ipc module i

8/8/2019 IPC Module I

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Information

Processing Using

Computers

Module I


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Prepared By: Ms. Swapna Anildas 27-Dec-10

Topics Covered

Introduction to Computers

Overview of Computer Architecture

Input and Output Devices

Storage devices

Data Storage and Retrieval Operating Systems : MS-WINDOWS


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Computer- Definition

Computer is an automatic electronic

apparatus for making calculations orcontrolling operations that are

expressible in numerical or logical

terms.


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InputProcessing

And

Controlling

Output

Main Storage

Data

Information

Information

Functioning of a Computer


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Computer System Consists of both

Hardware and Software.

Hardware is the physical/touchable parts, i.e.,

the computer itself and the peripherals

connected to it. Peripherals are the devicesattached to the computer for purposes of input,

output, and storage of data.

Eg: keyboard, monitor, or external hard disk

Software is the programs and associated data

stored on it. A program is a set of instructions.


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Firmware & Live ware

Firmware is the combination of hardware and

software. It is a prewritten program that is

permanently stored in read-only memory. Itconfigures the computer and is not easily

modifiable by the user. Eg: ROMs and PROMs.

Live ware is a term generally used for the

people associated with and benefited from the

computer system.


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Characteristics of Computers

Speed

Word Length

Versatility

Diligence

Automation

Accuracy

Storage


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Presentations

I. History and Evolution of Computers Mechanical Calculating Devices

Manual Calculating Devices

Semi-Automatic Calculating Devices

Electromechanical Calculating Devices

Electronic Computers

II. Generations of Computers


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Classification of Computers


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Classification by Working

Principle

Analog Computers

Digital Computers

Hybrid Computers


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Analog Computers

Represents data as physical

quantities Uses continuous signals as input

Examples - Thermometer and the

processor attached to the petrolpump.


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Digital Computers Operates both on digits and alphabets

Very high Accuracy Operates on discrete signals

Examples: Computers used for

business and scientific applications,and pulse/heart-beat counters


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Hybrid Computers Operates on both analog and digital

signals Areas of application are nuclear powerplants, mines, intensive care units (ICUs)of hospitals, and chemical process plants.


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Classification by Size & Speed

Super Computers

Mainframe computers

Mini Computers

Micro computers


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Super Computers Introduced in 1960s by Seymour Cray at

Control Data Corporation (CDC)

Optimized for speed and processing power. Biggest in size & Most expensive in price.

Can process trillions of instructions in seconds.

Used for extremely calculation-intensive tasks

Usage: Animation, forecasting weather reports,nuclear bomb explosions etc.


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Mainframe Computers Typically cost several hundred

thousand dollars

Can process millions ofinstruction/second and capable ofaccessing billions of data.

Commonly used in big hospitals, airline reservations companies etc.


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Mainframe Computers They are used in situations where a

company wants the processing power

and information storage in acentralized location.

The processing power of themainframe is time-shared between allof the users.


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Mini Computers A minicomputer is a multi-user computer

that is less powerful than a mainframe. Uses large scale integrated circuits

Cheaper than its predecessors

Mostly preferred by the small type ofbusiness personals, colleges, etc.


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Micro/Personal Computers

Uses a microprocessor chip as its CPU.

Often called personal computersbecause they are designed to be used byone person at a time.

Less Expensive & small in size


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Personal / Micro computers

can be:

Desktop computers

Work Stations Laptop /NotebookComputers

Tablet Computers

Palmtop/Handheld Computers Smart phones


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Desktop Computers

A PC that is designed for use in a single

location Most Popular because of lower price and

greater availability.

It is customizable, and can be upgraded easily.


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Desktop computers


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Work Stations

Has powerful microprocessor, large graphics

display, and more memory and disk space

than other desktop computers, Used mainly for scientific research, CAD, real-

time simulations, animation, and

Costs more than most high-end desktop

computers.


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Workstations

GIS Work Stations


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Laptops / Notebook computers

A PC designed for mobile use and small enough to sit

on one's lap.

It integrates most of the typical components of a desktop

computer, including a display, a keyboard, a pointingdevice (a touchpad/ track pad), speakers, and often

including a battery, into a single small and light unit.

More expensive than desktop computers

Among the best-known makers of laptop computers areIBM, Apple, Compaq, Dell, and Toshiba.


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Tablet computers

A slate shaped mobile computer equipped with

a touch screen which operate with a stylus or

digital pen, or a fingertip, instead of a keyboard

or mouse.

Can record non-character based information

such as diagrams and mathematical notationand symbols.

Higher cost and risk of screen damage


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Palmtop/ Handheld computers

A pocket-sized computing device, typically

having a display screen with touch input or a

miniature keyboard

Example: a model designed to provide PIM

(personal information manager) functions, such

as a calendar and address book.


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Smart Phones

A smart phone is a mobile phone offering

advanced capabilities of a PC with a built-in full keyboard or external USB keyboard

Offers advanced features like e-mail,

Internet and e-book reader capabilities


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Classification based on Purpose

General Purpose Computers

Designed to solve large variety of problems.

Special Purpose Computers

Designed to solve a specific problem.


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Overview of ComputerArchitecture


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357-Dec-10

Central Processing Unit

Control Unit (CU)

Arithmetic & LogicUnit (ALU)

CPU Registers

Input Unit

Data andInstructions

Output Unit

Information-

Results

Auxiliary (Secondary Storage)

To supplement bulk storage

Primary Memory


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Input Unit

The input unit is formed by the input

devices attached to the computer.

(e.g. keyboard, mouse, MICR, OMR, OCR,

and joystick )

The input unit takes the input and

converts it into binary form so that it canbe understood by the computer.


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Presentation 4

Input Devices

Keyboard devices Point-and-Draw Devices (Mouse, Joystick,

Trackball, Light Pen, Touch Screen)

Scanning Devices (OMR, MICR, OCR)


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Output Unit

The output unit is formed by the output

devices attached to the computer.

(e.g. VDU (Visual Display Unit), printer, and plotter)

The output unit takes the output from CPU

(electronic binary signals) and converts it

into a form which can be easily understoodby human beings


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Presentation 5

Output Devices

Display devices- Technology (CRT, LCD, & Projection Display)

- Devices (Monitors, Multimedia Projectors)

Printers (Dot matrix, Inkjet, Laser)

Plotters


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Central Processing Unit

Register Set

Arithmetic and

Logic Unit

Control Unit

Figure: Major components of CPU


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Control Unit (CU)

The CU controls and guides the flow and

manipulation of data and information.

This process is done through a set of special

purpose registers (like Instruction register &

Program control register).


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Arithmetic & Logic Unit

The ALU provides arithmetic & logic

operations.

When an instruction that includes arithmetic or

logic operation is encountered, the numbers

are sent from memory to ALU where the

operation takes place and the result is put backin the memory.


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Register set

Memory locations used to store instructions

as well as intermediate results. Examples include Memory Address

Registers (MAR), Memory BufferRegister

(MBR

), InstructionR

egister etc.


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Presentation 6

CPU & its Working

Structure

Components

Working principles


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Computer Storage


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Memory Hierarchy

CPU Registers

Cache Memory

Main/Primary Memory

Secondary/Auxiliary Memory

IncreasingCost

Increasing

Speed

Decreasing

Size

Decreasing

Cost

Decreasing

Speed

Increasing

Size


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Presentation 7

Computer Storage

CPU Registers

Primary Memory

Secondary Memory


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Cache Memory

Larger than processor registers, but slower.

Faster & expensive than main memory Reduces the average access time and thus

increases the operating speed


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Used to store data and programs during

the computer operations. Size is much smaller than secondary

memory, but faster.

Different kinds - RAM, ROM, PROM,EPROM, & EEPROM

Main/Primary/Internal Memory


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Volatile memory

Two types Static RAM & Dynamic RAM

They differ in the technology to hold data Dynamic RAM needs to be refreshed

thousands of time per second

Static RAM needs to be refreshed less oftenwhich makes it faster

Random Access Memory (RAM)


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Memory which can be prerecorded.

Data once recorded cannot be removedand can only be read.

Used store critical programs such as theprogram that boots the computer.

Read Only Memory (ROM)


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Programmable Read Only Memory

Memory which can be programmed once.

Data once recorded cannot be removed and canonly be read.

Programs are written using a special device

called PROM burner / PROM programmer

PROM


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Erasable Programmable Read OnlyMemory

A special type of memory whosecontents can be cleared using ultravioletlight.

EPROM


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EEPROM

Electrically Erasable Programmable

Read Only Memory Can be erased by exposing it to an

electrical charge.


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Flash Memory

Special type of EEPROM.

Also called Flash EEP

ROM

The difference is that EEPROM can be

written or erased one byte at a time

whereas flash memory can be written orerased in blocks, hence it is more faster.


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Secondary Storage

Used for bulk storage

Slow compared to main memory

Non-Volatile in nature

Examples:

Magnetic disks & tapes

Floppy disks

CD ROM & DVD


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Software A general term used to describe the

programs, procedures anddocumentation stored in the computer.

Program is set of instructions


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Software

System Software Application Software

Programming Software


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Operating Systems


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Operating System

An operating system is a set of

large and complex programs thatact as an interface between

computer hardware and its users.


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Functions ofOS

Processor Management

Memory Management Job Scheduling

File Management

Device Management Input/Output Management


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Types ofOperating Systems

Operating Systems can be divided into:

Single-UserOS

Multi-UserOS

Multitasking OS

Multiprocessing OS NetworkOS


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Single-UserO

perating Systems

One user can work at a time.

Example MS-DOS


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Multi-UserO

perating Systems

A number of users can use the system at

a time as it allows simultaneous accessto a computer through two or more

terminals

Examples are UNIX, MVS, XENIX andWindows NT


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Multitasking OS

Multitasking is the ability to execute morethan one task/program at the same time.

A multitasking OS allows more than oneprogram to run concurrently.

OS/2, Windows NT, UNIX, and AmigaOS are examples


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MultiprocessingO

S It is similar to Multitasking OS. The difference

is that in multitasking OS, only one CPU is

involved, whereas in multiprocessing OS, morethan one CPU is involved.

MVS and UNIX are two most widely used

multiprocessing operating systems


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NetworkOperating Systems

NetworkOperating System (NOS) is anoperating system that includes special

functions for connecting computers anddevices into a network.

Examples are Novell NetWare, WindowsNT and 2000, Sun Solaris and IBM OS/2.

The Cisco IOS (Internet Operating System)is also a network operating system.


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MS-WINDOWS


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The DOS and UNIX used the character-user interface. With the invention ofmultiprogramming, the need of more userfriendly interface aroused. The newworking environment Windows supportedGraphical User Interface.

Graphical User Interface


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Secondary user-input devices, usually a pointing

device like a mouse.

Point and shoot functionality with screen menus

Windows that graphically display what the

computer is doing

Icons that represent files, directories, and other

application and system entities. Other graphical facilities like dialog boxes, button,

check boxes, sliders etc. to support the users.

Features ofGUI


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MS-Windows is the most popularGUI. Themajor benefits of Windows are:

Common Look and feel Device independence

Multitasking

Memory Management

Support for existing DOS applications Data Sharing


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Assignment:

Although Computers provide

numerous benefits to man, it cantreplace human beings at all.

Comment


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End of Module I

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