dgid ~i|i mfo }gw dgaxf|$ ywg mfèai ì

aèf|oiêíf ywg g}xé dg`hf.

8< A`; DF^G]$ Ha|mgw Eg|ì`hg}3 ^\FG@ÊI$ Kf}á Dwa{. Kf|ìda}of Aùg}xajixauf. ]íf îwdf; ^wlda}bg| L|i}ad$<>>=.

8= Ahgo88 Alahgo.87 Ug| i`grf <



<1

^|a`ma~idog`xg `f x|ilidbf aùg}xajixauf$ f kf|ìda}xi hgug }gjwa| woi áxami |ïjahi g ~|fea}}afìd$

i}}gjw|i`hf ywg i} aèf|oiê÷g} g}xgkio mfo~dgxi g il}fdwxiog`xg grixi}. F kf|ìda}xi `íf hgug

xfoi| ~i|xahf hg `g`bwoi hi} ~i|xg} aùg}xajihi}$ }g`hf }go~|g bf`g}xf g mf`}mag`xg. G i

|g}~f`}iladahihg uia idáo. Oi|ai Mdi|i ^|ixg}85 ixg`xi ~i|i f ~g|ajf hg wo oiw kf|ìda}of.‗Ywidywg| ~|fea}}íf ~fhg hg}x|wa| woi ~g}}fi. Á i}}ao xioláo `f kf|ìda}of. Ufmë hg}x|ýa i

~g}}fi of|idog`xg. A}}f á woi of|xg xioláo$ xidug{ á ixá ~af|$ oia} dg`xi$ oia} ijfàihi. @íf

xgo mfof ei{g| kf|ìda}of }go áxami. A}}f á ao~f}}ïugd. I jg`xg mfogxg idjw`} hg}mwahf}$

g||iof} î} ug{g}$ mfof go ywidywg| ~|fea}}íf. F `gjýmaf á x|ilidbi| ~i|i ywg `íf biki g||f$

guaxi| f oéraof ~f}}ïugd―.

î|i g`xg`hg| f} daoaxg} áxamf} g f} ha|gaxf} g hgug|g} hf kf|ìda}xi$ gra}xg woi hgf`xfdfjai ywgf|ag`xi f} ~|fea}}afìa}$ f Mýhajf hg Áxami hf Kf|ìda}of. Gdg ikwhi go ywg}x÷g} feamaia} g

lw|fm|éxami}$ ~g`}i`hf$ ixá og}of$ go wo ~f}}ïugd ~|fmg}}f kwhamaid. A}}f ~fhg imf`xgmg| ~f|

a`kû|ai fw haeioiêíf$ ~f| ~|fxgjg| ef`xg} g aèf|oiê÷g}$ fw$ ixá og}of$ ~gdf }adë`maf hai`xg hf

kwa{.

I Mf`}xaxwaêíf L|i}adga|i ji|i`xg i dalg|hihg hg ao~|g`}i g dalg|hihg hg gr~|g}}íf. G}}i

~|fxgêíf xgo i ug| mfo f ~i~gd }fmaid hf kf|ìda}xi hai`xg hi }fmaghihg g i mf`}xi`xg lw}mi ~gdi

ug|hihg go ua|xwhg hi ha}}goaìêíf hi aèf|oiêíf.

85 Ahgo



=>

Mi~ïxwdf = ” G]XWHF HG MI]F / KF\@IDA]OF A@UG]XAJIXAUF

=.9 G}xihf hg Oaì} / f j|i`hg kf|ìd hf} oa`ga|f}

F G}xihf hg Oaì}8: $ ew`hihf go : hg oi|êf hg 91<2$ á wo hf} oia} ao~f|xi`xg} kf|ìa}

ao~|g}}f} hf g}xihf hg Oaì} Jg|ia}. Gdg á xioláo mf`bgmahf mfof f j|i`hg kf|ìd hf}

oa`ga|f}$ f ywg á$ ì ug|hihg$ }gw }dfji`. Go }wi ew`hiêíf$ x|ë} imihëoamf} hauahaio i

ha|gxf|ai$ Kw}mgda`f Li|lf}i$ ^gh|f Idgarf g Édui|g} Og`hg} âog`xgd. I go~|g}i xa`bi f

i~faf$ ia`hi$ hg a`xgdgmxwia} mfof Oadxf` Mio~f} g Ilïdaf Oimbihf.

Aàmaidog`xg f kf|ìd mf`xiui mfo 9< ~éjaì}$ ef|oixf xildýahg g woi xa|ijgo hg ma`mf oadgrgo~di|g}$ i~|fraoihiog`xg. @f oë} hg oiaf hg 91<1 f kf|ìd ~i}}fw i }g| ~|f~|aghihg hg

I}}a} Mbixgwl|ai`h g hg }gw ao~á|af hi mfowàmiêíf$ f Haé|af} I}}fmaihf}. Go kw`bf$ grmdwaw

hf xïxwdf f i|xajf ‗f―$ eami`hf }fog`xg G}xihf hg Oaì}. @g}}i ei}g f ~|aoga|f ha|gxf| efa Hi|af

hg Idogahi Oijidbíg}. Go 8 hg egug|ga|f hg 9175 ~i}}i|io i ha|aja| f kf|ìd Kfíf Midof` g

Kf}á hg Idogahi Mi}x|f.

Ixwidog`xg f ~g|aýhamf ia`hi ~g|xg`mg if J|w~f Haé|af} I}}fmaihf}. ]gw ~|a`ma~id mf`mf||g`xg

á f kf|ìd F Xgo~f. F} hfa} kf|ìa} ghaxio f} xildýahg} Iywa LB g ]w~g| @fxïmai$

|g}~gmxauiog`xg.

Á$ }go hûuahi$ wo kf|ìd hg j|i`hg ~f|xg g f oia} ao~f|xi`xg hg Oaì} Jg|ia}. @f ~i}}ihf$

mioa`biui mfo i ~fdïxami ghaxf|aid hf mfxahai`f$ x|ixi`hf hg i}}w`xf} |gdgui`xg} g mfo efmf `f

dgaxf|. Bfkg x|ixi hg i}}w`xf} dfmia} ixá f ywg |g~g|mwxg a`xg|ìmafìdog`xg. Idáo ha}}f$ á oia}

a`}xaxwmafìda{ihf g wo ef|xg ugïmwdf hg kf|ìda}of g ~wldamahihg.

F G}xihf hg Oaì} ma|mwdi hai|aiog`xg mfo }gw} mihg|`f} earf}; ~fdïxami$ f~aàíf$ ìmafìd$

a`xg|ìmafìd$ gmf`foai$ g}~f|xg}$ jg|ia}$ mwdxw|i g maë`mai. F} }gw} }w~dgog`xf} }íf;

8: @ILWMF$ Kfiywao. Axa`g|é|af hi ao~|g`}i hg Lgdf Bf|a{f`xg 9127 ” 9178. Lgdf Bf|a{f`xg; Ghaxf|iWEOJ$9117 % UGAJI$ Ug|i. Kf|ìda}of g uahi }fmaid ” i ba}xý|ai iogì hg wo kf|ìd oa`ga|f. LgdfBf|a{f`xg; Ghaxf|i WEOJ$9112.



=9

ij|f~gmwé|af$ lgo uaug| $ ha|gaxf % kw}xaêi$ egoaà`f % oi}mwda`f$ jwai hg ji}x|f`foai$

jw|adì`hai$ aoýuga}$ aèf|oéxami$ `gjýmaf} g f~f|xwàhihg}$ ~g`}i| $ |ijji h|f~}$ x|ilidbf g

ef|oiêíf ~|fea}}afìd$ xw|a}of g XU .

=.< I i~damiêíf hf kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf ì }á|ag —Mw|i Eid}aeamihi‟

F flkgxf iìda}ihf `g}}g x|ilidbf á i }á|ag hg |g~f|xijg`} hg`foaìhi ‗Mw|i Eid}aeamihi―$ ywg

efa ~wldamihi `f kf|ìd G}xihf hg Oaì}. G`x|g f} hai} 1 g 98 hg ijf}xf hg <>>1$ f kf|ìd

i~|g}g`xfw if dgaxf|$ mfo woi ~wldamiêíf ~f| hai$ }ga} |g~f|xijg`} aùg}xajixaui}. Ef|io

g}m|axi} ~f| Oi|ai Mdi|i ^|ixg}$ Idiì \a{{f g Xbaijf Bg|hq$ hf G}xihf hg Oaì}$ g \gìxf

Idug}$ hfMf||gaf L|i}adag`}g

.

F g}xwhf mfolaì g`x|gua}xi ~|g}g`maid$ mfo i kf|ìda}xi Oi|ai Mdi|i ^|ixg}$ g i`éda}g hg

mf`xgûhf. F flkgxauf á g}xilgdgmg| mixgjf|ai} iìdïxami} ywg lw}mio ug|aeami| i ei}g hi

~|fhwêíf$ i~w|iêíf$ x|ilidbf mfo i} ef`xg}$ ~i|ìogx|f} áxamf} ywg `f|xgaio f |g~ý|xg| g

~|fmw|i`hf g`xg`hg| }g i }á|ag hg |g~f|xijg`} aùg}xajixaui} mwo~|g f} |gywa}axf} hf kf|ìda}of.

Hg`x|g i} mi|imxg|ï}xami} }g|é fl}g|uihf f w}f hf dgih $ i ef|oi hg ~wldamiêíf haé|ai$ i ~g|mg~êíf

hf |g~ý|xg| g i f|ajgo hi }á|ag.

Iìda}i/}g$ ~i|idgdiog`xg$ go ywg oghahi f} |g~ý|xg|g} w}io oáxfhf} hg}m|axf} go dau|f}

xgý|amf} hf kf|ìda}of$ ywia} }íf i} xámàmi} g |gmw|}f} ywg w}i|io ~i|i i i~w|iêíf$ i

ogxfhfdfjai w}ihi ~i|i aùg}xajiêíf$ ywi`xf xgo~f hgof|i|io ~i|i mf`mdwa| i} |g~f|xijg`}

aùg}xajixaui}$ hg}hg }wi ~|fhwêíf$ ~i}}i`hf ~gdf mioa`bf ~g|mf||ahf$ ixá }wi eaìda{iêíf. Woi

fwx|i e|g`xg hg i`éda}g uia mf`xgo~di| i}~gmxf} ywi`xaxixauf}. G}}g} i}~gmxf} ha{go |g}~gaxf if}

`ûog|f} x|ilidbihf}. ^éjaì}$ aoijg`}$ haij|ioiêíf$ xioi`bf$ mf|~f hg xgrxf$ dfmida{iêíf hi}

|g~f|xijg`} `f kf|ìd g ywi`xahihg hg ef`xg} fwuahi}.

Go wo g}ef|êf ~i|i mfo~|gg`hg| i}~gmxf} a`xg|`f} hi ~|fhwêíf g grgmwêíf hi |g~f|xijgo$ i

kf|ìda}xi Oi|ai Mdi|i ^|ixg} i~f`xi|é }wi mf`mg~êíf }fl|g f mi}f$ i~|g}g`xi`hf i} haeamwdhihg}

hg ~|fhwêíf g i~w|iêíf$ i |fxaì ~|fhwxaui hg woi |g~f|xijgo aùg}xajixaui$ f x|ilidbf mfo i}



=<

ef`xg} g }gw ~f`xf hg ua}xi }fl|g ~|éxami} mf`}ahg|ihi} adïmaxi}. G ia`hi i |g~g|mw}}íf ywg f mi}f

xgug }fmaidog`xg.

=.= Kw}xaeamixaui

I ~|éxami hf kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf `íf á owaxf go~|gjihi `f} ogaf} hg mfowàmiêíf. Go

Oaì} Jg|ia} á wo gug`xf |i|f. Woi }á|ag hg eixf|g} mf`x|alwgo ~i|i i iw}ë`mai hg}}g oáxfhf

kf|ìdï}xamf$ ké ywg g}}g ofhf hg |g~f|xijgo xgo woi dýjami haeg|g`xg. F} eixf|g} xgo~f$

ha`bga|f g x|ilidbf é|hwf ao~ghgo ywg g}}g jë`g|f }gki mf`xgo~dihf `f kf|ìda}of oa`ga|f.

^g`}i`hf à}}f$ f g}xwhf ug|aeami i ~|few`hahihg hf xgoi g mfof gdg á egaxf `f} hai} hg bfkg. I}á|ag hg |g~f|xijg`} ‗Mw|i Eid}aeamihi― á f |gmf|xg$ ~|a`ma~idog`xg ~gdi ~wldamiêíf go wo

aèdwg`xg kf|ìd$ G}xihf hg Oaì}. Á a`xg|g}}i`xg ywg }g }iali mfof f} |gmw|}f} }íf go~|gjihf}

g mfo~i|i| }g i xgf|ai á ew`hiog`xf ~|g}g`xg ì} |g~f|xijg`}. Idáo ha}}f$ á uédahf fl}g|ui| i}

g}x|ixájai} xgrxwia}$ go~|g}i|aia} g go~ï|ami} wxada{ihi} hf mfogêf if eao hi }á|ag hg

|g~f|xijg`}.

Kw}xiog`xg ~f| `íf }g| woi ~|éxami e|gywg`xg$ mf`}ahg|i`hf }wi |i|ahihg$ á ywg f g}xwhf xgo

|gdguì`mai `f ogaf kf|ìdï}xamf. F i}}w`xf á ~fwmf ~g}ywa}ihf g bé ~fwmi laldafj|ieai g g}xwhf}

imihëoamf} }fl|g f xgoi. A}}f hgof`}x|i i ~g|xa`ë`mai g f uidf| hi ~g}ywa}i$ i~f`xi`hf i

`gmg}}ahihg hg i~|g}g`xiêíf hg}}g jë`g|f hg aèf|oiêíf$ oia} ~|few`hf g mf`}mag`xg$ if

~ûldamf dgaxf| g î mfowàhihg imihëoami.

=.8 G}xwhf hg mi}f hi }á|ag hg |g~f|xijg`} —Mw|i Eid}aeamihi‟

=.8.9 I`éda}g jg|idI} |g~f|xijg`} oi`xëo$ f xgo~f a`xga|f$ f xfo hg hg`û`mai g f efmf `f a`xg|g}}g ~ûldamf. ]íf

owaxf }á|ai} g mfo wo j|i`hg `ûog|f hg aèf|oiê÷g}$ ~f| a}}f i haua}íf hw|i`xg }ga} hai}. I}

|gx|i`mi}$ }go~|g bwoià{ihi}$ mfo hg~faog`xf} hg ~g}}fi} ywg }fe|g|io mfo i oéeai hf}

|goáhaf} g gywa~iog`xf} oáhamf} eid}aeamihf}$ xf|ìo f xgrxf oia} dgug.



==

I`xg} hg ywidywg| x|ilidbf aùg}xajixauf$ f} |g~ý|xg|g}$ ghaxf|g} g mbgeg} hg |g~f|xijgo iuidaio

i ~f}}aladahihg hg grgmwêíf hi ~iwxi. î|i ywg i aùg}xajiêíf }gki ~f}axaui á `gmg}}é|af ywg }g

~|fhw{i wo ~di`f g }g iuidago f} oáxfhf} g xámàmi} ywg ~fhg|íf }g| wxada{ihf}. I ~|fmw|i hg

ef`xg} g g`x|gua}xi}$ ~f| grgo~df. @i }á|ag hg |g~f|xijg`} ef|io fwuahi} mg`xgì} hg ~g}}fi}~i|i ywg ìhi hg ao~f|xi`xg ~i}}i}}g hg}~g|mglahf. @g}}g mi}f$ hai`xg hg xfhi} i} aèf|oiê÷g}

~|guaiog`xg i~w|ihi}$ f mbgeg hg |g~f|xijgo Kf}goi| Jaog`g{ hgw f iuid ~i|i i ~wldamiêíf.

Mfof ké gr~f}xf `f mi~ïxwdf <$ f kf|ìda}xi aùg}xajixauf mfogêi }gw x|ilidbf owaxf i`xg} hi

~wldamiêíf hi |g~f|xijgo. @g}}i }á|ag$ idáo hf} 52 hai} hg uaijg`} "9= oad ywadøogx|f}

~g|mf||ahf}! g ~|fmw|i ~f| ef`xg}$ if} |g~ý|xg|g} hf G}xihf hg Oaì} g Mf||gaf L|i}adag`}g$

ef|io `gmg}}é|af} hg }ga} i }gxg og}g} hg aùg}xajiêíf g i~w|iêíf$ hg}hg i aèf|oiêíf xg|mbgjihf if} fwuahf} hf} |g~ý|xg|g}$ ixá i ~wldamiêíf hi |g~f|xijgo.

Wo hf} haeg|g`maia} hi }á|ag efa f g}~iêf |gdixauiog`xg j|i`hg fmw~ihf `f kf|ìd$ ia`hi oia}$

}g mfo~i|ihf} if} x|ilidbf} kf|ìdï}xamf} aùg}xajixauf} `f L|i}ad$ ywg imf`xgmgo |i|iog`xg.

Ef|io 98 ~éjaì} hg}xaìhi} î }g|ag$ hwi} hgdi} go mf|g}$ go }ga} hai}. Idáo ha}}f$ wo ghaxf|aid

ikwhfw i i~|g}g`xi| i }á|ag hg |g~f|xijg`} hg ef|oi oia} mdi|i g f~aìxaui ~i|i f dgaxf|.

Idjw`} hgxidbg} i~i|gmgo go oia} hg woi |g~f|xijgo. Gdi} }go~|g mfogêio ì ~éjaì

g}ywg|hi$ xfhi} xëo xïxwdf j|i`hg g lajfhg g g}xíf `f ~|aoga|f mihg|`f }fl i ug|}id

‗@IMAF@ID―. @f} ~á} hg ~éjaì }go~|g bé woi mbioihi ~i|i |g~f|xijgo hf hai }gjwa`xg g

~i|i f }axg$ egaxf g}~gmaidog`xg ~i|i i }á|ag. ‗Img}}g `f ~f|xid WIA f bfx}axg }fl|g

eid}aeamiê÷g}―. Bé$ ia`hi$ oi|mi} ~ih|fà{ihi} mfof ~gywgì} efxf} hg ~ïdwdi} g |goáhaf}

g}~idbihi} ~gdi} ~éjaì} g wo }ïolfdf hi }á|ag "woi m|w{ ug|ogdbi g if }gw |ghf| g}m|axf Mw|i

Eid}aeamihi!.

=.8.< Hai >1 hg ijf}xf hg <>>1 / —Oéeai hf} |goáhaf} eid}f} dgui of|xg i l|i}adga|f}‟

=.8.<.9 I}~gmxf} j|éeamf} g ywi`xaxixauf}

Hai`xg hi ao~f}}aladahihg hg grala| xfhi} i} ef`xg} fwuahi}$ ~f| eidxi hg g}~iêf fw `grf$ i

~|aoga|i |g~f|xijgo hi }á|ag fwug }ga} ef`xg}. I |g~f|xijgo fmw~fw 7>' hi mi~i hf kf|ìd. I



=8

haij|ioiêíf efa egaxi go ywix|f ~éjaì} g ~wldamihi `f ~|aoga|f mihg|`f mfo i ug|}id

‗@IMAF@ID―. Gdi fmw~i i ~éjaì >2 "mfdf|ahi!$ 1$ 9> g 99 "~|gxf g l|i`mf!. Owaxf} i|xaeïmaf}

j|éeamf}$ mfof aèfj|éeamf} g efxf}$ }íf w}ihf}. Woi oi|mi "m|w{ mfo f g}m|axf Mw|i Eid}aeamihi

~f| ef|i! imfo~i`bi xfhi} i} ~éjaì} ixá i ûdxaoi |g~f|xijgo. Gdi ikwhi mfo~f| f mdaoi hi}á|ag$ mfof woi ~ih|fà{iêíf ywg m|ai ahg`xaeamiêíf `f dgaxf|. Fwx|f hgxidbg ywg i~i|gmg xfhf}

f} hai} á woi mbioihi ~i|i i |g~f|xijgo hf hai }gjwa`xg g ~i|i f ~f|xid hi }á|ag;

zzz.wia.mfo.l|&eid}aeamimif.

Woi j|i`hg oi`mbgxg g i |g~f|xijgo ~|a`ma~id mfo~÷go i ~éjaì >2$ ioli} xëo

mi|imxg|ï}xami} gr~damixaui}. Hwi} efxf} adw}x|io f ywg efa haxf3 i ~|aoga|i of}x|i wo

gywa~iog`xf ywg efa w}ihf ì eél|ami mdi`hg}xaì hg`foaìhi î|ywg A`hw}x|aid hf Xiazi`

82

"ÂX!$ i fwx|i á i eimbihi hi a`hû}x|ai$ f`hg }íf of`xihf} f} gywa~iog`xf} oáhamf}. I ~éjaì

>1 i~f`xi f mioa`bf hf} |goáhaf} eid}aeamihf}. ^f}}wa hfa} j|i`hg} aèfj|éeamf}3 f hg g}xihf}

ywg oia} mfog|maida{io eid}aeamihf}$ hi} ~|a`ma~ia} |fxi} g `ûog|f hg |goáhaf} ~|fhw{ahf} g

mfog|maida{ihf} ~f| i`f. I ~éjaì 9> ha}mwxg i eil|amiêíf hg ~|ýxg}g} g i~|g}g`xi woi |gx|i`mi

bwoià{ihi$ mfo hg~faog`xf g efxf hg woi ~g|}fìjgo. J|i`hg aèfj|éeamf }fl|g i} eél|ami}

mfo~÷g f |g}xf hi ~éjaì. I 99 á ilg|xi mfo xïxwdf g j|i`hg efxf hg wo mfo~dgrf a`hw}x|aid go

^f|xf Idgj|g ywg mfog|maida{i ~|ýxg}g}. I |g~f|xijgo fmw~i ywi}g i ~éjaì a`xga|i$ oi} hgari

g}~iêf ~i|i oia} wo |gx|i`mi$ hf dihf ha|gaxf$ mfo efxf g ba}xý|ai hg oia} wo ~g|}fìjgo ywg

}fe|gw mfo i a`jg}xíf hg |goáhaf eid}aeamihf.

^g|mglg/}g ywg f mf|~f hg xgrxf hf} xïxwdf} }íf }go~|g ji||ieia}$ xioi`bf :<$ mfo woi ef`xg

haeg|g`xg$ g}xada{ihi$ ~f|áo$ ~ih|fà{ihi go xfhi} i} |g~f|xijg`}. I oi`ga|i mfof g}m|gugo i

|g~f|xijgo$ mfo owaxf xixf$ bwoià{ihi$ dgui i m|g| ywg bé woi a`hajìêíf$ ~f|áo$ mfo

g}~g|i`êi hg owhi`êi. I uf`xihg g i hghamiêíf hf kf|ìd g hf} |g~ý|xg|g}$ ~f| }a }ý$ ké }íf

hgof`}x|ihi} if ~|f~f|go g}}i j|i`hg }á|ag aùg}xajixaui$ ywg hgoi`hi xgo~f g owaxfx|ilidbf.

82 F î|ywg A`xg|ìmafìd hf Xiazi` "ÂX! á wo mfo~dgrf a`hw}x|aid f`hg }íf of`xihf} f} gywa~iog`xf} oáhamf}eid}aeamihf}. Á }axwihf ì Mawhih Hgd G}xg$ î|ijwia.



=7

=.8.<.< I`éda}g ywidaxixaui

I ~|aoga|i |g~f|xijgo hi }á|ag efa ~wldamihi `f hfoa`jf$ >1 hg ijf}xf hg <>>1. F G}xihf hg

Oaì} ~i|gmai g}~g|i| woi g`f|og |g~g|mw}}íf. Woi j|i`hg oi`mbgxg$ lajfhg g x|ë} efxf}

hg`w`maiuio f }wlow`hf hf} |goáhaf} g i~i|gdbf} oáhamf} eid}aeamihf}. Idáo ha}}f$ f kf|ìd`g}xi hixi x|i{ai$ xioláo$ ghaxf|aid }fl|g f i}}w`xf.

F} |g~ý|xg|g} |g}~f`}éuga} ~gdi ~|aoga|i |g~f|xijgo ef|io Idiì \a{{f g Xbaijf Bg|hq$ hf

G}xihf hg Oaì}. Gdi `íf x|i{ i ef|oi x|ihamafìd hf dgih $ oi} á aàmaihi hg ef|oi bwoià{ihi$

woi hi} mi|imxg|ï}xami} hi |g~f|xijgo$ i}}ao mfof f mi|éxg| ao~|g}}afà}xi$ i flkgxauahihg g

mf`xgrxwida{iêíf hf} eixf}. Gdi |gû`g owaxi} aèf|oiê÷g} g á oia} i~|few`hihi. I |g~f|xijgo

of}x|i if} dgaxf|g} i ywi`xahihg hg mahihíf} ywg }fe|g|io mfo i eid}aeamiêíf hg oghamiog`xf ggywa~iog`xf} oáhamf}. Mfof ~|aoga|i |g~f|xijgo hi }á|ag$ gdi á oia} gr~damixaui$ g}mdi|gmg f}

~f`xf} ~|a`ma~ia} g f ywg g}~g|i| hi} hgoia} |g~f|xijg`}. Gr~÷g mfof f} ~iï}g} mfof î|ijwia$

Lfdïuai g W|wjwia$ ywg ei{go e|f`xga|i mfo f L|i}ad$ xëo ~i|xama~iêíf ha|gxi `g}}g mfoá|maf

mdi`hg}xa`f$ idáo hg dajiê÷g} mfo f ì|mfx|éeamf.

F xïxwdf ‗Oéeai hf} |goáhaf} eid}f} dgui of|xg i l|i}adga|f}― á lfo g gr~damixauf. Hg}m|gug

grixiog`xg f ywg f dgaxf| uia imbi| ì oixá|ai. Mfof ~|aoga|i hi }á|ag$ i |g~f|xijgo á

gr~damixaui g i~f`xi g}xixï}xami} g f h|ioi hg l|i}adga|f} ywg$ if ~|fmw|i| mw|i$ g`mf`x|iuio hf|

g of|xg. F lajfhg ‗Ba}xý|ai} hg ywgo mfo~|fw oghamiog`xf} g i~i|gdbf} ~a|ixgihf} g

g`mf`x|fw }fe|aog`xf g of|xg― x|ihw{ i} ef|oi} bwoià{ihi$ h|ioéxami g ixá ogxieý|ami ì

oi`ga|i hg g}m|gug| i |g~f|xijgo "‗f} ywix|f ~i|iew}f} `f ~g}mfêf$ }fdwêíf ~i|i |gxfoi|

iug`xw|i} g`x|g x|adbi}$ oi|g} g of`xi`bi}―81!. F} |g~ý|xg|g} w}io g}}g} i|xaeïmaf} ~i|i mbioi| i

ixg`êíf hf dgaxf| ~i|i g}}g |gid ~|fldgoi. Bé i ao~|g}}íf hg ywg a}}f ~fhg|ai imf`xgmg| mfo

ywidywg| ~g}}fi "‗j|w~f} mf`}gjwgo$ ixá og}of$ ili}xgmg| f ]a}xgoi Ûàmf hg ]iûhg "]W]!

mfo i} h|fji} g f} gywa~iog`xf} hi of|xg―7>

!. Hwi} |gx|i`mi} ikwhio i mfo~f| g}}g iolag`xge|ijada{ihf g bwoià{ihf.

81 Ug| i`grf 97> Ahgo



=5

Mfof `íf gra}xgo g}xixï}xami} `f L|i}ad }fl|g i ywi`xahihg hg oghamiog`xf} g gywa~iog`xf}

oáhamf} eid}aeamihf}$ f} |g~ý|xg|g} ea{g|io j|i`hg g}ef|êf ~i|i ixa`ja| i haog`}íf hf ~|fldgoi.

I ~|aoga|i |g~f|xijgo á wo i~i`bihf jg|id mfo i gr~f}aêíf hg `ûog|f} ywg mfo~|fuio i

|gdguì`mai hg}}g x|ilidbf ~i|i i }fmaghihg. Gdi i~f`xi ywg ef|io oia} hg : oad ~g}}fi}g`jiìhi} i~gì} `f \af J|i`hg hf ]wd$ oia} hg =9> oad ywadf} hg oghamiog`xf} eid}aeamihf}

|gmfdbahf} ~gdi Ijë`mai @imafìd hg Uajadì`mai ]iàxé|ai "Iùa}i!$ g ywg g}}g ~|fldgoi hi

~a|ixi|ai gùfdug mg|mi hg <>' hf} oghamiog`xf} go xfhf f ow`hf.

I haeamwdhihg g`mf`x|ihi ì |g}fdwêíf hg}}g j|i`hg ~|fldgoi$ ywg á i eid}aeamiêíf$ g}xé dajihi

if uï`mwdf gra}xg`xg g`x|g m|aoa`f}f} hf ì|mfx|éeamf g |fwlf hg mi|ji}$ }gjw`hf i |g~f|xijgo.

F kf|ìda}xi$ if |ghaja| f xgrxf$ x|i`}eg|g if dgaxf| }wi ~g|mg~êíf hg ao~wàhihg. ]fl f }wlxïxwdf‗M|aoa`f}f}―$ gdg i~f`xi ywg i~gì} 9>8 ~g}}fi} gùfduahi} ef|io ~|g}i} go 92 og}g}. Go }wi

i~w|iêíf$ f |g~ý|xg| hg}mfl|aw ywg i oiaf|ai hf} m|aoa`f}f} `íf }íf |g}~f`}ilada{ihf} g$ ia`hi$

xëo woi uahi dwrwf}i. A}}f of}x|i f ywg ké efa ha}mwxahf `f} hfa} ~|aoga|f} mi~ïxwdf}$ i

ao~i|maidahihg g ao~g}}fidahihg hf kf|ìda}xi. Idjw`} xgý|amf} hgeg`hgo ywg á wo oaxf$ g iywa$

~fhg/}g ~g|mglg| ywg f |g~ý|xg| efa i mio~f hg}~ahf hg ao~i|maidahihg g ao~g}}fidahihg. Gdg

hgari x|i`}~i|gmg| f il}w|hf hi ao~wàhihg go wo xfo ao~|g}}afà}xi hi |g~f|xijgo.

I ~|aoga|i |g~f|xijgo hi }á|ag$ mfof aùg}xajixaui$ ixg`hg if} m|axá|af} hg `fxamailadahihg$ ywg

ji|i`xg i |gdguì`mai hf ywg uia }g| g}m|axf. Á hg a`xg|g}}g ~ûldamf$ ao~imxi`xg g mi||gji wo xfo

hg hg`û`mai. I |g~f|xijgo aùg}xajixaui xgo i a`xg`êíf hg mf||aja| ilw}f} g oi{gdi} hf }a}xgoi.

G}}i ~wldamiêíf$ ~gdi ìxw|g{i hf ~|fldgoi$ ~fhg xg| xahf j|i`hg |g~g|mw}}íf hai`xg hi

}fmaghihg$ f ywg ké á wo }wmg}}f$ |g~g|mwxa| ~i|i f j|i`hg ~ûldamf f ywg g}xiui g}mf`hahf. I

|g~f|xijgo of}x|fw$ ~|a`ma~idog`xg$ eixf} hg a`xg|g}}g ~ûldamf$ ywg ~fhg|aio xg| eamihf

g`mflg|xf} ~f| owaxf xgo~f }g `íf ef}}g i aàmaixaui hf kf|ìd g hf} kf|ìda}xi}.

î|i i |gida{iêíf hg woi j|i`hg |g~f|xijgo$ f kf|ìda}xi `gmg}}axi hg oáxfhf} g g}x|ixájai} hg

~g}ywa}i hf a`ïmaf ixá i mf`mdw}íf. Woi hgdi} á i lw}mi ~f| ef`xg. Mfof ua}xf `f ~|aoga|f

mi~ïxwdf$ gdi} }íf g}}g`maia} go ywidywg| x|ilidbf kf|ìdï}xamf$ ~|a`ma~idog`xg$ `f aùg}xajixauf.

Hw|i`xg xfhi i }á|ag ef|io fwuahi} mg`xgì} hg ~g}}fi}$ ef`xg} hg xfhf} f} xa~f}$ hg}hg feamaia}

ixá ef`xg} idxg|ìxaui}. Fwx|f ~i}}f ao~f|xi`xg á lw}mi ~f| hihf} g hfmwog`xiêíf. I



=2

ef`xg}.

I |g~f|xijgo fmw~i i} ~éjaì} >2 g >1 hf ~|aoga|f mihg|`f "go ~|gxf g l|i`mf!$ }fl i ug|}id

@IMAF@ID. I ~éjaì >2 ~f}}wa wo j|i`hg xïxwdf g lajfhg. I |g~f|xijgo ~|a`ma~id hauahg i~éjaì mfo x|ë} efxf}3 i ~|aoga|i$ j|i`hg$ x|i{ go efmf woi ofxf ~i}}i`hf ~gdi ^f`xg hi

Ioa{ihg$ i} fwx|i} hwi} }íf og`f|g} g of}x|io f dau|g mfoá|maf hg iolwdi`xg} ì} |wi} ~g|xf

hi e|f`xga|i. I ~éjaì >1 x|i{ xïxwdf$ lajfhg g |gx|i`mi$ mfo ~g|}fìjgo ywg }fe|gw mfo

|goáhaf eid}aeamihf. Hf dihf ha|gaxf$ hwi} miari} hg haédfjf g`x|g |g~ý|xg| g ug`hghf|g} hg

|goáhaf} hg hwi} ei|oémai} hi e|f`xga|i. Adw}x|io hwi} efxf} mfo i} eimbihi} hi} ei|oémai}. F}

haédfjf}$ egaxf} mfo j|iuihf| g}mf`hahf$ "gw ea{ ué|ai}$ }aowdga ué|ai} `gjfmaiê÷g}$ ué|ai}

mfo~|i}

7<

! of}x|io i eimadahihg hi mfo~|i hg eid}aeamihf}. Wo Uaij|i$ ug`hahf `f L|i}ad ~f|mg|mi hg \( 9>>$ mw}xi \( 5 `f î|ijwia.

=.8.=.< I`éda}g ywidaxixaui

I }gjw`hi |g~f|xijgo efa ~wldamihi ì }gjw`hi/ega|i$ hai 9> hg ijf}xf hg <>>1. I kf|ìda}xi

Oi|ai Mdi|i ^|ixg} hé mf`xa`wahihg î }g|ag i~f`xi`hf woi hi} |fxi} hg g`x|ihi hf} eid}aeamihf}

go xg||axý|af l|i}adga|f$ i Mawhih Hgd G}xg$ `f î|ijwia.

F xïxwdf ‗î|ijwia á |fxi hf} |goáhaf} hi of|xg― á flkgxauf$ hg}m|axauf g mfo wo xfywg hg

mfofêíf. Of}x|i grixiog`xg f ywg i |g~ý|xg| gr~÷g hw|i`xg i |g~f|xijgo$ ~f|áo$ ilw}i wo

~fwmf hf h|ioi. ^gdi Mawhih Hgd G}xg$ `f î|ijwia$ f} oghamiog`xf} eid}aeamihf} ma|mwdio

dau|gog`xg$ }gjw`hf i |g~f|xijgo.

I |g~f|xijgo x|i{ owaxf} `ûog|f} g hgxidbi f ywg i |g~ý|xg| hg}mfl|aw hw|i`xg woi uaijgo if

î|ijwia$ ~iï} |g}~f`}éugd ~gdi g`x|ihi hg 2>' hf} ~|fhwxf} ~a|ixi} go xfhf xg||axý|af

l|i}adga|f$ hg imf|hf mfo i |g~f|xijgo. G}}i lw}mi ~f| hihf} g hfmwog`xiêíf }ífao~|g}ma`hïuga} hw|i`xg f ~|fmg}}f hg mf`}x|wêíf hi |g~f|xijgo$ g oia} ia`hi$ i ug|aeamiêíf hg

xfhi aèf|oiêíf |gmglahi. Oi|ai Mdi|i ~|g}g`mafw f g}ywgoi hg x|i`}~f|xg mdi`hg}xa`f$ i

dajiêíf mfo f|jià{iê÷g} m|aoa`f}i} g}~gmaida{ihi} `f x|éeamf hg h|fji} g i eimadahihg ì ug`hi

hg xia} ~|fhwxf}. Go g`x|gua}xi$ gdi mfèa|oi f |a}mf ywg mf||gw if xg`xi| |gwà| xfhi}

7< \g~ý|xg| Oi|ai Mdi|i ^|ixg}$ ug| i`grf <.



=1

aèf|oiê÷g}. ‗Ida ì e|f`xga|i$ ywgo mf`bgmg }ilg ywg á i li`hahijgo$ i jg`xg of||ai hg

oghf. Dé á owaxf ~g|ajf}f og}of$ }g gdg} hg}mfl|go7=―. @íf á wo ~|fmg}}f eémad ei{g|

kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf. F |g~ý|xg| eami }wkgaxf i }axwiê÷g} mfof g}}i.

Go }wi aùg}xajiêíf$ Oi|ai Mdi|i fl}g|ufw f î|ywg A`xg|ìmafìd hf Xiazi`$ mfo aog`}f}

jid~÷g} w}ihf} ~i|i eil|amiêíf g of`xijgo hg gywa~iog`xf} oáhamf}. Hg imf|hf mfo f} hihf}

i~w|ihf} ~gdi |g~ý|xg|$ i ~|fdaeg|iêíf hi ~a|ixi|ai á eimadaxihi ~gdf ui{iog`xf hg aèf|oiê÷g} hi

~fdïmai if} li`hahf}$ f ywg ao~ghg f~g|iê÷g} }w|~|g}i} ~i|i ~|a}íf hf} gùfduahf}. F x|i`}~f|xg

hf} ~a|ixgihf} hi e|f`xga|i hf î|ijwia ixá i g`x|ihi `f L|i}ad$ ~gdi ^f`xg hi Ioa{ihg$ á egaxf

hg ofxf$ wo ogaf hg dfmfofêíf éjad g li|ixf. I ~|g}g`êi hi |g~ý|xg| `g}}g ‗ow`hf― ~g|oaxaw

oiaf| mf`bgmaog`xf g ~f}}aladaxfw i fl}g|uiêíf ha|gxi.

I |g~f|xijgo aèf|oi ywg i ea}mida{iêíf ~|ixamihi ~gdi Iùa}i `íf á egaxi go oia} hg 7' hf}

ugïmwdf} ywg wdx|i~i}}io i e|f`xga|i. Efa mf`xilada{ihi i mfog|maida{iêíf hg oia} hg =>>

xf`gdihi} `f} ûdxaof} hfa} i`f} g`x|g f} ~iï}g} L|i}ad g î|ijwia. î|i dgui`xi| g}}g} hihf} f}

kf|ìda}xi} ~|gma}i|io hg owaxf g}ef|êf. F} `ûog|f} g|io }fdxf}$ }g~i|ihf} go dwji|g}

haeg|g`xg}$ `íf biuai wo `ûog|f mf`m|gxf ywg ~fhg|ai }g| w}ihf. Hgoi`hfw owaxf xgo~f ~i|i

mf`}gjwa| xfhf} f} hihf} g aèf|oiê÷g}. ‗@f L|i}ad `íf xgo g}}g} hihf} mf`}fdahihf}. I}

]gm|gxi|ai} `íf xgo f} `ûog|f} hg oghamiog`xf} i~|gg`hahf}$ á wo `ûog|f owaxf ha}~g|}f.

^gìof} owaxf ~i|i mf`}gjwa| g}}g hihf egmbihf. Efof} }foi`hf xwhf ixá mbgji| i wo uidf|―$

hgxidbi Oi|ai Mdi|i78.

@g}}i ~wldamiêíf$ woi |gx|i`mi gr~÷g f dihf hg}m|axauf hi |g~f|xijgo. G}}g i|xaeïmaf

bwoià{ihf á w}ihf xfhf} f} hai} ~gdf kf|ìd. I |gx|i`mi of}x|i i mi|imxg|a{iêíf hi ~g}}fi. W}i

hgxidbiog`xf} ~i|i hi| uahi î ba}xý|ai g ~i}}i$ ixá og}of$ wo ~fwmf hg h|ioi if dgaxf|. @g}}g

hai$ i ba}xý|ai hg wo bfogo ywg }fe|gw mfo i mfo~|i hg oghamiog`xf} eid}aeamihf}.

î|i grgmwêíf hi |g~f|xijgo$ efa ~|gma}f woi ogxfhfdfjai hg i~w|iêíf g lw}mi ~f| ef`xg} oia}

mfo~dgri. I kf|ìda}xi ~|gma}i i~w|i| aèf|oiêíf g$ if og}of xgo~f$ dahi| mfo li`hahf}.

7= Ug| i`grf <78 Ug| i`grf <



8>

]gjw`hf Oi|ai Mdi|i efa wo ~|fmg}}f oia} mfo~dgrf hf ywg f w}wid. î|i mbgji| if ow`hf hf}

aèf|oi`xg} efa `gmg}}é|af j|i`hg mf`bgmaog`xf hf i}}w`xf$ hi} ~g}}fi} g mf|ijgo. F} oáxfhf}

hi aèadx|iêíf g j|iuiêíf g}mf`hahi$ ha}mwxahf} `f} mi~ïxwdf} xgý|amf}$ ef|io wxada{ihf hw|i`xg i

i~w|iêíf. I~g}i| hg idjw`} g}xwhaf}f} }g of}x|i|go mf`x|i$ i kf|ìda}xi mf`}gjwaw aèf|oiê÷g}g}}g`maia} î |g~f|xijgo wxada{i`hf g}}g ogaf.

@g}}i }gjw`hi |g~f|xijgo hi }á|ag$ x|ë} ef`xg} feamaia} ef|io hg g}}g`maid ao~f|xì`mai. I

^fdïmai \fhfuaé|ai Eghg|id$ |g}~f`}éugd ~gdi} f~g|iê÷g} hg i~|gg`}íf hf} oghamiog`xf}

eid}aeamihf}$ i Ijë`mai @imafìd hg Uajadì`mai ]iàxé|ai "Iùa}i!$ |g}~f`}éugd ~gdf mf`x|fdg hi

ug`hi hg oghamiog`xf} g i~i|gdbf} oáhamf} `f ~iï}$ g i Hgdgjimai ^fdamaid Eghg|id$ ywg xg`xi

mf`x|fdi| f mfoá|maf adgjid hg eid}aeamihf}. Gdi} i~f`xiuio `ûog|f} mf`m|gxf} î |g~f|xijgo$mf`x|alwa`hf ~i|i ywg f dgaxf| xg`bi img}}f i wo oixg|aid hg m|ghaladahihg.

Mfof ké gr~damaxihf `f} mi~ïxwdf} xgý|amf}$ wo hf} flkgxauf} hf kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf á i

hg`û`mai hg eixf} hg a`xg|g}}g ~ûldamf ywg g}xíf g`mflg|xf}. I kf|ìda}xi w}i go idjw`}

ofog`xf} hi |g~f|xijgo f xfo hg hg`û`mai$ mfo f flkgxauf hg of}x|i| if dgaxf| mfof á f

x|ilidbf hi} f|jià{iê÷g} m|aoa`f}i} "‗Á w}ihf f g}ywgoi hg x|i`}~f|xg hg fwx|f} j|w~f}

m|aoa`f}f} ~i|i ei{g| ~|f}~g|i| f }gw m|wgd `gjýmaf$ mfo mw}xf {g|f―77!.

Mfof mi|imxg|ï}xami hi |g~f|xijgo$ ~fhg/}g ~g|mglg| `f xgrxf hi Oi|ai Mdi|i i ì||iêíf mfo

hg}m|aêíf hg dwji|g}$ }go mfog`xé|af} g }wlkgxauiê÷g} "‗g}xé dfmida{ihf f ao~f`g`xg î|ywg

A`hw}x|aid hg Xiazi` "ÂX!. Xfhf go g}xadf f|ag`xid$ `wo xg||g`f aog`}f mfo 7>> ogx|f} hg

e|g`xg g oia} hg wo ywadøogx|f hg ~|few`hahihg―75!. Fwx|i mi|imxg|ï}xami ywg ~fhg }g| ~g|mglahi

á i iw}ë`mai hf x|ihamafìd dgih . Gdi ei{ wo dgui`xiog`xf hf i}}w`xf$ mfogêi`hf mfo `ûog|f}

g i~f`xi`hf f m|g}maog`xf hf} oghamiog`xf} eid}f} ywg g`x|io `f L|i}ad ~gdf î|ijwia.

I |g~f|xijgo gr~|g}}i xioláo f mi|éxg| ao~|g}}afà}xi$ go ywg f |g~ý|xg| i~f`xi hw|i`xg f

xgrxf }wi} ~g|mg~ê÷g} g ao~|g}}÷g}. G}}i} ao~|g}}÷g} eamio mdi|i} ywi`hf i kf|ìda}xi of}x|i if

dgaxf| ywg i} f~g|iê÷g} ~fdamaia} }íf a`ýmwi}$ ké ywg f} m|aoa`f}f} imfo~i`bio i e|gywë`mai hg

77 Ug| i`grf 975 Ahgo



89

|éhaf hi ~fdïmai g bé ui{iog`xf hg aèf|oiêíf$ g xioláo ywi`hf gr~dami i eimadahihg hi

aùi}íf hf} oghamiog`xf} `f L|i}ad.

^g|mglg/}g `g}}i |g~f|xijgo f ywi`xf i fl}g|uiêíf á ao~f|xi`xg hw|i`xg i mf`}x|wêíf hf} eixf}.Oi|ai Mdi|i hg}m|gug xwhf ywg f }gw fdbi| ixg`xf grioa`fw hw|i`xg i uaijgo if î|ijwia. I

ì||iêíf hg}m|axaui ikwhi i mfo~f| g á wo gdgog`xf i oia} ~i|i i |g~f|xijgo "‗`f a`xg|af| hf

xg||g`f g}xíf g|jwahf} i~gì} jid~÷g}$ }go mbioa`á}$ a`ha}~g`}éuga} i g}xg xa~f hg

eil|amiêíf―7:!.

Fwx|f hgxidbg ywg mbioi ixg`êíf á i |geg|ë`mai ywg i |g~ý|xg| ei{ i eixf} ba}xý|amf}$ ywg }íf

g}}g`maia} if g`xg`haog`xf hg xfhf f g}ywgoi hg eid}aeamiêíf. F î|ijwia g f Xiazi` xëo woig}x|gaxi g i`xaji |gdiêíf$ ~f| a}}f$ i eidxi hg a`xg|g}}g hf î|ijwia ì |g~|g}}íf hg}}g m|aog.

=.8.8 Hai 99 hg ijf}xf hg <>>1 / —Lfdïuai ug`hg |goáhaf ~a|ixi i \( <‟

=.8.8.9 I}~gmxf} j|éeamf} g ywi`xaxixauf}

I ~i|xa| hi }gjw`hi |g~f|xijgo$ i} mbioihi} hg mi~i mfogêi|io i haoa`wa|. @g}}g mi}f biuai

woi ~gywgì oi`mbgxg$ lajfhg g ~gywg`f xgrxf gr~damixauf$ `f dihf }w~g|af| ha|gaxf. I

mbioihi á ~i|i i} ~éjaì} 9> g 99 hf ~|aoga|f mihg|`f$ @IMAF@ID. Ma`mf ef`xg} }íf

gr~f}xi} `g}}g hai.

I ~i|xg }w~g|af| hi ~éjaì 9> "~|gxf g l|i`mf! i~|g}g`xi hwi} efxf} j|i`hg}; woi ei|oémai ì

haua}i mfo i Lfdïuai g woi efxf mfo efmf ì} ofxf}$ ywg wdx|i~i}}io i e|f`xga|i midoiog`xg. F

xïxwdf eami ì ~i|xg aèg|af|$ mfo lajfhg g |g~f|xijgo. If dihf$ woi |gx|i`mi i~f`xi i

mf`mf|hì`mai ywg gra}xg g`x|g f} ~iï}g} e|f`xga|aêf}$ L|i}ad g Lfdïuai$ go |gdiêíf if ~|fldgoi

hi} eid}aeamiê÷g} g f} ~|gêf} }w~g| liarf} hf} |goáhaf}. @i ~éjaì 99 "~|gxf g l|i`mf! woij|i`hg oi`mbgxg$ lajfhg g hwi} j|i`hg} efxf} hf} iolwdi`xg} ì} |wi} hg Mémg|g} "OX!. Hwi}

|gx|i`mi} mfo~dgxio i ~éjaì3 i ~|aoga|i mfo wo ~g|}fìjgo ywg mfo~|fw oghamiog`xf

eid}aeamihf$ i }gjw`hi x|ixi hi e|f`xga|i mfo f W|wjwia$ i a`xg`}i ma|mwdiêíf hg og|mihf|ai} g i}

eimadahihg} hg ug`hi.

7: Ug| i`grf 9



8<

=.8.8.< I`éda}g ywidaxixaui

I xg|mga|i |g~f|xijgo hi }á|ag efa ~wldamihi ì xg|êi/ega|i$ 99 hg ijf}xf hg <>>1. F |g~ý|xg|

|g}~f`}éugd efa \gìxf Idug}$ ywg gr~df|fw i g`x|ihi hf} ~|fhwxf} ~a|ixgihf} ~gdi e|f`xga|i hf

L|i}ad mfo i Lfdïuai g W|wjwia. Of}x|i ywg$ og}of mfo e|f`xga|i} oia} hg}g|xi}$ imfog|maida{iêíf á j|i`hg g i ea}mida{iêíf$ oïàoi. Wo ~f`xf ao~f|xi`xg gr~damaxihf á i

mfog|maida{iêíf hg ~|fhwxf} eid}aeamihf} ywg xëo ug`hi ~|falahi `f L|i}ad$ fw f} |goáhaf} ywg

}íf ug`hahf} i~gì} mfo |gxg`êíf hi |gmgaxi oáhami. I ao~f|xì`mai hg}}g} hihf} }g hgug if

eixf hg }g| hg a`xg|g}}g ~ûldamf i mfog|maida{iêíf a`hguahi hg}}g} oghamiog`xf}. Ywidywg|

~g}}fi ~fhg|ai mfo~|i| g }fe|g| mfo i} mf`}gywë`mai}$ mfof efa of}x|ihf idjw`} mi}f} hw|i`xg

i ~wldamiêíf hi }á|ag.

@g}}i |fxi f |g~ý|xg| eamfw x|ë} hai} aùg}xaji`hf i e|f`xga|i L|i}ad/Lfdïuai g }g hg~i|fw$

xioláo$ mfo hg}oi`mbg hg mi||f} |fwlihf} g x|éeamf hg h|fji}. Gdg }fe|gw$ a`mdw}aug$ grxf|}íf

hf} }fdhihf} lfdauai`f} g iogiêi hg |fwlf ~f| ~i|xg hf} ~ghg}x|g}. I mf`mdw}íf hg ywg i

g`x|ihi hg |goáhaf} á xíf eémad efa xa|ihi$ xioláo$ mfo f j|i`hg `ûog|f hg ~|f~f}xi} ywg gdg

|gmglgw hg xira}xi} g mamda}xi} ~i|i dgui| og|mihf|ai ~i|i f fwx|f dihf hi e|f`xga|i. Go `g`bwo

ofog`xf efa ~i|ihf ~gdi ~fdïmai lfdauaiì ì} }ga} ug{g} ywg ix|iug}}fw i e|f`xga|i$ g `go uaw

fwx|f mi||f }g| ~i|ihf. Gdg eg{ fl}g|uiêíf ha|gxi$ f ywg mf`x|alwaw ~i|i f oáxfhf hg |g~f|xijgo

hgdg$ oia} hg}m|axaui.

F xïxwdf hi |g~f|xijgo$ ‗Lfdïuai ug`hg |goáhaf ~a|ixi i \( <― `íf feg|gmg hg}m|aêíf mfo~dgxi

hf ywg f dgaxf| uia g`mf`x|i|. F xïxwdf `íf il|i`jg i mfo~dgxwhg hf xgrxf$ á i~gì} oia} woi

aèf|oiêíf ywg uia }g| ilf|hihi. ^f| fwx|f dihf$ f xïxwdf }wjg|g i mi|imxg|ï}xami hf xgrxf

ao~|g}}afà}xi$ ywg á i ~g|mg~êíf hf |g~ý|xg| }fl|g f ywg uë. Á woi ef|oi hg efmi| g mbioi| i

ixg`êíf hf dgaxf| ~i|i f ywíf liarf á f ~|gêf hf} |goáhaf} eid}aeamihf}. F lajfhg ‗\fxi hg

mf`x|ili`hf g ì|mfx|éeamf$ |gjaíf ì e|f`xga|i hf L|i}ad }g|ug hg g`x|g~f}xf hg |goáhaf} eid}f}$ug`hahf} `f lidmíf hg ei|oémai}― á wo oáxfhf w}ihf ~i|i grgo~daeami| g gr~dami| f ywg g}xé

ao~dïmaxf `f xïxwdf. @f hgmf||g| hi |g~f|xijgo }g dë xwhf ywg á gr~f}xf `f lajfhg.



8=

F |g~ý|xg| ew`mafì$ xioláo$ mfof f} fdbf} hf dgaxf|. Gdg i~|g}g`xi f dwji| f`hg ei{ i

aùg}xajiêíf g i ~f}xw|i hi} ~g}}fi} g hf} }fdhihf}; "‗idáo hf ~i`xiìd g hf} |gli`bf} hg jihf

hg mf|xg$ i L\/>:> á oi|mihi ~gdf} lw|imf}72―!.

^gdi ef|oi mfof f kf|ìda}xi mf`hw{aw i |g~f|xijgo$ hgw i g`xg`hg| ywg gdg ~|gxg`hgw hg}m|gug|

f ywg fl}g|uiui$ }go owaxf} `ûog|f} feamaia} fw mfùg|}i} mfo ~fdïmai. Efa i ~|aoga|i

|g~f|xijgo hi }á|ag i }g| ilf|hihi hg}}i ef|oi. Woi hi} mi|imxg|ï}xami} hi |g~f|xijgo á$

kw}xiog`xg$ f ofhf hg}m|axauf. Á xíf il}w|hi g}}i eidxi hg ea}mida{iêíf g f x|éeamf g ug`hi} hg

eid}aeamihf} ì ‗mi|i― hi ~fdïmai ywg f |g~ý|xg| mf`mdwaw og|gmg| i ì||iêíf hg}m|axaui.

Fwx|i mi|imxg|ï}xami hi |g~f|xijgo á w}ihi$ i ì||ixaui }go mfog`xé|af} g }wlkgxauiê÷g}.Kw}xiog`xg ix|iuá} hi} fl}g|uiê÷g}$ f |g~ý|xg| ì||i xwhf f ywg uë g ~g|mglg hw|i`xg i uaijgo.

Gdg hgof`}x|i g`xg`haog`xf }fl|g f ~f|ywë á xíf eémad mf`x|ili`hgi| ~|fhwxf} eid}aeamihf}.

"‗G`x|g f} hfa} ~iï}g}$ }íf ywi}g 9 oad ywadøogx|f} hg e|f`xga|i }gmi$ mfo a`ûog|i} x|adbi} g

g}x|ihi} mdi`hg}xaì}―71!.

Hw|i`xg i lw}mi ~f| aèf|oiê÷g}$ f |g~ý|xg| mfùg|}fw mfo i ^fdïmai Eghg|id. Wo hgxidbg ywg

mbioi i ixg`êíf á f imf`}gdbiog`xf hihf ~gdf} ~fdamaia}$ g `íf }ý woi mfùg|}i go lw}mi hg

aèf|oiêíf g hihf}$ mfof ef`xg. ]gjw`hf f} ijg`xg eghg|ia}$ g|i ogdbf| `íf ix|iug}}i| i

e|f`xga|i mfo f mi||f idwjihf. ]g f ea{g}}g$ }g|ai iduf mg|xf hg |fwlf fw dix|fmïàf "i}}idxf mfo

of|xg!$ }gjw`hf i |g~f|xijgo.

=.8.7 Hai 9< hg ijf}xf hg <>>1 ” —Ha`bga|f ~ûldamf eaì`mai oghamiog`xf} eid}aeamihf}‟


I mi~i hf kf|ìd `g}}g hai x|i{ woi ~gywgì mbioihi mfo efxf$ xïxwdf g |g}wof mfo mbioihi~i|i i} ~éjaì} 9> g 99 hf ~|aoga|f mihg|`f }fl i ug|}id @IMAF@ID. I ~éjaì 9> i~|g}g`xi

xïxwdf$ lajfhg g j|i`hg efxf hi go~|g}i ywg ug`hg |goáhaf} eid}aeamihf}$ ix|iuá} hg damaxiê÷g}$

~i|i ~|gegaxw|i} hg ué|af} g}xihf}. I |g~f|xijgo efa egaxi go Oaì} Jg|ia} g \af J|i`hg hf ]wd

72 Ug| i`grf 971 Ahgo



88

g fmw~i ywi}g xfhi i ~éjaì. Woi |gx|i`mi hf dihf ha|gaxf aèg|af| x|i{ oia} woi |gx|i`mi mfo f

h|ioi hg wo ~g|}fìjgo.

I ~éjaì 99 x|i{ |g~f|xijgo mfo xïxwdf g |gx|i`mi hf dihf g}ywg|hf }w~g|af|. Gdi of}x|i ywggywa~iog`xf} oáhamf} eid}aeamihf} ili}xgmg|io$ xioláo$ bf}~axia} hg ]íf îwdf. Iliarf$ woi

aèfj|ieai mfo i} go~|g}i} g ew`maf`é|af} ~ûldamf} gùfduahf} ì e|iwhg. I ^fdïmai Eghg|id$ ywg

efa ef`xg hf |g~ý|xg|$ w}fw j|io~f} xgdgeøàmf} ~i|i hg}mfl|a| f mf`xixf g`x|g f} }g|uahf|g} g f}

eid}aeamihf|g}. Hf dihf ha|gaxf }w~g|af| i ~éjaì i~|g}g`xi i efxf hg woi hi} ei|oémai} ywg efa

a`xg|haxihi ~gdi ~fdïmai. Hf dihf ha|gaxf aèg|af|$ woi miari mfo f haédfjf hg wo a`xgj|i`xg hi

ywih|adbi ywg ug`hg`hf oghamiog`xf} go wo ~|gjíf. G}}g |gmw|}f hi miari hg haédfjf}

mfèg|g m|ghaladahihg g á w}ihf xioláo go fwx|i} |g~f|xijg`} hi }á|ag. ^f| fwx|f dihf$ il|gywg}xafìog`xf} }fl|g f mi|éxg| áxamf hg}}g ixf$ ywg idjw`} i~|fuio g fwx|f} ilfoaìo.


I ywi|xi |g~f|xijgo hi }á|ag efa ~wldamihi `f hai 9< hg ijf}xf hg <>>1 g g}m|axi ~gdf}

kf|ìda}xi} Idiì \a{{f g Xbaijf Bg|hq$ hf G}xihf hg Oaì}. G}}i |g~f|xijgo i~f`xi ywg f

~fhg| ~ûldamf g}xé mfo~|i`hf oghamiog`xf} g gywa~iog`xf} oáhamf} eid}aeamihf}$ hgari`hf i

~f~wdiêíf hg idjw`} owàmï~af} uwd`g|éugd. Á oia} wo hihf ywg of}x|i i |gdguì`mai hg}}i

}á|ag$ hg a`xg|g}}g ~ûldamf.

G}}i |g~f|xijgo x|i{ owaxf} hihf} }fl|g damaxiê÷g}$ dfxg} hg |goáhaf} g ywi`xahihg ug`hahi i

~|gegaxw|i} hi |gjaíf ]wd$ \af J|i`hg hf @f|xg$ Oaì} Jg|ia} g Libai. Efa ~|gma}f owaxf xgo~f

g x|ilidbf hw|f hf} |g~ý|xg|g} ~i|i mf`}gjwa| f|jià{i| xfhf} f} hihf} flxahf}. G}}i |g~f|xijgo

i~|g}g`xi mi|imxg|ï}xami} hfmwog`xia}$ owaxf} `ûog|f} g hihf} aèf|oixauf}. Mfof ké ua}xf `f}

mi~ïxwdf} xgý|amf} i lw}mi ~f| hfmwog`xiêíf á g}}g`maid if x|ilidbf kf|ìdï}xamf aùg}xajixauf. Á

g}}i hfmwog`xiêíf ywg uia mfèa|oi| i ug|imahihg hg xfhf} f} eixf} g ikwhi| i mfo~f| i|g~f|xijgo hg oi`ga|i m|ïugd. Gdi i~|g}g`xi$ a`mdw}aug$ f} `ûog|f} hg dfxg hf} |goáhaf}

eid}aeamihf}$ f ywg of}x|i if} dgaxf|g} ywg xwhf efa mf`}wdxihf i`xg} hi ~wldamiêíf.

Idáo hi} aèf|oiê÷g} hfmwog`xia}$ i |g~f|xijgo i~|g}g`xi j|i`hg mf`}wdxi i ý|jíf} g ef`xg}

idxg|ìxaui}. I~g}i| hg mf`}xi`xgog`xg biug| woi ~|fmw|i oiaf| ~f| ef`xg} feamaia}$ mfof



87

hgdgjihf} hg ~fdïmai$ i} ef`xg} a`hg~g`hg`xg}$ ywg }íf hg}ua`mwdihi} hg woi |gdiêíf hg ~fhg|

fw a`xg|g}}g g}~gmïeamf$ ywg owaxi} ug{g} dguio f} kf|ìda}xi} i mf`bgmg| idjf ywg go~|g}i} fw

~g}}fi} ywg|aio g}mf`hg|.

I |g~f|xijgo mfogêi go xfo hg a`hajìêíf g mi||gji g}}i mi|imxg|ï}xami ixá f eaìd. "‗i

ha}}goaìêíf hg axg`} eid}aeamihf} ~gdf ~iï} hgari f }a}xgoi ~ûldamf hg }iûhg hf L|i}ad mihi ug{

oia} uwd`g|éugd―5>!. F} kf|ìda}xi} i~f`xio ywg i} ^|gegaxw|i} ywg ~i|xama~io hg damaxiê÷g} g

mfo~|io oghamiog`xf} eid}aeamihf} idgjio }g|go uïxaoi}. ^f|áo$ i |g~f|xijgo hg}ximi ywg f}

~|gêf} }íf xíf oia} liarf} hf ywg f w}wid ywg }g|ai haeïmad `íf hg}mfèai|.

Woi |gx|i`mi mf`xáo f hg}ilief hg woi owdbg| ywg ~|gma}iui hg wo oghamiog`xf g mf`}gjwawywg i ~|gegaxw|i hg Mw|ugdf ef|`gmg}}g j|ixwaxiog`xg. Ma`mf og}g} hg~fa} gdi hg`w`mafw ywg f

|goáhaf g|i eid}f. Idáo hi |gx|i`mi$ gdi xioláo á ef`xg ì |g~f|xijgo ~|a`ma~id. I} |gx|i`mi}$

hg}}i g hi} fwx|i} |g~f|xijg`} hi }á|ag$ of}x|io ywg f} m|axá|af} hg `fxamailadahihg w}ihf}

ef|io hg a`xg|g}}g} bwoi`f} g ~g}}fia}. ]íf imf`xgmaog`xf} g}~gmïeamf} ywg híf wo xfo

haeg|g`xg î }á|ag hg |g~f|xijg`}$ oia} dgug$ bwoi`f g ywg hg}~g|xi$ if og}of xgo~f$ a`xg|g}}g g

|gufdxi hf} dgaxf|g}.

I lw}mi ~gdi hfmwog`xiêíf `gmg}}é|ai xioláo efa hg}gùfduahi `g}}i |g~f|xijgo. F}

kf|ìda}xi} xaug|io img}}f i `fxi} ea}mia} hi ug`hi hf} ~|fhwxf} ~a|ixgihf} g maxio$ a`mdw}aug$ f}

`ûog|f} hf} dfxg}. A}}f mfèg|g m|ghaladahihg î |g~f|xijgo$ i}}ao mfof$ xioláo$ f} ixg}xihf}

ywg mfo~|fuio i eid}aeamiêíf ì} miari} hf} oghamiog`xf} "‗i êa{g| 59 aèf|ofw ia`hi ywg i}

hixi} hg eil|amiêíf g uidahihg `íf mfèg|aio mfo f} |gja}x|f} f|ajaìa}―5<!.

Idáo hi a`hajìêíf$ g}}i |g~f|xijgo x|i`}eg|g if dgaxf| f xfo hg hg`û`mai. Of}x|i ywg woi

j|i`hg go~|g}i$ i Hg`xa}ei|$ ywg ké ~i|xama~fw hg ué|ai} damaxiê÷g}$ g}xi|ai gùfduahi ì} e|iwhg}.Ixá g`xíf$ i ^fdïmai Mauad hg Oaì}$ ywg a`}xiw|fw a`ywá|axf g hgxg|oa`fw i xfoihi hg

hg~faog`xf hf} }ýmaf} hi Hg`xa}ei|$ }gjw`hf i |g~f|xijgo$ ia`hi `íf biuai eidihf mfo f}

}ýmaf} hi go~|g}i.

5> Ug| i`grf 959 êa{g| á woi a`hû}x|ai ei|oimëwxami ywg ~|fhw{ g mfog|maida{i oghamiog`xf}.5< Ug| i`grf 9



85

]ga} ef`xg} ef|io fwuahi} `g}}i |g~f|xijgo. F hf`f hi go~|g}i imw}ihi hg ef|`gmg| |goáhaf}

eid}aeamihf} î} ~|gegaxw|i} "Hg`xa}ei|! `íf ywa} eidi| mfo i |g~f|xijgo. A}}f ~fhg }g|

mf`}ahg|ihf mfof wo ixg}xihf hg mwd~i ~f| owaxi jg`xg$ ~f|áo$ f} |g~ý|xg|g} hgugo }g oi`xg|

df`jg hf} kwï{f} hg uidf| g f~aà÷g} if |ghaja| i |g~f|xijgo. A}}f dbg} mfèg|g m|ghaladahihg$ hgimf|hf mfo i |g~ý|xg| Oi|ai Mdi|i ^|ixg}. ‗Á haeïmad "}g| ao~i|maid!. Oi} woi mfa}i á f ywg ufmë

}g`xg$ fwx|i mfa}i á f ywg ufmë g}m|gug. @i bf|i ywg g}xfw |ghaja`hf gw xg`xf }g| f oia} `gwx|i

~f}}ïugd$ og}of hai`xg hg xfhi i oa`bi a`hajìêíf. Woi mfa}i }fw gw mfof mahihí$ fwx|i mfof

kf|ìda}xi. G mfof kf|ìda}xi gw xg`bf ywg mwo~|a| idjw`} m|axá|af}$ mfof x|ixi| f} hfa} dihf} hg

woi og}oi ef|oi5=―.

F xïxwdf ‗Ha`bga|f ~ûldamf eaì`mai oghamiog`xf} eid}aeamihf}― x|i{ grixiog`xg f ywgá gr~f}xf

if dgaxf| ì |g~f|xijgo$ oi} mfo oia} hgxidbg} `f hgmf||g| hf xgrxf. Fwx|i} mi|imxg|ï}xami} hi

|g~f|xijgo }íf w}ihi}3 i bwoià{iêíf hf |gdixf g i ì||ixaui }go mfog`xé|af}. I |g~f|xijgo

of}x|i i e|ijadahihg hi} ~g}}fi} ywg }fe|go mfo oghamiog`xf} eid}aeamihf} g `go }g híf mf`xi$

ké ywg |gmglgo f} |goáhaf} hf ~fhg| ~ûldamf.

=.8.5 Hai 9= hg ijf}xf hg <>>1 ” —@go mì`mg| g}mi~i hg oghamiog`xf} eid}aeamihf}‟


I mbioihi hg mi~i x|i{ xïxwdf g ~gywg`f xgrxf `f mi`xf ha|gaxf aèg|af|. I mbioihi á ~i|i i}

~éjaì} 95 g 9: hf ~|aoga|f mihg|`f$ }fl i ug|}id @IMAF@ID. I ~éjaì 95 i~|g}g`xi j|i`hg

xïxwdf g lajfhg ~i|i i |g~f|xijgo ~|a`ma~id. Gdi fmw~i xfhf f dihf g}ywg|hf. Hf dihf ha|gaxf bé

woi j|i`hg efxf hf imw}ihf hg ug`hg| oghamiog`xf} eid}aeamihf}$ Kf|jg Fxxf$ g ~gywgì

|gx|i`mi }fl|g gdg$ `gji`hf ~i|xama~iêíf `f g}ywgoi. G}}g |gmw|}f of}x|i ywg f} kf|ìda}xi}

hgugo fwua| xfhf} f} dihf} gùfduahf}$ a`mdw}aug i ~i|xg imw}ihi.

F dihf g}ywg|hf hi ~éjaì 9: á fmw~ihf ~f| j|i`hg |g~f|xijgo$ xïxwdf g lajfhg. @i ~i|xg

}w~g|af|$ iliarf hf xïxwdf$ i aoijgo hg woi `fxi e|ai$ wxada{ihi ~gdf imw}ihf Fxxf$ ~i|i gr~dami|

i f|ajgo hf oghamiog`xf eid}aeamihf. If dihf$ ha|gaxf }w~g|af|$ oia} woi |gx|i`mi bwoià{ihi$

hg}}i ug{$ mfo f hg~faog`xf hg woi owdbg| ywg ~g|hgw f ~ia i~ý} gdg mf`}woa| oghamiog`xf

5= Ug| i`grf <



8:

~i|i mì`mg| eid}aeamihf. Iliarf$ hf dihf ha|gaxf$ ywix|f efxf}; woi }idi f`hg á ug`hahf

gywa~iog`xf eid}aeamihf3 eimbihi hi mi}i hf go~|g}é|af Fxxf3 g hwi} hi ha}x|alwahf|i `f \af

J|i`hg hf ]wd.


I ywa`xi |g~f|xijgo hi }á|ag$ ~wldamihi `f hai 9= hg ijf}xf hg <>>1$ efa g}m|axi ~gdf kf|ìda}xi

Xbaijf Bg|hq$ hf G}xihf hg Oaì}. I |g~f|xijgo gralg i dajiêíf g`x|g i oéeai hg

oghamiog`xf} eid}aeamihf}$ ywih|adbi} hg |fwlf hg mi|ji hg |goáhaf} g bf}~axia}$ xwhf

flkgxaui`hf flxg| dwm|f mfo g}}i} x|i`}iê÷g}.

G}}i |g~f|xijgo i~f`xi ywg$ idáo hf} eid}aeamihf}$ |goáhaf} mf`x|ili`hgihf} xioláo mbgjioî} oíf} hf mf`}woahf|. F} e|iwhihf|g} w}io go~|g}i} hg eimbihi ~i|i diui| ha`bga|f. @f}

ûdxaof} 92 og}g}$ }gjw`hf i |g~f|xijgo$ i Iùa}i `fxaeamfw f |fwlf hg 2>$= xf`gdihi} hg

oghamiog`xf}. A}}f of}x|i ywg i ao~wàhihg ia`hi |gaì `g}}g g}ywgoi. A}}f ji|i`xg i

|gdguì`mai hg}}i }á|ag hg |g~f|xijg`}$ hg xfxid a`xg|g}}g ~i|i i }fmaghihg.

@g}}g og|mihf mdi`hg}xa`f$ `go mì`mg| g}mi~i hg oghamiog`xf} eid}aeamihf}$ mfof ha{ f xïxwdf.

Gdg á g}mdi|gmghf| g x|i`}~i|gmg if dgaxf| i |gufdxi hg ywgo$ mfof f |g~ý|xg|$ fl}g|ufw hg ~g|xf

g}}g m|aog ywg owaxf} hg}mf`bgmgo$ g ywg ~f| ug{g}$ eami ao~w`g. F mfog|mai`xg Kf|jg Fxxf$

hf`f hg woi dfki `f Og|mihf hg Oihw|ga|i$ á i~f`xihf mfof |g}~f`}éugd ~gdi ug`hi hf

|goáhaf Jdaugm "eid}aeamihf!$ ~i|i x|ixiog`xf hi dgwmgoai58. I |g~f|xijgo of}x|i f mioa`bf

ywg i ~fdïmai ~g|mf||gw ~i|i mbgji| if} |g}~f`}éuga}. Biuai oia} hwi} ~g}}fi} gùfduahi}

ha|gxiog`xg mfo g}}g g}ywgoi hg ug`hi hg |goáhaf} }go gegaxf.

I ywa`xi |g~f|xijgo hi }á|ag xioláo feg|gmg hihf} g g}xixï}xami} ywg mf`x|alwgo ~i|i i

mf`}x|wêíf hf xgrxf. Ywi`hf }g eidi hf} ~|gêf} hf |goáhaf Jdaugm f |g~ý|xg| w}i mfo~i|iêíf$ fywg ikwhi f dgaxf| i g`xg`hg| i haog`}íf g mfof ew`mafì f g}ywgoi "‗hwi} miara`bi} }ao~dg}$

mfo => mfo~|aoahf} hf oghamiog`xf$ mihi$ mw}xio f og}of ywg wo mi||f ~f~wdi|$ \( <<$2

oad―3 ‗gdg xg|ai |g~i}}ihf f} ~|fhwxf} î ha}x|alwahf|i jiûmbi$ ~f| \( 8 oad$ mihi miari. F uidf| á

58 Hfg`êi ywg }g mi|imxg|a{i ~gdi ~|fdaeg|iêíf mi`mg|f}i hg mádwdi} ~|gmw|}f|i} hf} jdýlwdf} l|i`mf} ì oghwdiý}}gi g `f }i`jwg.



82

gywauidg`xg i i~gì} =8' hf ~|gêf hg xilgdi hf |goáhaf―57!. Idáo ha}}f$ i lw}mi ~f|

hfmwog`xiêíf$ g}}g`maid if kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf$ efa w}ihi. F kf|ìda}xi xgug img}}f$

xioláo$ î} `fxi} e|ai} ywg f Kf|jg Fxxf goaxai.

@g}}i |g~f|xijgo$ f kf|ìda}xi w}i mfof hfmwog`xf hg ~g}ywa}i f hg~faog`xf hg Fxxf$ `f ywid

gdg eidi hi f|ajgo hg `fxi} ea}mia} e|ai}$ grmdwa }gw gùfduaog`xf g gr~dami wo hg~ý}axf li`mé|af

egaxf ~f| }gw }w~f}xf mfo~i|}i$ Oajwgd Kimfl. Hfmwog`xf} i~|gg`hahf} ~gdi ~fdïmai xioláo

eiuf|gmg|io i f|jià{iêíf hg xfhf} f} hihf} }fl|g f eixf ~f| ~i|xg hf} |g~ý|xg|g}. A}}f

hgof`}x|i i `gmg}}ahihg hi hfmwog`xiêíf g i mbgmijgo hg xfhi} i} aèf|oiê÷g} i`xg} hi

~wldamiêíf.

Oi} `go }go~|g }g mf`}gjwg flxg| aèf|oiêíf hg xfhf} f} dihf} ~f}}ïuga}. @f mi}f hg}}i

|g~f|xijgo$ wo hf} bf}~axia} ywg ha}x|alwïi oghamiog`xf} eid}aeamihf} `íf ywa} }g ~|f`w`mai|

}fl|g f mi}f. ^f| fwx|f dihf$ i ^fdïmai Eghg|id efa g}}g`maid hw|i`xg i ~g}ywa}i hfmwog`xid.

=.8.: Hai 98 hg ijf}xf hg <>>1 ” —\goáhaf ~a|ixi oixi g eid}aeamihf| eami ao~w`g‟

=.8.:.9 I}~gmxf} j|éeamf} g ywi`xaxixauf}

I ûdxaoi |g~f|xijgo hi }á|ag xgo woi ~gywgì mbioihi ì mi~i mfo xïxwdf g `fxi. I} ~éjaì}

9> g 99 |gû`go i} mf`}ahg|iê÷g} eaìa} hi }á|ag. I ~éjaì 9> ~f}}wa wo j|i`hg xïxwdf$ lajfhg g

efxf hf dilf|ixý|af Gàdi `f \af hg Ki`ga|f. Hf dihf g}ywg|hf$ i |g~f|xijgo ~|a`ma~id x|ixi hi}

oi|mi} Mgdfli| g I`h|fmw| . @i ~i|xg aèg|af|$ `f ogaf hi ~éjaì$ woi efxf hg Kfgd}f` \ga}. Wo

|gmw|}f wxada{ihf }fog`xg `g}}i ûdxaoi |g~f|xijgo á f ywih|f hg ‗G`xg`hg`hf f mi}f―$ mfo

ma`mf xý~amf}. Hf dihf ha|gaxf aèg|af| woi |gx|i`mi mfo f hg~faog`xf hg woi owdbg| ywg

~g|hgw f oi|ahf ywg a`jg|aw mf`x|i}xg hg |iaf R g i efxf hgdg.

@i ~i|xg }w~g|af| hi ~éjaì 99 f xïxwdf á ~f}xf `f idxf$ lajfhg î g}ywg|hi g hwi} efxf}; i hf

go~|g}é|af Kf}á Mgd}f$ ywg ug`hgw |goáhaf} eid}aeamihf} g fwx|i hf }gw dwrwf}f }ïxaf go ^gh|f

Dgf~fdhf. @f ogaf hi ~éjaì$ i |g~f|xijgo ~|a`ma~id. @i ~i|xg aèg|af|$ woi |gx|i`mi }fl|g wo

bfogo ywg of||gw if mf`}woa| I`h|fmw| g efxf hi }wi eadbi. If dihf$ fwx|f ‗G`xg`hi f mi}f―

57 Ug| i`grf 9



81

mfo ywix|f xý~amf}. Iliarf$ `f ~á hg ~éjaì$ wo ba}xý|amf mfo `fog} hg <2 ~g}}fi} ywg

of||g|io ~f| w}f hg oghamiog`xf} g gywa~iog`xf} oáhamf} eid}aeamihf}; 9= if a`jg|a|

mf`x|i}xg hg |iaf R$ 9= mfo |goáhaf} ~i|i f x|ixiog`xf hg mì`mg|$ wo ~f| i`xalaýxamf eid}aeamihf

g wo ~f| ~|ýxg}g eid}aeamihi. @g}}i ûdxaoi |g~f|xijgo$ woi mbioihi ~i|i f ~f|xid WIAhaeg|g`xg; ‗I}}a}xi uïhgf }fl|g i }iwhihg g f I`h|fmw| ―.

=.8.:.< I`éda}g ywidaxixaui

I ûdxaoi |g~f|xijgo hi }á|ag$ ~wldamihi `f hai 98 hg ijf}xf hg <>>1 g g}m|axi ~f| Xbaijf

Bg|hq$ i~f`xi mfof i ao~wàhihg |gaì ì oéeai hi ~a|ixi|ai. I }á|ag á g`mg||ihi mfo f} mi}f}

oia} }á|af}$ f} hg ~g}}fi} ywg of||g|io if a`jg|a| f oghamiog`xf I`h|fmw| g f mf`x|i}xg hg

|iaf R hi go~|g}iMgdfli| . F} go~|g}é|af} |g}~f`}éuga} ~gdf `gjýmaf$ Oé|maf H‒Ami|ibq g Kf}á

Mgd}f Oimbihf$ g}xíf |g}~f`hg`hf if ~|fmg}}f kwhamaid go dalg|hihg. @f hgmf||g| hi

|g~f|xijgo x|i`}~i|gmg if dgaxf| f }g`xaog`xf hg ao~wàhihg hgarihf `f |g~ý|xg|.

F xïxwdf ‗\goáhaf ~a|ixi oixi g eid}aeamihf| eami ao~w`g― hgxidbi f i}}w`xf i }g| x|ixihf ì

|g~f|xijgo. Efa a`xg|g}}i`xg ~i|i i }á|ag eaìda{i| mfo i ywg}xíf hi} of|xg} g }gywgdi} hi}

~g}}fi}$ g a}}f x|i`}~i|gmg `f xïxwdf. F lajfhg eimadaxi ia`hi oia} i mfo~|gg`}íf hf dgaxf|

‗Go~|g}é|af mf`hgìhf i 95 i`f} hg ~|a}íf ~f| ha}x|alwa| <: oad miari} hg I`h|fmw| eid}aeamihf

~i|i mì`mg| hg ~|ý}xixi$ ywg oixfw hg{gì} hg ~g}}fi}$ il|aw fwx|i go~|g}i g xgo uahi

~|auadgjaihi g`ywi`xf |gmf||g ì Kw}xaêi―. Of}x|i$ ia`hi$ i ao~wàhihg ywg mg|mi f g}ywgoi hi

oéeai hf} |goáhaf}.

F xfo h|ioéxamf imfo~i`bi i |g~f|xijgo$ hai`xg hg xwhf ywg ké efa gr~f}xf }fl|g i eid}aeamiêíf

hg oghamiog`xf} g gywa~iog`xf} oáhamf}. Dfjf ì ilg|xw|i f kf|ìda}xi gr~÷g i mfofêíf hf}

dgaxf|g} g hi} eioïdai} hi} uïxaoi} "‗@f} g~a}ýhaf} ywg mbfmi|io f L|i}ad―3 i }g`}iêíf hg

ao~wàhihg efa f ywg |g}xfw î} eioïdai} hi} uïxaoi}$ idáo hi }iwhihg―55

!.

Á ~f}}ïugd fl}g|ui| ywg f mi|éxg| ao~|g}}afà}xi$ woi hi} mi|imxg|ï}xami} hi |g~f|xijgo$ g}xé

~|g}g`xg ì g}m|axi hf |g~ý|xg|. Gdg w}i$ ia`hi$ f xfo }i|mé}xamf ~i|i of}x|i| i xfdg|ì`mai ~i|i

g}}g xa~f hg m|aog g i eidxi hg mi}xajf$ oi`xg`hf f} |g}~f`}éuga} mfo woi uahi hg dwrf "‗ Kf}á

55 Ug| i`grf 9



7>

Mgd}f i`hi go mi||f hg \( 1> oad g hauahg f} ea`} hg }goiì g`x|g f }ïxaf g i j|wxi ywg mfo~|fw

~g|xf hg Lgdf Bf|a{f`xg―5:!.

Imfo~i`bi`hf f xfo h|ioéxamf$ f |g~ý|xg| w}i i hg}m|aêíf ~i|i mf`}gjwa| gr~f| if dgaxf| f ywgf ~|ý~|af fl}g|ufw$ hw|i`xg i grgmwêíf hi |g~f|xijgo. I ~i}}ijgo i }gjwa| á i ywg of}x|i oia}

mdi|iog`xg ywg wo hf} |g}~f`}éuga} ~gdi of|xg hg << ~g}}fi} g}xé ao~w`g "‗F go~|g}é|af }g

dfmfofug go woi mioa`bf`gxg hg dwrf ao~f|xihi$ ofhgdf Bqw`hia ]i`xi Eá$ i`f <>>2$

|gja}x|ihi go `fog hi go~|g}i. F ugïmwdf mw}xi \( 1>$2 oad$ uidf| 87 ug{g} oiaf| hf ywg i

~g`}íf ~iji og`}idog`xg ~gdf A@]] î uaûui hf gr/~|gegaxf hg Xaoýxgf$ `f Uidg hf Iêf$

I`xøàf Hai} Oi|xa`}$ hg 5< i`f}. Hai} of||gw hg~fa} hg mf`}woa| I`h|fmw| eid}aeamihf ì

ei|oémai oi`xahi ~gdf go~|g}é|af$ g i eioïdai `w`mi |gmglgw a`hgà{iêíf hf ha}x|alwahf| hfoghamiog`xf―52!.

Hg`x|g f} <7> mi}f} mfo }gywgdi} g i} << of|xg}$ ~gdf w}f hf mf`x|i}xg hg |iaf R hi go~|g}i

Mgdfli| $ }gjw`hf i |g~f|xijgo$ `g`bwoi |g~i|iêíf efa egaxi î} eioïdai}. Woi hi} }ga} ef`xg}

fwuahi} hw|i`xg i grgmwêíf hi |g~f|xijgo$ Kfgd}f` \ga}$ uïxaoi hi Mgdfli| $ g}~g|i ixá bfkg

woi a`hgà{iêíf hi go~|g}i. Fwx|i ef`xg ao~f|xi`xg efa w}ihi ~i|i adw}x|i| i |g~f|xijgo; f

ihufjihf hg hwi} hi} uïxaoi} ywg g}~g|io ~f| |g~i|f}. F} |gmw|}f} hg ef`xg} wxada{ihi}$ go }wi

oiaf|ai$ }íf feamaia}. I} hfmwog`xiê÷g} w}ihi}$ ywg mfo~dgxi} i} aèf|oiê÷g}$ ef|io flxahi}

mfo i ^fdïmai Eghg|id$ ~f| grgo~df.

I ûdxaoi |g~f|xijgo$ ywg eidi hg ao~wàhihg g of|xg}$ hé wo xfo hg mf`mdw}íf î }á|ag. F

|g~ý|xg| fwug i} eioïdai} hi} uïxaoi} g gr~÷g i i`jû}xai hi g}~g|i ~f| kw}xaêi$ idáo hi }iwhihg.

Á ~f}}ïugd fl}g|ui| ywg }ý mfo wo x|ilidbf mfo~dgxf$ }g`}ïugd g |g}~f`}éugd$ mfof g}}i

aùg}xajiêíf kf|ìdï}xami ~i|i i }á|ag hg |g~f|xijg`}$ f} kf|ìda}xi} mbgji|io i xfhi} i} ui|aéuga}

~f}}ïuga} if ~g|mf||g| f }wlow`hf hf m|aog f|jià{ihf.

5: Ahgo52 Ug| i`grf 9



79

MF@MDW]ÍF

G}}i ~g}ywa}i iuidai f} i}~gmxf} xgý|amf} g go~ï|amf} hi }á|ag hg |g~f|xijg`} ‗Mw|i Eid}aeamihi―$

ywg efa ~wldamihi ~gdf kf|ìd G}xihf hg Oaì} `f ~g|ïfhf hg >1 i 98 hg ijf}xf hg <>>1. Hw|i`xg

og}g}$ f} |g~ý|xg|g} ef|io ix|é} hg aèf|oiê÷g} ~i|i hg}mfl|a| mfof ew`mafì f ow`hf hf}

eid}aeamihf|g} hg oghamiog`xf} g gywa~iog`xf} oáhamf}$ ywg `íf á ea}mida{ihf$ f`hg |gaì i

ao~wàhihg. I |g~f|xijgo }g|uaw hg idg|xi ~i|i f |a}mf of|xid hg}}i} eid}aeamiê÷g}. Hw|i`xg xfhf

f ~g|mw|}f "î|ijwia$ Lfdïuai$ W|wjwia$ Ef{ hf Ajwiêw$ ^f|xf Idgj|g$ ]íf îwdf$ Mémg|g}$

Mw|ugdf$ Mi|i{a`bf$ \af hg Ki`ga|f$ gxm!$ f} |g~ý|xg|g} w}i|io i gr~g|aë`mai$ }g`}aladahihg g

áxami ~i|i wo x|ilidbf i~|few`hihf$ mfo flkgxauf hg hg}oi}mi|i| g}}i} e|iwhg}.

F} m|axá|af} hg `fxamailadahihg hg}m|axf} `f} dau|f} imfo~i`bio xfhi i }á|ag. I} aèf|oiê÷g}~i}}ihi} if dgaxf| }íf ao~imxi`xg} g hg a`xg|g}}g ~ûldamf$ xf|ì`hf i m|g| ywg bfwug j|i`hg

|g~g|mw}}íf hf mi}f.

Xfhi} i} |g~f|xijg`} hgoi`hi|io xgo~f g g}ef|êf hf} ywix|f kf|ìda}xi} gùfduahf}. Wo hf}

oá|axf} hi }á|ag á kw}xiog`xg g}}g. I hghamiêíf g i ao~f|xì`mai ywg xfhi} i} |g~f|xijg`}

xaug|io ì uahi hf} |g~ý|xg|g}. Wo x|ilidbf ywg mfogêfw og}g} i`xg} hi ~wldamiêíf. Hw|i`xg

g}}g xgo~f$ owaxi} uaijg`} g g}ef|êf hg ~g}ywa}i ef|io `gmg}}é|af} if} ha|gxiog`xg g

a`ha|gxiog`xg gùfduahf}.

I }á|ag mf`xgo~di }ga} |g~f|xijg`} aùg}xajixaui}. Mihi woi hgdi} efa owaxf lgo g}m|axi g

mfo~dgxi$ hgari`hf f dgaxf| ~f| hg`x|f hg}}g hgdamihf i}}w`xf. I }á|ag efa xfxidog`xg |gdgui`xg$

ké ywg f i}}w`xf á hg a`xg|g}}g ~ûldamf. F} |g~ý|xg|g} ew`mafìo$ owaxi} ug{g}$ mfof f} fdbf}

hi }fmaghihg$ ~g|oaxa`hf ywg f} mahihíf} g`xg`hio g mf`bgêio idjf ywg ~fhg|ai g}xi| fmwdxf.

@fxg/}g ywg i} ha}mw}}÷g} |gida{ihi} `f} mi~ïxwdf} xgý|amf} idjwoi} ug{g} mfè|f`xio mfo f

g}xwhf go~ï|amf. I ywg}xíf hi áxami$ xíf hglixahi ~f| ué|af} xgý|amf}$ ~øhg }g| fl}g|uihi mfo

mdi|g{i ì} i~w|iê÷g} hi kf|ìda}xi Oi|ai Mdi|i ^|ixg}. î|i flxg| aèf|oiê÷g} g}}g`maia} î}

|g~f|xijg`} gdi w}fw mfof oáxfhf i} xámàmi} hi aèadx|iêíf g hi j|iuiêíf g}mf`hahi. Hai`xg hi

j|i`hg ao~f|xì`mai hi} aèf|oiê÷g} g hi |gdguì`mai hg}}i }á|ag$ g}}g i|xaeïmaf á uédahf g efa

xfxidog`xg ̀ gmg}}é|af ~i|i hg}mfl|a| aèf|oiê÷g} g`mflg|xi}.



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Hw|i`xg xfhi i i~w|iêíf$ f} |g~ý|xg|g} w}i|io oáxfhf} ké hg}m|axf} `f} hfa} ~|aoga|f} mi~ïxwdf}$

mfof i ~|fmw|i ~f| ef`xg} hg aèf|oiêíf g i lw}mi ~f| hfmwog`xiêíf g hihf} g}xixï}xamf}.

Mg`xgì} hg ef`xg} ef|io fwuahi}$ hg}hg feamaia}$ ixá i} idxg|ìxaui}. I} |g~f|xijg`} mi}io

owaxf lgo g}}g} hfa} i|xaeïmaf}. I hfmwog`xiêíf g f} hihf} feamaia} mfo~÷go f ywg efa fwuahf~gdi} ef`xg}$ ao~f`hf m|ghaladahihg if oixg|aid ~wldamihf. I} g}xixï}xami} mfo `ûog|f hg

of|xg}$ i~|gg`}÷g} g |goáhaf} mfog|maida{ihf} grgo~daeamio g híf mfo~|gg`}íf if xgrxf.

^f| fwx|f ì`jwdf$ ~g|mglg/}g ywg i} |g~f|xijg`} ef|io g}m|axi} hg oi`ga|i haeg|g`xg. I~g}i| hg

xfhi} oi`xg|go xf`} hg hg`û`mai$ f} |g~ý|xg|g} i~gdio$ xioláo$ ~i|i f h|ioéxamf. F ywg efa

xfxidog`xg `gmg}}é|af$ ké ywg }g x|ixio hg x|ijáhai} g e|ijadahihg} bwoiì}. Xfhi} i}

|g~f|xijg`} }íf$ `f oïàof$ wo ~fwmf bwoià{ihi} g `íf ~fhg|aio }g| egaxi} hg ef|oihaeg|g`xg. Mg`xgì} hg ~g}}fi} }fe|g|io mfo i eid}aeamiêíf$ ~f| a}}f$ bfwug i `gmg}}ahihg hg

of}x|i| g}}g} mi}f}$ grgo~daeami`hf$ ~i|i mbioi| i ixg`êíf hf |gid ~|fldgoi hi ~a|ixi|ai.

F} xïxwdf} ilf|hio owaxf a}}f. ‗î|ijwia á |fxi hf} |goáhaf} hi of|xg―$ ~f| grgo~df. Ywgo dë

ké xgo i haog`}íf hf ywg uia imbi| ì |g~f|xijgo. I g`x|ihi hf} ~a|ixgihf} `f L|i}ad$ ~gdi

e|f`xga|i$ g f} mi}f} hg of|xg ywg fmf||g|io f|aw`hf} hg}}i mfog|maida{iêíf mdi`hg}xaì. F

i}}w`xf á mbioixauf$ f ywg dgui f dgaxf| i ywg|g| mfo~|gg`hg| f} ogi`h|f} hi mf||w~êíf.

I ûàmi hgeamaë`mai fl}g|uihi efa i eidxi hg ao~i|maidahihg if |ghaja| i} |g~f|xijg`}. Á }ilahf

ywg f} kf|ìda}xi} hgugo xg| ha}xi`maiog`xf hf ywg g}m|gugo$ ~f|áo$ eami guahg`xg woi |ghiêíf

~i|maid$ ywg aùfmi uidf|g}$ mfo ua}íf m|ïxami g f~aìxaui ~f| ~i|xg hf} |g~ý|xg|g}. F mi|éxg|

ao~|g}}afà}xi xioláo oi|mi ~|g}g`êi$ i~g}i| hg `íf biug| mfog`xé|af} g }wlkgxauiê÷g}.

I} |gx|i`mi} bwoià{ihi} mfdilf|io ~i|i f |g}wdxihf eaìd hi }á|ag. F |gdixf hi} ~g}}fi} ywg

|gidog`xg }fe|g|io mfo g}}i oéeai hf} eid}aeamihf} mfèg|g m|ghaladahihg i xwhf ywg f}

kf|ìda}xi} |g~f|xi|io. Idáo ha}}f$ }wjg|g woi mfofêíf `f dgaxf|. F }g`xaog`xf hg ~g|hi$ hg

ao~wàhihg g hg mfo~iaríf gr~df|i i bwoià{iêíf$ xioláo$ hg ywgo g}xé dg`hf. G}}i ahgai efa

wo ~f`xf idxf hi }á|ag hg |g~f|xijg`}.



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MI]XADBF$ Oé|maf ]fw{i. F kf|ìda}of ì ha}xg`}íf ~fdïxami hf |gjaog oadaxi| . A`zzz.lfmm.wla.~x

MBFO]CQ$ @fio3 HAGXG\AMB$ Bga`{. Di idhgi jdflid. Xieiddi; Xridi~i|xi$ 911:

MFAOL\I$ F}zidhf. F xgrxf hi |g~f|xijgo `f kf|ìda}of ao~|g}}f. ]íf îwdf; Éxami$911=

MF\@W$ Hiàgd. Kf|ìda}of g ug|hihg; ~i|i woi áxami hg aèf|oiêíf. X|ihwêíf I|oi`hf^g|ga|i ]adui. Da}lfi; A`}xaxwxf âijgx$ 9118.

G\LFDIXF$ Oi|af. Xámàmi} hg mfhaeamiêíf go kf|ìda}of. ]íf îwdf; Éxami$ 9119.

EAF\A@$ Kf}á Dwa{. Gdgog`xf} hg i`éda}g hf ha}mw|}f. ]íf îwdf; Mf`xgrxf&Ghw}~$ 9121

BIDAOA$ ]g|jg. F} `fuf} míg} hg jwi|hi. X|ihwêíf Jwadbg|og Kfíf hg E|gaxi} Xgrga|i.^gx|ý~fda}; Uf{g}$ 9112

CI\IO$ E|i`ma}mf Kf}á. I áxami kf|ìdï}xami g f a`xg|g}}g ~ûldamf. ]íf îwdf. ]woow}$ <>>8.

DF^G]$ Ha|mgw Eg|ì`hg}3 ^\FG@ÊI$ Kf}á Dwa{. Kf|ìda}of Aùg}xajixauf. ]íf îwdf;^wlda}bg| L|i}ad$ <>>=.

DW]XF]I$ Gdmai}. F xgrxf hi `fxïmai. L|i}ïdai; Ghaxf|i Wàug|}ahihg hg L|i}ïdai$ 9115.

DIJG$ @ad}f`. I |g~f|xijgo; xgf|ai g xámàmi hg g`x|gua}xi g ~g}ywa}i kf|ìdï}xami. \af hgKi`ga|f; \gmf|h$ <>>5.

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]ADUI$ Mi|df} Ghwi|hf Da`} hi. F ihai`xihf hi bf|i; i aèdwë`mai iog|amiì }fl|g f kf|ìda}of l|i}adga|f. ]íf îwdf; ]woow}$ 9119.

]FH\Á$ Owà{ 3 EG\\I\A$ Oi|ai Bgdgì. Xámàmi hg |g~f|xijgo ” `fxi} }fl|g i ì||ixaui kf|ìdï}xami. ]íf îwdf; ]woow}$ 9125

]FH\Á$ Owà{ 3 EG\\I\A$ Oi|ai Bgdgì. Xámàmi hg |ghiêíf ” f xgrxf `f} ogaf} hgaèf|oiêíf. \af hg Ki`ga|f; E|i`ma}mf Idug}$ 91::

X\IYWA@I$ @gd}f`. Kf|ìda}of; ywg}x÷g}$ xgf|ai} g ‗g}xý|ai}―. Da}lfi; Ugki$ 9111.

XWMBOI@$ Jiqg. I flkgxauahihg mfof |axwid g}x|ixájamf; woi i`éda}g hi} `fê÷g} hgflkgxauahihg hf} kf|ìda}xi}. A` Kf|ìda}of; ywg}x÷g}$ xgf|ai} g ‗g}xý|ai}―. Da}lfi; Ugki$ 9111.

UGAJI$ Ug|i. Kf|ìda}of g uahi }fmaid ” i ba}xý|ai iogì hg wo kf|ìd oa`ga|f. LgdfBf|a{f`xg; Ghaxf|i WEOJ$9112.

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ZFDE$ Oiw|f. Xgf|ai} hi mfowàmiêíf. Da}lfi; ^|g}g`êi$ <>><

http://www.observatoriodaimprensa.com.br/

http://www.observatoriodaimprensa.com.br/



77

I@GRF]

I`grf 9 ” ]á|ag hg |g~f|xijg`} —Mw|i Eid}aeamihi‟

Oéeai hf} |goáhaf} eid}f} dgui of|xg i l|i}adga|f} ">1 hg ijf}xf!

Idiì \a{{f g Xbaijf Bg|hq ” G}xihf hg Oaì}

F mfo~|aoahf i{wd g|i i ~|fog}}i hg }fl|guahi ì dwxi mf`x|i woi hfg`êi ~wdofì| j|iug. I

~|ýxg}g ì} ~g|ì} ihai|ai$ ~f| owaxf} i`f}$ f ûdxaof liadg. F ~a`f imili|ai mfo i} hf|g} ì

mfdwì$ oi|xï|af hg ywgo ~i}}iui a`mf`xéuga} bf|i} go ~á$ ì }idi hg iwdi. I} }ga} ~ïdwdi}

l|i`mi} hg xfhf hai g|io i g}~g|i`êi ~i|i ug`mg| f mì`mg| hg ~|ý}xixi. F} ywix|f ~i|iew}f} `f

~g}mfêf$ }fdwêíf ~i|i |gxfoi| iug`xw|i} g`x|g x|adbi}$ oi|g} g of`xi`bi}. G f mf`x|i}xg hg |iaf/r ‘ xfoihf ~i|i wo griog ‘ g|i }ý ~i|i mfèg|a| }g i ji}x|axg$ ihywa|ahi go i`f} hg x|ilidbf

mfo ihfdg}mg`xg} fw ì |fxaì griw}xaui hi oi`wxg`êíf hg oéywaì}$ ~fhg|ai xg| ogdbf|ihf.

I} ba}xý|ai} imaoi }íf hg l|i}adga|f} ywg$ `f dwji| hi mw|i$ g`mf`x|i|io i hf| g$ go owaxf}

mi}f}$ i ~|ý~|ai of|xg. F L|i}ad `íf ~|fhw{ g}xixï}xami} ywg of}x|go f `ûog|f xfxid hg ~g}}fi}

ywg ~g|hg|io i uahi fw ef|io g`jiìhi} ywi`hf xa`bio g}~g|i`êi hg |gmw~g|iêíf. G}xaoi/}g

ywg$ i~gì} `f \af J|i`hg hf ]wd$ g}}g `ûog|f wdx|i~i}}g f} : oad. Go i~gì} x|ë} mi}f} hg

ihwdxg|iêíf hg oghamiog`xf} ahg`xaeamihi ~gdi} iwxf|ahihg} }iàxé|ai} `f} fwx|f} g}xihf}

l|i}adga|f}$ ef|io ywix|f hg{gì} hg of|xf}. G f ufdwog hg i~|gg`}÷g} hi} eid}aeamiê÷g} `f} }gxg

~|aoga|f} og}g} hg}xg i`f mf`x|alwa ~i|i |gugdi| i haog`}íf hf ~|fldgoi; =9= oad ywadf} hg

oghamiog`xf} ef|io |gmfdbahf} hg `f|xg i }wd hf ~iï}$ go ~gywg`f} g j|i`hg} owàmï~af}. Á wo

`ûog|f }gxg ug{g} oiaf| hf ywg f |gja}x|ihf go xfhf f i`f ~i}}ihf$ ywi`hf 87 oad ywadf} hg

|goáhaf} ~a|ixgihf} imili|io a`ma`g|ihf} ~gdi Ijë`mai @imafìd hg Uajadì`mai ]iàxé|ai

"Iùa}i!.

I eid}aeamiêíf hg oghamiog`xf} g hg gywa~iog`xf} oáhamf} `f ~iï} x|i`}ef|ofw/}g go

~|fldgoi hg }iûhg ~ûldami$ mfo }xixw} hg m|aog f|jià{ihf g mihi ug{ oia} aèadx|ihi ì}

g}x|wxw|i} hf G}xihf. J|w~f} mf`}gjwgo$ ixá og}of$ ili}xgmg| f ]a}xgoi Ûàmf hg ]iûhg

"]W]! mfo i} h|fji} g f} gywa~iog`xf} hi of|xg. If df`jf hg 52 hai}$ f G}xihf hg

Oaì}&Mf||gaf L|i{adag`}g e|gywg`xfw f }wlow`hf hf m|aog ~i|i of}x|i| f} li}xahf|g} hi



75

~a|ixi|ai hg |goáhaf} g gywa~iog`xf}. I |g~f|xijgo ua}axfw i} e|f`xga|i} hf L|i}ad mfo f

î|ijwia$ i Lfdïuai g f W|wjwia ~i|i edij|i| i eimadahihg mfo ywg f mfoá|maf mdi`hg}xa`f fmf||g.

Imfo~i`bfw i dajiêíf mihi ug{ oia} ~|ýraoi hg}}g og|mihf mfo f ì|mfx|éeamf g f} g}ywgoi}

hg |fwlf hg mi|ji}. Aùg}xajfw mfof ixwio i} f|jià{iê÷g} m|aoa`f}i} ywg mbgjio i }g aèadx|i|g`x|g oáhamf} ~i|i dgui| f} ~|fhwxf} i xfhf} f} mi`xf} hf ~iï}. G efa ix|é} hi} ~|gegaxw|i} ywg

mfo~|i|io oghamiog`xf} eid}aeamihf} `f} ~|gj÷g} gdgx|øàmf} g hg ma|w|jai} go ywg ef|io

w}ihf} gywa~iog`xf} hg ~á}}aoi ywidahihg g }go |gja}x|f$ ~ijf} mfo ha`bga|f ~ûldamf.

M|aoa`f}f}

Og}of hai`xg hg}}g ywih|f ixg||ihf|$ go 92 og}g}$ i~gì} 9>8 ~g}}fi} ef|io ~|g}i} imw}ihi}

hg gùfduaog`xf mfo f} m|aog} g 2> ~f`xf} hg ug`hi ef|io a`xg|haxihf}. G$ oia} hg }ga} i`f}hg~fa} hf} g~a}ýhaf} hg eid}aeamiêíf hg |goáhaf} oia} mbfmi`xg} hf ~iï}$ gùfdug`hf i} oi|mi}

I`h|fmw| g Mgdfli|$ i ao~wàhihg |ga`fw. F G}xihf hg Oaì}& Mf||gaf L|i{adag`}g i~w|fw ywg

f} m|aoa`f}f} `íf ef|io hguahiog`xg |g}~f`}ilada{ihf} g$ go idjw`} mi}f}$ dguio woi uahi hg

dwrf. Î} eioïdai} hf} hfg`xg} adwhahf} mfo i mfo~|i hf} |goáhaf} eid}aeamihf}$ |g}xfw i~gì} i

}iwhihg hf} ywg ~i|xa|io ~i|i }go~|g.

I ~|ý~|ai Iùa}i ihoaxg ywg ‗g`rwji jgdf― mfo i} iê÷g} hg |g~|g}}íf. I }axwiêíf `íf á

haeg|g`xg go |gdiêíf î \gmgaxi$ ywg `íf mf`}gjwg a`xg|mg~xi| oia} hg 7' hg xfhf f mf`x|ili`hf

ywg ~i}}i ~gdi ^f`xg hi Ioa{ihg$ go Ef{ hf Ajwiêw "^\!$ ì e|f`xga|i mfo f î|ijwia$

~|a`ma~id |g}~f`}éugd ~gdf ili}xgmaog`xf hf og|mihf hg ~a|ixi} `f L|i}ad. X|ixi/}g hg wo

~|fldgoi ywg gùfdug ~gdf og`f} <>' hf} oghamiog`xf} ywg ma|mwdio ~gdf ow`hf$ mfèf|og

i F|jià{iêíf Ow`haid hg ]iûhg "FO]!.

F î|ywg A`hw}x|aid hg Xiazi`$ a`}xidihf `f owàmï~af hg Oa`ji Jwi{û$ i i~gì} <>

ywadøogx|f} hg Mawhih hgd G}xg$ á i~f`xihf ~gdi Iùa}i mfof wo hf} dfmia} f`hg }íf of`xihf}gywa~iog`xf} oáhamf}$ mfof i~i|gdbf} hg ~|g}}íf. F dgx|ga|f ì g`x|ihi aèf|oi ywg }g x|ixi hg

woi go~|g}i idaog`xïmai$ oi} `f dfmid$ wo xg||g`f mfo 7>> ogx|f} hg e|g`xg g wo ywadøogx|f

hg grxg`}íf$ }ý gra}xgo jid~÷g}$ }go mbioa`á}$ `gmg}}é|ai} î a`hû}x|ai hg idaog`xf}.



7:

Grgo~df hg |gx|i`mi hi }á|ag hg |g~f|xijg`};

F ûdxaof liadg efa f hi }iwhihg

Kiaog Mi|hf}f$ :< i`f}$ Xf||g} "\]!

Eg}xi hg ]íf Kfíf$ <8 hg kw`bf hg ‥. ‗Og e idbi i ogoý|ai. @íf og ei{ dgol|i|. Ei{ xgo~f$

owaxf xgo~f―. @iywgdg hai$ i} li||iywa`bi} g}xiuio of`xihi} ì iugàhi ~i|idgdi î Aj|gki ]i`xi

Dw{ai. F e|af$ owaxf oia} a`xg`}f ìywgdi á~fmi hf i`f$ hg}i~i|gmai go ogaf if} ~i}}f}

oi|mihf} hf xï~amf ui`g|íf g fwx|f} |axof} jiûmbf}. F mf~f mbgaf hg ywg`xíf xioláo ikwhiui.

Fdbfw/i mfof ywgo ké }ilai ywg gdi jf}xiui hg hi`êi|. Mfola`fw wo rfxg mfo f ~|aof$ xfmihf|hg jiaxi hi li`hi.‗]g "}am! oi`hiof} ~i|i f i}eidxf.― F ~i| `íf oia} }g hg}eg{. ‗Ef|io 9> i`f}.

@íf ef|io 9> hai}.― ]g biuai wo liadg ì mahihg$ f} hfa} g}xiuio dé. ‗Efa da`hf―$ dgol|i Kiaog.

Iduaì Xgarga|i Mdg{i| }go~|g efa woi owdbg| ihf|éugd$ ywg jf}xiui hg }g|ua| g ikwhi|. Mfogêfw

`f feïmaf hg ~|g~i|i| g }g|ua| og|g`hi go woi g}mfdi hi mahihg. Go ~fwmf xgo~f$ fmw~fw i}

}idi} hg iwdi. ‗I jw|a{ihi g|i eí hgdi.― Hgufxi hg @f}}i ]g`bf|i I~i|gmahi$ `íf ~i}}iui wo

hfoa`jf }go ua}axi| i j|wxi hi ]i`xa`bi$ ì lga|i hi ~|iai. I}}ao mfof f} liadg}$ i} ~|fma}}÷g}

xf|ì|io/}g wo }im|aeïmaf ~f| mf`xi hg woi hf|{a`bi ì mfdwì$ ywg xgaoiui go `íf ~i}}i|.

^|fmw|i|io wo oáhamf go ^f|xf Idgj|g. H|. G|ìà Il|gw$ wo ~|fea}}afìd mfo |geg|ë`mai}. G|i

g}~gmaida}xi go mfdwì g x|ilidbiui go wo hf} ogdbf|g} bf}~axia} hi mahihg$ f G|`g}xf

Hf|`gddg}. Il|gw a`hamfw wo mfdgji$ H|. Zidxg| ]mbwoimbg|$ ~i|i f~g|i| Iduaì go fwxwl|f hg

<>>>. Ao~di`xi|aio faxf ~i|iew}f} ì }wi mfdwì g f mf|~f g}xi|ai `fuiog`xg ~|g~i|ihf ~i|i

liadi| wo xi`jf. Ywi|g`xi hai} hg~fa} hi ~|aoga|i ma|w|jai$ Iduaì `íf mf`}gjwai oia} mioa`bi|.

Xg`xi|io oia} hwi} f~g|iê÷g}$ ywg hg ìhi ihai`xi|io. ‗I mfaxiha`bi }fe|gw hgoia}.― Kiaog~i}}fw i hf|oa| `f mbíf ~i|i g}xi| if dihf hi owdbg| g `íf ofuaog`xi| i mioi hw|i`xg i `faxg.

‗Ywg|ai ywg eami}}g lfi$ ywg uaug}}g.― F }im|aeïmaf hw|fw hfa} i`f}. F} aùg|`f} ~i|gmg|io oia}

|ajf|f}f} ̀ iywgdi á~fmi.



72

I hf| g|i xíf j|i`hg ywg gdi$ owdbg| ywg }ý hg}gkiui f lgo$ mbgjiui i ~gha| ywg f H|. G|ìà

}g`xa}}g f ywg }g`xai$ ~i|i g`xg`hg| }gw }fe|aog`xf. ‗Gdg g||fw. Mfdfmi|io ~i|iew}f} `gdi$ oi}

hg}}g} ajwia} if} hg ew|ihga|i.― Eamfw mfo~|fuihf ~f| ~g|ïmai ywg `g`bwo hf} ~i|iew}f}

ao~di`xihf} go Iduaì }gjwai i} `f|oi} xámàmi} ‘ xfhf} xa`bio ~|fmghë`mai aj`f|ihi. Kiaogimfo~i`bfw f }fe|aog`xf hi owdbg| ~f| }ga} i`f}. @f eao$ ké }ilai ywg `íf biug|ai wo ûdxaof

liadg. Iduaì of||gw go mi}i. Go wo hai haeïmad$ ywi`hf `íf mf`}gjwai `go og}of |g}~a|i|. ‗G

~g`}i| ywg xwhf mfogêfw mfo woi hf|{a`bi.―

î|ijwia á |fxi hf} |goáhaf} hi of|xg "9> hg ijf}xf!

Oi|ai Mdi|i ^|ixg} ” G}xihf hg Oaì}

Mawhih hgd G}xg g Ef{ hf Ajwiêw ” F} |goáhaf} g ~|fhwxf} oáhamf} adgjia} g}xíf ma|mwdi`hf

mihi ug{ oia} ~gdf L|i}ad. I~gì} `f} }gxg ~|aoga|f} og}g} hf i`f$ i ^fdïmai \fhfuaé|ai

Eghg|id "^\E! i~|gg`hgw hw|i`xg f~g|iê÷g} hg |fxaì 779.8>> oghamiog`xf} mf`x|ili`hgihf}.

F ufdwog á oiaf| ywg f mfèa}mihf `f} 9< og}g} hg <>>2 g ugo m|g}mg`hf i`f i i`f. @i

}gjw`hi oixá|ai hi }á|ag Mw|i eid}aeamihi$ f G}xihf hg Oaì}&Mf||gaf L|i{adag`}g of}x|i ywg i}

~f|xi} hf ~iï} g}xíf g}mi`mi|ihi} ~i|i i g`x|ihi hg eid}aeamihf} go }wi e|f`xga|i oia}

ofuaog`xihi. @f î|ijwia$ á ~f}}ïugd g`mfog`hi| `íf i~gì} j|i`hg} ywi`xahihg} hg

mfo~|aoahf} g io~fdi} hg |goáhaf} }go gegaxf$ oi} xioláo xg|oøogx|f}$ oghahf|g} hg

~|g}}íf g ixá g}xgxf}mý~af}. ]fog`xg go woi iêíf hg |g~|g}}íf ì |gjaíf$ |gida{ihi ~gdi

i}}g}}f|ai hg }gjw|i`êi a`}xaxwmafìd hi Iùa}i go il|ad$ ef|io i~|gg`hahf} <9 oad

mfo~|aoahf} hg haug|}f} oghamiog`xf}$ idáo hg gywa~iog`xf}.

F uiauáo hg xw|a}xi} ~gdi} |wi} i~g|xihi} g mflg|xi} hg miogdø} hg Mawhih hgd G}xg ” owàmï~af

~i|ijwiaf e|f`xga|aêf mfo f L|i}ad ” $ g}mf`hg woi eimg oia} m|wgd hf ywg i i~|g}g`xihi îywgdg}

ywg i mf`bgmgo go lw}mi i~gì} hg lwjaji`ji}. \g}~f`}éugd ~f| 2>' hf} ~|fhwxf} ~a|ixgihf}ywg aùihgo f mfoá|maf l|i}adga|f$ hg imf|hf mfo i I}}fmaiêíf L|i}adga|i hg Mfolixg î

â|ixi|ai$ Mawhih hgd G}xg á xioláo i j|i`hg ef|`gmghf|i hg oghamiog`xf} eid}aeamihf} g

gywa~iog`xf} oáhamf} }go |gja}x|f. Wo `gjýmaf ywg g`mf`x|i go 9 oad ywadøogx|f} hg

e|f`xga|i} ” }gmi g hg ~f|xf} mdi`hg}xa`f} `f Dijf Axia~w g \af î|i`é ” $ xfhi} i} eimadahihg}



71

`gmg}}é|ai} ~i|i ~|f}~g|i|$ }gjw`hf i} ~|ý~|ai} iwxf|ahihg} l|i}adga|i}$ ywg }g }g`xgo a`mi~i{g}

hg egmbi| g}}i grxg`}i ~f|xi.

Haeg|g`xgog`xg hg f|jià{iê÷g} m|aoa`f}i} g}~gmaida{ihi} `f x|éeamf hg h|fji} g `fmf`x|ili`hf hg og|mihf|ai} ao~f|xihi}$ f mfoá|maf adgjid hg oghamiog`xf} g gywa~iog`xf}

oáhamf} `íf xgo woi g}x|wxw|i ef|oid. âf|. Á w}ihf f g}ywgoi hg x|i`}~f|xg hg fwx|f} j|w~f}

m|aoa`f}f} ~i|i ei{g| ~|f}~g|i| f }gw m|wgd `gjýmaf$ mfo mw}xf {g|f. G}}i eixai hg mfoá|maf `íf

xgo wo j|i`hg mf`x|fdihf| g ~fhg }g| ilfmi`bihi ~f| ywidywg| wo$ hg imf|hf mfo f mbgeg hi

Hgdgjimai hg ^fdïmai Eghg|id$ Kf}á Idlg|xf Agji}. Oghamiog`xf} mfof f ^|ioad ” f eiof}f

Uaij|i ~i|ijwiaf ” $ }íf ~|fhw{ahf} go eil|aywgxi} hg ew`hf hg ywa`xid ì} ~|fraoahihg} hg

Mawhih hgd G}xg$ ywg ~fhgo hg}i~i|gmg| `wo ~a}mi| hg fdbf} g }g|go |gilg|xi} go fwx|f dfmid.

Of`xijgo

I} eimadahihg}$ `f g`xi`xf$ `íf ~i|io ~f| iï. I i~gì} <> ywadøogx|f} hg Mawhih hgd G}xg ”

xg|mga|i oiaf| {fì e|i`mi hf ow`hf$ ix|é} i~gì} hg Oaioa g Bf`j Cf`j ” $ `f owàmï~af hg

Oa`ji Jwi{û$ g}xé dfmida{ihf f ao~f`g`xg î|ywg A`hw}x|aid hg Xiazi` "ÂX!. Xfhf go g}xadf

f|ag`xid$ `wo xg||g`f aog`}f mfo 7>> ogx|f} hg e|g`xg g oia} hg wo ywadøogx|f hg

~|few`hahihg$ f mfo~dgrf a`hw}x|aid á i~f`xihf ~gdi Ijë`mai @imafìd hg Uajadì`mai ]iàxé|ai

"Iùa}i! ” |g}~f`}éugd ~gdf mf`x|fdg hi ug`hi hg oghamiog`xf} g i~i|gdbf} oáhamf} `f ~iï} ”

mfof wo mg`x|f hg of`xijgo hg gywa~iog`xf} ao~f|xihf}$ g`x|g gdg} f i~i|gdbf hg ~|g}}íf$

ywg a`w`hi i} |wi} hi mahihg ~i|ijwiai. ,I} ~gêi} uëo hi adbi mba`g}i g f} gywa~iog`xf} }íf

of`xihf} ida,$ iea|oi wo xámàmf hi ijë`mai$ ywg ~ghg ~i|i `íf }g| ahg`xaeamihf.

I~g}i| hg mbioi| i ixg`êíf ~gdi ao~f`ë`mai g ef|xg }gjw|i`êi$ ji|i`xahi ~f| mi||f}

hg}mi|imxg|a{ihf}$ mfo ywix|f bfog`} go }gw a`xg|af|$ i ~dimi hf ^XA a`hami ywg f dfmid á

hg}xaìhf i~gì} î ~|fhwêíf hg idaog`xf}. G`x|gxi`xf$ wo fdbi| ixg`xf of}x|i ywg `f a`xg|af| hfxg||g`f g}xíf g|jwahf} i~gì} jid~÷g}$ }go mbioa`á}$ a`ha}~g`}éuga} i g}xg xa~f hg eil|amiêíf. F

G}xihf hg Oaì}& Mf||gaf L|i{adag`}g g}xgug `f dfmid g ~øhg mf`}xixi| ywg f mg`x|f g}xé go

~dgì gr~i`}íf. Î} 2b$ f~g|é|af} ké x|ilidbiuio ~i|i g|jwg| `fuf} jid~÷g}$ ywg uíf }g }foi| i

oia} hg wo hg{gì} hgdg} ké go ew`mafìog`xf. î|i i Iùa}i$ woi hf| hg milgêi i oia}. I



5>

eimadahihg hg ili}xgmaog`xf hg Mawhih hgd G}xg xgo mfof |gedgrf xioláo i eimadahihg hg ei{g|

mbgji|go f} ~|fhwxf} ~a|ixgihf} if xg||axý|af ìmafìd.

î|i g`xg`hg| ogdbf| i eidxi hg a`xg|g}}g ì |g~|g}}íf i g}}g m|aog `f ~iï} ua{a`bf$ á ~|gma}fg`xg`hg| i g}x|gaxi |gdiêíf g`x|g f î|ijwia g Xiazi`. I adbi }g xf|`fw if df`jf hf} i`f} f

oiaf| m|ghf| hiywgdg ~iï}$ f ûàmf hi Ioá|ami Dixaì g wo hf} <= `f ow`hf ywg `íf |gmf`bgmg

i gra}xë`mai hi \g~ûldami hi Mbaì. I ao~f|xì`mai hf î|ijwia ~i|i Xiazi` eami mdi|i xioláo

mfo i ua}axi$ go ijf}xf hf i`f ~i}}ihf$ hf ~|g}ahg`xg xiazi`ë}$ Oi Qa`j/Kgfw$ ywg feg|gmgw

oia} ikwhi if ~iï} if g`xíf gdgaxf la}~f Eg|ì`hf Dwjf. Dwjf ha}}g hw|i`xg }wi mio~i`bi î

~|g}ahë`mai ywg ~|gxg`hai |gug| }wi} |gdiê÷g} mfo i Mbaì$ f ywg ~fhg|ai }ajàeami| f eao hg

woi idai`êi hg oia} hg 79 i`f} mfo Xiazi`.

Oi|a`bi

I ~i|xa| hi i`éda}g hf xg||g`f eá|xad go ywg }g ~|fdaeg|i i ~a|ixi|ai$ eami eémad g`xg`hg| xioláo

~f| ywg i} f~g|iê÷g} ~fdamaia} ì |gjaíf hi e|f`xga|i hg L|i}ad g î|ijwia }íf xíf a`ýmwi} ywi`xf

f} |goáhaf} eid}f} mfog|maida{ihf}. Mfo |g~|g}g`xi`xg} hg f|jià{iê÷g} m|aoa`f}i} aèadx|ihi}

ì} g}x|wxw|i} hf G}xihf$ f ui{iog`xf hg aèf|oiêíf ao~ghg f }wmg}}f. Hg imf|hf mfo f mbgeg

}wl}xaxwxf hi ^fdïmai Eghg|id go Ef{ hf Ajwiêw "^\!$ \ami|hf ]mb`gahg|$ f} mf`x|ili`ha}xi}

f~g|io ì og}oi e|gywë`mai hf} |éhaf} hi ~fdïmai g a`xgj|i`xg} hi ~|ý~|ai Oi|a`bi hf î|ijwia

}g g`mi||gjio hg ei{g| i g}mfdxi hg goli|miê÷g} hf} m|aoa`f}f} ywg ix|iug}}io f dijf mfo f}

~|fhwxf} adgjia}. ‗Go <>>:$ efa of`xihi woi f~g|iêíf mfo mg|mi hg => ~fdamaia} l|i}adga|f}

~i|i |g~|g}}íf if m|aog `f Dijf hg Axia~w$ hw|i`xg î `faxg$ bf|é|af ~|geg|ahf hi} f|jià{iê÷g}

m|aoa`f}i}$ go |i{íf hi haeamwdhihg hg img}}f. î|i `f}}i }w|~|g}i$ efof} iximihf} i xa|f} hg

ew{a} ywg ~i|xa|io hf xg||axý|af hi Oi|a`bi ~i|ijwiai. \guahiof} g `f} uaof} go ogaf i wo

xa|fxgaf,$ mf`xi ]mb`gahg|.

@íf li}xi}}g i j|i`hg grxg`}íf hi e|f`xga|i g i g}mfdxi feamaid$ mg|mi hg 2> oad ugïmwdf} m|w{io

i ^f`xg hi Ioa{ihg ~f| hai$ }g`hf ywg i~gì} wo ofxfxéra ~fhg ei{g| ixá <> hg}dfmiog`xf}

~f| hai$ }gjw`hf i ^fdïmai \fhfuaé|ai Eghg|id. Á wo x|i`}~f|xg li|ixf g éjad. î|i ei{g| i

x|iug}}ai$ f mw}xf á hg \( < `woi ofxf g ~i|i x|i`}~f|xi| |goáhaf} eid}aeamihf} f} ofxfywga|f}



59

`íf mfl|io oia} hg \( <>> ~gdf og}of ~g|mw|}f. I} iwxf|ahihg} ~i|ijwiai} `íf aèf|oio f

xioi`bf hi e|fxi hg ofxf} ìywgdi mahihg$ i }gjw`hi oia} ~f~wdf}i hf ~iï}.

Ea}mf Dgui`xiog`xf hi Ijë`mai @imafìd hg Uajadì`mai ]iàxé|ai |gugdi ia`hi ywg i mi~imahihg hg

ea}mida{iêíf hi \gmgaxi Eghg|id ì ^f`xg hi Ioa{ihg `íf wdx|i~i}}i 7' hf `ûog|f hg ugïmwdf}

ywg ~i}}io ~gdf dfmid. Ida$ i Iùa}i `íf ei{ ua}xf|ai `f} ugïmwdf}$ }ý ixwi ì i`éda}g hg

og|mihf|ai} ké i~|gg`hahi} ~gdf ea}mf. î|i xg`xi| xf|ì| oia} geami{ i |g~|g}}íf$ ~f| ogaf hi

I}}g}}f|ai hg A`xgdajë`mai A`}xaxwmafìd hi Iùa}i$ go L|i}ïdai$ }íf of`xihi} f~g|iê÷g}

g}~gmaia} ~g|aýhami}$ ì} ywia} efa i~|gg`hahf f oiaf| `ûog|f hg |goáhaf} g gywa~iog`xf}

eid}aeamihf} fw }go |gja}x|f.

î|i xg| ahgai hi eimadahihg hg aùi}íf hf xg||axý|af ìmafìd ~gdf} adgjia}$ i~g}i| hg i Iùa}i

mf`xilada{i| i mfog|maida{iêíf hg oia} hg =>> xf`gdihi} hg |goáhaf} eid}aeamihf} g }go |gja}x|f$

`f} hfa} ûdxaof} i`f}$ go f~g|iê÷g} hg |fxaì hi ^\E$ go Ef{ hf Ajwiêw$ ef|io i~|gg`hahf}

i~gì} :8 oad wàhihg} hg Uaij|i$ \gwoi{a`$ ^|ioad$ Maxfxgm$ go 92 fmf||ë`mai}$ `f i`f

~i}}ihf. G}}g i`f$ ixá kwdbf$ ef|io }gxg fmf||ë`mai} mfo i~|gg`}íf hg fwx|f} 8=$9 oad wàhihg}

hf} og}of} oghamiog`xf}$ f} ~|geg|ahf} hf mfoá|maf mdi`hg}xa`f. I oiaf| hgdi}$ g}xg i`f$

imf`xgmgw `f hai 91$ ywi`hf ué|af} oghamiog`xf} g}xiuio }g`hf x|i`}~f|xihf} ~i|i Oi|a`jé

"^\!$ hg`x|f hg mfo~wxihf|g} g l|a`ywghf}. I~gì} f ofxf|a}xi efa ~|g}f. Gdg |gmglg|ai \( 7>>

~gdf x|i`}~f|xg.

Lfdïuai ug`hg |goáhaf ~a|ixi i \( < "99 hg ijf}xf!

\gìxf Idug} ” Mf||gaf L|i}adag`}g

]i` Oixïi} "Lfdïuai! / I g`x|ihi hg |goáhaf} g gywa~iog`xf} oáhamf} eid}aeamihf} `f L|i}adfmf||g `íf i~gì} ~gdf} x|gmbf} oia} ofuaog`xihf}. @i xg|mga|i oixá|ai hi }á|ag Mw|i

eid}aeamihi$ f G}xihf hg Oaì}&Mf||gaf L|i{adag`}g of}x|i ywg f} ~|fhwxf} }go gegaxf mbgjio

xioláo ~gdi} e|f`xga|i} hg}g|xi}$ mi}f hf daoaxg g`x|g Lfdïuai g Oixf J|f}}f. I eidxi hg

ea}mida{iêíf `f x|gmbf g`x|g ]i` Oixïi}$ `f dihf lfdauai`f$ g Mémg|g} "OX! x|i`}ef|oi i |gjaíf

go ug|hihga|i ‗xg||i hg à`jwáo―. @go og}of i i~|gg`}íf ~gdi Iùa}i hg 71 oad ywadf} hg



5<

|goáhaf} eid}aeamihf} ì |gjaíf$ `f} ûdxaof} 92 og}g}$ g}xi`mfw f ~|fldgoi. I ea}mida{iêíf

xioláo á eidbi ì haua}i g`x|g L|i}ad g W|wjwia. I ug`hi hg |goáhaf} fmf||g go woi j|i`hg

~|iêi dfmida{ihi g`x|g f} hfa} ~iï}g}.

Mf`bgmg`hf f} daoaxg} g`x|g} i} mahihg} hg Mémg|g}$ `f Oixf J|f}}f$ g ]i` Oixïi}$ ì Lfdïuai$

g`xg`hg/}g ~f| ywg i |gjaíf }g xf|`fw woi hi} ~|a`ma~ia} |fxi} hf mf`x|ili`hf g x|éeamf hg

|goáhaf} eid}aeamihf} fw ~|falahf} `f L|i}ad. G`x|g f} hfa} ~iï}g}$ }íf ywi}g 9 oad ywadøogx|f}

hg e|f`xga|i }gmi$ mfo a`ûog|i} x|adbi} g g}x|ihi} mdi`hg}xaì}. @f dihf lfdauai`f$ ei|oémai}

ug`hgo miari} hg xfhf xa~f hg oghamiog`xf i ywidywg| ~g}}fi$ og}of iywgdg} |g}x|axf} i

~|g}m|aêíf oáhami ~gdf Oaà}xá|af hi ]iûhg hi Lfdïuai. ]íf }wl}xì`mai} g`mf`x|ihi} eimadog`xg

ì mahihg l|i}adga|i ~|ýraoi.

F G}xihf hg Oaì}&Mf||gaf L|i{adag`}g ~i}}fw x|ë} hai} ì e|f`xga|i L|i}ad/Lfdïuai i~w|i`hf f

g}ywgoi hg ug`hi g ha}x|alwaêíf hg |goáhaf} adgjia}. Go ]i` Oixïi}$ owàmï~af hg 9> oad

bilaxi`xg}$ f |g~ý|xg| }fe|gw grxf|}íf hg }fdhihf} hf Grá|maxf lfdauai`f$ iogiêi hg |fwlf ~f|

~i|xg hg ~ghg}x|g} g |gmglgw ~|f~f}xi} hg xira}xi} g mamda}xi} ~i|i x|i`}~f|xi| og|mihf|ai} ~i|i f

fwx|f dihf hi e|f`xga|i. G`mf`x|fw hg}oi`mbg hg mi||f} |fwlihf} g owaxi oa}á|ai. Xioláo efa

iduf hg feg|xi hg mfmiïì$ mf`}xixfw mfof á }ao~dg} g li|ixf mfo~|i| |goáhaf} ugxihf} `f

L|i}ad g xg}xgow`bfw i g}mi}}g{ hg ea}mida{iêíf.

Hg Mémg|g} ixá ]i` Oixïi} }íf 2> ywadøogx|f} ~gdi L\/>:>. @g}}g x|gmbf hi |fhfuai$

~|ghfoaì i ~ia}ijgo ~i`xi`ga|i ‘ ~di`ïmag} idijihi}$ é|uf|g} i~a`bihi} ~f| ~é}}i|f}$ ~i}xf}

mfo mg`xgì} hg milgêi} hg jihf. @íf bé ~fufihf}$ ~f}xf hg mfolw}xïugd fw ywidywg| dfki if

df`jf hi |fhfuai. I~gì} ì }iïhi hi mahihg oixf/j|f}}g`}g$ ia`hi i`xg} hf x|guf hg img}}f î

g}x|ihi ywg dgui i ]i` Oixïi}$ gra}xg wo ~f}xf earf hi ^fdïmai \fhfuaé|ai Eghg|id. @i} }ga}

ug{g} ywg m|w{fw f ~f}xf$ f |g~ý|xg| `íf efa ~i|ihf ~gdf} ~ix|wdbga|f} `go ~|g}g`mafw iilf|hijgo i wo ugïmwdf. Idáo hf ~i`xiìd g hf} |gli`bf} hg jihf hg mf|xg$ i L\/>:> á

oi|mihi ~gdf} lw|imf}.

Mioa`b÷g} mi||gjihf} mfo oihga|i grx|iïhi ì Lfdïuai$ mioa`bf`gxg}$ mi||f} hg ~i}}gaf} mfo

~dimi} l|i}adga|i} g xéra} mfo ~dimi} lfdauaiì} mf|xio i g}x|ihi |gjwdi|og`xg. I wo ywadøogx|f



5=

hi e|f`xga|i$ eami f hg}ximiog`xf hf Mf|ari$ hf Grá|maxf l|i}adga|f$ f`hg imili i L\/>:> g f

i}eidxf. F} }fdhihf} `íf ei{go i jwi|hi `f} ~f}xf} hg mf`x|fdg hg oaj|iêíf. G}}g }g|uaêf milg

if} ~fdamaia} oadaxi|g} g maua} hf Oixf J|f}}f$ a`xgj|i`xg} hf J|w~f G}~gmaid hg ]gjw|i`êi hg

E|f`xga|i "Jge|f`!.

Mflg|xw|i hg ~idbi Go wo ~f}xf egaxf hg oihga|i g mflg|xf hg ~idbi$ of`xihf `woi g}x|ihi hg

xg||i lixahi i 2>> ogx|f} hf ywi|xgd hf Grá|maxf$ wo Ô g wo ijg`xg hi ^fdïmai Mauad ~ghgo

hfmwog`xf} i ywgo g`x|i g }ia hf ~iï}. F} ~fwmf} bfog`} hi ef|êi g}~gmaid `íf ha}~÷go hg

ugïmwdf} ofhg|`f}$ bgdamý~xg|f}$ i|oi} ~g}ihi}$ míg} ei|gkihf|g} fw gywa~iog`xf} ~i|i ua}xf|ai|

lijijg`} g mi||f}$ mfof |iaf} R. If dihf hf ~f}xf hf Jge|f`$ eami woi wàhihg ili`hfìhi hi

\gmgaxi Eghg|id g wo x|iadg| hi Iùa}i$ mfo hfa} ijg`xg} hg }iûhg ~|gfmw~ihf} mfo i j|a~g}wïì.

]gjwa`hf mf`}gdbf} hg ~fdamaia} eghg|ia} g}~gmaida{ihf} `f mfolixg if ì|mfx|éeamf go Oixf

J|f}}f$ f |g~ý|xg| `íf ix|iug}}fw i e|f`xga|i mfo f mi||f idwjihf. ]g f ea{g}}g$ }g|ai iduf mg|xf

hg |fwlf fw dix|fmïàf "i}}idxf mfo of|xg!$ }gjw`hf f} eghg|ia}. Mfo a}}f$ gdg hgarfw f ugïmwdf

if dihf hf ~f}xf hf Jge|f`$ ~g|xf hg fwx|f li||imf hg oihga|i$ f`hg bé wo møofhf mfo wo

~i`f ì g`x|ihi g i ~dimi ‗Li`bga|f 7> mg`xiuf}―$ fwx|f møofhf mfo lidmíf g woi jgdihga|i$

fmw~ihi ~f| |ge|ajg|i`xg$ mg|ugki g éjwi. Á f xg|oaìd hg øàlw} hf dwji|.

I hfì hf aoýugd ao~|fua}ihf mfl|i \( 9 ~gdi uiji goliarf hg wo ~á hg oi`ji. Gdi xioláo

ikwhi i f|jià{i| i} uaijg`} hg xéra. Go oáhai$ i mf||ahi hg ahi i ]i` Oixïi}$ go }gxg

ywadøogx|f} ~f| woi g}x|ihi g}lw|imihi `wo mi||f if} ~ghiêf}$ mw}xi \( 9>.

Feg|xi hg h|fji}

Go ]i` Oixïi}$ woi oaàixw|i hf M|a}xf \ghg`xf| hé i} lfi}/ua`hi}. @i }gmi$ i g}xéxwi hgmaog`xf ~a`xihi hg l|i`mf eami g`mflg|xi ~gdi ~fga|i hi xg||i ug|ogdbi. I aoijgo á f }ïolfdf

hf owàmï~af. Hé `fog if mdwlg hg ewxglfd dfmid$ f M|a}xf \ga$ ywg kfji go wo mio~f j|ioihf$

}go i|ywali`mihi fw adwoaìêíf. Bé ia`hi i ~|iêi mg`x|id$ mfo i li`hga|i hf ~iï}$ li`mf} hg

oihga|i$ aoijg`} hg i`kf} ywgl|ihi}$ ef`xg dwoa`f}i }go g`g|jai g éjwi.



58

Ida$ i} ~g}}fi} }g g`mf`x|io$ f} oia} ugdbf} hg}mi`}io$ i} m|ai`êi} l|a`mio g m|aoa`f}f}

feg|gmgo |goáhaf} adgjia} g mfmiïì if} l|i}adga|f}. Xwhf go e|g`xg if lixidbíf hi ^fdïmai

Oadaxi|$ hg f`hg }igo f} }fdhihf} ix|é} hf} g}x|i`jga|f}. F l|i}adga|f ywg }g ix|gug i hg}mg| hf

mi||f g ~i|i| ì ~|iêi mg`x|id fw idjwoi |wi g}xé }wkgaxf î ilf|hijgo hf} oadaxi|g}. Kfug`} hgmf|~f} oa||ihf}$ ~fwmf oiaf|g} hf ywg f ew{ad ywg mi||gjio$ ~ghgo f} hfmwog`xf} hf

ef|i}xga|f g$ }go mg|aoøài$ ~|f~aì} mfof }g ef}}go jf|kgxi}$ ~i|i guaxi| i |gua}xi. F} oadaxi|g}

ji`bio$ go oáhai$ f gywauidg`xg i \( <>> og`}ia}. Mfo a}}f$ }g híf ~f| }ixa}egaxf} mfo woi

~|f~aì hg \( 7.

Ha`bga|f ~ûldamf eaì`mai oghamiog`xf} eid}aeamihf} "9< hg ijf}xf!

Idiì \a{{f g Xbaijf Bg|hq ”

G}xihf hg Oaì}

Mw|ugdf "OJ! g Mi|i{a`bf "\]! ” F ~fhg| ~ûldamf g}xé mfo~|i`hf ~|fhwxf} ~a|ixi}. F oiaf|

img}}f hf} owàmï~af} î} eg||iog`xi} hg ~|gjíf gdgx|øàmf xgo dguihf ~|gegaxw|i} g ý|jíf}

g}xihwia} i flxg| |goáhaf} g gywa~iog`xf} oáhamf} hi} oíf} hg ef|`gmghf|g} mfo M@^K go

hai$ oi} dfmida{ihf} i mg`xgì} hg ywadøogx|f} hg ha}xì`mai g a`mi~i{g} hg ji|i`xa| i f|ajgo hf}

~|fhwxf}. @i ywi|xi oixá|ai hi }á|ag Eid}aeamiêíf hi mw|i$ f G}xihf hg Oaì}&Mf||gaf

L|i{adag`}g of}x|i ywg i ha}}goaìêíf hg axg`} eid}aeamihf} ~gdf ~iï} hgari f }a}xgoi ~ûldamf hg

}iûhg hf L|i}ad mihi ug{ oia} uwd`g|éugd. Jfug|`f} hg}go~g`bio ~i~áa} ha}xa`xf}. @i oiaf|ai

hi} ug{g}$ idgjio }g|go uïxaoi} hf} ha}x|alwahf|g} g hi dýjami hf og`f| ~|gêf g}xilgdgmahf ~gdi

Dga hg Damaxiê÷g}. Oi} `go }go~|g hg}mfèaio hf} uidf|g} owaxf} liarf} fw ug|aeamio a`hïmaf}

hg e|iwhg.

Fl|ajihi ~gdi Kw}xaêi i ef|`gmg| <= miari} og`}ia} hg Uaij|i i woi of|ihf|i uïxaoi hg

ba~g|xg`}íf i|xg|aid "dgai if dihf!$ i ^|gegaxw|i hg Mw|ugdf$ ì \gjaíf Mg`x|id hg Oaì}$ il|aw

damaxiêíf ~i|i iywa}aêíf hf oghamiog`xf ~f| ogaf hf ~f|xid Mahihg Mfo~|i}$ hi Mfèghg|iêíf@imafìd hf} Owàmï~af} "M@O!. Dfmida{ihi i 9.:>>co hg ha}xì`mai g mfo i ~|f~f}xi hg

feg|gmg| mihi miari mfo ywix|f mfo~|aoahf} i \( 21$11 "uidf| <1$7' og`f| ywg f ~|gêf hg

xilgdi!$ i Hg`xa}ei| Mfoá|maf hg ^|fhwxf} Ei|oimëwxamf} Dxhi.$ }ghaihi go Mi|i{a`bf$ `f \af

J|i`hg hf ]wd$ eamfw î e|g`xg hg fwx|i} ma`mf mf`mf||g`xg} g ug`mgw i ha}~wxi.



57

F mf`x|ixf mfo i ~|gegaxw|i oa`ga|i á hg kwdbf hg <>>:$ oi}$ ma`mf og}g} hg~fa}$ i w}wé|ai hf

oghamiog`xf hg`w`mafw ywg f} mfo~|aoahf} g|io eid}f}. I ~fdïmai i~|gg`hgw f} dfxg}

i|oi{gìhf} ì ~|gegaxw|i g `fxi} ea}mia} ef|`gmahi} ~gdi Hg`xa}ei|. Griog} |gida{ihf} ~gdi

Ew`hiêíf G{gywagd Hai} g mf`}wdxi} if dilf|ixý|af mfo~|fui|io i e|iwhg. @fxi} ea}mia}goaxahi} go `fugol|f hg <>>: g oi|êf hg <>>2 maxio i ug`hi hf} dfxg} 5>822=>>8I g

7>82>9<H. F} diwhf} ixg}xi|io ywg i oi|mi h‒éjwi hg}}i} miari} g|i eid}i. I êa{g| aèf|ofw

ia`hi ywg i} hixi} hg eil|amiêíf g uidahihg `íf mfèg|aio mfo f} |gja}x|f} f|ajaìa}. F}

|goáhaf} eid}aeamihf} `íf biuaio }ahf g`x|gjwg} ~f| woi ha}x|alwahf|i ywidywg|. ^g}ywa}i `f}

~f|xia} hg mfo~|i} hf ~fhg| ~ûldamf go xfhf f L|i}ad of}x|i ywg i Hg`xa}ei| ké ~i|xama~fw hg

damaxiê÷g} hi Mìoi|i hf} Hg~wxihf}$ Oaà}xá|af ^ûldamf hf Ha}x|axf Eghg|id$ jfug|`f hg Jfaé}$

idáo hg hg{gì} hg ~|gegaxw|i} hf} x|ë} g}xihf} hi \gjaíf ]wd$ Oaì}$ Libai g ixá \af J|i`hghf @f|xg. Hg <>>7 ixá f} ~|aoga|f} og}g} hg}xg i`f$ i~gì} f jfug|`f eghg|id ~ijfw î go~|g}i

\( 9$: oadbíf ~f| a`}wof} oáhamf}$ ~|a`ma~idog`xg ~i|i i} Ef|êi} I|oihi}.

I ^|gegaxw|i hg Mw|ugdf |fo~gw f mf`x|ixf mfo i go~|g}i. I ^fdïmai Mauad hg Oaì} a`}xiw|fw

a`ywá|axf g gùafw$ go }gxgol|f hf i`f ~i}}ihf$ mi|xi ~|gmixý|ai î Hgdgjimai hg Mi|i{a`bf. F

hfmwog`xf hgxg|oaìui i xfoihi hg hg~faog`xf hf} }ýmaf} hi Hg`xa}ei| î á~fmi; @gw}i

Mi|og` Lgmcg|$ Oadxf` Kf|jg \ilw}cg Riuag|$ M|a}xai`f \f}}gxf hi ]adui$ Kfíf Mi|df} F|xa{ hi

]adui g Kwdai`f ^f|xf. Ywi}g wo i`f hg~fa}$ f |g}wdxihf `íf biuai mbgjihf i Oaì}.

^|áhaf

Go Mi|i{a`bf$ i <2> ywadøogx|f} hg ^f|xf Idgj|g$ ywi}g à`jwáo }ilg ywg f} hf`f} hi |ghg hg

ei|oémai} L|i}ad$ mfo x|ë} wàhihg}$ }íf ~|f~|agxé|af} hg woi hi} ha}x|alwahf|i} hg oiaf| ~f|xg

hi |gjaíf.F `fuf ~|áhaf efa mf`}x|wïhf mfo |gmw|}f} hf Ew`hf hf Io~i|f if X|ilidbihf|

"EIX!. Ma`mf ew`maf`é|af} ~|fxgjgo f ~f|xíf$ ywg ~i}}i i oiaf| ~i|xg hf xgo~f egmbihf. I

|g~f|xijgo xg`xfw fwua| f hf`f hi go~|g}i$ ywg bfkg ~g|xg`mg|ai i Kfíf Mi|df} \ilw}cg Riuag|$}gjw`hf ew`maf`é|af}. Gdg} iea|oi|io ywg gdg g}xiui uaiki`hf g à`jwáo oia} ~fhg|ai eidi|. If

dihf hi }ghg g}xé a`}xidihi i `fui ei|oémai hf j|w~f. Wo li``g| ji|i`xg oghamiog`xf} mfo ixá

5>' hg hg}mf`xf. Go mf`}wdxi if }axg hi Ijë`mai @imafìd hg Uajadì`mai ]iàxé|ai "Iùa}i!$ i

|g~f|xijgo `íf g`mf`x|fw iwxf|a{iêíf hg ew`mafìog`xf. Idáo hi} h|fji|ai}$ \ilw}cg á

mf`bgmahf ~gdi eil|amiêíf hg |goáhaf} oià~wdihf}.



55

F go~|g}é|af á }ýmaf hg fwx|i go~|g}i$ i K.M. Riuag| g Mai$ ywg xgo 98: ~|fxg}xf} go mi|xý|af$

idáo hg 9: ~g`hë`mai} eaì`mga|i}. F go~|g}é|af Oé|maf ]mb`gahg| á }ýmaf oa`f|axé|af hi

go~|g}i. F} hfa} xioláo }íf hf`f} hi ]mb`gahg| g Riuag| Dxhi.

I |g~f|xijgo hgarfw |gmihf mfo f} ew`maf`é|af} hi go~|g}i$ ~f|áo$ à`jwáo |gxf|`fw. FG}xihf hg Oaì}&Mf||gaf L|i{adag`}g ~|fmw|fw xioláo f} }ýmaf} ì á~fmi go ywg f a`ywá|axf

efa ilg|xf. @go xfhf} ef|io g`mf`x|ihf}. F ihufjihf M|a}xai`f \f}}gxf `gjfw ywidywg|

gùfduaog`xf. ‗Gw g ogw ~ia ug`hgof} bé owaxf xgo~f. @i `f}}i á~fmi$ i go~|g}i g|i }ý woi

}idi g xa`bi ~fwmf} mdag`xg}―.

@go mì`mg| g}mi~i hg oghamiog`xf} eid}aeamihf} "9= hg ijf}xf!

Xbaijf Bg|hq ”

G}xihf hg Oaì}

\af hg Ki`ga|f "\K! ” I ug|xg`xg aèf|oid hf oadaf`é|af og|mihf hi }iûhg w`g eid}aeamihf|g}$

dih|÷g} hg mi|ji hg oghamiog`xf} g mf||w~xf|g} hg ew`maf`é|af} hg bf}~axia} ~ûldamf} go xf|`f

hg wo flkgxauf mfowo; flxg| dwm|f eémad i ywidywg| mw}xf. î|i ji|i`xa| f }wmg}}f$ e|iwhihf|g}

of`xio woi a`x|a`mihi |ghg hg go~|g}i}$ i oiaf|ai hg eimbihi g go `fog} hg di|i`ki}$ ~i|i

haeamwdxi| i} iê÷g} hg |g~|g}}íf g eimadaxi| i diuijgo hg ha`bga|f hf `gjýmaf }wkf. @i ywa`xi

oixá|ai hi }á|ag Mw|i eid}aeamihi$ f G}xihf hg Oaì}&Mf||gaf L|i{adag`}g of}x|i ywg$ i`xg} hg

mbgji| î} oíf} hf mf`}woahf|$ miari} hg |goáhaf} mi|f} ~g|mf||go wo df`jf mioa`bf ixá

ji`bi| woi i~i|ë`mai dgjid$ xi`xf f} eid}aeamihf} f} ywi`xf f} |fwlihf}. ]ý `f} ûdxaof} 92

og}g}$ i Iùa}i `fxaeamfw f |fwlf hg 2>$= xf`gdihi} hg oghamiog`xf}.

Ywgo fl}g|ui f mfog|mai`xg Kf|jg Fxxf Ywi|g}oi g`x|g dìo~ihi}$ img}}ý|af} ~i|i ~a~i}$ lidhg}

g mg}xi} go }wi dfki `f }gjw`hf i`hi| hf Og|mihíf hg Oihw|ga|i$ `f }wlû|laf hf \af hg

Ki`ga|f$ haeamadog`xg aoijaì ywg hf fwx|f dihf hf lidmíf g}xé wo bfogo ywg ug`hg$ idáo hg

lwjaji`ji}$ |goáhaf ~i|i x|ixiog`xf hg dgwmgoai "hfg`êi ywg }g mi|imxg|a{i ~gdi ~|fdaeg|iêífmi`mg|f}i hg mádwdi} ~|gmw|}f|i} hf} jdýlwdf} l|i`mf} ì oghwdi ý}}gi g `f }i`jwg!.

Oi} f} ~|fhwxf} ywg feg|gmg ì é|gi hg }iûhg `íf ~fhgo }g| ~f}xf} ì uax|a`g$ ~f| wo ofxauf

}ao~dg}; }íf eid}aeamihf}. F g}ywgoi hg Fxxf$ ywg ké xgo go }wi eambi m|aoaìd wo a`hamaiog`xf

~f| |gmg~xiêíf hg mi|ji} hg |goáhaf |fwlihi}$ efa hg}mflg|xf hg~fa} ywg ei|oimëwxamf} hf



5:

Bf}~axid ]íf Dwmi}$ hi ^WM hf \af J|i`hg hf ]wd$ go ^f|xf Idgj|g$ hg}mfèai|io hi} 9>

miari} hg Jdaugm 8>>oj ug`hahi} if bf}~axid wàug|}axé|af ~gdi ha}x|alwahf|i jiûmbi

Owdxaei|oi$ bé mg|mi hg wo i`f g ogaf.

I} golidijg`} `íf xa`bio dim|g hg }gjw|i`êi$ g f} mfo~|aoahf} i~|g}g`xiuio xfìdahihg

haeg|g`xg hi w}wid. F hf`f hi Owdxaei|oi$ f jiûmbf Mdéwhaf Uaga|i hi ]adui$ hg =8 i`f}$ ywg

xioláo ké efa ~|g}f ~f| |gmg~xiêíf hg |goáhaf} |fwlihf}$ i~|g}}fw/}g go gr~dami| i f|ajgo hf

oghamiog`xf; i} miari} biuaio }ahf mfo~|ihi} hf mi|afmi Kf|jg Fxxf$ i ywgo mf`bgmai mfof

‗f mi|i ywg x|ilidbiui mfo Jdaugm―. @f og|mihf hi of|xg$ g}xg á wo ~f}xf ‗|g}~gaxéugd―$ ieaìd$

hwi} miara`bi} }ao~dg}$ mfo => mfo~|aoahf} hf oghamiog`xf$ mihi$ mw}xio f og}of ywg wo

mi||f ~f~wdi| "\( <<$2 oad!. î|i mfo~|fui| i f|ajgo hf |goáhaf$ Mdéwhaf xgdgef`fw ~i|i Fxxfhai`xg hf} |g~|g}g`xi`xg} hf bf}~axid. I dajiêíf efa mfdfmihi `f uaui uf{$ g Fxxf kw|fw xg|

ihywa|ahf f ~|fhwxf hf ~|ý~|af eil|ami`xg$ f dilf|ixý|af @fui|xa}.

Oi}$ mbioihf i hg~f| ì ]w~g|a`xg`hë`mai \gjafìd hi ^fdïmai Eghg|id "Ê! `f \af hg Ki`ga|f$

Fxxf ihoaxaw i ei|}i. Ha}}g xg| mfo~|ihf i} miari}$ idjw`} og}g} i`xg}$ hi} oíf} hg wo

|g~|g}g`xi`xg hi I|oi{áo Mg`x|id hg Oghamiog`xf} Dxhi.$ go~|g}i hg ]i`xf} "]^!. F

mfog|mai`xg mf`xfw ia`hi ywg$ i`xg} hg }g|go gùaihf} if ]wd$ f} |goáhaf} ef|io |g~i}}ihf} if

go~|g}é|af mi|afmi Oajwgd Ì`jgdf hf} ]i`xf} Kimfl$ hf`f hi ha}x|alwahf|i @fui Uaxý|ai. Gdg

xg|ai |g~i}}ihf f} ~|fhwxf} î ha}x|alwahf|i jiûmbi$ ~f| \( 8 oad$ mihi miari. F uidf| á

gywauidg`xg i i~gì} =8' hf ~|gêf hg xilgdi hf |goáhaf "\( 99$8 oad!.

I }axwiêíf hg Fxxf g Kimfl }g mfo~damfw ywi`hf i ~fdïmai hg}mfl|aw ywg$ idáo hf Bf}~axid ]íf

Dwmi}$ i ha}x|alwahf|i mi|afmi F`mf`gf |gmglgw hi hw~di miari} hg Jdaugm eid}aeamihf. F

dilf|ixý|af @fui|xa} hg`w`mafw ywg i F`mf`gf g`mioa`bfw f} |goáhaf} }go gegaxf i woi

ha}x|alwahf|i hg oghamiog`xf} hf G}~ï|axf ]i`xf g i wo ~imag`xg hg Gw`é~fda} "LI!. Mbioihfi hg~f|$ f hf`f hi go~|g}i$ Mi|df} Eg|ì`hf Eg||ga|i hg Fdauga|i$ ha}}g ywg mfo~|fw f}

|goáhaf} hi @fui Uaxý|ai. Ixá <>>2$ wo hf} }ýmaf} hi F`mf`gf g|i à`jwáo og`f} ywg Oajwgd

Kimfl.



52

Ê hg}mfl|g xg}xi hg eg||f

I ^fdïmai Eghg|id "Ê! im|ghaxi ywg Kf|jg Fxxf$ ì ug|hihg$ }gki xg}xi hg eg||f hg Kimfl$ ywg ixwi

`f |iof hg ha}x|alwaêíf hg oghamiog`xf} bé ywi}g <> i`f}. F hf`f hi dfki `f Og|mihíf hg

Oihw|ga|i ihoaxaw xg| ef|kihf i ug`hi hg |goáhaf} î go~|g}i hf ‗ioajf―$ ~f| ogaf hi goa}}ífhg `fxi} ea}mia} e|ai}$ ‗~i|i ywg f og}of img|xi}}g }wi mf`xiladahihg―$ mfèf|og ha}}g go

hg~faog`xf. î|i g}xg eao$ gdg w}iui f `fog hi go~|g}i hg ha}x|alwahf|i hg oghamiog`xf} ywg

oi`xa`bi go }gw `fog$ i Maldiq/\af Ha}x|alwahf|i hg ^|fhwxf} Bf}~axidi|g}. I} `fxi} }íf

hixihi} hg <>>5 g <>>:$ oi} Fxxf kw|i ywg i ea|oi efa egmbihi go <>>7. Fwx|i ~|fui hi

mwo~damahihg g`x|g i hw~di }g|ai f hg~ý}axf hg \( 9> oad egaxf ~f| Kimfl ì mf`xi li`mé|ai hf

‗ioajf―$ go egug|ga|f hg <>>:. I gr~damiêíf hg Fxxf ~i|i i x|i`}eg|ë`mai á$ `f oïàof$ mw|af}i;

}gjw`hf gdg$ x|ixi/}g hg wo go~|á}xaof ~i|i i mfo~|i hg da`bi hg ~a~i.

F gùfduaog`xf hi hw~di mfo i ug`hi hg Jdaugm á i`xajf$ }gjw`hf hfmwog`xf} i~|gg`hahf}

~gdi ~fdïmai. Woi `fxi ea}mid hi Maldiq/\af |ghajahi ~f| Kf|jg Fxxf go <>>5 |gja}x|i i ug`hi hg

}ga} miari} hf oghamiog`xf î @fui Uaxý|ai Mfoá|maf hg ^|fhwxf} Bf}~axidi|g}$ go~|g}i hg

Kimfl$ oia} hg wo i`f i`xg} hi} ug`hi} if bf}~axid hf \af J|i`hg hf ]wd g î ha}x|alwahf|i

mi|afmi. ^g|jw`xihi }fl|g i fmf||ë`mai hg ~f}}ïuga} uïxaoi} hf w}f hf |goáhaf eid}aeamihf$ i

i}}g}}f|ai hf bf}~axid jiûmbf aèf|ofw ywg `íf mfog`xi|ai f g~a}ýhaf. Go hg~faog`xf î

~fdïmai$ Oajwgd Kimfl ihoaxaw xg| ug`hahf f oghamiog`xf i fwx|i} ha}x|alwahf|i} go fwx|i}

fmi}a÷g}$ oi} `gjfw ywg ef}}go eid}aeamihf}.

@f eao hf i`f ~i}}ihf$ f ~|fmw|ihf| Ghwi|hf I`h|á Df~g} â`xf$ hf Oaà}xá|af ^ûldamf

Eghg|id "OÊ!$ aèf|ofw go feïmaf g}xi| mfùg`mahf hf gùfduaog`xf hg Kimfl g Fxxf mfo f

m|aog$ oi} ~ghaw hgmdïàf hi mfo~gxë`mai hf OÊ `f ~|fmg}}f$ ~f| g`xg`hg| ywg f g~a}ýhaf

hgug|ai mf||g| ì Kw}xaêi g}xihwid$ ~gdf eixf hg f g}xihf hf \af hg Ki`ga|f xg| }ahf dg}ihf ~gdi

ywih|adbi. I kwï{i eghg|id \f}édai Of`xga|f Eajwga|i$ hi ^|aoga|i Ui|i Eghg|id M|aoaìd$ixg`hgw î }fdamaxiêíf g hgxg|oa`fw f gùaf hf} iwxf} if X|alwìd hg Kw}xaêi hf \af hg Ki`ga|f. F

~|fmg}}f mf||g go }gj|ghf hg Kw}xaêi.



51

\goáhaf ~a|ixi oixi g eid}aeamihf| eami ao~w`g "98 hg ijf}xf!

Xbaijf Bg|hq ” G}xihf hg Oaì}

\af hg Ki`ga|f "\K! ” @f} g~a}ýhaf} ywg mbfmi|io f L|i}ad g }g|ua|io mfof ~|aoga|f idg|xi~i|i f |a}mf hi eid}aeamiêíf hg |goáhaf} g gywa~iog`xf} oáhamf}$ gùfdug`hf i} oi|mi} Mgdfli|

g I`h|fmw|$ i }g`}iêíf hg ao~wàhihg efa f ywg |g}xfw î} eioïdai} hi} uïxaoi}$ idáo hi }iwhihg.

@i }grxi g ûdxaoi oixá|ai hi }á|ag Mw|i eid}aeamihi$ f G}xihf hg Oaì}&Mf||gaf L|i{adag`}g

of}x|i ywg i ug`hi egaxi ~gdf dilf|ixý|af hf Mgdfli| i woi go~|g}i fee/}bf|g w|wjwiai$ ~fwmf}

og}g} i`xg} hf g}mì`hidf$ ~fhg xg| eimadaxihf i fmwdxiêíf hg lg`} hf hf`f$ f go~|g}é|af mi|afmi

Oé|maf H‒Ami|ibq. Mf`hgìhf î ~|a}íf$ gdg `íf eamfw ~|g}f ~f|ywg |gmf||g hi hgma}íf go

dalg|hihg. Og}of mi}f hf go~|g}é|af Kf}á Mgd}f Oimbihf hg Ogdf$ |g}~f`}éugd ~gdiha}x|alwaêíf hf I`h|fmw| eid}f. Gdg il|aw woi go~|g}i hg mf}oáxamf}$ ywg xioláo }íf x|ixihf}

~gdi Iùa}i mfof ~|fhwxf} hg }iûhg.

Kf}á Mgd}f i`hi go mi||f hg \( 1> oad g hauahg f} ea`} hg }goiì g`x|g f }ïxaf g i j|wxi ywg

mfo~|fw ~g|xf hg Lgdf Bf|a{f`xg. I eid}aeamiêíf hf mf`x|i}xg ~i|i |ihafj|ieai} hi oi|mi

Mgdfli| mfo~dgxi }ga} i`f} }go ywg i} eioïdai} hi} << uïxaoi} hi }wl}xì`mai xg`bio ywidywg|

~g|}~gmxaui hg |gmglg| |g~i|iê÷g} ~gdf g~a}ýhaf. A}}f ~f|ywg ~fwmf} og}g} i`xg} hf g}mì`hidf

gùfdug`hf f dilf|ixý|af mi|afmi Gàdi$ |g}~f`}éugd ~gdi eil|amiêíf hf oghamiog`xf$ woi

go~|g}i fee/}bf|g w|wjwiai$ i Oghuim Ogh Q Uimwì} A`xg|iog|amiì}$ ihywa|aw ìhi og`f}

hf ywg 5<' hf dilf|ixý|af. Go <>>=$ i ihwdxg|iêíf hf mf`x|i}xg oixfw hwi} hg{gì} hg ~g}}fi}

g hgarfw <7> mfo }gywgdi}.

F |gja}x|f hi go~|g}i `f W|wjwia$ flxahf ~gdf G}xihf hg Oaì}&Mf||gaf L|i{adag`}g$ of}x|i ywg

xfhf} f} ixf} hg ihoaà}x|iêíf$ i~|f~|aiêíf g ha}~f}aêíf hf ~ix|aoøàf hi Oghuim `f ~iï}

ua{a`bf ef|io hgdgjihf}$ ì á~fmi$ i îwdf Bg`|aywg Fdauga|i \fmbi Da`}. X|ixi/}g hfihufjihf hf go~|g}é|af Oé|maf H‒Ami|ibq Mìoi|i Daoi$ f hf`f hf dilf|ixý|af Gàdi. Gdg

xioláo hgxa`bi ~|fmw|iêíf ~i|i hgeg`hg| f} a`xg|g}}g} hi Oghuim L|i}ad. F }ajadf mfog|maid

ji|i`xahf ~gdf jfug|`f w|wjwiaf î} mfo~i`bai} ida a`}xidihi} ao~f}}aladaxfw î Kw}xaêi l|i}adga|i

}ilg| ywgo g|io f} |gia} hf`f} hi Oghuim g f ~ix|aoøàf hg ywg ha}~w`bio.



:>

Mfof i eidë`mai hf Dilf|ixý|af Gàdi efa hgm|gxihi ~fwmf xgo~f hg~fa} hf g}mì`hidf

gùfdug`hf f Mgdfli|$ |g}xfw if} i`xajf} ew`maf`é|af} g uïxaoi} hf oghamiog`xf dwxi| ~gdi

i~|f~|aiêíf hf} lg`} aoýuga} ywg `íf ef|io ug`hahf}$ oi} ywg ia`hi uíf i dgadíf. G}}g

~|fmg}}f xf|`fw/}g ia`hi oia} dg`xf hg~fa} ywg Kfgd}f` \ga}$ i`xajf ew`maf`é|af hi go~|g}i$hgmahaw }g owhi| ~i|i i i`xaji eél|ami hg dïywahf ~i|i mf`x|i}xg mfo f ~ia$ f a|oíf g oia} hg

9>> míg} ua|i/dixi} ywg |gmfdbgw ~gdi |wi. ‗]ý }iaf hiywa ywi`hf og ~iji|go \( =7> oad hg

a`hgà{iêíf―$ ji|i`xg.

Ihufjihf hg hwi} hi} << uïxaoi} hf Mgdfli|$ \ami|hf Hg{{ià i~f}xi go `fui g}x|ixájai ~i|i

ji|i`xa| f ~ijiog`xf i }gw} mdag`xg}; mfl|i| i mf`xi hi owdxaìmafìd hg oghamiog`xf} Jdirf

]oaxbcda`g$ }fl idgjiêíf hg ywg i go~|g}i g f Dilf|ixý|af Gàdi ei{aio ~i|xg hf og}of j|w~fgmf`øoamf ì á~fmi hf g~a}ýhaf gùfdug`hf f Mgdfli|. I dajiêíf g`x|g i} hwi} ea|oi} xg|ai }ahf

egaxi ~gdi ~|ý~|ai Jdirf$ go ~|fmg}}f ywg x|ioaxfw ì <:« Ui|i Eghg|id hf \af hg Ki`ga|f$ go

|i{íf hg f A`}xaxwxf @imafìd hi ^|f~|aghihg A`hw}x|aid "A@Â! xg| hgmdi|ihf i ~g|hi hf} ha|gaxf}

}fl|g woi oi|mi ywg ioli} w}iuio. I Kw}xaêi hf X|ilidbf xioláo ~|feg|aw hgma}÷g} ywg

mf`}ahg|iuio i} hwi} go~|g}i} ~i|xg hg wo og}of j|w~f. ‗I ûdxaoi ~f}}aladahihg hg f}

eioadai|g} hi} uïxaoi} |gmglg|go idjwoi a`hgà{iêíf hg~g`hg hg}}i mf`gríf. Oi} f ~|fmg}}f

i`hi owaxf dg`xf ì Kw}xaêi―$ iea|oi Hg{{ià. I Jdirf ]oaxbda`g L|i}ad mf`xg}xi i idgjiêíf hf

ihufjihf g iea|oi ywg ìhi xgo i ug| mfo i mf`hwxi ~|ixamihi ~gdf Dilf|ixý|af Gàdi$ ~f| a}}f

`íf ~fhg|ai }g| |g}~f`}ilada{ihi ~gdf fmf||ahf$ xio~fwmf ~iji| a`hgà{iêíf ~gdf g||f mfogxahf

~f| fwx|i go~|g}i.

Go ki`ga|f hg}xg i`f$ f ha|gxf|/~|g}ahg`xg hf Dilf|ixý|af Gàdi$ Oé|maf h‒Ami|ibq$ efa

mf`hgìhf ~gdi =2« Ui|i M|aoaìd hf \af i <> i`f} hg |gmdw}íf go |gjaog egmbihf. @i og}oi

}g`xg`êi$ f ywïoamf hi go~|g}i$ I`xøàf Mi|df} hi Ef`}gmi ]adui$ |g}~f`}éugd ~gdi eil|amiêíf

hi }wl}xì`mai$ efa mf`hgìhf i << i`f}. Oi} f} hfa} |gmf||g|io hi }g`xg`êi g g}xíf godalg|hihg$ f ywg |gufdxi ~i|g`xg} g ioajf} hi} uïxaoi}. H‒Ami|ibq `íf of|i oia} `f dwrwf}f

~|áhaf ì Li||i hi Xakwmi. F X|alwìd hg Kw}xaêi hf \af xgo haeamwdhihg} ~i|i g`mf`x|é/df. Gdg

efjg hg feamaia} hg Kw}xaêi$ ~f| a}}f á maxihf i~gì} ~f| ghaxid `f} ~|fmg}}f} go ywg eajw|i mfof

|áw.



:<

I`grf < ” Ï`xgj|i hi g`x|gua}xi mfo i kf|ìda}xi Oi|ai Mdi|i ^|ixg}

\gìxi Oi|xa`} / Hg f`hg }w|jaw f xgoi ~i|i i }á|ag hg |g~f|xijg`}6

Oi|ai Mdi|i ^|ixg} / I ba}xý|ai mfogêfw mfo i Idiì \a{{f. Gdi fwuaw hg woi ~g}}fi ywgg}xiui }g`hf owaxf j|i`hg f `ûog|f hg eid}aeamiêíf g gywa~iog`xf} oáhamf} `f L|i}ad. I ~i|xa|

hiï hg}}i eidi hgdi$ mfogêiof} i mf||g| ix|é} hg aèf|oiêíf if`hg g|i ~f}}ïugd. Efof} i ega|i}

hg gywa~iog`xf} oáhamf} g ~|fmw|iof} ~g}}fi} ywg ~fhg|aio `f} ikwhi| i hg}mfl|a| f ywg

g}xiui imf`xgmg`hf. F} a`ywá|axf} ~fdamaia} ixá ké gra}xaio. Ixá ywg mf`}gjwaof} mbgji| go wo

hgdgjihf hi Iùa}i ywg g}xwhiui `íf }ý hg oghamiog`xf}$ oi} mfof hg gywa~iog`xf}

oáhamf}$ hg woi ef|oi jg|id. Gdg ké xa`bi egaxf ué|af} x|ilidbf} g `f} hgw i hami. I ~i|xa| hf ywg

gdg ké xa`bi dgui`xihf$ ixá g`xíf$ `ý} g}xilgdgmgof} |fxi} ~i|i }ilg| hg f`hg ua`bi g}}g

oghamiog`xf$ f`hg g|i ~|fhw{ahf$ ~f| f`hg g`x|iui `f L|i}ad$ g mihi wo ~gjfw woi e|g`xg$ g

efof} ei{g| g}}i x|ikgxý|ai ~i|i xg`xi| mfo~|fui| ywg ida |gidog`xg g|i f mioa`bf w}ihf ~gdf}

mf`x|ili`ha}xi}. Efa woi i~w|iêíf owaxf df`ji$ oia} hg }ga}$ }gxg og}g} g`x|g i aèf|oiêíf xg|

mbgjihf g i oixá|ai xg| }ahf ~wldamihi.

\O / Biuai gùfduaog`xf owaxf} ~|fea}}afìa}6

OM^ / @i ug|hihg f} gùfduahf} g|io gw "Oi|ai Mdi|i ^|ixg}! f Xaijf Bg|hq g i Idiì \a{{f.

F \gìxf Idug}$ hf Mf||gaf L|i}adag`}g$ g`x|fw }ý `f eaìd. Mfof i jg`xg xa`bi wo ~|i{f ~i|i~wldami| i oixá|ai$ ywg g|i mw|xf$ xaugof} ywg hauaha| g`x|g `ý}$ ywg ea{gof} xfhi i i~w|iêíf

"g|io ué|af} |fxga|f} i }g|go }gjwahf}! g ~g`}iof} `gdg. Oi} gdg g`x|fw ywi`hf i oixá|ai ké

g}xiui i~w|ihi.

\O / Mfof efa i |fxaì ~|fhwxaui6 Uaijg`}$ f g`mf`x|f mfo f} g`x|gua}xihf}.

OM^ / Gw ewa ~i|i i e|f`xga|i hf L|i}ad mfo î|ijwia$ |gjaíf hg Ef{ hf Ajwiêw. Xbaijf eg{ xfhf

f a`xg|af| hg Oaì} Jg|ia}$ ]íf îwdf g \af. I Idiì eg{ f ]wd hf L|i}ad$ f`hg xgo i oiaf|ai hg

uïxaoi} hi eid}aeamiêíf hg gywa~iog`xf}$ hg ~|ýxg}g} g |goáhaf}. Gdi eg{ i} eél|ami} g i e|f`xga|i.

F \gìxf eg{ oixf J|f}}f g i e|f`xga|i mfo i Lfdïuai. F} |fxga|f} g|io owaxf hï}~i|g} wo hf

fwx|f$ ~f| a}}f$ g}}i haua}íf. @ý} ea{gof} xwhf$ ~|fhw{aof}$ dgui`xiof} aèf|oiêíf$ efof}

ix|é}. @íf gra}xg ~|fhwxf| go kf|ìd ao~|g}}f. Ea{gof} daxg|idog`xg xwhf. I jg`xg hg}g`bi$

~g`}i mfof uia }g| i ~éjaì$ ywia} adw}x|iê÷g} w}i|$ `íf xgo ikwhi `íf.



:=

\O / F kf|ìd hgw f iuid ~i|i xfhi g}}i ~|fhwêíf6

OM^ / ]ao$ oi} hg~fa} ywg |gwàof} wo `ûog|f R hg aèf|oiêíf. Ufmë dgui if ghaxf|$ if

mbgeg$ g of}x|i$ aèf|oi`hf ywg ~|gma}i hg xia} g xia} uaijg`}$ g`xíf gdg hgmahg. Ywi`hf eidiof}

mfo Kf}goi| "Jaog`g{$ ha|gxf| hg |ghiêíf! i ywi`xahihg il}w|hi hg oghamiog`xf} eid}aeamihf}gdg xf~fw ì bf|i. A`mdw}aug$ efof} `ý} ywg ea{gof} f dgui`xiog`xf hg mw}xf. ]g gdg imbi| ywg

uidg i ~gì$ iwxf|a{i.

\O / Mfof efa i ~i|xg hg ~|fhwêíf$ i ~|fmw|i ~f| ef`xg}6

OM^ / @ý} x|ë} "Oi|ai Mdi|i$ Xbaijf g Idiì! mf||gof} ix|é} hg xwhf. Mfùg|}iof} mfo owaxi

jg`xg og}of. @f l|i}ad `íf xgo g}}g} hihf} mf`}fdahihf}. I} ]gm|gxi|ai} `íf xgo f} `ûog|f}

hg oghamiog`xf} i~|gg`hahf}$ á wo `ûog|f owaxf ha}~g|}f. ^gìof} owaxf ~i|i mf`}gjwa| g}}ghihf egmbihf. Efof} }foi`hf xwhf ixá mbgji| i wo uidf|.

\O / Ufmë} fwua|io$ mfof ef`xg}$ hg}hg ~g}}fi} mfow`} ixá ef`xg} feamaia}6

OM^ / Efa. Mfogêiof} ì |wi$ mfo ug`hghf|g} g eid}aeamihf|g}. ^g}}fi} ywg eil|amiuio$

ao~f|xihf|g}$ mfo miogdø}$ mfo mf`}woahf|$ ywgo mfo~|i g imbi ywg `íf xgo ao~f|xì`mai. Iï

mfo~dgxiof} i mihgai mfo dfka}xi}$ efof} `gjfmai`hf. Hg~fa} eidiof} mfo jg|g`xg} hg dfki}$

~f|ywg f} ug`hghf|g} feg|gmaio woi og|mihf|ai ywg `íf ~fhg|ai }g| feg|gmahi$ g efof}

gufdwa`hf. Mfùg|}iof} mfo jwi|hi hg e|f`xga|i$ gw eidga mfo i ~fdïmai eghg|id go Ef{ hf

Ajwiêw$ eidga mfo i ~fdïmai |fhfuaé|ai eghg|id. Eidiof} mfo xfhi} i} ~g}}fi} gùfduahi} `f

mfolixg i a}}f `f ~iï}$ a`mdw}aug mfo f oaà}x|f. Mihi wo efa |gof`xi`hf. I Idiì$ ~f|

grgo~df$ eamfw mfo woi ~i|xg dgjid$ gdi ~gjfw f oiaf| `ûog|f hg uïxaoi}. Gw x|ixga oia} mfo i

li`hahijgo$ mfo f} |g}~f`}éuga} ~f| mfdfmi| g}}i og|mihf|ai `f og|mihf.

\O / Ufmë} mf`}gjwa|io f ywg ywg|aio$ eamfw }ixa}egaxi mfo i |g~g|mw}}íf6

OM^ / Gw `íf dgaf i} oixá|ai} hg~fa} ywg gw egmbf$ oi} go xg|of} hg |g~g|mw}}íf$ efa owaxflfo. @g}}g i}~gmxf imbf ywg uidgw owaxf i ~gì$ }go eidi| ywg á woi |g~f|xijgo owaxf

jf}xf}i$ xfhf |g~ý|xg| }f`bi go ei{g| woi |g~f|xijgo i}}ao.

\O / Ufmë} w}i|io oáxfhf} mf`}ahg|ihf} adïmaxf} ~i|i mf`}gjwa| flxg| aèf|oiê÷g} ~|aof|haia}

~i|i i oixá|ai6 Á i eiuf| hg j|io~f}$ og`xa| }fl|g i ~|fea}}íf$ ha}ei|mg}6



:8

OM^ / @ý} ea{gof} j|iuiê÷g} mfo mìog|i g}mf`hahi. Gw ea{ ué|ai}$ g}xiui `f î|ijwia

mfo~|i`hf oghamiog`xf ihwdxg|ihf. ]aowdga ué|ai} `gjfmaiê÷g}$ ué|ai} mfo~|i}. Á i||a}mihf

~f|ywg gdg} }íf owaxf g}~g|xf}. Hg~fa} gw dajwga g og i~|g}g`xga mfof kf|ìda}xi$ eidga xwhf. Gw

imbf ywg `íf uidg á |fwli| hfmwog`xf$ `w`mi ea{ g `w`mi ei|ai. J|iui| mfùg|}i} }ao$ oi}hg}hg ywg ufmë hg~fa} ~|fmw|g i ~g}}fi g eidg mfo gdi hi j|iuiêíf. @a`jwáo gùfduahf go

g}mì`hidf} uia ihoaxa| f adïmaxf$ ~f| a}}f á uédahf.

\O / Ufmë mf||gw |a}mf} g`ywi`xf g}xiui ei{g`hf i~w|iêíf ~i|i i} |g~f|xijg`}6

OM^ / Á owaxf i||a}mihf. Ida ì e|f`xga|i$ ywgo mf`bgmg }ilg ywg á i li`hahijgo$ i jg`xg

of||ai hg oghf. Mfo~|iof} woi oéywaì hg xw|a}xi ~i|i ei{g| i} efxf}$ ~i|i `íf `f}

mi|imxg|a{i| kf|ìda}xi}$ f xgo~f xfhf ~|gfmw~ihf}$ }ý i`héuiof} hg xéra$ `íf idwjiof} mi||f$~i|i i~i|gmg| f oia} }imfdga|f ~f}}ïugd. A`mdw}aug ea{gof} ué|ai} mfo~|i} `f î|ijwia ~i|i

ufdxi| mbgaf hg }imfdi} g xg| wo i| og}of hg }imfdga|i. Oi} dé á owaxf ~g|ajf}f og}of$ }g gdg}

hg}mfl|go...F miogdø ywg eami ì |wi á i ~f`xi hg wo mfog|mai`xg$ g}}g mfog|mai`xg$ ~f| }wi

ug{$ á wo l|iêf hg wo j|i`hg |gug`hghf|. @f î|ijwia xgo woi eél|ami hf Xiazi` ywg eidi ywg

eil|ami hfmg}$ oi} `íf xgo woi mbioa`á. G`xíf ufmë uë mdi|iog`xg ywg iywadf á }ý eimbihi.

Oi} `íf ewa iogiêihi g à`jwáo ~g|mglgw$ j|iêi} i Hgw}. Oi} á }go~|g woi xg`}íf$ mihi ug{

ywg ufmë ilf|hi$ `gjfmai. @gjfmaga =>> i~i|gdbf} hg ~|g}}íf$ g f ~|gêf }ý mia`hf$ g i jg`xg

`go xa`bi ha`bga|f ~|i a}}f.

\O / I} ~g}}fi} }ilgo ywg g}xíf mfo~|i`hf eid}aeamihf}6

OM^ / I} ~g}}fi} }ilgo ywg g}xíf mfo~|i`hf g }ilgo ywg g}xíf |gug`hg`hf. Imbio ywg `íf

xgo ~|fldgoi. @íf }g ao~f|xio$ imbio ywg á `f|oid. F ~|gêf á owaxf oia} liarf. @i á~fmi f

Uaij|i g}xiui i 1> |gia} iywa$ dé }g mfo~|iui ~f| 7 |gia}$ ~|gêf hg liìì. Oi} ufmë uë

mdi|iog`xg ywg á eid}aeamihf$ `íf xgo mfof ha{g| ywg mfo~|fw g`jiìhf. @íf }ý ~gdf ~|gêf$

oi} ~gdi i~i|ë`mai hf ~|fhwxf$ uë/}g ywg á ihwdxg|ihf. I} a`}x|wê÷g} hf} i~i|gdbf} hg ~|g}}íf}íf xfhi} go mba`ë}$ `íf xgo }gdf hf A@OGX\F. Ywidywg| ~g}}fi ywg lixg f fdbf eidi ywg á

eid}aeamihf. F} g}xgxf}mý~af} ~i|gmgo hg ~dé}xamf.



:7

\O / Ywid i haeg|g`êi hf kf|ìda}of mfùg`mafìd ~i|i f aùg}xajixauf6

OM^ / Gw imbf ywg ywgo ei{ i haeg|g`êi g`x|g g}}g} hfa} jë`g|f} á f |g~ý|xg|. Ywi`xf oia}

mw|af}f$ ewêihf| g a`ywagxf gdg ef|$ oia} i~|few`hihf }g|é }gw x|ilidbf. F ywg haeg|g`mai f

kf|ìda}of aùg}xajixauf á f |g~ý|xg|$ }g gdg jf}xi hg ei{g| g}}g x|ilidbf$ }g xgo ~imaë`mai$ }g `íf}g }ixa}ei{ mfo i ~|aoga|i aèf|oiêíf. I} ug{g} xgo woi ~iwxi }ý ~i|i aèf|oi|$ oi} xgo mi}f}

ywg ufmë eami ‗a`mwmihf―$ ywi`xf oiaf| i mw|af}ahihg hf |g~ý|xg| $ oia} aùg}xajixauf }g|é f

x|ilidbf hgdg. I jg`xg `íf }ý }g ~iwxi ~f| a`xg|g}}g ~ûldamf$ lixidbiof} ~f| idjf ywg imbiof}

ywg uidg i ~gì. Á mfof ywi`hf ufmë mfogêi i miui|$ mfogêi ~gdi }w~g|eïmag g uia

i~|few`hi`hf.

\O / Á ~f}}ïugd }g| `gwx|f g ao~i|maid mfo |g~f|xijg`} aùg}xajixaui}6OM^ / Á haeïmad. ]g á idjf owaxf |gufdxi`xg$ ufmë xioláo eami |gufdxihf mfof mahihíf$ `íf }ý

mfof kf|ìda}xi. Oi} woi mfa}i á f ywg ufmë }g`xg$ fwx|i mfa}i á f ywg ufmë g}m|gug. @i bf|i

ywg g}xfw |ghaja`hf gw xg`xf }g| f oia} `gwx|i ~f}}ïugd$ og}of hai`xg hg xfhi i oa`bi

a`hajìêíf. Woi mfa}i }fw gw mfof mahihíf$ fwx|i mfof kf|ìda}xi. G mfof kf|ìda}xi gw xg`bf

ywg mwo~|a| idjw`} m|axá|af}$ mfof x|ixi| f} hfa} dihf} hg woi og}oi ef|oi$ a}}f gw xg`xf ei{g|.

Gw ~f}}f xf|mg| ~i|i }g eg||i|go$ oi} gw `íf ~f`bf a}}f `f ~i~gd. Oi} à`jwáo hg}x|ýa idjwáo

j|ixwaxiog`xg$ xgo wo ~g}f ~i|i jg`xg xioláo.

\O / @g}}g mi}f hi} |g~f|xijg`} aùg}xajixaui} idjwáo efa kwdjihf mfo i ikwhi hi }á|ag6

OM^ / @i ug|hihg ké xa`bi wo ~|fmg}}f hg ~|a}íf hg ué|ai} ~g}}fi}$ i ~fdïmai ké g}xiui `g}}i

aùg}xajiêíf. Xidug{ i oiaf| ao~f|xì`mai xg`bi }ahf mbioi| i ixg`êíf ~i|i f xioi`bf hf

~|fldgoi. Mfof g|i owaxf g}~iêihf$ à`jwáo `w`mi xa`bi kw`xihf xwhf. Mfo i} |g~f|xijg`}

mbiofw i ixg`êíf ~i|i hg eixf f ywg g}xé imf`xgmg`hf `f L|i}ad go |gdiêíf î eid}aeamiêíf hg

|goáhaf} g gywa~iog`xf} oáhamf}$ i haog`}íf hf ~|fldgoi. G}}g efa f ~|a`ma~id oá|axf.

\O / Á ~f}}ïugd `íf ij|gha| f mio~f of|id g áxamf `f kf|ìda}of6

OM^ / Á }ao$ g á `f}}i fl|ajiêíf. Ywidywg| ~|fea}}íf ~fhg hg}x|wa| woi ~g}}fi. Á i}}ao

xioláo `f kf|ìda}of. Ufmë hg}x|ýa i ~g}}fi of|idog`xg. A}}f á woi of|xg xioláo$ xidug{ á

ixá ~af|$ oia} dg`xi$ oia} ijfàihi. @íf xgo mfof ei{g| kf|ìda}of }go áxami. A}}f á ao~f}}ïugd.



I jg`xg mfogxg idjw`} hg}mwahf}$ g||iof} i} ug{g}$ mfof go ywidywg| ~|fea}}íf. F `gjýmaf á

x|ilidbi| ~i|i ywg `íf biki$ guaxi| f oéraof ~f}}ïugd "g||f}!.

\O / F kf|ìda}xi xgo wo ywë hg hg`w`ma}of$ hg ywg|g| }g| ~fdïmai} i} ug{g}6OM^ / Xgo wo ~fwmf }ao. Xgo wo ~fwmf hi ahgfdfjai og}of$ hg aoijaì| ywg ufmë uia

mf`mg|xi| f ow`hf$ g á owaxf e|w}x|i`xg. @ý} ~wldamiof} |g~f|xijg`} of}x|i`hf oi{gdi} hf

jfug|`f g `íf owhi ìhi. F haeïmad `f kf|ìda}of á dahi| mfo a}}f. Ufmë ug| ywg eajw|i}

gùfduahi} go wo j|i`hg g}mì`hidf mf`xa`wio iï$ gdg} mf`xa`wio `f og}of mg`é|af$ i} ug{g}

ixá oia} ~fhg|f}f} "maxi ]i|`gq!. Ywi`hf }g }ia hi eimwdhihg i jg`xg xgo wo ahgid$ oi} ì

~|éxami$ ~|gma}i hg owaxf }wf|$ ~imaë`mai g owaxf} i`f} ~i|i ug| woi ~wàêíf }g| i~damihi go

woi ~g}}fi mfo oiaf| `ïugd }fmaid.

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