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Petroleum Exploration in Portugal

Pedro Pires N.º 46658 Maio 2014

Instituto Superior Técnico Mestrado em Engenharia de Petróleos

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Petroleum Exploration in Portugal

Main Basins

Portuguese Exploration History

Portuguese Exploration – Present and Future

Deep offshore

Shale Gas

Metane Gas

Mud Volcanos

Ministério Português da Economia e Trabalho - Direção Geral de Energia e Geologia

São do domínio público “(…) os jazigos minerais, as nascentes de águas, as cavidades naturais subterrâneas existentes no subsolo, com excepção das rochas, terras comuns e outros materiais habitualmente usados na construção” (Art. 84.º da Constituição da República).

Are there any Hydrocarbons in Portugal?

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“Seis companhias petrolíferas estão a procurar petróleo em Portugal. Uma delas, a Mohave, chegou há vinte anos à região do Oeste e continuam a acreditar que vão encontrar o ouro negro que move o mundo. Não faltam indícios de que o temos. Não se sabe é quanto e de que qualidade.”

Petroleum Evidences in Portugal

• The companies believe there is oil and gas in Portugal

• For twenty years Moahave is looking in the West

region of Portugal (Onshore)

• Other 5 companies are betting on it, Offshore.

• GALP

• PARTEX

• REPSOL (Spanish)

• PETROBRAS (Brazilian)

• RWE (Deustsh)

• «A sísmica não nos diz se há petróleo, diz-nos é se existe potencial para haver, o que é diferente.»

Are there Hydrocarbons in Portugal?

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Portugal’s Exclusive Economic Zone - ZEE

3th largest ZEE from E.U. 11th largest of World

Total: 1.727.408 km² Portugal - 327.667 Km2 Açores – 953.633 km2 Madeira - 446.108km2

“Portuguese Continental Platform hides a tresour waiting to be mapped, with deposits of coper, níquel, cobalt, gold, silver, natural and metane gas” – in Lusa, A. Costa e Silva (PARTEX) The value and localization are still to quantify, but the comitment of the Goverment in the expansion of the continental platform, likely till 2018 to double the area of the country to 4 million sqm, confirms the interest in this border lines.

Portugal’s Exclusive Economic Zone

Possible extension in Continental Shelf

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Peniche – Source Brenha Fm. e Vale das fontes, 15% Toc Lower Jurassic

Torres Vedras Oil seeps in Limestones Cabaços Fm.

Petroleum Evidences in Portugal

• There are several evidences of Petroleum in Portugal.

• We still don’t know how much it is and its

quality. And is was never found enough to be commercially explored .

• It is considered the existence of three

Petroleum System: • One Paleo-Mesozoic • Two Meso-Cenozoics

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Principal Portuguese Basins

Interior Basins:

Porto Basin - 2150 km2, 8 km depth

Lusitânica Basin – 22.000 km2, 6 km depth Algarve Basin 8500 km2, 7 km depth

Exterior Basins:

Galiza interior Basin,

Peniche Basin, Alentejo Basin, Sagres Basin, Golfo de Cadiz Basin, Thicker sedimentar layers Less explored

• Basins from: Mesozoic, created in a extensive regime, over more than 200 Million years and

Cenozoic (compressive regime), from about 80 Milion years ago to now.

• This inversion might have caused de release of Hydrocarbons from the traps.

Exploration Phase: Identification of big basins with potential to generate hydrocarbons

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Portuguese Exploration History – Exploration Wells

• Beginning of the 20st century - Shallow drilling, near oil impregnated rocks at surface( seeps), onshore, Lusitanic basin.

• 1938-1968 - First concession to explore for HC (Lusitanic and Algarve basin):

• 3.264 km seismic refletion, gravimetric survey and small magnetic survey near Lisbon. • 78 drillings, (only 33 with a range over 500 m depth). • Detected strong signs of HC and some reached subcomercial production.

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• 1973 e 1978 – New legislation regarding the HC exploration. The exploration areas where divided in Blocks, onshore and offshore • It were sign 30 contracts regarding Offshore. • 21.237 km of seismic surveys, gravimetrics and magnetics surveys. • 22 drillings, 5 Porto basin, 14 Lusitânica basin and 3 Algarve basin. • All wells were abandoned. Some presented good signs for oil and two of them, Moreia-1 e 14 A-1, produced small quantities of oil in drillstem tests.

Aljubarrota 1, Alcobaça Tested Gas, Silves fm. Sist. Paleo-Mesozoic

Moreia 1, off-shore, Figueira da Foz

Anticlinal e Inverse F. (14A)

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António Costa Silva 20-09-07 12

A SITUAÇÃO PETROLÍFERA ACTUAL E O CASO DE PORTUGAL

Portugal

Most significant

petroleum indications


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• 1979 a 2004 – Decrease of interest in the exploration of the offshore and increase in the onshore. • It were distributed 39 areas, of wich, 23 concessions Onshore in the Lusitânica basin,

15 concessions offshore (11 in Porto basin, 3 in Algarve basin and 1 Lusitânica) and 1 license to evaluate the deep-offshore in the Algarve basin.

• 28 drills presented good signs of HC, mostely oil and 36.000 km of conventional seismic. • Seismic and gravimetric survey of the deep-offshore, by TGS-NOPEC em 1999-2002,

wich lead to the state tender for the rights of exploration. • 2005 – Adjudication of Deep-Offshore (Bl.13 e 14 ), Repsol-YPF (Espanha) e RWE (Alemanha)

Portuguese Exploration History – Seismic Acquisition

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Portuguese Exploration History – Seismic Acquisition • 2006 – Mohave Oil & Gas, was the only company operating in Portugal, in 2 concessions of the Lusitanic

basin, onshore.

• Alcobaça, with strong signs of gas, in two of the drillings.

• Torres Vedras, some oil recuperation and production tests.

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• 3 contracts with "Hardman / Galp / Partex”

Consortium, for the blocks: Lavagante, Santola e Gamba, in the deep-offshore of Alentejo basin.

• 4 contracts with "Petrobras / Galp / Partex” Consortium, for the blocks: Camarão, Amêijoa, Mexilhão e Ostra, in the deep-offshore of Peniche basin.

• 5 contracts with Mohave Oil & Gas Corporation, onshore & offshore of the Lusitanic basin.

• Since 2007, increase of the research for HC.

Signature of 12 new contracts for concessions.

Portuguese Exploration History – Actuality

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Portuguese Exploration History – Seismic Acquisition

• 2008 • Consortium Hardman / Galp / Partex made

a 2D seismic survey of 3.307 km in the Alentejo basin.

• Petrobras / Galp / Partex made a 2D seismic survey of 8.615 km in Peniche basin.

• Mohave Oil & Gas Corporation continues the surveying process, onshore, with two seismic 3D surveys

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Nos últimos 5 anos existe um interesse renovado no petróleo e gás em Portugal tanto em on shore (terra) como offshore (mar). Estudos e perfurações confirmam a existência de 2 sistemas petroliferos e 3 explorações significantes: O Triassic Pre-Salt, a Liassic (lower Jurassic) fonte não convencional e Upper Jurassic reefs. Da avaliação dos dos dados existentes sobre a área a Oracle espera que todos estes 3 se encontrem na nova concessão. Portugal esta relativamente pouco explorado, tem excelentes atrativos fiscais e já tem acesso ao mercado premium Europeu. A Mohave Oil and Gas Corporation, acordou trabalhar com a Oracle para oferecer o seu conhecimento das técnicas potenciais para a nova conceção. A Mohave tem interesses de trabalho em quase 1,72 milhões de acres (7,000 km quadrados) na base norte da nova conceção da Oracle. A Mohave recentemente completou perfurações e abriu 23 poços como parte inicial da exploração não convencional. Enquanto analises geoquímica desses poços continuam com resultados positivos, os estudos continuam. A Mohave também perfurou o seu primeiro pré salt, a uma profundidade total de 3,240 metros. O poço encontrou uma coluna de gás a 300 metros aprisionada debaixo de sal, e penetrou aproximadamente 50 metros de areia com boas propriedades de reserva. Apesar de não serem suficientes para comercializar com sucesso, mostrou que se pode trabalhar em pré salt em Portugal

Last 5 years • Refreshed interest in Portuguese Oil and

Gas. • Studies and drillings confirm the existence

of 2 petroleum systems. • 3 main explorations.

• Triassic Pre-Salt • Liassic (low Jurassic)-Unconventional • Upper Jurassic reefs.

• The zone with the best estimative is possible to be the Silves Fm.

2013 • Oracle announced the concession for oil and gas in Barreiro, Lusitanic basin. • This new concession predicts the exploration for the next 8 years, expiring In 2021.

• Mohave Oil and Gas Corporation, agreed to work with Oracle.

• Completed 23 drillings and opened wells as part of a inicial exploration of a unconventional gas. • It was drilled the first pre-salt, with a depth of 3,240 meters. The well found

a column of gas trapped 300 m under the salt, and penetrated a layer with approximately 50 m of sand and good reservoir properties.

• Althought not in enough qualtity to be comercialized, shows that is possible to work in pre-salt in Portugal.


“Após a avaliação dos resultados dos estudos de geologia e geofísica efectuados nas áreas das concessões que detém em Portugal, [a Petrobras] considera que o risco exploratório não justifica a continuidade de sua participação no projecto”,

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• Shale gas caused a revolution in U.S.A in terms of energetic policy and is also possible the existence in Europe. Already being explored in some countries

• The environmental legislation in Europe is much more rigorous, and its exploration has a lot of difficult issues to be resolved, but the potencial exists.

• Brenha Fm. is the the most interesting and exists in Bombarral, Cadaval and Alenquer.

Unconventional Resources - Shale gas


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Gas Hydrates Considered with high possibility of being a major source of energy for the 21th Century


• Also knowned as Metane Hydrates – CH4*5.75H2O – is composed by ice crystals with gas trapped in the inside.

• They are formed from a combination of low temperatures and high pressure, found in the limits of Continental platforms.

• In our case, the Euro Asiatic and African platforms are colliding and the compression zone results in Golf of Cadiz.

• Gas Hydrates have high potencial as energetic resource because 1 cm3 of hydrates originate, about 160cm3 of natural gas.

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Vulcão de lama Hidratos de

gás


• Mud Volcanoes (MV’s) may be the result of a piercement structure which breaches the surface, created by a pressurized mud diapir.

• Are often associated with petroleum deposits, as systems may be related in depth, and migrations may have occured in a way that MV can be associated with the presence of HC, in gas or liquid state as metane or oil.

• So far, have been identified around 60 MV’s in the

gulf area, Portugal, Spain and Marrocos’s (where was found the first in 1999).

• Also, was found Hydrates in 3 of the MV’s and

evidences in several.

Mud Volcanoes

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Conjugate Margin - With the evolution of technology and studies; and with the collaboration and shared knowledge, it will probably be possible in the future, to improve the success of exploration.

Offshore, Canada North-East

Future – Lack of knowledge in the exterior basins

Potencial of the Exterior Basins Sedimentar layers seem thicker

Galiza interior

Peniche Alentejo Sagres Golfo de Cadiz

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Bibliografia

•GEOTIC – Sociedade Geológica de Portugal, 2010 - A evolução da Bacia Lusitânica (Portugal) e dos sistemas petrolíferos associados. •Ministério do Ambiente, Ordenamento do Território e Energia - Direcção Geral de Energia e Geologia. •J. C. Kullberg, R. B. Rocha, A. F. Soares, J. Rey, P. Terrinha, P. Callapez, L. Martins (2006) A Bacia Lusitaniana: Estratigrafia, Paleogeografia e Tectónica. In Geologia de Portugal no contexto da Ibéria. Univ. Évora. •Pinheiro, L. - CESAM Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar •Costa e Silva, A. – “Apresentações Petróleo Portugal” e “Na rota do Petróleo”, Partex Oil&Gas •Magoon, L. B., & Dow, W. G., 1994. The Petroleum System

The End 19

The world history has a lot of examples of dry holes in countries which now we recognize as big producers. It’s the case of Omã, in the Arabic Peninsula, where in the 50’s it was drilled a well in a big structure, identified as: with high potential. Instead of oil it was found water. Further dry wells were drilled and this lack of success led most of the companies, from different countries (U.S.A., England and France) to abandon the research, but two stayed. Only Shell and Partex opted to remain in Oman to continue the search for oil. Their optimism was soon to pay off: Six years later, drilled another well, in the same structure, only 200m from the previous, and they struck commercial oil at Yibal in April 1962 - One of Oman’s major fields till today. And from these inauspicious beginnings an oil-producing nation was born.

Story

Portuguese Exploration - Conclusion

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So keep exploring

The End

The world history has a lot of examples of dry holes in countries which now we recognize as big producers. It’s the case of Omã, in the Arabic Peninsula, where in the 50’s it was drilled a well in a big structure, identified as: with high potential. Instead of oil it was found water. Further dry wells were drilled and this lack of success led most of the companies, from different countries (U.S.A., England and France) to abandon the research, but two stayed. Only Shell and Partex opted to remain in Oman to continue the search for oil. Their optimism was soon to pay off: Six years later, drilled another well, in the same structure, only 200m from the previous, and they struck commercial oil at Yibal in April 1962 - One of Oman’s major fields till today. And from these inauspicious beginnings an oil-producing nation was born.

Story

Portuguese Exploration - Conclusion

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Rocha Mãe Reservatório

A inversão tectónica foi responsável pela fracturação das

rochas selantes na bacia lusitânica, promovendo a

libertação do petróleo para a superfície.

Rocha geradora

Rochas reservatório Rocha selante

Condições favoráveis à migração Armadilha

TOC – Conteúdo de Carbono Índices de Vitinitre 0,7-1,3% Evidências de Petróleo e Gás

Um Sistemas Petrolifero Paleo-Mesozóico

Dois Meso-Cenozóicos.

Rocha Geradora Reservatórios

Sistema Rocha Reservatório Selante Rocha Geradora TOC Reflectância

média da vitrinite Poten-cial

Paleo-Mesozóico Triássico Superior Jurássico Inferior

Argilitos (Silúrico) 0,5 a 1,5% Até 4%

0,7% Óleo

Carbónico ~0,5% ~3% Gás

Meso- Cenozóico Meso-cenozóico Meso-

cenozóico

Argilitos marinhos (FM Brenha) esp: 140-190m

0,2 – 5,8% 0,7-2% Óleo-Gás

Calcários betuminosos (FM Cabços) Esp: 20-110m

<3%

Petroleum Systems

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