em 4solid waste mgt[1]

8/6/2019 Em 4Solid Waste Mgt[1].

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Noise Pollution

Noise is an unwanted sound without agreeable musicalquality.

Noise pollution may be defined as the state of discomfortand restlessness caused to humans by unwanted highintensity sound known as noise.

Sources of noise pollution1. Natural sources such as cloud thunder, high velocity, wind

such as hurricanes, gales, thunderstorms; high intensityrainfall, hailstorms, waterfalls etc.

2. Biological sources roars of lion, street dogs bark, jackals,

etc.3. Artificial sources noise created by man through his

activities and creations such as musical instruments,automobiles, aircrafts, factories etc.


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Effects of noise pollution Noise pollution or say exposure of human beings to noise of

levels higher than recommended level causes a number of

adverse effects ranging from mild annoyance to permanent

hearing loss.

The effects of noise pollution of humans are of four types

1. General effects,

2. Auditory effects

3.

Psychological effects4. Physiological effects.


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Contd-

1.General effects of noise pollution on humansinclude speech interference, annoyance, sleepdisorders, and related after effects and problems.

2. Auditory effects include the damages done tohearing mechanism in humans due to various typesof noise.

3. Psychological effects high level noise causes manybehavioral changes among humans as well asanimals. Unwanted noise very often cause

annoyance, irritation, and fatigue which result intolow performance, low efficiency and frequent errors.

4. Physiological effects annoyance, irritation, anxiety,strains and stresses caused by noise pollution maycause changes in hormone content of blood which in

turn may introduce changes in human bodies.


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MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

SOLID WASTE

Solid waste arise from human and animal activities including

garbage, food waste, paper, metal, glass etc. Rapid urbanisation

in developing countries have led to the generation of enormous

quantities of solid waste and environmental degradation.Estimated 7.6 million tonnes of solid waste is produced per day

in developing countries.

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Solid wastes are grouped into different categories such asMunicipal solid waste (MSW). MSW contains food waste e.g.

leftover food, vegetables etc. known as wet garbage, as well as

paper, plastic, newspaper etc. known as dry garbage. MSW

does not include wastes from industrial process, costruction

debris, agricultural waste etc.


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MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTEMANAGEMENT

Municipal solid waste management strategy consists of many components:

Segregation of waste.

Composting.

Recycling.

SEGREGATION OF WASTESegregation of waste means to separate the MSW into the groups of

organic, inorganic, recyclable and hazardous waste.

Waste can be segregated as:

1) Biodegradable waste: includes organic waste e.g. kitchen waste,

vegetables, fruits, flowers, leaves from the garden etc.2) Non-biodegradable waste: can be further segregated into:

a) Recyclable waste: plastic, paper, glass, metal etc.

b) Toxic waste: old medicines, paints, pesticides, shoe polish etc.

c) Soiled: hospital waste.


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Role of Rag Pickers in Segregation.Rag pickers are the people who play a special role insegregation of waste in India. They contribute a greatdeal to waste management as they scavenge the

recyclable matter thereby saving the municipality thecost and time of collection and transportation. They arewell coordinated in their method of working. They arethe focal point of recycling of waste.

Now-a-days a large numberof NGOs are working in the field of Solid WasteManagement e.g. Srishti, Vatavaran in Delhi.


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COMPOSTING

Composting is a microbiological process of converting organic

materials such as manure, leaves, paper and food wastes into

a soil like material called compost. Composting can be both

aerobic and anaerobic microbial process.It is a natural and safe method of taking

care of organic waste. Using compost is the best method of

naturally enriching the soil, since composting gives plants the

required nutrients without harming either them or the animals

or the humans feeding on them.


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RECYCLING

Recycling is reusing some components of waste thatmay have some economic value.

There are two types of recycling for materials:

Primary recycling: in which waste discarded byconsumers are recycled to produce new products ofthe same type e.g. newspapers into newspapers,aluminum cans into aluminum cans. It reducespollution and saves energy.

Secondary recycling: waste materials are convertedinto different and and usually lower quality products.


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Recycling has readily visible benefits like conservingresources , reducing pollution level etc. Mining of newaluminum is expensive and hence recycled aluminumhas a strong market , paper cycling also preserveforests etc. However it presents several problems

which are either technical or economical. Since eachtype of plastic has a distinct chemical composition ,different plastics cannot be recycled together. Thus,separation of different plastics before recycling isnecessary. Similarly , in recycled paper, the fibers are

weakened and it is difficult to control the colour of therecycled product. Further the recycled paper is bannedfor use in food containers to prevent contaminationand very often the recycled paper is more expensivethan the virgin paper.


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DISPOSALMETHODSDisposal of solid waste is done commonly through landfills or

incineration.

LAND FILLS: means a waste disposal site for the deposit ofresidual waste in a facility designed with protective measuresagainst polluting of ground water, surface water, bad odouretc. These are the vital components of any well designedMSWM system. Landfills range in types from uncontrolled

open dumps to sanitary landfills.Municipal solid waste landfills standards include:

Location restrictionsensure that landfills are built insuitable geological areas away from faults, wetlands, flood

plains, or other restricted areas.

Composite liners requirements

include a flexiblemembrane overlaying two feet of compacted clay soil liningthe bottom and sides of the landfill, protect groundwater andthe underlying soil from leachate releases.

Leachate collection and removal systemssit on top of thecomposite liner and removes leachate from the landfill for

treatment and disposal.


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Operating practicesinclude compacting andcovering waste frequently with several inches of soilhelp reduce odor; control litter, insects, and rodents;and protect public health.

Groundwater monitoring requirementsrequirestesting groundwater wells to determine whether

waste materials have escaped from the landfill. Closure and postclosure care requirements

include covering landfills and providing long-termcare of closed landfills.

Corrective action provisionscontrol and clean uplandfill releases and achieves groundwater protectionstandards.

Financial assuranceprovides funding for environmental protection during and after landfill

closure (i.e., closure and postclosure care).


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Contd-

It is essential to have a suitable bottom liners and lechatecollection systems along with the intallations of monitoring systems to detect ground water

pollution.The organic material in the buried solidwaste will decompose due to the action of aerobic andanaerobic microorganisims producing methane whichis poisonous and highly explosive.A venting system tocollect the blocked gas and vent it to the surface ,where it can be safely diluted and dispersed in theatmosphere.


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Contd-

Incineration: It is a chemical process of burningmunicipal solid waste in a properly designed furnaceunder suitable temperature and operating conditions.

This chemical reaction, called oxidation, results inrelease of heat into the atmosphere. Incineration canreduce the municipal solid waste by about 90% involume and 75%in weight. The risk of incinerationinvolve air quality problems and toxicity and disposal

of fly ash produced during the process. Extensive airpollution control equipment, high level technicalsupervision and skilled employees for proper operation and maintenance are required.


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HAZARDOUS WASTE

Hazardous waste is defined as a solid waste or a combination of a solid

wastes, which because of its quantity,physical,chemical or infectiouscharacteristics may

i. Cause or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or in seriousirreversible or incapacitating reversible illness,

ii. Pose a potential hazard to human health or the environment, whenimproperly handled, treated, stored, transported or disposed off.

CLASSIFICATION:

Toxic wastes: are poisonous in very small amounts and have immediateeffect on human or animals causing death or violent death.

Reactive wastes: have a tendency to react vigorously with air or watere.g. Gun Powder.

Ignitable wastes: burn at relatively low temp. less than 60 Deg. and arecapable of spontaneous combustion during storage, transport or disposal

e.g. Alcohol, paint thinner etc Corrosive wastes: destroy materials and living tissue by chemical

reaction e.g. Acids

Infectious Wastes: human tissue from surgery, used bandages etc.

Radioactive wastes: is the outcome from the nuclear power plants.


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HAZARDOUS WASTEMANAGEMENT

In India the rules for the management of hazardous waste are

specified by Hazardous Waste ( Management and Handling)Rules 1989, as amended in 2003. According to this the

occupier and the operator of the facility shall be responsible

for proper collection, reception, treatment, storage and

disposal of Hazardous waste. The State Government, occupier,

or any association of occupiers shall after impact assessmentstudies select an appropriate site for the hazardous waste

disposal facility. The State Government after identification

cause a public notice inviting objections and suggestions

within thirty days. Hazardous waste may be processed by an appropriate methods

such as incineration, chemical oxidation ,solidification etc. or

it may be safely disposed in a secure landfills. The most

common methods for disposing of hazardous waste are land

disposal and incineration.


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BIO-MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

Bio-medical wastes are generated from health care activity like diagnosis,

treatment, prevention of diseases and associated research at hospital,

Laboratories, veterinary institutions, blood bank etc. Health effects of these

wastes include the potential for AIDS, hepatitis B and C, respiratory

infections, skin infections etc.

Bio-medical waste shall not be mixed with other waste. It shall be

segregated into containers at the point of generation . The containers shall

be labelled and transported only in such vehicles as may be authorised for

the purpose. The waste treatment options include incineration, chemical

disinfection, shredding etc. and disposal could be done in municipallandfill or burying inside the premises of the waste generator. The criteria

for selection of management options include prevailing regulations,

quantities of generated waste, availability of qualified personnel,

technologies available, available space , related cost etc.

em 4solid waste mgt[1]

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