gestão de tráfego aéreo preparação e evolução genérica de ... · • definitions:...

Gestão de Tráfego Aéreo

Air Rules

Sérgio Carvalho September 2015

Contents

• History

• Applicability of the Rules of the Air

• Semicircular Flight Rules and RVSM

• Visual Flight Rules

• Instrument Flight Rules

• General Rules

• Distress and Urgency Signals

• Restricted Prohibited or Danger Areas

• Signals for Aerodrome Traffic

• References

2 Gestão de Tráfego Aéreo

History

Gestão de Tráfego Aéreo 3

History

• As aviation become more complex (and fast!!!), rules grew-up as a needed consequence.

• After the Kitty Hawk (Wright Brothers) in 1903, speeds of 60 kts, ou 70 kts achived in early the 1920s, were unimaginably fast in those days.


History

• Early aircrafts didn´t have radios to communicate.

• Flight Rules were developed initially to reduce the air collison risk.


History

• Visual signals were required at the aerodromes to address information to the pilots of aerodrome air traffic, and traffic in the vicinity.


History

• Between 1920s and WWII individual states enforced the application of air rules.

• The need for standardization of the these rules for all the air traffic became mandatory with the expantion of the commercial air transport.

• In 1944 this issue was seriously addressed in the Chicago Convention, which became a serious mark in the rules of the Air.



Applicability of the Rules of the Air

• ICAO Annex 2 issued in 1948

• Annex 2 rules are applied as long as an aircraft is registered in an ICAO contract state, as long as they do not conflict with the rules of the state overflown.

• Otherwise, the rules of the state overflown are applicable.

• Annex 2 is also applicable to an aircraft overflying international waters.



• Rules of Air may be:

‒ Visual Flight Rules (VFR)

‒ Instrument Flight Rules (IFR)

‒ This information is writen in the 8th item of the flight plan given to the ARO (ATS Reporting Office).



• To fly VFR, Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) are inforced.

• This means that the pilot must be able to navigate by keeping ground references in sight.

• The limits to do so, are established by distance to the clouds and maximum altitude over the ground.

• The minimum distances depend on the airspace class.

• Airspace classes specify which rules are permited (VFR and/or IFR) and what type of control (if any) is provided by the Air Traffic Services (ATS)





Classes B, C, D and E Airspace:



Classes F and G Airspace:

• Definitions:

‒ Commander: Designated by the company, is a pilot qualified as Pilot In Command (PIC), who may delegate the conduct of the flight to another qualified pilot.

‒ Pilot In Command (PIC): A pilot who is responsible for the operation and safety of the airplane during the flight time.

‒ Pilot Flying (PF): The pilot for the time being, who is in charge of the aircraft flight controls.

‒ Pilot Not Flying (PNF): The pilot who, for the time being assists the PF according with the MCC (Multi Crew Cooperation) concept, when the aircraft minimum crew is 2 or more).



• Responsibilities of the Pilots:

‒ The commander carries the ultimate responsibility for the safe conduct of the flight, the application of flight rules and is always the final authority.

‒ In an extreme situation, he may break the flight rules is it becames mandatory in the interests of safety.



• Alcohol, Drugs of prescription and abuse:

‒ No pilot may be present on duty under the influence of alcohol. ICAO does not impose any limit.

‒ EASA defines the maximum value of alcohol concentration to be 0.2 g per liter of blood (0.2 g/l – The traffic law imposes 0.5 g/l as maximum for driving).

‒ Drugs of prescription are alowed, as long as they do not interfere with the pilot normal exercise demandings.

‒ Drugs of abuse are stricly forbiden.




Semi Circular Flight Level Rules and RVSM

• In order to be able to safely conduct a flight, vertical separation between air traffics must be guaranted.

• Outside CAS (Controled Air Space), ICAO defines usable flight levels to be adopted by the pilots, in order to minimize the collision risks.

• Semi circular FL rules, permits the selection of FL depending on the aircraft magnetic track.



• Specific FL are allocated to VFR traffic and IFR

• Minimum vertical separation is 1000 ft (300 m) below FL 290 (i.e, 29000 ft)



• This separation increases to 2000 ft (600 m) above FL 290.

‒ Eastbound tracks are from 000° M (or 360°) to 179° M

‒ Westbound tracks are from 180° M to 359° M



• In CAS (Controled Air Space), ATS defines specific flight levels to accomodate air traffic

• Minimum FLs are established by the state and published in the route and terminal flight charts

• These may be, or not, coincident with the ones established by the semicircular FLs rules

• Other levels may be requested by pilots, but subjected to ATS acceptance



• The increase from 1000 ft separation between levels below FL 290 to 2000 ft above, is motivated by the specific mass decrease of air with altitude, leading to a less accurate reading of the altimeters

• Since 24th of January 2002, Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) was implemented in European Airspace (EUR-RVSM)

• RVSM establishes a separation of 1000 ft at FL between FL290 and FL410

• Again, above FL410 separation reverses to 2000 ft





• Usable FLs in RVSM airspace

• The major goal of RVSM is to be able to accomodate more traffic over the same area

• Started in Europe, became a standard pratice worldwide

• Changes in the accuracy of flight intruments, procedures, trainning, maintenance were made to achieve a reliable operation in RVSM



• VFR traffic is forbiden in RVSM

• RVSM requires: − Qualified crews

− Certified aircrafts

− RVSM space approved

• Aircrafts operating in RVSM must have: ‒ 2 independent primary altimeters

‒ Altitude deviation alert system

‒ Automatic altitude hold system

‒ SSR Transponder

‒ TCAS/ACAS (Traffic/Aircraft Collision Avoidance System) - Recommended




Visual Flight Rules

• Conducted in VMC

• Forbiden between sunrise (SR) and sunset (SS)

without the night flight qualification

• If VMC cannot be maintained:

‒ Change route and/or Altitude/FL to keep VMC

‒ Submit and IFR flight plan and carry on in IMC

‒ Land while still in VMC

• If inadvertently entered in IMC:

− Make a 180º standard turn


Visual Flight Rules

• Except for special ATC clearances, VFR shall apply to:

‒ Altitudes at or bellow FL200

‒ Speeds lower than transonic

• Maximum FL (even e special cases) is FL 285, i.e, bellow RVSM (Reduced Vertical Separation) airspace

• Minimum altitudes:

‒ Over cities or congested areas: 1000 ft (300m) over the higher obstacle within a radius of 600 meters from de aircraft

‒ Not less than 500 ft (150m) over the terrain or water


Visual Flight Rules

• VFR altitudes:

‒ In accordance with the published VFR flight airways (if exist)

‒ In controlled airspace (classe B, C and D – In class A, VFR are prohibited), in accordance with ATC cleared altitude/FL

‒ In non controlled airspace, depending on the magnetic track, in accordance with the following semicircular rule


Visual Flight Rules

• Flight Plan must be submited to

the ATS indicating:

‒ Visual flight rules (V in field 8)

‒ Visual that changes to IFR at certain

point (Z in field 8)

‒ EET (Estimated Enroute Time) from

departure to overflying destination

aerodrome)

• Communications:

‒ Except for airspace classes E and G, 2 way radio communications must be established.


Visual Flight Rules


Instrument Flight Rules

• IFR may be operated either in VMC or IMC

• The PIC operating in IFR besides the pilot licence, must also carry a valid and current IR (Instrument Rating) licence

• Aircraft must be equiped with the minimum flight instruments specified in JAR-OPS/EASA-OPS



• Minimum altitudes:

‒ Over high terrain or mountainous areas, a minimum of 2000 ft (600 m) altitude above the highest obstacle within 5NM (8 km) from the estimated aircraft position should be maintained.

‒ Other areas non the above, a minimum of 1000 ft (300 m) altitude above the highest obstacle within 5NM (8 km) from the estimated aircraft position should be maintained.





• IFR altitudes:

‒ In controlled airspace, in accordance with ATC cleared altitude/FL either as published or not (usually preceded by “non standard” on communication phraseology)

‒ In non controlled airspace, depending on the magnetic track, in accordance with the following semicircular rule for non RVSM airspace



• Flight Plan must be submited to the ATS indicating:

‒ Instrument flight rules (I in field 8)

‒ Instrument that changes to VFR at certain point (Y in field 8)

‒ EET (Estimated Enroute Time) from departure to IAF (initial Approach fix in an instrument approach procedure



• Communications:

‒ Every time a flight plan must be fullfiled within IFR:

‒ 2 way communication is mandatory in CAS (Controlled Air Space)

‒ Maintain Listening watch on the ATS of the FIS (Flight Information Service) outside CAS

• Position reports:

− Outside CAS, IFR flights must do positions reports in flight plan specific waypoints

General Rules


General Rules

• Altitudes and Cruise Levels:

– Aircrafts flying above transition altitude shall be assigned for flight levels

– This is done by setting aircraft altimeters in QNE, i.e, setting “standard” or STD 1013.25 hPa (or mbar) [29.92 in Hg]

– Transition altitude is a fixed value published in AIP and aerodrome charts

– In Lisbon transition altitude is 4000 ft


General Rules


– Aircrafts flying below transition level shall be assigned for altitudes

– This is done by setting aircraft altimeters in QNH, i.e, setting the value of the aerodrome pressure reduced to sea level in ISA (International Standard Atmosphere) conditions (1hPa or mbar per 30 ft)

– Transition level varies depending on the aerodrome QNH of the day

– This variation exists to allow a minimum clearance, although some countries like France keep this width between 0 ft and 999 ft

– In Lisbon transition altitude is level depends on the aerodrome QNH


General Rules


General Rules

• Proximity and Right of Way:

– Aircraft which has the right of way shall manitain it´s route and speed

– Still, the pilot in command of this aircraft is responsible for avoid the collision in case the other aircraft doesn’t accomplish the correct maneuver

– This is valid both in VFR and IFR

– In VMC with the traffic in sight and IMC when the aircraft is equiped with TCAS/ACAS


General Rules

• Approaching head on:


General Rules



• Converging:

– Two aircrafts of the same type converging, the one that converges from the right has priority.

– The Other shall avoid the first by maneuvering to pass behind

– The PIC of the deviated aircraft should give enough clearance to avoid possible wake turbulence effects

General Rules


• Converging:

• Two aircrafts of different types converging, power aircrafts should give way to the others in the following order:

‒ Aeroplanes (power driven aircraft heavier than air) shall give way to airships

(power driven aircraft lighter than air), gliders and ballons

‒ Airships shall give way to gliders and ballons

‒ Gliders shall give way to ballons

‒ Aeroplanes and airships shall giver way to aircrafts towing another aircraft or object

General Rules


• Converging priority by aircraft type:

General Rules


1st 2nd 3rd

4th 5th

• Overtaken:

− Overtaking aircraft is one that approaches other from the rear within an angle

of 70° or less for each side of the preceding aircraft longitudinal axis.

− The approach aircraft shall arrange to pass by the right of the overtaken aircraft and is responsible for safetly clearance of the maneuver

− The aircraft being overtaken has the right of way

General Rules


• Overtaken:

General Rules


• Aircraft Lights:

• Visual recognition of aircrafts for night flight (after sunset), or poor visual conditions

‒ Navigation lights

‒ Anticolision lights

(beacon and strobe lights)

‒ Taxi lights and turn-off lights

‒ Take-off/landing lights

‒ Logo lights

‒ Wing inspection lights

General Rules


General Rules


• Navigation Lights: − Identify the visible part of the aircrafts and the flight direction

− On: everytime the aircraft is energized after sunset

General Rules


• Anticolision lights - Beacon: − On: Everytime one engine is running

− On: Everytime the aircraft is moving (with our without engines runing)

General Rules


• Anticolision lights - Strobe: − On: Everytime in flight

− On: Everytime using or crossing a runway

General Rules


• Taxi Lights and turn-off lights: − On: Everytime aircraft is taxing by it’s own means

General Rules


• Take-Off/Landing Lights: − On: Everytime during take-off and landing

General Rules


• Logo Lights: − Not mandatory, is used to emphasize the tail livery

General Rules


• Wing Inspection Lights: − Used by the crew to check ice formation on the engine air intake, and/or wing

leading edge

General Rules


• Flight Plan: − Information to the ATS (Air Traffic Services) regarding a flight or part of it

• Should be fulfilled everytime:

− Flights occur within airspace with ATS

− IFR flights

− VFR Night flights

− To facilitate the ATS organs to provide flight information/control

− Information to search and rescue services (SAR)

− International flights, except if not required by the states

General Rules


• Flight Plan may be submited:

− In dispatch office in hard copy paper

− Transmited by telephone, fax or email to ARO (ATS Reporting Office)

− By RTF using a VHF frequency created for this purpose

− Up to 60 minutes before departure for international flights or using CAS

− Up to 30 minutes before departure if issued by telephone

− Up to 10 minutes before the ETA (Estimated Time of Arrival) to CAS (Controlled Air Space) if submited by RTF

− Maximum 120 hours before ETD (Estimated time of departure)

General Rules


• Headline

• Flight Plan

• Supplementary Information

General Rules


• Flight Plan Contents:

− Aircraft Identification

− Flight Rules

− Type of Flight

− Type of Aircraft

− Wake Turbulence Category

− Aircraft Equipment

− Departure Aerodrome

− EOBT (Estimated Of Block Time)

− Cruise Airspeed / Mach Number

− Cruise Altitude/Flight Level

General Rules


• Flight Plan Contents (cont):

− Route

− Destination Aerodrome

− EET (Estimated Enroute Time)

− Alternate Aerodrome (1 or 2)

− Endurance Time

− Total People On Board

− Emergency and/or Survival Equipment

− Aircraft Colours and Marks

− PIC’s Name

− Other Information (Remarks)


Distress and Urgency Signals

• Distress/Emergency situation

− An aircraft (or vessel) in a danger situation that requires immediate assistance

− Distress message is preceded by the words MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY (3 times)

− Example: Fire on board, Severe damages…

• Urgent situation

− An aircraft (or vessel) as a message to transmit concearning the safety of the aircraft, other aircraft, a person, or other property

− Distress message is preceded by the words PAN PAN, PAN PAN, PAN PAN (3 times)

− Example: Engine, or system failure, sick crew member…



• Radio and Satelite Emergency Frequencies:

− 121.500 MHz – VHF Aeronautical Radio Frequency

− 243.000 MHz – UHF Aeronautical Radio Frequency (Military)

− 2182 kHz – HF International Maritime Radio Frequency

− 406 MHz – SARSAT beacon frequency (Satelite)



• SSR Transponder Emergency Codes:

− 7700 – Emergency Situation

− 7600 – Radio (Voice) Communication Failure

− 7500 – Unlawful Interference (Hijack)



• SSR Transponder Non Emergency Standart Codes:

− 7000 – Aircraft operating in an ATC controled area, but not using that

service (usually VFR traffic)

− 2000 – Aircraft Operating in Oceanic Air Space (MNPS)

− 0000 – Unreliable SSR transponder



• Communication Failure

• In case a pilot experiences a two way RTF communication failure, should proceed as follows:

− In the Aerodrome traffic

− Be aware of visual signals transmited by the tower

− In VMC (regardless of the flight rules VFR/IFR)

− Carry on in VMC and land at the nearest suitable airport

− Report arrival to the ATC by the most expeditious means




− In IMC

− Set 7600 code in SSR transponder

− If being radar vectored – regain the submited flight plan ASAP

− In route in CAS – Maintain the current clearance for 7 minutes then regain the submited FP waypoints and cruising altitude

− In route outside CAS - Maintain the current clearance for 20 minutes then regain the submited FP waypoints, cruising altitude and speed




− In IMC

− If a specific procedure is published, vg, in Lisbon, comply with the published procedure



• Unlawful Interference

• In case a pilot experiences unlawful interference on board, v.g, hijack, disruptive passengers, or others

− Set 7500 on SSR transponder

− If possible, and depending on the threat, try to inform ATC/other stations via RTF or data link

− Try to land ASAP on the next suitable aerodrome

− Comply with operator (internal) operational procedure (if any)

− Other type of decisons, depending on the situation…



• Interception of Civil Aircraft

• For matters of security, all states may intercept an aircraft overflying their jurisdiction territory

• In case a pilot suffers an interception should:

− Follow the interceptor (usualy military fighter) instructions

− Notify ATC

− Try to establish communications with the interceptor, vg, using 121.5 emergency frequency or 123.450…

− Set 7700 on SSR transponder, unless otherwise instructed

These data are available at Jeppsen Airway Manual Volume 1



• Interception of Civil Aircraft – Signals



• Interception of Civil Aircraft – Signals (Cont.)



Restricted Prohibited or Danger Areas




• Each state has the right to restrict or prohibit traffic over areas of his territory jurisdiction for reasons of securiy or safety

• These Areas may be Danger, Prohibited or Restricted, using the letters for description: − D – Danger

− P – Prohibited

− R – Destricted

• The areas are identified in the navigation charts and detailed in AIP (Aeronautical Information Publications)



• Areas may be either permanent, or activated by NOTAM (NOtice To AirMen)

• Restricted area decoder:

*

* DAAIS – Danger Area Activity Information Service



• Incursion of R, P or D Areas:

‒ In CAS, ATC will broadcast a message to an aircraft which inadvertently

is about to overfly a restricted airspace (area)

‒ In non control airspace, visual warnings area available day and night to inform the pilot about the area incursion

‒ These warnings are series of red a green flares in 10 seconds intervals



• Incursion of R, P or D Areas visual warnings:

Signals for Aerodrome Traffic



• Several signals are used for aerodrome traffic to established communication between the pilots and ground facilities.

• Even in aircrafts equiped with two way transmition radios, pilots must be aware of the meaning messages send by those signals.

• Messages may be transmited by: − Ground painted signs

− Vertical signs

− Lights

− Flares



• These visual communication codes are specially importante in case of aircrafts not equiped with RTF radios, or in case of (voice) communication failure.




• Acknowledge signals from the pilot:

• In flight:

‒ Day time: Rolling aircraft wings

‒ Night: Flash landing beam lights or navigation lights twice

• On the Ground:

− Day time: Moving aircraft rudder or ailerons

− Night: Flash landing beam lights or navigation lights twice



• Wind sleeve:

‒ Guide the pilot for runway in use

‒ Approach and landing speeds

‒ Landing wind corrections

References

• AIS Portugal, VFR Manual – Rules and Procedures, 2012

• Eurocontrol RVSM

• ICAO – Annex 2 – Rules of the Air

• ICAO, Procedures for Air Navigation Services – Air Traffic Management, Doc 4444, Ed. 14, 2001

• Oxford – Aviation Academy, Air Law, Chapter 6 – Rules of the Air, 4 Edition, 2010


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