gravimetric survey and modeling of the basement … filemethodology has provided important results...

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1 Associate Professor, Laboratório de Geofísica Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Pampa – UNIPAMPA, Caçapava do Sul (RS), Brazil. E‑mail: [email protected] 2 Associate Professor, Departamento de Geologia Aplicada, Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” – UNESP, Rio Claro (SP), Brazil. E‑mails: [email protected], [email protected] 3 Geologist, Geociences PhD, Departamento de Geologia Aplicada, Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” – UNESP, Rio Claro (SP), Brazil. E‑mail: [email protected] *Corresponding author. Manuscript ID: 20160117. Received in: 10/03/2016. Approved in: 02/20/2017. ABSTRACT: e northeast portion of the Paraná Sedimentary Ba‑ sin is distinguished by structural highs as the known Pitanga Dome, an uplifted structure identified in the last century. It represents a ge‑ ological and evolutionary evidence of the Paraná Sedimentary Basin and has undergone inspired studies and intense exploration surveys. is study consists of a gravimetric survey in the Pitanga Dome area, State of São Paulo, Brazil. e Bouguer gravity anomalies have been identified and related to the structural high, sedimentary thickness, and the basement morphology. Processing and enhancement tech‑ niques were used for forward modeling based on previous studies. e three models from profiles sectioning the dome have a sedi‑ mentary thickness varying from 200 to 1.250 meters. e adopted methodology has provided important results determining that the Pitanga Dome can be understood through rational 3D visualization. e area can be interpreted as an undulating basement with thinning of sedimentary rocks related to deep features (structures) in the crust/ mantle limit (Moho uplift). is characteristic is confirmed by the sedimentary layer thickening present throughout the surrounding area. e results also offer important insights and support for further studies concerning the genesis and evolution of this and other uplif‑ ted structures of the Paraná Sedimentary Basin. KEYWORDS: Paraná basin; Gravimetry; Modeling. RESUMO: A porção nordeste da Bacia Sedimentar do Paraná dis‑ tingue‑se pelos altos estruturais e o conhecido Domo de Pitanga, uma estrutura de soerguimento identificada no século passado. Representa uma evidência geológica e evolutiva da Bacia Sedimentar do Paraná sendo alvo de diversos estudos e pesquisas de exploração. Este estudo consiste em uma aquisição gravimétrica na área do Domo de Pitanga, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. As anomalias Bouguer são relacionadas com o alto estrutural, espessura de sedimentos e morfologia do embasa‑ mento. Técnicas de processamento e realce foram usadas para modela‑ gem direta com base em estudos anteriores. Três modelos foram gerados em perfis seccionando o domo e apresentam espessuras de sedimentos variando de 200 a 1.250 metros. A A metodologia adotada forneceu importantes resultados estabelecendo o entendimento através da visual‑ ização 3D racional do Domo de Pitanga. A área pode ser interpretada como uma ondulação do embasamento com afinamento na espessura dos sedimentos associado a estruturas em profundidade no limite cro‑ sta/manto (soerguimento da Moho). Esta característica é confirmada pelo espessamento das camadas sedimentares em toda área circundante. Os resultados também fornecem importantes subsídios e apoio a novos estudos sobre a gênese e evolução deste e de outros altos estruturais na Bacia Sedimentar do Paraná. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Bacia do Paraná; Gravimetria; Modelagem. Gravimetric survey and modeling of the basement morphology in the sedimentary thickness characterization, NE portion of Paraná Sedimentary Basin – Brazil Aquisição gravimétrica e modelagem da morfologia do embasamento na caracterização da espessura sedimentar, porção NE da Bacia Sedimentar do Paraná – Brasil Maximilian Fries 1 *, Walter Malagutti Filho 2 , João Carlos Dourado 2 , Mariana Aparecida Fernandes 3 DOI: 10.1590/2317‑4889201720160117 ARTICLE 249 Brazilian Journal of Geology, 47(2): 249-260, June 2017

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Page 1: Gravimetric survey and modeling of the basement … filemethodology has provided important results determining that the ... basement morphology in the sedimentary thickness characterization,

1Associate Professor, Laboratório de Geofísica Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Pampa – UNIPAMPA, Caçapava do Sul (RS), Brazil. E‑mail: [email protected] Professor, Departamento de Geologia Aplicada, Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” – UNESP, Rio Claro (SP), Brazil. E‑mails: [email protected], [email protected], Geociences PhD, Departamento de Geologia Aplicada, Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” – UNESP, Rio Claro (SP), Brazil. E‑mail: [email protected]

*Corresponding author.

Manuscript ID: 20160117. Received in: 10/03/2016. Approved in: 02/20/2017.

ABSTRACT: The northeast portion of the Paraná Sedimentary Ba‑sin is distinguished by structural highs as the known Pitanga Dome, an uplifted structure identified in the last century. It represents a ge‑ological and evolutionary evidence of the Paraná Sedimentary Basin and has undergone inspired studies and intense exploration surveys. This study consists of a gravimetric survey in the Pitanga Dome area, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The Bouguer gravity anomalies have been identified and related to the structural high, sedimentary thickness, and the basement morphology. Processing and enhancement tech‑niques were used for forward modeling based on previous studies. The  three models from profiles sectioning the dome have a sedi‑mentary thickness varying from 200 to 1.250 meters. The adopted methodology has provided important results determining that the Pitanga Dome can be understood through rational 3D visualization. The area can be interpreted as an undulating basement with thinning of sedimentary rocks related to deep features (structures) in the crust/mantle limit (Moho uplift). This characteristic is confirmed by the sedimentary layer thickening present throughout the surrounding area. The results also offer important insights and support for further studies concerning the genesis and evolution of this and other uplif‑ted structures of the Paraná Sedimentary Basin.KEYWORDS: Paraná basin; Gravimetry; Modeling.

RESUMO: A porção nordeste da Bacia Sedimentar do Paraná dis‑tingue‑se pelos altos estruturais e o conhecido Domo de Pitanga, uma estrutura de soerguimento identificada no século passado. Representa uma evidência geológica e evolutiva da Bacia Sedimentar do Paraná sendo alvo de diversos estudos e pesquisas de exploração. Este estudo consiste em uma aquisição gravimétrica na área do Domo de Pitanga, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. As anomalias Bouguer são relacionadas com o alto estrutural, espessura de sedimentos e morfologia do embasa‑mento. Técnicas de processamento e realce foram usadas para modela‑gem direta com base em estudos anteriores. Três modelos foram gerados em perfis seccionando o domo e apresentam espessuras de sedimentos variando de 200 a 1.250 metros. A A metodologia adotada forneceu importantes resultados estabelecendo o entendimento através da visual‑ização 3D racional do Domo de Pitanga. A área pode ser interpretada como uma ondulação do embasamento com afinamento na espessura dos sedimentos associado a estruturas em profundidade no limite cro‑sta/manto (soerguimento da Moho). Esta característica é confirmada pelo espessamento das camadas sedimentares em toda área circundante. Os resultados também fornecem importantes subsídios e apoio a novos estudos sobre a gênese e evolução deste e de outros altos estruturais na Bacia Sedimentar do Paraná. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Bacia do Paraná; Gravimetria; Modelagem.

Gravimetric survey and modeling of the basement morphology in the sedimentary thickness characterization, NE portion of

Paraná Sedimentary Basin – BrazilAquisição gravimétrica e modelagem da morfologia do

embasamento na caracterização da espessura sedimentar, porção NE da Bacia Sedimentar do Paraná – Brasil

Maximilian Fries1*, Walter Malagutti Filho2, João Carlos Dourado2, Mariana Aparecida Fernandes3

DOI: 10.1590/2317‑4889201720160117

ARTICLE

249Brazilian Journal of Geology, 47(2): 249-260, June 2017

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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

In recent decades, important studies at a regional scale analyzed and characterized the geological and structural context of the Paraná Sedimentary Basin and its relation to the origin and development of the South American plat‑form Fulfaro (1971), Fulfaro et al. (1980, 1982), Almeida (1980), Ferreira et al. (1981), Ferreira (1982), Soares et al. (1982), Cordani et al. (1984), Zalán et al. (1987, 1990), Soares (1991), Quintas (1994) and Milani (1997).

Such studies were driven and sponsored due to the desire, at the time, to discover and define potential hydrocarbon producing areas. In a period of development of alternative fuels across the world, and the oil crisis in the 1970’s, the newly created Consortium CESP‑IPT/Paulipetro caused an intense mobilization of geoscientists. Then, a period of geological and geophysical surveys and research on a regio‑nal scale in the Paraná Sedimentary Basin were funded (IPT 1980, 1981, Paulipetro 1981).

This consortium provided an opportunity to explore via‑ble and economic target areas in the Paraná Basin (Paraná, Santa Catarina and São Paulo States). Potential areas were identified, analyzed and characterized, resulting in a great improvement in the knowledge of the evolution of the geo‑logy and structure of the basin. Domains and structural lineaments were outlined and identified through magneto‑metric, seismic and electrical resistivity surveys.

In this context, structural highs in the northeastern portion of the basin were identified. These potential hydro‑carbon reservoir structures, located near Piracicaba and Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil, are known as Pitanga, Artemis, Pau D’Alho and Jibóia. The Pitanga structure, first recog‑nized by Washburne (1930), is identified and recognized as a dome shaped structure, being also a peculiar and inte‑resting structure as an exploration target then and until the present day as an important reward and feature of the basin evolution studies.

The choice and purpose of this study were strongly influen‑ced by studies of Soares (1971, 1973), Soares and Landim (1973), Bósio (1973), Castro (1973), Souza Filho (1983), Hasuiu et al. (1989), Landim et al. (1980), Morales et al. (1997), Riccomini (1989, 1992, 1995, 1997), Rostirola et al. (2002) and Dourado (2004). Among these studies, Sousa (1997) and Sousa (2002) detailed the geology and structural framework, as well as a refined characterization of lineaments and limits of the Pitanga Dome, which ser‑ved as the main motivation to refine this structure. The goal of this work is to use regional gravity data constrained by geological and previous geophysical data to determine the basement morphology, defining the higher and lower areas

of the Precambrian basement (sedimentary thickness), based on forward 2.5D modeling.

The study area is located in the São Paulo State, mid‑dle‑eastern part and northeast flank of the Paraná Sedimentary Basin. The region comprises the known structural uplifts of Pitanga, Artemis, Pau D’Alho, and Jibóia, and it cov‑ers an area of 4,000 km2. Their main cities are Rio Claro, Piracicaba, São Pedro and Águas de São Pedro (Fig.  1).

PARANÁ SEDIMENTARY BASIN: EVOLUTION AND GEOLOGICAL SETTING

The Paraná Sedimentary Basin has an area of about 1.2 million km2 and comprises the southern part of Brazil, the eastern half of Paraguay, the Mesopotamian region of Argentina, and the western half of Uruguay. The basin has an elongated shape to NNE‑SSW directions, approximately 1,700 km long, with an average width of 900 km (Zalán et al. 1990). It presents basaltic lava flows in two‑thirds of Brazil’s portion, reaching up to 1,700 m thick which, adding the sills, comprises up to 2,000 m thick of igneous rocks. The maximum thickness of sedimentary and volca‑nic rocks is around 8,000 m at the geometric center of the basin (Zalán et al. 1987) (Fig. 2).

Its present location is a response to Mesozoic/Cenozoic orogenic events, and its axis would have migrated over time, probably from west to east. The rock packages of the South America convergent margin generated a flexural arch loca‑ted farther inland of the continent during compressional and sedimentary processes. Zalán et al. (1987) argues that in the main Paraná Basin alignments there is a strong pat‑tern in these linear features (X form). These features can be divided into three groups, according to its NW‑SE, NE‑SW and E‑W direction.

The two most important trends are NW‑SE and NE‑SW, which can be simple or extensive fault zones (hundreds of kilometers long and a few tens of kilometers wide). These two groups of tectonic elements are old zones of weakness, which were recurrently active during basin evolution.

This same pattern of tectonic elements (NW‑SE and NE‑SW) is recognized by Soares et al. (1982) in a detailed study of Landsat images and radar of central and eastern parts of the basin. These authors argue that these structural zones represent areas with major tectonic mobility compared to adjacent areas. Several of these “mobile parts” coincide with those that have been mapped and described by authors, based on aeromagnetic data (Zalán et al. 1987), who also concluded that these elements represent basement weakness zones, and several of them controlled sedimentation during

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Gravimetric survey and modeling, NE portion of Paraná Basin

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Figure 1. Location map of the study area, main highways, access roads, and cities.

22°1

8’0”

S

48°00’0”W 47°30’0”W

22°18’0”S

23°3

0’0”

S

48°00’0”W 47°30’0”W

5 50Km

the evolution of the basin, and the areas with NW trend are intensively intruded by diabase dykes, while NE trends are remarkably devoid of these features. Zalán et al. (1990)

showed that NW‑SE and NE‑SW trends occurring across the basin also confirmed the existence of a third important lineament group with an E‑W direction.

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Study Area: Geological and Structural Setting

The age of the rocks that compose the geological setting in the area vary from Carboniferous to Permian (Itararé Group, Tatuí Group and Irati Formation); Upper Cretaceous inclu‑ding the basaltic lava flows intruded within the sedimentary rocks, Pirambóia, Botucatu and Itaqueri Formations; and the Neocenozoic sediments present in the flatter regions in the basin (Fig. 3A). These rocks units and their related Groups and Formations are described in detail by Soares and Landim (1973), Soares (1974), Riccomini (1992), Sousa (1997, 2002).

In terms of structural characterization, Soares (1974), and more recently Sousa (1997, 2002), recognized the fault system in Passa Cinco — Cabeça and Ipeúna — Piracicaba. The tectonic and structural framework in the area is condi‑tioned through the stratigraphic units distribution as uplif‑ted, tilted and mainly controlled by faulting. In this way, the younger units emerge side by side the older ones.

Rocks layer inclinations generally gently present 2° to 5° dip, although locally, dip values can be higher, reaching 75° related to the fault limited blocks. According to the known lineaments (Fig. 3B), the area is strongly influen‑ced by lineaments oriented in NW, EW and NE directions that are related to the normal faults. The NW‑SE direction fault bundle is characterized by tilted blocks, conditioning the structural uplift geometry from Pitanga, Artemis, Pau D’Alho, and Jibóia.

Sousa (1997, 2002) argue that the array and structu‑ral subdivision (compartmentation) from these structural highs are associated with the stratigraphic units, and block movements are controlled by faulting, considering that the recent units juxtapose older rocks units.

The morphotectonics in the area can be described as a distensional regime, producing the normal faults generation (NE‑SW) directly related to the Gondwana partioning, as well as a strike‑slip fault regime that reactivated previous discon‑tinuities, probably fault zones originating in the basement.

Figure 2. (A) The Paraná Sedimentary Basin within the South American Continent and study area location (red dot); (B) Paraná Basin simplified geological map, geographic references, basement depth, and study area (red dot). Adapted and modified from Zalán et al. (1990) and Milani & Ramos (1998).

(A) (B)

1.200 km

200 km0

5.000 Basement depth (m)

Structural arc

Chaco and Pantanal (Cenozoic)Bauru SupersequenceGondwana III SupersequenceGondwana II SupersequenceGondwana I SupersequenceParaná SupersequenceRio Ivaí SupersequenceBasin boundaryInternational boundary

Study area

A B

1.200 km

200 km0

5.000 Basement depth (m)

Structural arc

Chaco and Pantanal (Cenozoic)Bauru SupersequenceGondwana III SupersequenceGondwana II SupersequenceGondwana I SupersequenceParaná SupersequenceRio Ivaí SupersequenceBasin boundaryInternational boundary

Study area

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Figure 3. (A) Main geological units and structural uplifts located in the Paraná Basin NE portion according CPRM (2001); (B) lineaments recognized according to Sousa (2002) and Pitanga Dome location in the area (green ellipse 1) and Artemis (2), Pau D’Alho (3), and Jibóia (4) minor structural highs.

47°30’0”W

48°60’0”W

PaleozoicCorumbataí FmIrati FmTatuí FmItararé Group (Permian)

PaleozoicSedimentary coveringAlluvial depositsMain faults

MesozoicItaqueri FmSerra Geral FmBotucatu FmPirambóia Fm

22°1

8’0”

S 48°60’0”W

23°6

0’0”

S

48°60’0”W

Main citiesAerial photo lineaments

Inferred fault/covered

Defined fault

Diabase filled fault

48°60’0”W

22°1

8’0”

S

47°30’0”W

BA

23°6

0’0”

S

0 2,5 5 10

Km

0 2,5 5 10

Km

METHODS

Gravimetric Survey and Data Processment

For gravimetric data acquisition, a La Coste Romberg — model G, number 987 — was used. The equipment belongs to the Applied Geology Department from São Paulo State University (IGCE/UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo.

The relative gravity measurements and the absolute gravity values were tied to the International Gravity Standardization Network (IGSN71) using the absolute Base Station from the Secondary Gravity Network from São Paulo State (Rede Gravimétrica Secundária do Estado de São Paulo), deployed by the Geophysics Department of São Paulo University (IAG/USP). Both the secon‑dary gravimetric — in the State of São Paulo — and the Brazilian Fundamental Networks are referenced to IGSN71. The base station is located in downtown Rio

Claro at Latitude 22°24.63’ S and Longitude 47°33.67’ W. The altitude is 624 m.

The gravity data, which totaled 595 stations, have an ave‑rage station spacing of 2 km and were acquired along major highways, local roads and accesses. All the data were merged and reduced using the 1967 International Gravity Formula. Free Air and Bouguer gravity corrections were made using sea level as a datum and 2.67 g/cm3 as a reduction density. Corrections and data reduction processing (latitude, tide, drift, free‑air and terrain corrections) were performed using the Oasis montaj software, GEOSOFT Inc. — Gravity toolkit.

Gravity station georeferencing was achieved using a pre‑cision GPS receiver according to the data differential correc‑tion technique (DGPS) to minimize the reference ellipsoid/topography difference error (Fairhead & Odegard 2002, Fairhead et al. 2003).

As a way of monitoring the process, the positioning and altimetry were compared with topographic maps

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(1:10,000 scale) from the Geographic and Cartographic Institute of São Paulo (Instituto Geográfico e Cartográfico de São Paulo – IGC), and Altitude Reference Stations (Referência de Nível – RNs) from Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) located in the survey area. The coordinates and elevations were acquired using a Trimble GPS receiver (model: Pathfinder ProXR), with an accuracy GPS receiver, with nominal horizontal precision of 0.005 m ± 1 ppm, and vertical accuracy of 0.01 m ± 2 ppm. For Rover data acquisition in the field, the TerraSync (Trimble Inc.) sof‑tware was used.

For the post‑correction processing, a GPS base station was used, comprising the DGPS Network from Santiago & Cintra Geotechnologies Company, and was located in the IGCE/UNESP, Rio Claro, São Paulo. The Base Station files and Rover files (GPS data survey) were corrected using the Pathfinder software. The average time of GPS rover data acquisition for the measured gravity station was 15 min, with a maximum of 20 min.

Gravimetric MapsThe Bouguer anomaly map (Fig.  4A) was generated using

the Oasis montaj software with the minimum curvature interpolation method (Briggs 1974). With a regular grid of 77 X 97 points (X and Y respectively) and 1,000 X 1,000 m grid cell size, respecting the minimum value of one fourth of the observation station data spacing. The coordinate sys‑tem used in the maps is the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM), Zone 23 South. The reference ellipsoid South American Datum (SAD 69) was adopted respecting the cartographic system from previous geological and geophy‑sical studies (CPRM 2001, IPT 1980).

RESULTS

Gravimetric Data Analysis

Semi‑Quantitative Analysis Causative source depths from gravimetric data and

frequency analysis were obtained by converting the ori‑ginal grid from spatial to frequency domain, by using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) technique (Cordell & Grauch 1982). The frequencies and related source depths according to frequencies are displayed in the Radially Averaged Power Spectrum (Spector & Grant 1970, Ofoegbu & Hein 1991, Cowan & Cowan 1993, Hildenbrand & Kucks 1983).

Spectral methods have been commonly used in the analysis of potential field data to provide first‑order depth

estimates to density and magnetic susceptibility interfaces (for example, Dorman & Lewis 1970, Shuey et al. 1977, Tselentis et al. 1988, Blakely 1988). The spectral method assumes that the density or magnetic susceptibility boun‑daries are essentially horizontal interfaces.

The calculated results represent the log of Radial Power Spectrum of gravity potential field as a function of wave number/frequency (1/km). The depth estimates are used to constrain gravity/magnetic source solutions, allowing the separation of shallow, intermediate and deep sources depth from the gravity data. This analysis con‑sists of a semi‑quantitative technique for causative sour‑ces (magnetic and gravimetric), and is interpreted in the frequency domain.

To estimate spectrally determined depths, a radially ave‑raged 2D power density spectrum is calculated over a region. In this case, we used the Bouguer anomaly results (Fig.  4B).

After analysis of the plot representing the radial average of the energy spectrum versus the radial frequency, we can determine three major segments and their respective slo‑pes. The energy spectrum exhibits three linear equivalent source depths:

■ Deep basement sources; ■ Intermediate basement sources; ■ Shallow sedimentary sources.

In order to enhance the gravimetric anomalies (deeper fea‑tures of interest), Radially Averaged Power Spectrum analysis and cut‑off frequency values (Band Pass filter) were applied. In this manner, a deep source Bouguer gravity anomaly map was generated. For the purpose of this study, cut off values of 0.01 and 0.11 (minimum and maximum) — denominated here as Band Pass Filter – Deep Sources Anomalies — were generated according to Fig.  4C. Considering the litholo‑gies and structure limits, three profiles (Fig.  4D) sectioning the main anomalies of interest related to the uplifted area (structural high — Pitanga Dome) were determined for the 2.5D gravity modeling.

Quantitative Analysis: Gravity ModelingThe geophysical forward modeling in this study was per‑

formed using the software GM‑SYS, a toolkit within the Geosoft Oasis montaj platform. The model calculates theo‑retical responses of a pre‑designed geological model based on the known geology and basement depths from earlier studies, and comparing the responses to observed gravimetric data.

A 2.5D modeling of selected profiles is displayed accor‑ding to a number of rectangular prisms, whose major axes are aligned with the main direction (strike) of a particular structure or feature (defining the X‑axis). The profile bisects an interest structure of features and correlated anomaly

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Figure 4. Shaded relief Bouguer anomaly maps (45º azimuth and 45º inclination) and Pitanga structural high uplift area limits (black rectangle): (A) Bouguer anomaly map and gravity stations; (B) Semi‑quantitative analysis, anomalous sources depth (RAPS); (C) Bouguer anomaly map, Band Pass Filter – Deep Sources and Pitanga Dome limits (black rectangle); (D) Pitanga Dome detailed map with selected profiles used for gravity forward modeling.

A B

7460

000

7

5000

00

7540

000

7460

000

7

5000

00

75

4000

0

160000 200000 240000

160000 200000 240000

SAD69/UTM Zone 23Smeters

Radially Averaged Power Spectrum

Log

(Pow

er) Deep basement sources

Cut off min

Cut off max

Intermediate basement sources

Shallow sedimentary sources

Depth Estimate

Dep

th (K

_uni

t)

Wavenumber (1/K_unit)

C

Gravimetric Stations Main cities

D

7490

000

75

0000

0

7510

000

752

0000

210000 220000 230000 240000

mGal

mGal

mGal

-119 -106 -98 -95 -92-94 -91 -90 -89 -88 -86 -82 -795000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000

SAD69/UTM Zone 23Smeters

5000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000

SAD69/UTM Zone 23Smeters

2500 25000 5000

-117 -107 -99 -96 -92-93 -91 -90 -89 -88 -86 -82 -79-117 -107 -99 -96 -92-93 -91 -90 -89 -88 -86 -82 -79

5

0

5

10

0

5

10

0

-5

-10

5

0

-5

-100.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

(Z‑axis). Perpendicular to the main direction determined for the model (strike) is the Y‑axis that can be changed, directly influencing the response of the calculated final curve. Considering the regional nature of this study, the length of the Y‑axis was set to infinity for the modeled prisms — both for crust and sediments. Considering the local geological

context, for the basic rocks, the length was adjusted to a maximum of 10 km.

The algorithm used in order to calculate the response of gravity models is described by Talwani et al. (1959), Talwani & Heirtzler (1964) and GM‑SYS (2000). The direct‑mode‑ling average density values used in this study were determined

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Figure 5. W‑E direction modeled profile A – B in the structural area (Pitanga Dome). (A) Observed gravity data, calculated curve and adjustment (error). (B) Crustal modeling with sediments and basic rocks.

A

Gra

vity

m

Gal

ERR=0.401

B

Dep

th (m

)

Basement Basic Rocks Sediments Observed Calculated Error

A B

-75

-80

-85

-90

-95

0

1.000

2.000

3.000

0 15 km

Figure 6. N‑S direction modeled profile C – D in the structural high area (Pitanga Dome). (A) Observed gravity data, calculated curve and adjustment (error). (B) Crustal modeling with sediments and basic rocks.

Basement Basic Rocks Sediments Observed Calculated Error

B

Dep

th (m

)

0

1.000

2.000

3.000

0 25 km

A

Gra

vity

m

Gal

ERR=0.343

C D

-80

-85

-90

-95

according the mean density values from igneous and sedi‑mentary rocks from Telford et al. (1990) (Tab. 1).

Models A‑B (Fig.  5) and C‑D (Fig.  6) are proposed from two profiles sectioning the Pitanga Dome.

The profile E‑F, a cross‑section throughout the entire gra‑vimetric survey area (NW‑SE strike direction), was chosen to obtain a visualization and characterization of the influence of surrounding rocks near the uplift structure of Pitanga Dome (a regional feature), as shown in Fig. 7.

Table 1. Geophysical modeling density values used in this study. Mean values are from Telford et al. (1990) for sedimentary, basic and basement rocks.

Model Lithology Density ‑ g/cm3 (SI)

Paraná Basin Sediments 2.4

Basic rocks 2.85

Basement 2.67

Upper/Lower Crust 2.80

Mantle 4.0

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Figure 7. Modeled profile E – F in the structural high area (Pitanga Dome). (A) Observed gravity data, calculated curve and adjustment (error); (B) crustal modeling with sediments and basic rocks.

AG

ravi

ty

mG

al

ERR=1.621

B

Dep

th (m

)

Basement Basic Rocks Sediments Observed Calculated Error

E F

-80

-90

-100

-110

-120

0

1.000

2.000

3.000

0 70 km

DISCUSSIONS

Previous studies in the Paraná Sedimentary Basin argue that sediment thickeness in the center of the basin can reach 8,000 m in the northeast portion of the basin and, according to isopach maps (Milani & Ramos 1998), the depths are 1,000 to 2,000 m in the region near the basement (studied area). Considering this, the forward generated models from the observed gravimetric responses relied primarily on these geological and structural results recognized in published stu‑dies and also in recent local studies on and nearby the pro‑posed area (Riccomini 1992, Sousa 1997, 2002).

However, geophysical results are important benchmarks in the quantification of physical parameters of the rock packa‑ges and actual thicknesses, considering that deep drilling soundings, deep water wells, seismic and other crustal stu‑dies were not performed in the area.

Basement and sediment depth‑limit parameters in the forward gravity modeling, obtained using the Band Pass Filter – Deeper Sources from the observed gravity data, are coherent and supported when compared to the previous geophysical studies performed by IPT (1980) and Dourado (2004). These previous information also helped to reduce interpreter bias during model generation.

The seismic receiver function method (Dourado 2004) indicates that the crust‑mantle depth limit varies appro‑ximately 38 km to the SW and 43 km for the azimuth N 168° in the Pitanga Dome area. The decrease in depth to the SW, associated with the tangential Receiver Function analysis shows a NE dip, suggesting that the structural high

(Pitanga Dome) has its origin in deep phenomena, which also affected the crust/mantle interfaces and the structu‑ral pattern in different tectonic phases. This same azimuth analysis indicates a thickening of the basin sediments to the west, where the thickness of the sediments may exceed 1 km in some areas.

IPT (1980) in DC resistivity (Vertical Deep Sounding technique) and magnetometric surveys in São Pedro and Piracicaba region have distinguished the crystalline rocks from basement and provided information about the overlaying sedimentary rocks and structural framework in deeper levels. It has also provided a morphological understanding in the covered area. Near Piracicaba and São Pedro, the sedimen‑tary units have an average thickness of 1,000 m. In the area, which extends up to Charqueada city and Piracicaba River, the thickness of this sediment cover reaches up to 1,472 m.

The basement depth and morphology results, calculated using the DC Vertical Deep Soundings, provide a sedimen‑tary contour map where the highest basement areas (thin‑ner sediments coverage) are 500 m deep (studied area) and the lowest ones (thicker sediments coverage) reach 952 m, getting deeper toward northeast.

A significant discrepancy between observed and calcu‑lated curves is seen in some parts of the forward generated models (Figs. 5 and 7). These discrepancies reflect the cho‑sen approach of use the horizons from previous geophysical studies as tie depths to define the limits of crust/sediments in the forward modeling. In this case the adjustment para‑meter accuracy played a secondary role considering that the generated models should fit in the geological context and

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not only an observed versus calculated curve adjustment. A concentrated presence of intruded basic rocks (Serra Geral Formation), exhibiting different shape geometries (batholi‑ths, sills and dikes) within the sediments, represents a noise source and complicating factor with regards to an ideal fit. This presence of high density material produces intense higher frequency anomalies in the shallower and deeper zones of the investigated area.

These characteristics, considering the high responses from gravimetric sources, represent spurious noise for the proposed study (Fries 2008). Lower magnitude source rocks anomalies (residuals) or high frequencies were also analy‑zed using the fourth normal form (4Fn) applied to the raw data. The analysis showed the presence both for the high frequencies raw data generated directly from the survey and the fourth difference calculated in the database. Considering these characteristics, deeper anomalies or lower source fre‑quencies were used. It represents the regional anomalies or regional sources, which are the main object of analysis and interpretation for the modeled profiles.

CONCLUSIONS

In this paper we applied recognized and widely used geophysical acquisition methods and data processing/inter‑pretation techniques both for geological mapping and for a better understanding of basement morphology by using indirectly obtained depth information associated with pre‑vious geological and geophysical studies in the region.

The generated gravity anomaly map present features related to the geologic and structural context in the area. Considering the limitations of the gravity method applied to such sources, such as lateral and depth lithologic and stratigraphic variations, unconformities, non‑conformities and small scale intrusions, the results considering the main objective, were satisfactory.

The geophysical forward modeling sectioning the struc‑tural high (Pitanga Dome) adopting the Band Pass – Deeper Source Anomalies method to observed data allowed cohe‑rent assessment, correlation and analysis for comparing the different anomaly features observed in the Bouguer anomaly map. The sediment depth limits and basement morphology adopted for the generated model are also coherent and res‑pect the limits recognized in previous studies.

Based on the results of gravity analysis using the Radial Power Spectrum, the Bouguer anomaly map and Band Pass – Deeper Sources Anomalies and 2,5D gra‑vity forward modeling along three profiles (N‑S, E‑W and NW‑SE), the Pitanga Dome can be understood in a rational 3D visualization. The area can be interpreted as an undulating basement with thinning of sedimentary rocks related to deep features (structures) in the crust/mantle limit (Moho uplift). This characteristic is confir‑med by the sedimentary layer thickening present throu‑ghout the surrounding area.

The proposed method also provides a better overview of the structural framework, gaps in understanding and support for further studies about this structural high (Pitanga Dome) and other similar structures in the eastern portion of the Paraná Sedimentary Basin.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank: Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) process 04/00235‑9, Francisco Barreira (Paco) (in memorian) for the field survey support, and Marieli Machado Zago for helping in map editing. We also thank the Applied Geology Department (Departamento de Geologia Aplicada) from the São Paulo State University (UNESP) — Campus Rio Claro, São Paulo — for all the support (equipment and vehicles).

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