I- Introdução à Notação Musical O objetivo de nosso estudo é compreendermos basicamente a área teórica e prática

da NOTAÇÃO MUSICAL. Notação Musical é a área da teoria musical que estuda todos os símbolos e sinais necessários para ler e interpretar uma partitura, ou seja, como o próprio nome já indica (Notação = escrita, Musical= da musica).

1.1 A música A definição de musica é a “arte de combinar sons”. São três os elementos

fundamentais que compõe a musica: *Melodia: Os sons executados de maneira organizada, formando um sentido

musical.*Ritmo: Movimento ordenado dos sons no tempo.*Harmonia: Combinação de sons executados simultaneamente.No estudo da notação musical podemos observar a melodia e o ritmo, sendo que a

harmonia, por sua maior complexidade requer um estudo específico chamado “Harmonização”.

1.2 Os sonsSom é o nome de uma onda longitudinal senoidal (com unidade de frequência em Hertz)

que se propaga em meios materiais capaz de trazer informações ao nosso cérebro captadas pelos nossos ouvidos, podendo variar em altura (grave ou agudo) intensidade (forte ou fraco, referente ao volume) duração (maior ou menor duração) e timbre (peculiaridade de cada som).

1.3 Notas_Escala_Graus_Tons e Semitons

Os sinais gráficos da musica representam as diferentes ondas que chamamos de notas. São sete as notas musicais: dó ou C, ré ou D, mi ou E , fá ou F, sol ou G, lá ou A e si ou B.

A sequencia destas sete notas seguida da repetição da primeira no final, denominamos escala. Ex: a escala de Dó/C seguirá então da nota dó e terminará repetindo-a (dó, ré, mi, fá, sol, lá, si e dó / C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C). O mesmo seria feito na escala de Ré/D : (ré, mi, fá, sol, lá, si e dó / D, E, F, G, A, B, C, D).

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Cada nota da escala é chamada de grau e cada grau recebe um nome específico, e é representado por algarismos romanos.

Se temos 7 notas musicais, temos assim 7 graus, sendo que na escala a totalidade de 8 notas, de igual forma são 8 os graus sendo o ultimo de mesmo nome que o primeiro.

É importante lembrar que as notas não possuem um grau fixo. Variam de grau mediante a escala situada. Ex: na escala de C, a nota dó será a tônica, porém quando colocada na escala de F a mesma passará a ser o quinto grau da escala, ou seja, a dominante.

Além da regra de sequencia da escala, para estabelecer-se uma escala diatônica (dia= a partir de , Tônica= I grau da escala) é necessário seguir o modelo da divisão dos tons e semitons do decorrer da escala.

*Semitom é a menor diferença entre dois sons que nosso ouvido pode perceber e classificar. 1 semitom equivale a ½ Tom.

Para alterar a altura das notas e assim enquadra-las na determinada escala usamos alguns sinais que por sua vez podem aumentar ou diminuir tons e semitons. Estes sinais são chamados de acidentes. São eles o (a):

A escala diatônica natural de C é a única que não possui nenhum acidente, por isso ela é tomada como referencial.

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Na formação da EDN a divisão dos tons e semitons procede da seguinte forma: todos os graus são separados por tons com exceção do III para o IV e do VII para o VIII, que encontram-se semitons. Observe:

Podemos observar também que o sustenido de uma nota sempre será o bemol da posterior e o bemol de uma nota sempre será o sustenido da anterior (com exceção do Fb,

E#, Cb e B#).

1.4 Pauta_Linhas Suplementares_ClavesA pauta também chamada de Pentagrama ( Palavra originada do latim Penta =

cinco, gramaes= linhas/pontas) são cinco linhas paralelas equidistantes que formam entre si quatro espaços. Nessas linhas e espaços são colocadas as notas, e as mesmas, linhas e espaços são contadas de baixo para cima.

No início de cada pauta é colocado um sinal que serve para indicar como serão nomeadas as notas, chamado clave. São três as claves:

A clave de G é colocada na 2ª linha, esta que se chamará sol, e a partir daí nomearemos as demais notas.

A clave de F pode ser colocada na 3ª ou 4ª linha. Nesta clave os dois pontinhos servem para indicar em qual linha a clave está (a linha que passa entre os pontos) . Usamos com mais frequência na 4ª linha.

A clave de C pode ser colocada em todas as linhas exceto a 5ª. Esta clave é menos usada e quando usamos, é mais comum

aplica-la na 3ª linha.

Sabendo-se que a pauta possui apenas 5 linhas e 4 espaços, logo percebemos que caberiam apenas 9 notas na pauta, entretanto dificilmente um instrumento se limitará a esse universo, podendo expressar notas tanto mais agudas, quanto mais graves. Para expressar essas notas que não cabem na pauta foram criadas as Linhas e Espaços Suplementares Superiores (colocados acima da pauta, contadas de baixo para cima) e Inferiores (colocados abaixo da pauta, contados de cima para baixo).

Para se identificar em qual linha suplementar (LS) a nota está é só contar o numero de linhas que foram adicionadas. Quando forem observar os espaços suplementares (ES) é só adicionar 1 ao numero de linhas evidentes, já que o 1ºES não requer a adição de linha.

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É interessante também, ressaltar que nos ESS a nota sempre virá acima da linha e quando esta é presente nos ESI virá de mesmo modo abaixo da linha. Quando porém a nota estiver em uma LS será identificada por a linha estar cortando-a ao meio.

A quantidade máxima de linhas tanto SS quanto SI a serem colocadas é 5 linhas.

1.5 Valores_Divisão Proporcional dos Valores ( DPV)Valores é o nome dado as figuras que indicam a duração dos sons ou do silêncio na

musica. Há dois tipos de valores:*Positivos (figuras de som): são aqueles que indicam a duração dos sons*Negativos (pausas): são os que indicam a duração do silêncio.Cada valor positivo tem um respectivo valor negativo que de igual modo possui um

mesmo nome, um mesmo numero referencial e indica a mesma duração do som/silêncio. São eles:

A divisão proporcional dos valores é tomada a partir da noção de interpretação em que cada figura tem um número que coresponde ao seu nome dado pela quantidade de figuras necessárias para igualar-se ao valor da semibreve. Ex: 1 semibreve igual a 2 mínimas, 4 semínimas, 8 colcheias (...); 1 mínima é igual a 2 semínimas, 4 colcheias (...); 1 semínima é igual a 2 colcheias etc...

Toda figura de som é formada por no mínimo 1 e no Maximo 3 partes que são:

1.6 CompassosOs valores não tem duração fixa. A duração de cada valor é determinada pelo

compasso (fração colocada logo após a clave onde o numerador indica quantos tempos terá cada compasso e o denominador indica qual figura será tomada como unidade de tempo).

Os compassos são divididos por barras simples (indicam apenas o termino de um compasso), barras duplas (indicam o termino de uma frase ou trecho musical, também usada quando á a aplicação de uma nova armadura de clave) ou traves finais (indicam o termino da musica). (Ver imagens em 1.8 Sinais de articulação_Sinais de repetição/ ritornello).

Como numerador pode ser usado qualquer numero maior do que 1, e como denominador apenas números que correspondem a alguma figura musical.

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São mais utilizados os compassos de denominador 4, variando em binários ( de numerador 2), ternários (de numerador 3 ) e quaternários ( de numerador 4).

1.7 Ligadura_Ponto de Aumento_FermataLigadura é uma linha curva colocada sob ou sobre 2 figuras e indica que estas

devem ser executadas sem interrupção de som. Ex:

Ponto de aumento é um pontinho colocado a direita da figura e indica que será somada a metade do valor ao valor nominal da mesma. Ex:

Fermata é uma linha curva com um ponto no centro colocada acima ou abaixo da figura que indica que o musico ou regente poderá manipular a duração do tempo da nota. (Para uma maior duração se a a fermata for colocada acima, e para uma menor duração se for colocada abaixo da nota).

1.8 Sinais de Articulação_ Sinais de RepetiçãoSinais de articulação são aqueles que nos indicam o modo de “atacar” os sons.Temos três principais que são:

a) Ataque crescente ou decrescente: um sinal de maior quê (>), ou menor quê (<) que colocado sobre uma nota que indica que devemos executa-la de maneira crescente (<) ou decrescente (>).

b) Staccato: Palavra italiana, significa “destacado”. Indica que os sons devem ser articulados de maneira seca, como se houvessem pausas entre as notas.

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c) Tenuto: É a junção dos 2 sinais acima. O som deve ser executado de maneira seca e estridente.

Os principais sinais para determinar a repetição de um trecho musical são:*Al segno: “Da capo al Segno” é uma expressão italiana que significa

“do principio ate o segno”. Indica que se deve voltar ao lugar onde se encontra o segno e terminar onde estiver escrita a palavra FIM.

* Coda: Também chamado “sinal de salto”, indica que os compassos colocados entre eles não devem ser tocados na 2ª vez que for tocar a musica.

* Ritornello: Palavra italiana, significa “retornar”. Indica que o trecho que estiver entre os dois ritornellos deve ser repetido.

* Chaves de volta: Usadas quando o trecho musical a repetir não terminará perfeitamente igual. Coloca-se sobre os compassos que serão modificados as expressões 1ª e 2ª vez.

Nesta figura observamos os números 1 e 5 na primeira chave, o que indica que deve-se tocar 5 vezes o trecho e na 6ªvez pular a casa de 1 a 5 e passar para a que contem o nº6.

1.9 Dinâmica musical (Andamentos e sinais de Intensidade) Andamento é o movimento rápido ou lento dos sons, estando diretamente ligado ao

ritmo. Os andamentos são indicados por palavras italianas. Partindo de um mais lento para um mais rápido, temos de maneira crescente em velocidade: Largo, Larghetto, Lento, Adágio, Andante, Andantino, Moderato, Allegretto, Allegro, Vivace, Vivo, Presto e Prestíssimo.

A intensidade da musica é um dos elementos principais, quando queremos expressar nossos sentimentos e incrementar a melodia. Indica-se a intensidade dos sons por palavras italianas e sinais de crescendo (<) e diminuindo (>) colocados abaixo da pauta.

Eis as abreviaturas mais usadas:

II Noções básicas de HarmonizaçãoComo já se foi estudado, por sua maior complexidade a

harmonia requer um estudo específico que

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denominamos “Harmonização”. Estudaremos de maneira simplificada alguns dos inúmeros itens que compõe o universo infinito da formação harmônica musical.

2.1 AcordesDefinição: Chamamos de acorde quando três (tríade), quatro (tétrade) ou mais notas

são executadas simultaneamente.Existem vários tipos de acorde, porém estudaremos apenas cinco: maior (M),

menor (m), diminuto (dim ou º), aumentado (aum ou +) e com sétima (7ª ou 7). Na maioria dos acordes sua formação é dada pela tônica, mediante e dominante da

escala nominal sofrendo apenas algumas alterações em seus tons (obs: nunca variar-se-á

a tônica). Observe Acorde maior: formado pela tônica, mediante e dominante da escala nominal.

Ex:

Acorde de Fá maior (F). Formado pelas notas fá (Tonica), lá (mediante) e dó (dominante) sobrepostas em forma de intervalo harmônico.

Acorde menor: de mesmo modo que o acorde maior porém com a diminuição de um semitom na mediante. Ex:

Acorde de Fa menor (Fm). Formado pelas notas fá (Tonica), lá bemol (mediante -1st) e dó (dominante), sobrepostas em forma de intervalo harmônico.

Acorde diminuto: Aplica-se a diminuição de um semitom no III e V grau. Ex:

Acorde de Mi diminuto (Eº ou E/dim). Formado pelas notas mi (Tonica), sol (mediante -1st) e si bemol

(dominante -1st), sobrepostas em forma de intervalo

harmônico.

Acorde Aumentado: Aplica-se o acréscimo de um semitom na dominante. Ex:

Tomando como princípio a Clave de Sol, Acorde de Dó aumentado (C+ ou C/aum). Formado pelas notas dó (Tonica), mi (mediante) e sol sustenido (dominante +1st), sobrepostas em forma de intervalo harmônico.

Acorde com sétima: Acréscimo VII grau na formação do acorde. Ex:

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Tomando como princípio a Clave de Sol, Acorde de Sol com sétima (G7 ou G7ª) Formado pelas notas sol (Tonica), si (mediante), ré (dominante) e fá

sustenido (sensível), sobrepostas em forma de intervalo harmônico.

2.2 Noções básicas do Campo Hamônico

O campo harmônico se constitui em quais notas ou acordes podem ser aplicados em determinada musica, dependendo totalmente em qual tom esta se encontra.

O campo harmônico determina que numa musica o acorde da:

Tônica: será maior

Supertônica: será menor

Mediante: será menor

Subdominante: será justo

Dominante: será justo

Superdominante: será menor

Sensível: será diminuto

Anotações

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Pautas

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Os três últimos desejos de um rei poderoso

Quando já à beira da morte, um rei muito poderoso

convocou 

os seus generais e relatou seus 3 últimos desejos:

1º - que seu caixão fosse transportado pelas mãos dos

médicos mais renomados da época;

2º - que fosse espalhado no caminho até seu túmulo os seus

tesouros conquistados (prata, ouro, pedras preciosas...); e...

3º - que suas duas mãos fossem deixadas balançando no ar,

fora do

caixão, à vista de todos.

Um dos seus generais, admirado com esses desejos

insólitos, perguntou  ao rei quais as razões de três desejos

tão inusitados. E o rei com a voz já se extinguindo explicou:

“Quero que os mais iminentes médicos carreguem meu

caixão para  mostrar que eles não têm poder de cura perante

a morte; Quero que o chão seja coberto pelos meus tesouros

para que as  pessoas possam ver que os bens materiais aqui

conquistados, aqui permanecem; E por ultimo, quero que

minhas mãos balancem ao vento para que as pessoas

possam  ver que de mãos vazias viemos e de mãos vazias

partimos”.

“A persistência é o caminho mais rápido rumo ao êxito! Por isso aproveite o tempo que lhe é dado hoje, pois não sabes se amanhã estarás aqui. E apesar de deste mundo não levares nada, deixarás lembranças, essas que são capazes de eternizar-lhe ou lançar-lhe no

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esquecimento. Contudo, faça tudo o que é bom e agradável, cultive amigos, adquira cada vez mais conhecimento, pois suas ações que lhe farão ser lembrado! ”

Thiago Henrique S. Montimór

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