edital mct/cnpq/mec/capes/fndct sistema nacional de...

Edital MCT/CNPq/MEC/CAPES/FNDCT Ação Transversal/FAPs Nº 47/2010

Sistema Nacional de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade - SISBIOTA BRASIL

REDE DE MONITORAMENTO DOS HABITATS BENTÔNICOS COSTEIROS – REBENTOS (SISBIOTA)

Relatório Científico

Processo FAPESP: 2010/52323-0 Coordenador: Prof. Dr. Alexander Turra Instituição: Instituto Oceanográfico da USP Co-responsáveis: Prof. Dra. Antonia Cecilia Zacagnini Amaral (UNICAMP) – Coord. GT Praias Prof. Dra. Yara Schaeffer Novelli (IOUSP) – Coord. GT Manguezais e Marismas Prof. Dra. Margareth Copertino (FURG) – Coord. GT Fundos Submersos Vegetados Prof. Dr. Angelo Fraga Bernardino (UFES) – Coord. GT Estuários Prof. Dr. Ricardo Coutinho (IEAPM) – Coord. GT Costões Prof. Dr. Paulo Antunes Horta (UFSC) – Coord. GT Rodolitos Prof. Dra. Zelinda M. N. Leão (UFBA) – Coord. GT Recifes Prof. Dr. Flávio Berchez (IBUSP) – Coord. GT Educação Ambiental Participantes da Rede: 164 pesquisadores (57 instituições)

Vigência: 01/03/2011 a 28/02/2015 Período do relatório: 01/03/2014 a 28/02/2015 De acordo: Prof. Dr. Alexander Turra Coordenador ReBentos

São Paulo Maio de 2015

1. RESUMO DO PROJETO

(versão original submetida ao Edital MCT/CNPq/MEC/CAPES/FNDCT – Ação Transversal/FAPs Nº 47/2010 – Sistema Nacional de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade - SISBIOTA BRASIL)

1.1. Objetivos e justificativas da formação da Rede de Pesquisa: Objetivos: O objetivo geral da presente proposta é a criação e implementação de uma rede integrada de estudos dos habitats bentônicos do litoral brasileiro (ReBentos), vinculada à Sub-Rede Zonas Costeiras da Rede Clima (MCT) e do Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para Mudanças Climáticas (INCT-MC), para detectar os efeitos das mudanças ambientais regionais e globais sobre esses organismos, dando início a uma série histórica de dados sobre a biodiversidade bentônica ao longo da costa brasileira. Justificativas: As respostas das comunidades e populações às mudanças climáticas em ecossistemas marinhos podem se acomodar mais rapidamente no oceano aberto (e.g. por migração) do que em regiões costeiras, onde a mobilidade das espécies é mais restrita e os impactos antrópicos são mais severos. Os efeitos das mudanças climáticas somam-se as diversas outras pressões que estes ambientes já sofrem como poluição aquática, sobrepesca e perda ou fragmentação de habitats. Os habitats intermareais e do infralitoral raso poderão estar comprometidos com a elevação do nível do mar, devido à ocupação humana, às modificações e impactos no pós-praia e planície costeira e interação com os ecossistemas naturais adjacentes (terrestres ou de água doce). No Brasil, a pesquisa sobre a estrutura e funcionamento das populações e comunidades dos ecossistemas costeiros encontra-se fragmentada e não focada na avaliação dos impactos antrópicos e das mudanças climáticas. Desta maneira, diferentes protocolos são aplicados por cada grupo de pesquisa e região. Embora possa responder bem questões específicas e localizadas, isto tem dificultado comparações e integração dos dados, impossibilitando maiores avaliações sobre a situação dos habitats bentônicos e das suas comunidades, assim como a detecção de modificações, independente de suas causas. Adicionando-se ao fato de que muitos dos resultados destas pesquisas não estão disponíveis para a comunidade internacional, a costa brasileira ainda permanece fora das avaliações globais sobre as conseqüências de modificações antrópicas e climáticas. Neste aspecto é imperativo a integração de pesquisadores da área, a consolidação do conhecimento existente e a implementação de uma rede observacional contínua e permanente. 1.2. Resultados esperados:

Uma vez estabelecida, a ReBentos buscará o monitoramento contínuo e permanente de parâmetros biológicos e abióticos de regiões intermareais e do infralitoral raso, abrangendo seus mais diversos habitats (recifes coralinos, costões rochosos, praias arenosas, manguezais e marismas, estuários e fundos submersos vegetados – fanerógamas marinhas e rodolitos) ao longo dos 17 estados que compõem a costa brasileira . A obtenção de séries de dados contínuas no tempo e distribuídas no espaço, por tipo de habitat e através de um gradiente latitudinal,

permitirá investigar questões científicas relacionadas a alterações causadas por impactos antropogênicos e modificações climáticas. 1.3. Principais contribuições científicas e/ou tecnológicas da proposta:

O primeiro produto científico gerado pela rede temática será a definição de uma metodologia de trabalho padronizada, com máxima eficiência para amostragem da biodiversidade e devidamente replicada para contemplar diferentes fatores abióticos e antropogênicos, que será utilizada em toda a área de abrangência do projeto e de forma contínua.

Após a constituição da rede e o início dos trabalhos de campo, um inventário da biodiversidade marinha da costa brasileira, abrangendo a fauna e a flora de praticamente todos os ambientes marinhos intermareais e rasos, será elaborado. Um banco de dados on line de livre acesso será confeccionado e disponibilizado na homepage da ReBentos na internet. Esse banco de dados será continuamente atualizado pelos integrantes da rede com novos dados obtidos em campo. Esse produto é de suma relevância, uma vez que o desconhecimento sobre a biodiversidade brasileira atinge principalmente o ambiente marinho.

Por fim, a consolidação da rede produzirá, a partir de dados contínuos de campo, um panorama de eventuais mudanças na biota, as quais poderão ser atribuidas à eventos naturais e/ou antropogênicos, dentro de um contexto de mudanças climáticas globais. Tais produtos subsidiarão propostas de políticas públicas e estratégias para a conservação da biodiversidade marinha. 1.4. Atividades de articulação, fortalecimento e formação de recursos humanos: • Articulação e integração de 31 pesquisadores de 17 instituições de ensino e/ou

pesquisa, localizadas em onze estados e quatro regiões brasileiras, podendo ser ampliado para outras instituições e estados;

• Ampliação da competência nacional para estudos em biodiversidade bêntica marinha, uma vez que a pesquisa será realizada por uma rede de pesquisadores brasileiros com reconhecido saber sobre biodiversidade bêntica marinha (inclusive de regiões com reduzida atividade em C&T), favorecendo a integração e a troca de informações para a produção de estudos de interesse global;

• Ampliação da inserção da ciência brasileira no cenário das iniciativas globais, pela produção de conhecimento sobre a biodiversidade bêntica marinha em grande escala geográfica, possibilitando a criação de mapas de vulnerabilidade à elevação do nível do mar, prioritários para as atividades de pesquisa sobre os impactos de mudanças climáticas em zonas costeiras;

• Consolidação da infraestrutura de pesquisa, com o fortalecimento da temática mudanças climáticas globais em instituições que apenas possuem tradição em estudos voltados para questões ecológicas locais e/ou regionais;

• Formação de recursos humanos, para uma nova geração de cientistas, educadores e técnicos especializados no tema mudanças climáticas globais e seus impactos sobre os ecossistemas bênticos de áreas marinhas e costeiras,

inclusive a nível de pós-graduação, fortalecendo os programas de áreas relacionadas à biodiversidade;

• Consolidação de um banco de dados de livre acesso, que será disponibilizado na homepage da ReBentos na internet, com descrição das metodologias e protocolos padronizados, favorecendo a ampliação da rede de observação para o monitoramento da biota bêntica marinha ao longo da costa brasileira;

1.5 . Estratégias de divulgação científica/educação ambiental As atividades de divulgação e educação ambiental são entendidas como um

conjunto de ações para a atingir de modo adequado o público beneficiário, com envolvimento de equipe interdisciplinar desde o início da pesquisa:

O público-alvo deste projeto pode ser entendido sob duas escalas. Na primeira tem-se o meio acadêmico, para o qual uma série de publicações serão realizadas, dentre elas: um livro que sintetizará o estado da arte relacionado ao tema e apresentará as discussões e definições metodológicas para o monitoramento ambiental. Na segunda, tem-se os futuros usuários destas informações, que correspondem a órgãos públicos ambientais e de planejamento, para os quais produtos específicos serão criados e disponibilizados na página da ReBentos. 2. HISTÓRICO DA REBENTOS

A Rede de Monitoramento de Habitats Bentônicos Costeiros (ReBentos) está inserida na Rede Clima e no INCT para Mudanças Climáticas.

A Rede Brasileira de Pesquisas sobre Mudanças Climáticas Globais (Rede CLIMA) foi instituída pelo Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia em 2007 (Portaria no 728, de 20 novembro de 2007; alterada pela Portaria no 262 de 2 de maio de 2011), tendo como missão gerar e disseminar conhecimentos para que o Brasil possa responder aos desafios representados pelas causas e efeitos das mudanças climáticas globais.

A Rede CLIMA constitui-se em fundamental pilar de apoio às atividades de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento do Plano Nacional de Mudanças Climáticas criado pelo governo federal, que tem balizado a identificação dos obstáculos e dos catalisadores de ações. Nesse sentido, a Rede enseja o estabelecimento e a consolidação da comunidade científica e tecnológica preparada para atender plenamente as necessidades nacionais de conhecimento, incluindo a produção de informações para formulação e acompanhamento das políticas públicas sobre mudanças climáticas e para apoio à diplomacia brasileira nas negociações sobre o regime internacional de mudanças climáticas. A Rede Clima está institucionalizada no Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), sob coordenação do Dr. Carlos Nobre, e está estruturada em 13 sub-redes, dentre as quais está a Sub-Rede Zonas Costeiras.

O Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para Mudanças Climáticas, criado em 2008 pelo Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia, é uma rede de pesquisas interdisciplinares em mudanças climáticas com 65 grupos de pesquisa nacionais e 17 internacionais, envolvendo mais de 400 pesquisadores, estudantes e técnicos. Constitui-se na maior rede de pesquisas ambientais já desenvolvida no Brasil.

O INCT para Mudanças Climáticas tem por missão o desenvolvimento de uma agenda científica que irá fornecer ao país condições ideais para desenvolver excelência científica nas várias áreas das mudanças ambientais globais e sobre suas implicações para o desenvolvimento sustentável, principalmente quando se leva em consideração que a economia de nações em desenvolvimento é fortemente ligada a recursos naturais renováveis, como é marcantemente o caso do Brasil. Como visão, o INCT-MC pretende produzir informação científica de alta qualidade para direcionar a mitigação e a adaptação às mudanças climáticas futuras relevantes para o Brasil.

Dentre os 26 subprojetos dessa rede também está a Sub-Rede Zonas Costeiras. Dentre os 13 grupos que compõem essa sub-rede, quarto são ligados ao ambiente bentônico (Macroalgas e Fanerógamas Marinhas, Recifes Coralinos, Costões e Praias e Manguezais).

O início das articulações para a constituição da ReBentos teve início durante o I Workshop Brasileiro de Mudanças Climáticas em Zonas Costeiras – Estado do Conhecimento e Recomendações, realizado de 13 a 16 de setembro de 2009, na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, em Rio Grande-RS.

Por ocasião das discussões realizadas durante esse evento, foram feitas algumas recomendações para as comunidades bentônicas:

• Avaliações sobre a variabilidade da distribuição e abundância de espécies “chave” estenotérmicas ou ao longo da costa (macroecologia), considerando diferentes escalas de variação e, se possível, eliminação de fontes de ruído utilizando áreas controle;

• Estudos sobre a variabilidade da distribuição e abundância de espécies indicadoras, sensíveis à mudanças em parâmetros ambientais, através de uma abordagem padronizada ao longo da costa;

• Utilização de técnicas ou estratégias de obtenção de dados (imagens, suficiência taxonômica, análise de fisionomias, RAP etc.) que amplifiquem a capacidade geográfica de análise;

• Avaliação do estado fisiológico de organismos construtores de recifes (algas calcárias e corais);

• Identificação e registro de mudanças nos “timmings” de florescimento, maturação, liberação de gametas, recrutamento, germinação e outros parâmetros populacionais;

• Avaliação de perdas ou mudanças de produtividade e função, durante fases detransição ou colapso dos sistemas naturais;

• Identificação e quantificação dos impactos dos eventos extremos na abundância e fisiologia de espécies, comunidades e ecossistemas: comparação de parâmetros medidos antes e depois dos eventos.

Como desdobramentos, surgiu a necessidade de formação ou fortalecimento de Redes Observacionais para a costa brasileira, para monitoramento de parâmetros físicos e biológicos, com a coordenação e participação de membros da sub-rede Zonas Costeiras.

A proposta para financiamento destas redes foi elaborada para o orçamento 2010/2011 da Rede CLIMA e submetida ao MCT, com valor total aproximado de R$

1.300.000,00. Dentre elas estava a Rede de Monitoramento de Habitats Bentônicos Costeiros – (ReBentos). No entanto, os recursos não foram liberados.

Nova oportunidade surgiu com o lançamento, em outubro/2010, do Edital MCT/CNPq/MMA/MEC/CAPES/FNDCT – Ação Transversal/FAPs no 47/2010 - Chamada 3 - Pesquisa em Redes Temáticas para o entendimento e previsão de respostas da Biodiversidade Brasileira às mudanças climáticas e aos usos da terra. Esse edital estava ligado ao Programa SISBIOTA – Brasil, que tem por objetivo fomentar a pesquisa científica para ampliar o conhecimento e o entendimento sobre a biodiversidade brasileira e para melhorar a capacidade preditiva de respostas às mudanças globais, particularmente às mudanças de uso e cobertura da terra e mudanças climáticas, associando formação de recursos humanos, educação ambiental e divulgação do conhecimento científico.

Foi apresentada uma proposta da ReBentos, que nesse momento já contava com a participação de 17 instituições de ensino e/ou pesquisa, localizadas em 11 estados brasileiros e 31 pesquisadores. O objetivo da proposta foi a criação e implementação de uma rede integrada de estudos dos habitats bentônicos do litoral brasileiro (ReBentos), vinculada à Sub-Rede Zonas Costeiras da Rede Clima (MCT) e do Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para Mudanças Climáticas (INCT-MC), para detectar os efeitos das mudanças ambientais regionais e globais sobre esses organismos, dando início a uma série histórica de dados sobre a biodiversidade bentônica ao longo da costa brasileira.

A estrutura inicial do projeto contava com uma coordenação geral (Prof. Dr. Alexander Turra – IOUSP) e quarto grupos de trabalho: Praias Arenosas (coordenação: Profa. Dra. Cecilia Amaral – Unicamp), Manguezais e Marismas (coordenação: Prof. Dr. Angelo F. Bernardino – UFES), Fundos não consolidados Vegetados (coordenação: Prof. Dr. Joel Creed – UERJ e Profa. Dra. Margareth Copertino – FURG) e Recifes Coralinos e Rochosos (Prof. Dr. Ricardo Coutinho – IEAPM).

Dentre os resultados esperados estavam: (1) o monitoramento contínuo e permanente de parâmetros biológicos e abióticos em diversos habitats ao longo da costa brasileira e (2) a obtenção de séries contínuas de dados no tempo e distribuídas no espaço, por tipo de habitat e através de um gradiente latitudinal, permitindo assim investigar questões científicas relacionadas a alterações causadas por impactos antropogênicos e modificações climáticas. As metas eram: (1) fomentar uma discussão temática voltada para as mudanças climáticas; (2) estabelecimento de séries temporais com métodos adequados; (3) levantamento e disponibilização de dados para avaliação do impacto de mudanças globais; (4) formação de recursos humanos e (5) educação ambiental e divulgação científica.

A proposta foi aprovada com recursos do CNPq (Proc. 563367/2010-5 – R$ 319.190,08 – Bolsas: 1 DTI A e 4 DTI C + recursos para reuniões de coordenadores) e da FAPESP (Proc. 2010/52323-0 – R$ 319.190,08 – Workshops e diárias e transporte para trabalho de campo). Uma cota adicional de 3 bolsas de mestrado foi concedida pela CAPES.

Após três anos de projeto foram realizadas diversas ações de articulação e mobilização da comunidade científica:

• I Reunião de Coordenadores (Santos-SP, 19 de abril de 2011) • I Workshop ReBentos (Arraial do Cabo-RJ, 28-29 de julho de 2011)

• II Workshop ReBentos (Salvador-BA, 7-9 de novembro de 2011) • Workshop GT Recifes e Costões (Arraial do Cabo-RJ, 19 e 20 de dezembro de

2011) • Workshop GT Estuários (Estuário do Rio Jaguaripe-BA, 09 a 11 de março de

2012) • Workshop GT Praias (Macrofauna) (CEBIMar – São Sebastião-SP, 27 a 31 de

agosto de 2012) • Workshop GT Praias (Meiofauna) (UNIRIO – Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 12 e 13 de

novembro de 2012) • Workshop GT Fundos Submersos Vegetados (Búzios-RJ, 25 e 30 de

novembro de 2012) • Minisimpósio ReBentos e II Reunião de Coordenadores (Florianópolis-SC, 20 e

21 de maio de 2013) • Workshop GT Manguezais e Marismas (ICMBio – Florianópolis-SC, 13 a 16 de

agosto de 2013) • III Workshop ReBentos (Florianópolis-SC – 10 a 12 de dezembro de 2013) • Workshop GT Educação Ambiental (Florianópolis-SC – 10 a 12 de dezembro

de 2013) • Workshop of the Blue Carbon Scientific Working Group (Pelotas-RS - 20 a 24

de outubro de 2014) • Global change in coastal marine ecosystems: Science, policy and sustainable

development (Santos-SP - 17 a 20 de março de 2015)

• Third International Symposium on Effects of Climate Change on the World's Oceans (Santos-SP - 23 a 27 de março de 2015)

• VII International Sandy Beach Symposium: linking science and decision making for beach sustainability (Ilhabela-SP - 06 a 10 de julho de 2015)

Quatro novos grupos de trabalho (GTs) foram incluídos, ficando a atual estrutura organizada em oito grupos: (1) Praias, (2) Costões, (3) Estuários, (4) Fundos Submersos Vegetados – Fanerógamas marinhas, (5) Fundos Submersos Vegetados – Bancos de Rodolitos, (6) Manguezais e Marismas, (7) Recifes coralinos e (8) Educação Ambiental.

3. SITUAÇÃO ATUAL

3.1. Evolução das metas A execução das metas listadas acima evoluiu da seguinte forma: (1) fomentar uma discussão temática voltada para as mudanças climáticas –

articulação da comunidade científica; realização de workshops de nivelamento, capacitação e discussão; levantamento de estudos prévios sobre biodiversidade em cada habitat.

(2) estabelecimento de séries temporais com métodos adequados – discussão, proposição e consolidação de protocolos de coleta de dados.

(3) levantamento e disponibilização de dados para avaliação do impacto de mudanças globais – os GTs já iniciaram os levantamentos em diversos pontos de

monitoramento. Os dados encontram-se disponíveis no Sistema de Informação Ambiental do Programa Biota/Fapesp (SinBiota - http://sinbiota.biota.org.br/)

(4) formação de recursos humanos – vinculação de alunos de iniciação científica, mestrado e doutorado e de pesquisadores de pós-doutorado à ReBentos.

(5) educação ambiental e divulgação científica – submissão de trabalhos para serem apresentados em eventos internacionais; discussão e elaboração de um plano de educação ambiental; elaboração do portal da ReBentos na internet; elaboração de sínteses do conhecimento para balizar as discussões, elaboração de materiais de divulgação.

3.3. Participantes e instituições Até o momento, estão oficialmente cadastrados 166 participantes, ligados a

57 instituições de ensino e/ou pesquisa, localizadas nos 17 estados costeiros e nas quatro regiões costeiras brasileiras, sendo três de fora do Brasil (EUA, Portugal, Reino Unido) (Tabela 1).

Tabela 1. Lista de participantes/instituições/habitats e número de projetos vinculados à ReBentos. N Participante Instituição Praia Costão Recifes FSV Rodolitos Estuário MM EA Projeto GT@do@Projeto1 Abílio(Soares(Gomes UFF 1 1 1

2 Adriane(Pereira(Wandeness CCAE/UFPB 1 1 1

3 Adriano(Weidner(Cacciatori(Marenzi CTTMar/UNIVALI 1 1 COSTÕES

4 Alessandra(Larissa(d'Oliveira(Fonseca UFSC 1

5 Alessandra(Pereira(Majer IOUSP 1

6 Alexander(Turra IOUSP 1 1 1

7 Alexandre(de(Gusmão(Pedrini UERJ 1 1 1 EA

8 Ana(Carolina(Vilas(Boas UFBA 1

9 Ana(Cláudia(dos(Santos(Brasil UFRRJ 1 1 1

10 Ana(Luiza(Gandara(Martins CEM/UFPR 1

11 Ana(Tereza(Lyra(Lopes SEMA/UFMA 1 1 PRAIA

12 André(Breves(Ramos UFRJ 1

13 André(Morgado(Esteves UFPE 1 1 1

14 André(Scarlate(Rovai UFSC 1

15 Angelica(Spagliari(de(Godoy INICAMP 1

16 Angelo(Fraga(Bernardino UFES 1 1 3 ESTUÁRIOS

17 Antonia(Cecilia(Zacagnini(Amaral UNICAMP 1 1 3 PRAIA

18 Augusto(Minervino(Netto UFBA 1

19 Bárbara(Lage(Ignácio UNIFESP 1

20 Barbara(Segal UFSC 1 1

21 Beatrice(Padovani(Ferreira UFPE 1

22 Bernardo(Antonio(Perez(da(Gama UFF 1 1

23 Bruno(Pereira(Masi IEAPM 1 1

24 Camila(Bueno(Stofel UFES 1

25 Camilo(Dias(Seabra(Pereira UNIFESP 1 1 1

26 Carlos(Alberto(Borzone UFPR 1 1 PRAIA

27 Carlos(Henrique(Soares(Caetano UNIRIO 1

28 Carlos(Roberto(Ribeiro(Matos UENF 1

29 Carlyle(Torres(Bezerra UNESC 1

30 Carolina(Ortulan(Pereira IOUSP 1

31 Cláudia(Câmara(do(Vale UFES 1

32 Clemente(Coelho(Jr UPE 1 1 MM

33 Cristina(de(Almeida(Rocha(Barreira UFCE 1 1 1 PRAIA

34 Daniel(Shimada(Brotto Univ.(Veiga(Almeida 1 2 EA

35 Daniela(Nicioli(Estevam(da(Silva(Soares IEMA 1

36 Danilo(Candido(Vieira UFPR 1

37 Daphne(Spier(Moreira(Alves CEM/UFPR 1

38 Debora(Ortiz(Lugli(Bernardes UNIVALI 1 1 1

39 Diclá(Pupo(Santos Inst.(Botânica(SP 1

40 Diego(Igawa(Martinez IOUSP 1

41 Djalma(Ribeiro(Viana(Junior São(Camilo 1 1

42 Edmilson(José(Maria UENF 1 1 COSTÕES

43 Eduardo(Juan(SorianoeSierra UFSC 1

44 Elaine(Bernini UFPB 1 1 MM

45 Elianne(Pessoa(Omena UFRJ 1

46 Elizabeth(Gerardo(Neves UFBA 1 1 RECIFES

47 Emanuelle(Fontenele(Rabelo UFERSA 1 1 1

48 Fabrício(Saleme(de(Sá UENF 1

49 Fernanda(Bitencout(Muller Inst.(CarbonoBrasil 1 1 EA

50 Fernanda(Neves(Siviero IEAPM 1

51 Fernando(Sherner UFRPE 1 1 1 1 1 RODOLITOS

52 Flávia(Rebelo(Mochel UFMA 1 1 2 MM/EA

53 Flávio(Augusto(de(Souza(Berchez IBUSP 1 1 1 EA

54 Fosca(Pedini(Pereira(Leite UNICAMP 1

55 Francisco(Carlos(Rocha(de(Barros(Jr UFBA 1

56 Gabriel(Henrique(da(Silva UENF 1

57 Gilberto(Carvalho(Pereira NTT/COPPE/UFRJ 1

58 Gilberto(CintróneMolero US(FWSDI,(USA 1

59 Guilherme(Moraes(de(Oliveira(Abuchahla PROCAM/USP 1 1

60 Guilherme(Nascimento(Corte UNICAMP 1

61 Gustavo(Calderucio(Duque(Estrada UFRJ 1

62 Gustavo(Mattos(Silva(de(Souza UFRJ 1

63 Gustavo(Muniz(Dias UFRRJ 1

64 Hélio(Hermínio(Checon UNICAMP 1

65 Hilda(Helena(Sovierzoski UFAL 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 EA

66 Ilana(Azevedo(Sallorenzo UFF 1

67 Ilana(Rosental(Zalmon UENF 1 1 2 COSTÕES(e(PRAIA

68 Isabel(Campos(Portugal UFSC 1

69 Jason(Hall(Spencer Plymouth(Univ.eUK 1 1 1

70 Jenyffer(Vierheller(Vieira UFPR 1

71 João(Miguel(Souza(da(Silva CCMARePT 1 1 1

72 José(Bonomi(Barufi UFSC 1

73 José(Eduardo(Arruda(Gonçalves IEAPM 1

74 José(Marcos(de(Castro(Nunes UFBA 1 1 2 FSV/RODOLITOS

75 José(Policarpo(de(Mendonça(Neto UFF 1 1 1 RECIFES

76 José(Souto(Rosa(Filho UFPE 1 1 1 1 PRAIA

77 Jussara(Shirazawa(de(Freitas PROCAM/USP 1

78 Kalina(Manabe(Brauko CEM/UFPR 1

79 Karina(Annes(Keunecke UFRRJ 1

80 Karine(Matos(Magalhães UFRPE 1 1 1 FSV

81 Katia(Regina(Sgrott(Sauer(Machado UNIVILLE 1 2 COSTÕES

82 Kcrishna(Vilanova(de(Souza(Barros UFCE 1

83 Larisse(Faroni(Perez UFSC 1 1

Tabela 1. Continuação N Participante Instituição Praia Costão Recifes FSV Rodolitos Estuário MM EA Projeto GT@do@Projeto84 Laura'Pioli'Kremer IFSC 1 1 EA85 Leandro'Inoe'Coelho IBUSP 186 Leonardo'Cruz'da'Rosa UFS 187 Leonardo'Lopes'Costa UENF 188 Leonardo'Mitrano'Neves UFRRJ 189 Leonardo'Querobim'Yokoyama IOUSP 190 Leonir'André'Colling FURG 1 1 191 Leticia'Maria'Costa'Peres UFSC 192 Luciana'Erika'Yaginuma IEAPM 193 Luciano'Lorenzi UNIVILLE 194 Luís'Felipe'Skinner UERJ 1 1 1 1 EA95 Maikon'Di'Domenico UFPR 196 Maíra'Pombo IOUSP 1 1 PRAIA97 Marcelo'Antonio'Amaro'Pinheiro UNESP/SV 1 1 198 Marcelo'Petracco IOUSP 1 1 PRAIA99 Marcia'Figueiredo'Creed JBRJ 1 2 RODOLITOS100 Márcia'Regina'Denadai IOUSP 1 1101 Marcos'Moura'Nogueira UFBA 1102 Marcus'Emanuel'Barroncas'Fernandes LAMA/IECOS/UFPA 1 1 MM103 Margareth'da'Silva'Copertino FURG 1104 Maria'Gardênia'Souza'Batista UESPI 1 1 1105 Maria'Soledad'Lopez CEBIMar 1106 Maria'Teresa'Menezes'de'Széchy UFRJ 1 1 COSTÕES107 Mariana'Vieira'Pinto'Aguiar UERJ 1108 Marianna'de'Oliveira'Lanari FURG 1109 Marilia'Cunha'Lignon DSR/INPE 1 3 MM110 Marina'Nasri'Sissini UFSC 1111 Mário'Luiz'Gomes'Soares UERJ 1112 Marko'Herrmann UFRA 1 1 1113 Monica'Dorigo'Correia UFAL 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 FSV/RECIFES/EA114 Natália'Matos'de'Menezes UFBA 1 1 RECIFES115 Natalia'Pirani'Ghilardi'Lopes UFABC 1 1 1 EA116 Orane'Falcão'de'Souza'Alves UFBA 1 2 PRAIA117 Pablo'Riul UFPB 1 1 1118 Paula'dos'Santos'Gonçalves UENF 1119 Paula'Maria'Moura'de'Almeida UERJ 1120 Paulo'Antunes'Horta UFSC 1 1 1121 Paulo'da'Cunha'Lana CEM/UFPR 1 3 ESTUÁRIOS122 Paulo'Jorge'Parreira'dos'Santos UFPE 1 1 1 1 RECIFES123 Paulo'Roberto'Pagliosa'Alves UFSC 1 1 3 PRAIA'e'ESTUÁRIOS124 Phillipe'Mota'Machado UENF 1125 Priscila'Resende'Arevalo FURG 1126 Rafael'Metri UNESPAR 1 1127 Rafaela'Camargo'Maia IFCE 1128 Raphael'Mathias'Pinotti FURG 1 1129 Raquel'de'Azeredo'Muniz FAMATh 1130 Renan'Costa'de'Lima FURG 1131 Renato'de'Almeida UFRB 1 1 EA132 Ricardo'Corbetta UNIVALI 1133 Ricardo'Coutinho IEAPM 1134 Ricardo'Palamar'Menghini MPcSP 1135 Ricardo'Silva'Cardoso UNIRIO 1136 Roberto'Campos'Villaça UFF 1137 Rodrigo'Brasil'Choueri UNIFESP 1138 Rodrigo'Johnsson'Tavares'da'Silva UFBA 1139 Rodrigo'Rodrigues'de'Oliveira UENF 1140 Ronaldo'Adriano'Christofoletti UNIFESP 1 1 1 ESTUÁRIOS141 Rosana'Louro'Ferreira'Silva UFABC 1142 Rosana'Moreira'da'Rocha UFPR 1 2 COSTÕES143 Rosemeri'Melo'e'Souza UFS 1 1 MM144 Ruy'Kenji'Papa'Kikuchi UFBA 1145 Sarah'Charlier'Sarubo IOUSP 1146 Sergio'Antonio'Netto UNISUL 1 1147 Simone'Caterina'Kapusta IFRS 1148 Sonia'Maria'Barreto'Pereira UFRPE 1149 Suelen'Felix'Pereira UEAP 1 1150 Suzana'Ursi IBUSP 1 1 EA151 Tânia'Márcia'Costa UNESP/SV 1152 Tatiana'Fabrício'Maria UNIRIO 1153 Tatiana'Medeiros'Barbosa'Cabrini UFRJ 1154 Tatiana'Pires'Teixeira UFRRJ 1155 Tatiana'Silva'Leite UFRN 1 1 1 1 1 RECIFES156 Thalita'de'Oliveira'Forroni UNICAMP 1157 Tito'Cesar'Marques'de'Almeida CTTMar/UNIVALI 1 1 PRAIA158 Tito'Monteiro'da'Cruz'Lotufo UFCE 1 1 1159 Valéria'Marques'de'Oliveira UFRRJ 1 1 EA160 Vanessa'Freire'de'Carvalho UFSC 1161 Verônica'Maria'de'Oliveira CEM/UFPR 1162 Virág'Venekey UFPA 1163 Viviane'Fernandez'Cavalcanti UERJ 1164 Waldemar'Londres'Vergara'Filho ICMBio 1 1165 Yara'Schaeffer'Novelli IOUSP 1 1166 Zelinda'Margarida'Andrade'Nery'Leão UFBA 1 1 RECIFES

TOTAIS 54 54 17 18 15 29 36 25 67

3.3. Produção Em quatro anos de existência da ReBentos houve uma grande mobilização,

por parte dos participantes da ReBentos, em vincular seus projetos já iniciados, bem como dar início a novos projetos dentro dessa temática. Com isso, a produção obtida pela ReBentos, em termos quantitativos e qualitativos, tem sido muito alta e promete aumentar ainda mais com a publicação da Síntese do Conhecimento sobre a Biodiversidade Bentônica Marinha Costeira Brasileira, que identificou quais são os locais carentes de estudos sobre biodiversidade na costa brasileira, e do e-book Protocolos para o Monitoramento de Habitats Bentônicos Costeiros, que configura um marco para a pesquisa bentônica marinha, uma vez que padroniza os métodos a serem utilizados por pesquisadores em todo o Brasil.

A produção da ReBentos, aqui apresentada em termos numéricos, representa a quantificação das informações enviadas pelos coordenadores do GTs, por ocasião da elaboração dos relatórios anuais, à Coordenação Geral. Portanto, é possível que haja um número maior de produtos, aos quais a coordenação geral não teve acesso, e que ampliem os números aqui apresentados.

• Protocolos para o Monitoramento de Habitats Bentônicos Costeiros: 20 protocolos/capítulos

• Síntese do Conhecimento sobre a Biodiversidade Bentônica Marinha Costeira Brasileira: número especial da Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, com 9 sínteses

• Projetos vinculados: Estuários (9); Praias (14); Fundos submersos vegetados (4); Bancos de Rodolitos (3); Costões (8); Recifes coralinos (7); Manguezais e Marismas (8); Educação Ambiental (14)

• Reuniões científicas organizadas: 16 • Pontos de monitoramento: Estuários (8); Praias (3); Fundos submersos

vegetados (4); Bancos de Rodolitos (5); Costões (1); Recifes coralinos (5); Manguezais e Marismas (1); Educação Ambiental (10)

• Artigos publicados em periódicos científicos: 92 • Livros: 7 • Capítulos de livros: 7 • Resumos em reuniões científicas: 83 • Resumos expandidos em reuniões científicas: 2 • Trabalhos completos em reuniões científicas: 7 • Apresentações orais em reuniões científicas: 13 • Apresentações em painéis em reuniões científicas: 32 • Palestras: 15 • Mini-cursos: 4 • Organização de eventos: 2 • Supervisões de Pós-Doutorado: 3 • Orientações de Doutorado: 29 • Orientações de Mestrado: 41 • Orientações de Iniciação Científica: 33 • Orientações de Trabalhos de Conclusão de Curso: 3 • Orientações de Treinamento Técnico: 1 • Orientações de Desenvolvimento Técnico Industrial: 11 • Subsídios à Gestão Costeira: 4

• Reportagens: 14 • Materiais de divulgação: 10 • Relatórios Técnicos: 1

3.4. Projetos: Um total de 67 projetos de pesquisa foram vinculados por seus coordenadores à ReBentos. Muitos já tiveram aprovação junto às agências de fomento e estão em andamento. Isto demonstra a capacidade da ReBentos em congregar iniciativas já existentes, bem como dar suporte à novas iniciativas. Estuários:

• A influência da complexidade estrutural de bosques de manguezal em larga escala espacial sobre a distribuição das comunidades bênticas macrofaunais (Resp.: Prof. Dr. Paulo Roberto Pagliosa - UFSC)

• Comunidades bentônicas marinhas em manguezais do estado do Espírito Santo: biodiversidade, funcionamento trófico e bioindicadores de qualidade ambiental (Resp.: Prof. Dr. Angelo Fraga Bernardino - UFES)

• Sedimentos de manguezais como sumidouros de carbono: quantificando o enterramento de CO2 em estuários e sua relação com a ecologia do bentos estuarino (Resp.: Prof. Dr. Angelo Fraga Bernardino - UFES)

• Caracterização e monitoramento das associações de macroinvertebrados de áreas fluviais e estuarinas afetadas pelo acidente do duto OLAPA (Paraná, Brasil) em fevereiro de 2001 (Resp.: Prof. Dr. Paulo da Cunha Lana - UFPR)

• Caracterização ambiental da Bacia de Santos - Síntese das informações pretéritas: Recorte temático Estuários (Resp.: Prof. Dr. Paulo da Cunha Lana - UFPR)

• O desempenho de índices bênticos de qualidade ambiental em distintas escalas de variabilidade espaço temporal de um estuário subtropical (Resp.: Prof. Dr. Paulo da Cunha Lana - UFPR)

• Dinâmica populacional e produção secundária de Uca (Brachyura: Ocypodidae) ao longo de um gradiente estuarino: avaliando modelos biológicos bentônicos para estudos de mudanças climáticas em ecossistemas costeiros brasileiros (Resp.: Prof. Dr. Angelo Fraga Bernardino e Biol. Carolina Ortulan Pereira)

• Áreas úmidas marinhas na costa Atlântica Americana: efeito estufa e bioindicadores do estoque de carbono e de mudanças climáticas. (Resp.: Prof. Dr. Paulo Roberto Pagliosa - UFSC)

• Rede de Monitoramento de Ecossistemas Bentônicos Estuarinos: Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins (SP) e Baía de Paranaguá (PR) como modelos regionais para estudos sobre Mudanças Climáticas (RESP.: Prof. Dr. Ronaldo Adriano Christofoletti – UNIFESP)

Praias:

• Macrofauna de praias arenosas do litoral centro-norte de Santa Catarina (Resp.: Prof. Dr. Tito Cesar Marques de Almeida - CTTMar/UNIVALI)

• Morfologia funcional de Poliquetas: uma análise espacial intraespecífica (Resp.: Prof. Dr. Paulo Roberto Pagliosa - UFSC)

• Meiofauna e nematofauna de praias arenosas de Salvador (Bahia - Brasil) (Resp.: Profa. Dra. Orane Falcão de Souza Alves - UFBA)

• Estruturação espacial, diversidade e densidade de Polychaeta da Baía do Araçá, São Sebastião, Litoral Norte de São Paulo (Resp.: Profa. Dra. Cecilia Amaral - UNICAMP)

• Comunidades macrobênticas de fundos inconsolidados da Baía do Araçá, Litoral Norte de São Paulo (Resp.: Profa. Dra. Cecilia Amaral - UNICAMP)

• As praias arenosas do Estado do Ceará: morfodinâmica, macrofauna bentônica e alterações ambientais em um ambiente tropical (Resp.: Profa. Dra. Cristina de Almeida Rocha Barreira - UFCE)

• Ações para incrementar o potencial científico das coleções biológicas do Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Resp.: Prof. Dra. Cecilia Amaral - UNICAMP)

• Avaliação do potencial do caranguejo Ocypode quadrata (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Ocypodidae) como bioindicador em praias arenosas: uma análise comportamental e metodológica (Resp.: MsC. Maira Pombo - IOUSP)

• Padrões da produção secundária em praias arenosas: estudo de caso com Emerita brasiliensis (Decapoda: Hippidae) e meta-análise de grupos funcionais e taxonômicos (Resp: Prof. Dr. Marcelo Petracco - UFPA)

• Mudanças climáticas e seus efeitos em organismos bentônicos do entremarés de praias arenosas na costa norte do Rio de Janeiro e Espirito Santo: variabilidade espaço temporal a médio e longo prazo em diferentes escalas: de organismos a comunidade (Resp.: Prof. Dra. Ilana Rosental Zalmon - UENF)

• Variação temporal e espacial do macrozoobentos de regiões entremarés da Praia de Panaquatira, Baía de São José, Maranhão, Brasil (Resp.: Prof. Dra. Ana Tereza Lyra Lopes - SEMA/UFMA)

• Modificações na estrutura das associações bentônicas em resposta a variações morfodinâmicas em praias arenosas amazônicas (Resp.: Prof. Dr. José Souto Rosa Filho - UFPA)

• Nematofauna da zona litoral da Praia da Ribeira, BA (Resp.: Profa. Dra. Orane Falcão de Souza Alves - UFBA)

• Mudanças climáticas e praias arenosas do Lagamar, um estudo de longo prazo do morfodinamismo e da estrutura da macrofauna bentônica (Resp.: Prof. Dr. Carlos Alberto Borzone - UFPR)

Fundos Submersos Vegetados – Fanerógamas marinhas

• Mapeamento e caracterização dos habitats de forrageio e dos impactos sobre o peixe-boi marinho (Trichechus manatus manatus) no nordeste do Brasil (Profa. Dra. Karine Matos Magalhães - UFRPE)

• Biodiversidade dos ecossistemas recifais de Alagoas (Profa. Dra. Monica Dorigo Correia - UFAL)

• Bioprospecção da flora marinha do baixio sul da Bahia: subsídios à conservação de berçários da biodiversidade e à mitigação de impactos à saúde pública (Prof. Dr. José Marcos de Castro Nunes - UFBA)

• Sensitividade a disturbios ambientais e a resiliência de algas calcáreas em bancos de rodolitos na Bacia de Campos (Prof. Dra. Márcia Figueiredo Creed - Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico RJ)

Fundos Submersos Vegetados – Bancos de Rodolitos

• Bioprospecção da flora marinha do baixio sul da Bahia: subsídios à conservação de berçários da biodiversidade e à mitigação de impactos à saúde pública (Prof. José Marcos de Castro Nunes - UFBA)

• Sensitividade a disturbios ambientais e a resiliência de algas calcáreas em bancos de rodolitos na Bacia de Campos (Dra. Márcia Figueiredo Creed - Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico RJ)

• Respostas fisiológicas de macroalgas marinhas tropicais aos efeitos da urbanização costeira (Resp.: Dr. Fernando Scherner - Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE)

Costões:

• Comunidades epilíticas fitófilas como indicadores ambientais para a Baía da Ilha Grande, especialmente para a área de influência da Central Nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberton (Resp.: Profa. Dra. Maria Teresa Menezes de Széchy - UFRJ)

• Monitoramento dos costões rochosos da Ilha Velha, Baía da Babitonga, SC (Resp.: Profa. Dra. Katia Regina Sgrott Sauer Machado - UNIVILLE)

• Monitoramento do ambiente costeiro da Área de Proteção Ambiental Estadual de Garatuba - PR (Resp.: Profa. Dra. Katia Regina Sgrott Sauer Machado - UNIVILLE)

• Mudanças climáticas e seus efeitos em organismos bentônicos do entremarés rochoso na costa norte do Rio de janeiro e do Espirito Santo : variabilidade espaço-temporal a médio e longo prazo em diferentes escalas de organismo a comunidade (Resp.: Profa. Dra. Ilana Rosental Zalmon - UENF)

• Fauna associada aos bancos de mexilhões dos costões rochosos de Santa Catarina (Resp.: Prof. Dr. Adriano Marenzi - UNIVALI)

• Síntese e avaliação biológica de biocidas naturais, incorporados em matrizes de tintas, no combate da bioincrustação marinha na Bacia de Campos (Resp.: Prof. Dr. Edmilson José Maria - UENF)

• Variabilidade espaço-temporal de comunidades bênticas sésseis do entremarés no sul do Brasil (Resp.: Simone S. Takeuchi e Prof. Dr. Rosana M. Rocha - UFPR)

• Biomonitoramento da região intermareal dos costões rochosos do litoral centro e sul do Espírito Santo (Resp.: Daniela N. E. S. Soares e Prof. Dr. Rosana M Rocha - UFPR)

Recifes

• Investigação do funcionamento do ecossistema recifal da zona costeira do estado da Bahia e avaliação dos efeitos de ações antropogênicas e mudanças globais (Resp.: Profa. Dra. Zelinda Margarida A. N. Leão)

• Relação espécie-área entre o coral bioinvasor Tubastrea tagusensis Wells 1982 e a carcinofauna associada (Biol. Natalia Matos de Menezes - UFBA)

• Interações faunísticas nas comunidades coralíneas e ambientes recifais da Baía-de-Todos-os-Santos (Bahia) (Resp.: Profa. Dra. Elizabeth Gerardo Neves e Prof. Dr. Rodrigo Johnsson - UFBA)

• Monitoramento da biodiversidade marinha e avaliação de impactos antrópicos e mudanças climáticas nas comunidades recifais do Parque Natural dos Corais, Armação de Buzios, RJ (Resp.: Prof. Dr. José Policarpo de Mendonça Neto - UFF)

• Efeito da redução do pH e elevação da temperatura da água do mar sobre a meiofauna de recifes costeiros (Resp.: Prof. Dr. Paulo Jorge Parreira dos Santos - UFPE)

• Biodiversidade dos ecossistemas recifais de Alagoas (Profa. Dra. Monica Dorigo Correia - UFAL)

• Avaliação do estado de conservação das áreas recifais de Pirangi-RN – ecologia, manejo e restauração (Resp.: Prof. Dra. Tatina Silva Leite – UFRN)

Manguezais e Marismas:

• Manguezais do Estado de São Paulo: análise da evolução espaço-temporal (1979-2009) (Resp.: Dra. Marilia Cunha Lignon - DSR/INPE) Período: 2010-2012. Financiamento: Fapesp. Pós-Doutorado.

• Monitoramento de bosques de mangue do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil (Resp.: Dra. Marilia Cunha Lignon - DSR/INPE). Período: 2012-2014. Financiamento: CNPQ edital Universal

• Monitoramento de Manguezais - Guardiões das zonas costeiras (Resp.: Dra. Marilia Cunha Lignon - Instituto BiomaBrasil). Período: 2012-2015. Financiamento: Fundação Grupo Boticário.

• Sequestro de carbono e recuperação das florestas desmatadas de mangue da Península de Arujuteua, Município de Bragança - Pará (Resp.: Prof. Dr. Marcus Emanuel Barroncas Fernandes - LAMA/IECOS/UFPA)

• Recuperação de manguezais e bioensaios em diferentes cenários de mudanças globais na zona costeira do Estado do Maranhão (Resp.: Prof. Dra. Flávia Rebelo Mochel - UFMA)

• Manguezal da Baía do Sueste, Fernando de Noronha, Pernambuco (Resp.: Prof. Dr. Clemente Coelho Junior - UPE)

• Desfolhação severa de Avicennia germinans em uma Área de Proteção Ambiental do Estado da Paraiba: efeito na fitossociologia e no desempenho fotoquímico (Resp.: Profa. Dra. Elaine Bernini - UFPB)

• Distribuição fitogeográfica dos manguezais sergipanos por modelagem preditiva (Resp.: Profa. Dra. Rosemeri Melo e Souza - UFS)

Educação Ambiental:

• Projeto de Extensão e Educação Ambiental Trilha Subaquática (Resp.: Prof. Dr. Flávio Berchez - IBUSP)

• Mergulho e idéias, inovação e ideais (Resp.: Profa. Dra. Valéria Marques de Oliveira - UFRRJ)

• Jogos educativos como ferramenta para a aprendizagem experencial e significativa sobre as mudanças climáticas globais e seus efeitos nos ecossistemas marinhos e costeiros (Resp.: Profa. Dra. Natália Pirani Ghilardi-Lopes - CCNH/UFABC)

• Percepção e Educação Ambiental (EA) em Praça Pública como estratégia para enfrentamento do Aquecimento Global do Mar (Resp.: Prof. Dr. Alexandre de Gusmão Pedrini - UERJ; cooperação: Profa. Dra. Natalia Pirani Ghilardi-Lopes - CCNH/UFABC)

• Aprendendo com o Mar: a inserção da mentalidade marítima na educação básica (Resp.: Profa. Dra. Laura Pioli Kremer - IFSC)

• Percepção ambiental e biodiversidade: desenvolvimento e avaliação de atividades didáticas em ambientes marinhos e costeiros (Resp.: Prof. Dra. Suzana Ursi - IBUSP)

• Mexilhões: Avaliando e fomentando a participação social (Resp.: Prof. Dr. Daniel Shimada Brotto - Univ. Veiga de Almeida)

• Geografia, meio-ambiente e educação: ações extensionistas por uma cartografia social da comunidade de Jurujuba (Resp.: Prof. Dr. Daniel Shimada Brotto - Univ. Veiga de Almeida)

• Maravilhosos Manguezais do Brasil (Resp.: Prof. Dr. Renato de Almeida - UFRB; Clemente Coelho Junior - UPE; Yara Schaeffer-Novelli- IOUSP)

• Projeto Mangueando (Resp.: Prof. Dra. Flávia Mochel - UFMA) • O que se conhece e o que devemos conhecer sobre a biodiversidade dos

ecossistemas costeiros de Alagoas (Resp.: Prof. Dra. Hilda H. Sovierzoski - UFAL)

• Investindo em novos talentos da Rede de Educação Pública para inclusão social e desenvolvimento da cultura científica (Resp.: Prof. Dra. Mônica Dorigo Corrêa - UFAL)

• Rede de Monitoramento participativo da qualidade das águas e solo no município de Arraial do Cabo: Inserção social do ensino de Ciências e Biologia (Resp.: Prof. Dr. Luís Felipe Skinner - UERJ)

• Instituto CarbonoBrasil (Resp.: Fernanda B. Muller - Instituto CarbonoBrasil) 4. AVALIAÇÃO DA REBENTOS PELOS SEUS COORDENADORES 4.1. GT Estuários Coordenador: Prof. Dr. Angelo Fraga Bernardino (UFES) Vice-Coordenador: Prof. Dr. Ronaldo Chreistofoletti (UNIFESP)

A criação do GT Estuários dentro da ReBentos em 2013 iniciou um importantíssimo movimento de união de pesquisadores na área de Ecologia Marinha e Oceanografia, interessados em investigar efeitos climáticos em comunidades bentônicas estuarinas. O GT Estuários reuniu, inicialmente, dez pesquisadores, incluindo professores Titulares, Associados e recém-doutores, distribuídos em sete estados brasileiros de Norte a Sul. Todos os pesquisadores envolvidos já tinham histórico (ou interesse) de pesquisa em ecossistemas estuarinos brasileiros, mas com pouca interação direta com foco em estudos climáticos e de longa duração, nas escalas espaciais e temporais necessárias para avaliação desse problema. Dessa forma, a simlpes reunião deste grupo em torno do problema e a manifestação de interesse em investigar mudanças climáticas em ecossistemas estuarinos brasileiros foi o primeiro importante resultado da ReBentos como um todo.

Estudos sobre a ecologia de comunidades bentônicas em estuários brasileiros existem desde a década de 1970, e tipicamente resultaram em análises espaciais locais ou regionais com objetivos de caracterização de assembléias de organismos e sua relação com variáveis abióticas típicas (e.g. salinidade, sedimentos), e avaliação de impactos. Aproveitando o importante esforço inicial na caracterização de comunidades bentônicas em estuários de Norte a Sul do Brasil, o GT estuários iniciou uma revisão destes trabalhos (i.e. apenas publicados em revistas com revisão por pares); e produziu uma síntese do estado da arte de comundiades bentônicas estuarinas no Brasil. Esse artigo foi o primeiro resultado acadêmico do GT Estuários, e irá compor o volume especial a ser publicado na Brazilian Journal of Oceanography.

O objetivo central da ReBentos é o de estimular e sistematizar o estudo de efeitos de mudanças climáticas globais em ecossistemas costeiros brasileiros e, dessa forma, o GT Estuários procurou avaliar formas de estudo que seguissem a rede como um todo. Tendo em vista que o estudo de efeitos climáticos em estuários - e em ecossistemas costeiros de maneira geral - é incipiente no Brasil, a ReBentos possibilitou o encontro de pesquisadores do GT Estuários para discussão de protocolos de campo destinados à aquisição sistemática de dados em longo termo em estuários próximos ás instituições de vínculo dos pesquisadores participantes. Nessa oportunidade, o grupo pôde discutir métodos de coleta e análise de dados suficientemente robustos para responder questões climáticas, mas que ainda respeitassem a limitada fonte de recursos e de pessoal nas mais variadas

instituições do Brasil. O grupo produziu uma primeira versão do protocolo, que já vem sendo aplicada em alguns estuários pelos pesquisadores do GT Estuários desde o ano de 2012. Esse protocolo foi publicado como capítulo do livro "Protocolos de monitoramento de habitats bentônicos costeiros" da ReBentos, e possibilitará expansão do GT Estuários para eventuais interessados, assim como uma ampla avaliação crítica da academia quanto à sua viabilidade e eficácia científica.

Tendo em vista o limitado financiamento inicial da ReBentos, os pesquisadores do GT Estuários frequentemente buscaram financiamento adicional para o desenvolvimento do próprio GT (i.e. editais PELD-CNPq) ou de trabalhos complementares de foco regional. Alguns financiamentos foram obtidos frente a agências estaduais (e.g. FAPES, FAPESP) e privadas (Fundação Boticário), e permitem não só a realização de campanhas de amostragem nos estuários mas também fomentam o treinamento de alunos de graduação e pós-graduação em Ciências do Mar. 4.2. GT Praias 4.2.1. Coordenadora: Prof. Dra. Cecilia Amaral (UNICAMP) Impactos do projeto para avanço do estado da arte na área do conhecimento: O monitoramento contínuo e permanente de parâmetros biológicos e abióticos, distribuídos no espaço e tempo, com amostragens e analises padronizadas, permitirá avaliar alterações causadas por impactos antropogênicos e modificações causadas por modificações naturais, com precisão e de forma comparativa. Esta, com certeza é a maior conquista na avaliação dos organismos bentônicos, introduzida no Brasil, agora com a ReBentos. Contribuição do projeto para inovação de produtos, processos ou políticas públicas: O projeto é inovador e de grande importância para tomadores de decisão como órgãos públicos ambientais e de planejamento, uma vez que entre as propostas do projeto esta o fornecimento de produtos específicos para esses fins, como dados contínuos de campo e um panorama de eventuais mudanças na biota. Contribuição do projeto para formação de recursos humanos especializados: A formação de recursos humanos especializados em temas referentes às mudanças climáticas e seus impactos sobre os ecossistemas bentônicos, trará um novo conceito de avaliação da biodiversidade marinha. Contribuição do projeto para difusão e transferência do conhecimento: A interdisciplinaridade do projeto garante a divulgação do conhecimento adquirido, adequado, aos diferentes níveis de público-alvo, da academia aos órgãos públicos. 4.2.2. Vice-Coordenadora: Prof. Dra. Ilana Rosental Zalmon (UENF) Impactos do projeto para avanço do estado da arte na área do conhecimento: O Brasil possui um dos mais extensos litorais do mundo (cerca de 8.000 km), ao longo do qual podem ser encontrados os mais variados tipos de praias. No entanto, o conhecimento da fauna bentônica dessas praias é ainda insatisfatório. Devido principalmente ao rápido crescimento econômico e especulação imobiliária, as praias brasileiras estão sujeitas aos mais diversos tipos de impactos, acarretando

um alto risco de perda da biodiversidade. Somam-se a isso os efeitos oriundos das mudanças climáticas, tornando-se cada vez mais urgente a adoção de estratégias que visem à compreensão das modificações na biota de praia advindas dessas mudanças, bem como os planos de manejo para mitigação dos seus efeitos. Para prever respostas ecológicas e de biodiversidade a mudanças climáticas é essencial integrar processos biológicos e ecológicos com dados climáticos, que contribuirão para o entendimento de padrões biogeográficos de estresse e riscos de mortalidade, associado ao funcionamento de ecossistemas praiais. Os substratos inconsolidados do entremarés são ambientes dinâmicos que respondem às perturbações cíclicas, mas também aos eventos estocásticos associados aos eventos extremos. O estudo desenvolvido na costa norte do Rio de Janeiro pretende obter indicadores da desregulação funcional em nível de organismo e de comunidade em resposta a potenciais efeitos antropogênicos e de mudanças climáticas. Contribuição do projeto para inovação de produtos, processos ou políticas públicas: A partir do monitoramento contínuo das características físicas do ambiente e da comunidade biológica, determinadas lacunas de conhecimento sobre a dinâmica de funcionamento das praias arenosas poderão ser preenchidas. Dessa forma, atividades de manejo e gerenciamento desses ecossistemas serão melhor direcionadas pelos tomadores de decisão nas esferas públicas e privadas, contribuindo diretamente para a conservação efetiva desses recursos ecossistêmicos. Identificar e compreender os efeitos do aquecimento global e seus desdobramentos sobre os mais diversos ecossistemas é um dos grandes desafios nos dias atuais. A proposta desse projeto justifica-se pela necessidade de entendimento das respostas de comunidades bentônicas frente a possíveis alterações nas condições climáticas, considerando a vulnerabilidade de ecossistemas costeiros a variações de fatores físicos e eventos extremos. Dessa forma, torna-se factível a criação de planos de manejo e medidas mitigadoras de impactos concernentes à manutenção e à preservação de habitas costeiros. Contribuição do projeto para formação de recursos humanos especializados: O projeto reúne pesquisadores doutores, doutorandos, mestrandos e alunos de iniciação científica de várias instituições de ensino superior do Brasil, localizadas próximas ao litoral. Portanto, trata-se de um projeto de grande escala e que se concretiza a partir da atuação sinérgica dos vários atores envolvidos. Contribuição do projeto para difusão e transferência do conhecimento: A escassez de informações sobre comunidades biológicas em praias brasileiras ainda é um percalço para estratégia de manejo e conservação desses ambientes. Nesse sentido, como o projeto abrange um amplo espectro litorâneo do país a partir dos trabalhos desenvolvidos pelas instituições superiores localizadas em diferentes regiões, facilita-se o processo de difusão e transferência do conhecimento a cerca desses ecossistemas. Através do presente estudo, pretende-se investigar questões relacionadas a alterações por impactos antropogênicos (ex. pisoteio) e modificações climáticas (incluindo eventos extremos) em comunidades bênticas do entremarés de praias rochosas e arenosas na costa norte do estado do Rio de Janeiro, e gerar e disseminar conhecimentos que possam responder aos desafios representados pelas causas e efeitos das mudanças climáticas globais. 4.3. GT Fundos Submersos Vegetados - Fanerógamas Marinhas

Coordenadora: Profa. Dra. Margareth Copertino (FURG) Impactos do projeto para avanço do estado da arte na área do conhecimento: Comparado aos demais habitats bentônicos brasileiros, as pradarias de gramas marinhas (no ambiente marinho) e vegetação aquática submersa (em ambientes estuarinos) são pouco conhecidos, estudados e valorizados no Brasil. A formação de um GT de Fundos Vegetados Submersos, dentro da ReBentos possibilitou a aproximação e integração entre os grupos de pesquisa brasileiros, de forma inédita, assim como uma avaliação mais legítima e completa sobre o estado da arte e conservação das pradarias marinhas e estuarinas. Parte deste conhecimento está sintetizado no artigo de revisão sobre o assunto. Enormes lacunas do conhecimento existiam (e ainda existem), até mesmo quanto a extensão e distribuição detalhada destes habitats ao longo da costa. A variabilidade espacial e a extensão das modificações e perdas foram demonstradas e quantificadas em poucos locais (não mais que 4 ou 5). A ReBentos estimulou e promoveu o projeto Mapeamento das Fanerógamas Marinhas do Brasil, que objetivou mapear as pradarias através de imagens de satéllite (Google Earth) e verificações in situ. Seis pesquisadores (ou grupos de pesquisa) distribuíram as atribuições para vistar e levantar dados de campo em mais de cem pontos na costa Brasileira, avaliando: distribuição, extensão, cobertura, amostras de biomass, coletas para investigação taxonômica e molecular. As interações com os parâmetros hidrológicos, sedimentológicos e físico-químicos são complexas e não completamente esclarecidas, devido principalmente às lacunas nas séries temporais e a falta de investigações experimentais. A ReBentos está sendo o ponto de partida e estímulo para o monitoramento de longo prazo em diversos locais da costa, de maneira inédita. A continuidade e melhoramento do programa de monitoramento dos parâmetros populacionais e abióticos permitem a base de dados essencial para as revisões históricas, de modo a detectar mudanças na qualidade da água e nos habitats costeiros. Estes dados deverão, em futuro breve, alimentar modelos preditivos, particularmente sobre os impactos de modificações climáticas e hidrológicos previstas para a região Sul do Brasil. Com a formação dos GTs Fundos Submersos Vegetados, Manguezais e Marimas e Estuários, a formaçao de um grupo brasileiro focado no estudo do estoque do carbono costeiro foi facilitada. O estudo da variabilidade dos estoques e capcidade de sequestro de carbono por manguezais, marismas e pradarias de gramas marinhas, e como o potencial para mitigar as mudanças climáticas, é o foco principal do programa internacional The Blue Carbon Inicative. A realização do Workshop do “Blue Carbon International Scientific Working Group” na FURG, Rio Grande, em outubro de 2014, permitiu reunir e aproximar pesquisadores internacionais e brasileiros em torno do tema. A formação de um grupo de estudos brasileiros se deu a partir do Workshop. O grupo está liderando uma revisão no assunto (Brazilian Blue Carbon) e realizando levantamentos amostrais ao longo da costa brasileira. A ReBentos apoiou a iniciativa e financiou a ida de pesquisadores brasileiros ao evento. Contribuição do projeto para inovação de produtos, processos ou políticas públicas: Contribuição ao Plano Nacional de Mudanças Climáticas, através de consulta pública.

Contribuição do projeto para formação de recursos humanos especializados: O GT Fundos Vegetados Submersos subsidiou o treinamento de quatro alunas bolsistas de desenvolvimento tecnológico (DTI); duas alunas de doutorado, duas alunas de mestrado e três alunos de iniciacão científica. Até o momento, quatro bolsistas DTI participaram do projeto de forma mais intensiva, em coletas de campo, reuniões de trabalho, realizaram levantamento bibliográfico e colaboram com a elaboraçao de figuras e gráficos. Estes estiveram envolvidos nos Workshops da ReBentos, reuniões do GT FSV e do International Seagrass Biology Workshop. Duas bolsistas colaboraram na preparação de manunscrito da ReBentos, sendo co-autoras do capítulo do livro e da publicação de revisão. Projetos de PPG’s concluídos ou em andamento: - Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Ceará: 1 dissertação de mestrado em andamento . - Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro: 1 dissertação de mestrado concluída. - Oceanografia Biológica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande: duas teses de doutorado em andamento.; uma dissertação de mestrado que utilizou o protocolo da ReBentos – Costões Rochosos. 4.4. GT Fundos Submersos Vegetados - Bancos de Rodolitos Coordenador: Prof. Dr. Paulo Antunes Horta (UFSC) Vice-Coordenadora: Prof. Dra. Márcia Figueiredo (Jardim Botânico - RJ) Impactos do projeto para avanço do estado da arte na área do conhecimento: Os trabalhos da rede levaram à articulação dos pesquisadores que dedicavam esforços dispersos em relação aos diferentes aspectos dos bancos de rodolitos. O trabalho em rede permitiu a troca de experiência, o intercâmbio de alunos, o compartilhamento de infraestrutura. Estas ações articuladas levarão à construção da publicação síntese do conhecimento sobre a biodiversidade bentônica brasileira e dos protocolos de monitoramento de habitats bentônicos costeiros (itens 5.1 e 5.2), além de catalisarem outros trabalhos (Riosmena-Rodrigues et al. 2014 – Número especial da revista Phytotaxa dedicado à algas calcárias; Celis-Plá et al., 2015; Scherner et al., 2015 - ver item 5.5.1) que refletem a nacionalização e internacionalização do grupo. Contribuição do projeto para inovação de produtos, processos ou políticas públicas: O projeto reforça a relevância destas algas, fornecendo subsidios importantes para necessária revisão dos conhecimentos indispensáveis para uma adequada gestão costeira. Contribuição do projeto para formação de recursos humanos especializados: O projeto contribuiu diretamente para a formação de quatro alunos de iniciação científica, três mestrandos e um doutorando. Estes alunos além de desenvolverem técnicas morfológicas e moleculares, trabalharam com colegas de diferentes instituições o que muito contribui para seu processo de formação. Além disso estes alunos participaram de eventos científicos, participando ativamente de disseminação dos resultados alcançados.

Contribuição do projeto para difusão e transferência do conhecimento: Além da publicação e participação em eventos científicos a presente proposta levou ao desenvolvimento de um blog, que muito tem contribuído para a divulgação do grupo taxonômico em questão, reforçando sua importância ecológica ou mesmo econômica (para maiores detalhes acesse- chttps://rodolitos.wordpress.com). 4.5. GT Costões Coordenador: Prof. Dr. Ricardo Coutinho (IEAPM) Vice-Coordenador: Prof. Dr. Luis Felipe Skinner (UERJ) Impactos do projeto para avanço do estado da arte na área do conhecimento: No meu entender, a partir do lançamento do e-book com os protocolos básicos o projeto contribuirá de forma bastante significativa para o avanço da área, uma vez que, utilizando métodos similares em larga escala latitudinal e temporal permitirá pela primeira vez no Brasil estudos comparativos onde ao menos a metodologia será uniforme. No entanto, há de se aplicar um esforço na divulgação para sua real implementação e formação da base de dados que servirá como referência na análise de uma série histórica. Contribuição do projeto para inovação de produtos, processos ou políticas públicas: Dependerá da obtenção dos dados e da capacidade da rede se articular internamente e também externamente, tanto com orgãos governamentais quanto com ONGs. Potencialmente, a rede apresenta grande capacidade de produzir contribuições importantes às políticas públicas de adequação do país às mudanças climáticas. Contribuição do projeto para formação de recursos humanos especializados: Depende no momento atual do projeto, muito mais de um esforço individual do que propriamente da rede como um todo. Reconheço que existe um potencial grande para esta formação Contribuição do projeto para difusão e transferência do conhecimento: Da mesma forma que para os impactos e a contribuição para o desenvolvimento da área, dependerá da aplicação do protocolo e da articulação interna e externa dos participantes da rede. 4.6. GT Recifes Coordenadora: Prof. Dra. Zelinda M. A. N. Leão (UFBA) Vice-Coordenador: Prof. Dr. Ruy K. P. Kikuchi (UFBA) Impactos do projeto para avanço do estado da arte na área do conhecimento: Os conhecimentos gerados a partir das observações de campo e dos experimentos realizados dentro do escopo deste projeto irão produzir dados técnico-científicos e ambientais, os quais servirão para um melhor entendimento acerca dos processos responsáveis pelas alterações observadas na biodiversidade dos recifes brasileiros, particularmente das áreas recifais costeiras, mais rasas e, assim, mais susceptíveis às variações da temperatura das águas superficiais.

No que diz respeito aos aspectos sócio-econômicos os dados produzidos neste projeto irão, sem dúvida, aprimorar a metodologia de avaliação do branqueamento dos corais, o que servirá para subsidiar projetos que envolvam a gestão dos recifes de coral branqueados e/ou severamente danificados, particularmente no que diz respeito à preservação da biodiversidade coralina dos recifes brasileiros. Utilizando-se as observações de campo da ocorrência de branqueamento associado com a medida do índice de estresse térmico acumulado (Degree Heating Week – DHW) e os dados obtidos dos modelos experimentais, poderemos fazer previsões da resposta dos recifes às mudanças climáticas, podendo identificar os recifes mais sensíveis e os mais resistentes ao branqueamento. Ainda, o conhecimento dos processos que estão ocorrendo no presente poderá servir de base para estudos paleoclimáticos (identificação da ocorrência do fenômeno no passado em espécimes antigos, através de análises isotópicas), paleoecológicos (caracterização da fauna construtora dos recifes antigos) e geo-históricos (evolução das construções recifais brasileiras em escalas milenares e seculares a partir da análise e comparação com o esqueleto de corais antigos). Contribuição do projeto para inovação de produtos, processos ou políticas públicas: No final do projeto, poderemos avaliar a vulnerabilidade e a resiliência dos recifes coralinos da Bahia, os maiores e mais ricos recifes do Oceano Atlântico Sul, de modo a identificar recifes resilientes e recifes vulneráveis. Os resultados a serem obtidos irão fornecer indicativos que poderão servir de modelos preditivos quer para os recifes que serão mais afetados (vulneráveis) quer para aqueles que poderão se tornar resistentes, adaptados ou aclimatados (resilientes). Estas informações irão contribuir para que os atores envolvidos na conservação da biodiversidade marinha, entre eles os tomadores de decisão, os gestores das Áreas de Conservação Ambiental, os ambientalistas em geral e a população que tem os recifes como sua principal fonte de recursos de sobrevivência, possam tomar iniciativas que contribuam para prevenir perdas irreparáveis dos valiosos recursos dos nossos recifes de corais. Contribuição do projeto para formação de recursos humanos especializados: O GT Recifes orientou, ao todo, quatro Teses de Doutorado, quatro Dissertações de Mestrado, um Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso e 3 projetos de Iniciação Científica (ver item 5.5.5). Contribuição do projeto para difusão e transferência do conhecimento: Produção de uma cartilha para divulgação do conhecimento científico, de maneira simples, para alunos e professores da educação básica (ver ítem 5.5.7). 4.7. GT Manguezais e Marismas Coordenadora: Prof. Dra. Yara Scaeffer-Novelli (USP) Vice-Coordenador: Prof. Dr. Eduardo Soriano-Sierra (UFSC) Impactos do projeto para avanço do estado da arte na área do conhecimento: Vivenciamos no período de construção da Rede grande demanda pela publicação dos protocolos de procedimentos mínimos para monitoramento do ecossistema. Manguezais são conhecidos no Brasil desde o extremo norte até a cidade de Laguna, em Santa Catarina. Esse amplo padrão de distribuição faz com que sejam alvo de diferentes tipos de uso e, como não poderia deixar de ser, de diferentes

estados de conservação. A carência por trabalhos em língua portuguesa torna o produto da Rede alvo de demanda qualificada para que novos projetos sejam, não somente propostos por pesquisadores, como também foco de indução por parte de instituições de fomento à pesquisa. Contribuição do projeto para inovação de produtos, processos ou políticas públicas: Sem dúvida, a adoção dos protocolos de monitoramento em processos de políticas públicas, aplicadas à gestão do ecossistema manguezal, já foi considerada quando da estruturação do Plano de Ação Nacional para Conservação das Espécies Ameaçadas e de Importância Socioeconômica do Ecossistema Manguezal (PAN Manguezal). Como membro titular do Grupo de Assessoramento Técnico do PAN Manguezal, podemos assegurar que na execução do PAN muito se fará uso dos conceitos explicitados nos diversos Protocolos sobre o ecossistema em questão. Fato que merece destaque é o tratamento (explícito) das mudanças climáticas associadas à conservação dos ecossistemas costeiros, como novo parâmetro a ser obrigatoriamente incluído em planos de ação em níveis federal, estatual e municipal. Contribuição do projeto para formação de recursos humanos especializados: Mais uma vez, destacamos o fato da carência de publicações em língua portuguesa sobre as diferentes questões associadas ao ecossistema manguezal. Os conceitos explicitados nos textos que orientam os diferentes procedimentos mínimos eficazes para o estudo e respectivo monitoramento do ecossistema, ao longo da costa brasileira, muito contribuirão com a formação e a capacitação de recursos humanos. Contribuição do projeto para difusão e transferência do conhecimento: Este é o ponto focal da Rede no caso do ecossistema manguezal, disponibilizando graciosamente, em língua portuguesa, uma série de conhecimentos tanto básicos quanto de nível mais avançado a todos aqueles que tratam dos ecossistemas costeiros tropicas em nosso País. 4.8. GT Educação Ambiental Coordenador: Prof. Dr. Flávio Berchez (USP) Vice-Coordenador: Prof. Dra. Natália Ghilard-Lopes (UFABC) Durante o período de 2011 a 2014, 16 modelos de atividade foram desenvolvidos, de Alagoas a Santa Catarina, envolvendo sua concepção, implementação e teste através de pesquisa científica. O material didático produzido compreendeu 3 livros e 21 capítulos de livros. Um público total ao redor de 5500 visitantes de UCs, 250 professores de escolas públicas e 800 estudantes foi impactado. Como monitores e multiplicadores, foram treinados 250 estudantes de graduação e profissionais. Projetos de avaliação de pesquisa geraram 9 trabalhos científicos. 5. ATIVIDADES DESENVOLVIDAS NO PERÍODO

Os anexos listados a seguir poderão se acessados no link: https://www.dropbox.com/sh/421cqxjdwoqlojj/cqR40lfQR7

5.1. E-book - Protocolos para o Monitoramento de Habitats Bentônicos Costeiros

Os protocolos de campo preparados pelos Grupos de Trabalho foram organizados em um e-book de livre acesso, que encontra-se disponível para download na homepage da ReBentos (http://rebentos.org/). Uma pequena tiragem (300 exemplares) do livro foi feita para ser distribuida entre os autores e para ampla divulgação, principalmente junto ao setor público ligado ao ambiente marinho costeiro.

5.2. Publicação síntese do conhecimento sobre a biodiversidade bentônica marinha costeira brasileira

Os grupos de trabalho desenvolveram um vasto levantamento bibliográfico de estudos publicados na forma de artigos científicos, capítulos de livro, dissertações de mestrado, teses de doutorado, monografias de conclusão de curso de graduação e relatórios técnicos. Essas publicações apresentam informações sobre a biodiversidade dos diferentes ambientes/temas tratados. A partir desse levantamento, cada GT elaborou uma publicação-síntese sobre a biodiversidade do bentos marinho na costa brasileira. Os manuscritos foram submetidos a Brazilian Journal of Oceanography e comporão um Número Especial desse periódico, destinado à ReBentos. Dos nove artigos resultantes, três já foram aceitos para publicação, enquanto seis foram submetidos e estão em processo de revisão, após apreciação pelos revisores da revista. Os artigos, em suas últimas versões (aceitas ou submetidas), encontram-se em anexo:

5.2.1. Bernardino, A.F.; Pagliosa, P.R.; Christofoletti, R.A.; Barros, F.; Netto, S.A.; Muniz, P.; Lana, P.C. (aceito) Benthic estuarine communities in Brazil: moving forward to long term studies to assess climate change impacts. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography (ANEXO 1)

5.2.2. Copertino, M.S.; Lanari, M.O.;Creed, J.;Magalhães, K.; Barros, K.; Sordo, L.; Lana, P.C.; Horta, P.A. (submetido) Seagrass and Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Habitats off the Coast of Brazil: state of knowledge, conservation and main threats. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography (ANEXO 2)

5.2.3. Horta, P.A.; Amado Filho, G.M.; Bahia, R.G.; Berchez, F.; Nunes, J.M.C.; Scherner, F.; Pereira, S.; Riul, P.; Lotufo, T.; Peres, L.M.C.; Sissini, M.N.; Rosa, J.L.; Munoz, P.; Martins, C.D.L.; Gouvea, L.; Freire, V.; Bastos, E.; Bergstrom, E.; Schubert, N.; Rodrigues, A.C.; Rorig, L.; Barufi, J.B.; Figueiredo, M. (submetido) Rhodoliths in Brazil: current knowledge and potential impacts of climate change. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography (ANEXO 3)

5.2.4. Schaeffer-Novelli, Y.; Soriano-Sierra, E.J.; Vale, C.C.; Bernini, E.; Rovai, A.S.; Pinheiro, M.A.A.; Schimidt, A.J.; Almeida, R.; Coelho Jr., C.; Menghini, R.P.; Martinez, D.I.; Abuchahla, G.M.O.; Cunha-Lignon, M.; Charlier-Sarubo, S.; Shirazawa-Freitas, J.; Cintrón-Molero, G. (submetido) Climate changes in mangroves and salt marshes. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography (ANEXO 4)

5.2.5. Amaral, A.C.Z.; Corte, G.N.; Rosa-Filho, J.S.; Denadai, M.R.; Colling, L.A.; Borzone, C.A.; Veloso, V.; Omena, E.P.; Zalmon, I.R.; Rocha-Barreira, C.A.; Souza, J.R.B.; Rosa, L.C.; Almeida, T.C.M. (aceito) Brazilian sandy beaches: characteristics, ecosystem services, impacts, knowledge, and priorities. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography (ANEXO 5)

5.2.6. Maria, T.F.; Wandeness, A.P.; Esteves, A.M. (submetido) Sandy-beach Meiofauna from Brazil: a brief synthesis. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography (ANEXO 6)

5.2.7. Coutinho, R.; Yaginuma, L.E.; Siviero, F.; Santos, J.C.Q.B.; Széchy, M.T.M.; López, M.S.; Christofoletti, R.A.; Berchez, F.; Rocha, R.M.; Ghilardi-Lopes, N. P.; Ferreira, C.E.L.; Gonçalves, J.E.A.; Masi, B.P.; Correia, M.D.; Sovierzoski, H.H.; Skinner, L.F.; Zalmon, I.R. (submetido) Knowledgement synthesis on rocky shores from the Brazilian coast and it's use for the monitoring of global climate changes. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography (ANEXO 7)

5.2.8. Leão, Z.M.A.N.; Kikuchi, R.K.P.; Ferreira, B.P.; Neves, E.G.; Sovierzoski, H.H.; Oliveira, M.D.M.; Maida, M.; Correia, M.D.; Johnsson, R. (aceito) Brazilian coral reefs in a time of global changes: a synthesis. Brazilian Journal of Oceanography (ANEXO 8)

5.2.9. Berchez, F.; Ghilardi-Lopes, N.P.; Correia, M.D.; Sovierzoski, H.H.; Pedrini, A.G.; Ursi, S.; Kremeer, L.P.; Almeida, R.; Schaeffer-Novelli, Y.; Marques, V.; Brotto, D.S. (submetido) Marine and coastal environmental education in the context of global climate changes – synthesis and subsidies for ReBentos (Coastal Benthic Habitats Monitoring Network). Brazilian Journal of Oceanography (ANEXO 9)

5.3. Reuniões científicas

5.3.1. Workshop of the Blue Carbon Scientific Working Group Local: Rio Grande-RS Período: 20 a 23 de outubro de 2014 Organizadores: Margareth Copertino, Emily Pidgeon and Jennifer Howard (Conservation International) Produtos: Artigo científico Copertino, M.S.; Fonseca, A.; Rovai, A.S.; Bernardino, A.; Costa, C.S.B.;

Nóbrega, G.N.; Duque-Estrada, G.; Reuss, G.; Creed, J.; Marangoni, J.; Simard, M.; Soares, M.; Fumi, M.; Martinetto, P.; Pagliosa, P.; Ward, R.; Ferreira, T.O.; Cavalcanti, V.F. (em prep.) Coastal Vegetation from Brazil: the role on carbon sequestration and mitigation of climate changes.

(ANEXO 10 - Relatório Final de Cumprimento de Objeto - Capes; ANEXO 11 - Brazil-Meeting-Report)

5.3.2. Jornada de Gerenciamento Costeiro e Planejamento Espacial Marinho - 50ª Sessão Ordinária do Grupo de Integração do Gerenciamento Costeiro (Gi-Gerco) Local: Brasília - DF Período: 05 de novembro de 2014 Organização: Grupo de Integração do Gerenciamento Costeiro (Gi-Gerco), que contou com a representação do Prof. Dr. Alexander Turra (IOUSP)

Homepage: http://hotsite.mma.gov.br/jornada-gerco/50a-sessao-ordinaria-do-grupo-de-integracao-do-gerenciamento-costeiro-gi-gerco/ 5.3.3. Global change in coastal marine ecosystems: Science, policy and sustainable development Local: Santos-SP Período: 17 a 20 de março de 2015 Organizadores: Ronaldo A. Christofoletti (UNIFESP), Sturart Jenkins (Bangor University) Colaboradores: Alexander Turra (IOUSP), Áurea Ciotti (CEBIMar-USP), Stephen J. Hawkins (University of Southampton), Michael Burrows (The Scottish Association for Marine Science) Homepage:http://www.imar.unifesp.br/v2/index.php/pos-graduacao-e-pesquisa/workshop-british-council (ANEXO 12 - Relatório Científico - Global change in coastal marine ecosystems)

5.3.4. Third International Symposium on Effects of Climate Change on the World's Oceans Local: Santos-SP Período: 23 a 27 de março de 2015 Organizadores: Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo (Prof. Dr. Alexander Turra e Prof. Dr. Michel M. Mahiques), International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), Intergovernamental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC), North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES). Homepage:http://www.pices.int/meetings/international_symposia/2015/2015-Climate-Change/scope.aspx (ANEXO 13 - ........)

5.3.5. VII International Sandy Beach Symposium: linking science and decision making for beach sustainability Local: Ilhabela-SP Período: 06 a 10 de julho de 2015 Organização: Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo (Prof. Dr. Alexander Turra). Homepage: http://www.isbs2015.io.usp.br/index.php (ANEXO 14 - ........)

5.4. Atividades de campo para o monitamento do bentos marinho costeiro

Após a definição dos protocolos de coleta, alguns GTs deram início aos trabalhos de campo para o monitoramento do bentos marinho costeiro em algumas regiões brasileiras.

Alguns projetos disponibilizaram seus dados no Sistema de Informação Ambiental do Programa Biota/Fapesp, o SinBiota, que visa difundir informações sobre a biodiversidade brasileira para a comunidade científica, tomadores de decisões, formuladores de politicas ambientais e educadores.

http://sinbiota.biota.org.br/project/327/ 5.4.1. GT Estuários

Local (ponto de monitoramento) Estuário do rio Acaraú - Ceará

Coordenadas geográficas (lat. e longitude; datum WGS84)

(02o50'59"S, 40o07'41"W)

Pesq. Responsável Dra. Rafaela Camargo Maia - IFES CE Equipe Datas/períodos de coleta (N coletas por ano em períodos seco/chuva)

2014(4); 2015 (2)

Espécies obtidas Uca spp., e Macrofauna intersticial

Fatores abióticos medidos Salinidade, Temperatura, Granulometria, MOT sedimentar

Local (ponto de monitoramento) Estuário do rio Jaguaripe - Bahia


(13o06'12.4"S, 38o52'38.6"W)

Pesq. Responsável Dr. Francisco Barros - UFBA Equipe Datas/períodos de coleta (N coletas por ano em períodos seco/chuva)

2014(2); 2015 (1)



Local (ponto de monitoramento) Estuário do Piraquê-Açu-Mirim - ES


13o06'12.4"S, 38o52'38.6"W; 24K 376422E, 7794024N

Pesq. Responsável Dr. Angelo Fraga Bernardino - UFES Equipe Biol. Luiz E. Gomes Datas/períodos de coleta 2014(2);2015 (1)



Local (ponto de monitoramento) Estuário do Rio Una - Juréia - SP


24o26'18.65"S, 47o04'20.24"W; 24K 289914E, 7295640N

Pesq. Responsável Dr. Ronaldo Christofoletti - UNIFESP e Dra. Tânia Costa - UNESP

Equipe Deborah Gallo, Joao Silva, Luiz Felipe Natallio, Fernando de Grande

Datas/períodos de coleta 2014 (4); 2015 (1) Espécies obtidas Uca spp. e Macrofauna intersticial


Local (ponto de monitoramento) Complexo Estuarino de Paranaguá - PR


25o25'2"S, 48o25'42"W

Pesq. Responsável Dr. Paulo da Cunha Lana - UFPR Equipe Julia Porto Datas/períodos de coleta 2014(4);2015 (1) Espécies obtidas Uca spp., e Macrofauna intersticial


Local (ponto de monitoramento) Estuário do rio ratones - SC


27o27.6'13"S, 48o31'25.59"W; UTM 22 J (744734.00 m E / 6961093.92 m S)

Pesq. Responsável Dr. Paulo R. Pagliosa - UFSC Equipe Datas/períodos de coleta 2014 (4); 2015 (1) Espécies obtidas Uca spp., e Macrofauna intersticial


Local (ponto de monitoramento) Laguna - SC


28o49'01"S, 48o48'12"W; UTM 22 J (715058,33 m E / 684554,48 m S)

Pesq. Responsável Dr. Sergio Netto - UNISUL Equipe Datas/períodos de coleta 2014(3);2015 (2) Espécies obtidas Macrofauna intersticial


Local (ponto de monitoramento) Estuário da Lagoa dos Patos - RS


32o1'9.50"S, 52o6'11.81"W

Pesq. Responsável Dr. André Colling - FURG Equipe Datas/períodos de coleta 2014(2) Espécies obtidas Macrofauna intersticial


5.4.2. GT Praias

Local (ponto de monitoramento) Balneário Barrancos - PR


25º36'37,3" S 48º24'04,9"W

Pesq. Responsável Carlos Alberto Borzone Equipe Ana Martins, Jennyffer Vieira, Pablo Guilherme Datas/períodos de coleta 03/2013; 09/2013; 03/2014; 09/2014; 03/2015

Espécies obtidas

Bledius bonaeriensis, Bledius hermani, Excirolana armata, Tholozodium rombo, Euzonus, Scolelepis, Donax hanleyanus, Donax gemmula, Poxocephalopsis, Bowmaniella, Bathyporeiapus, Dispio remanei, Hemipodus, Lepidopa, Nepthys, Mesodesma mactroides, Nemertea, Emerita braziliensis, Orbinidae, Sigalionidae, Austinixia patagoniensis

Fatores abióticos medidos temperatura, salinidade, perfil praial e granulometria do sedimento

Local (ponto de monitoramento) Praia do Cabelo Gordo – São Sebastião - SP


23º 49’ 58” S 45º 25’ 31” W

Pesq. Responsável Antônia Cecília Zacagnini Amaral Equipe Antônia Cecilia Z. Amaral, Guilherme Corte,

Hélio Checon, Camila Silva, Nathalia Padovani, Thalita Forroni e Angélica Godoy

Datas/períodos de coleta 02/2013, 06/2013, 03/2014, 07/2014.

Espécies obtidas Spionidae (Scolelepis squamata), Goniadidae, Glyceridae, Orbiniidae, Ophelidae

Fatores abióticos medidos temperatura, salinidade, perfil praial e granulometria do sedimento

Local (ponto de monitoramento)

Praia de Grussaí (São João da Barra, RJ); Praia de Manguinhos (São Francisco de Itabapoana, RJ)


Grussaí: 21°41’57.82’’S 41°1’25.91’’O Manguinhos: 21°26’59.57’’S 41°1’42,51’’O

Pesq. Responsável Dra. Ilana Rosental Zalmon

Equipe

Doutorando Phillipe Mota Machado, Mestrando Leonardo Lopes Costa, Mestranda Marjorie Cremonez Suciu e IC: Nathalle Danielle Zebende de Souza, Jessica da Silva Diniz, Danilo Freitas Rangel

Datas/períodos de coleta

2012: junho, julho, agosto, setembro 2013: janeiro, fevereiro, março, junho, agosto e setembro 2014: janeiro, fevereiro, março, abril

Espécies obtidas

Saccocirrus pusicus , Hemipodia californiensis, Pisionidens indica, Glycera sp., Excirolana braziliensis, Emerita brasiliensis, Puelche sp., Lepidopa richimondi, Donax hanleyanus, Olivancillaria vesica vesica, Scolelepis sp., Dispio sp., Mulinea cleryana, Atlantorchestoidea brasiliensi, Talorchestia tucurauna, Mysida sp., Ocypode quadrata

Fatores abióticos medidos

Sedimento: granulometria, pH intersticial, temperatura, matéria orgânica, umidade. Coluna d’água: temperatura, pH, condutividade, salinidade, oxigênio dissolvido, oxigênio saturado

5.4.3. GT Fundos Submersos Vegetados - Fanerógamas Marinhas

Local (ponto de monitoramento) Estuário da Lagoa dos Patos, Rio Grande, RS


-32o 1’ 25,10”; -52o 7’ 33,0”

Pesq. Responsável Margareth Copertino

Equipe Priscilla Arévalo, Marianna Lanari, Karine Steigleder,

Datas/períodos de coleta 01/2013 à 05/2015 (mensalmente)

Espécies obtidas Ruppia maritima, Ulva clathrata, Ulva intestinalis, Cladophora spp, Chaetomorpha peregrina

Fatores abióticos medidos Água: nível, secchi, turbidez, temperatura, salinidade, pH, O2 dissolvido, nitrato+nitrito, amônio, fosfato, seston e matéria orgânica.

Local (ponto de monitoramento) Lagoa do Armazém, Tramandaí, RS


-29°59'; -50°10'

Pesq. Responsável Margareth Copertino Equipe Margareth Copertino, Priscilla Arévalo Datas/períodos de coleta 03/2014

Espécies obtidas Ruppia maritima, Zannichellia palustres; Chara spp, Nitella spp

Fatores abióticos medidos Água: nível, temperatura, salinidade.

Local (ponto de monitoramento) Lagoa da Conceição, Florianópolis, SC


-27o36’ 29,9”; - 48o 27’ 56,5”

Pesq. Responsável Paulo Horta

Equipe Manuela Bernardes Batista, Taís Massocato e Mateus Martins

Datas/períodos de coleta 15/03/2014; Espécies obtidas Ruppia maritima Fatores abióticos medidos Água: temperatura, salinidade,

Local (ponto de monitoramento) Rio Macapá, PI


-29°59'; -50°10'

Pesq. Responsável Margareth Copertino

Equipe Margareth Copertino, Pablo Riul, Maria Gardência Batista, Priscilla Arévalo

Datas/períodos de coleta 01/2014

Espécies obtidas Halodule wrightii, Halodule sp (emarginata?), Halophyla decipiens , Caulerpa spp, Gracilaria spp, Halimeda sp etc

Fatores abióticos medidos Água: nível, temperatura, salinidade. Local (ponto de monitoramento) Suape, PE


8°21'13.18"S, 34°57'27.19"O

Pesq. Responsável Karine Matos Magalhães

Equipe Victor Sacramento, Pedro Rodolfo, Lucas Ferreira

Datas/períodos de coleta Quadrimestral desde novembro de 2013 Espécies obtidas Halodule wrightii ?? Fatores abióticos medidos Temperatura, salinidade, Oxigênio, sedimento

Local (ponto de monitoramento) Barra de Mamanguape, PB


6°47'41" S; 35°03'15" W

Pesq. Responsável Karine Matos Magalhães

Equipe Elisa Pitanga, Victor Sacramento, Pedro Rodolfo,

Datas/períodos de coleta Quadrimestral desde julho de 2013 Espécies obtidas Halodule wrightii ?? Fatores abióticos medidos Temperatura, salinidade, sedimento

5.4.4. GT Fundos Submersos Vegetados - Bancos de Rodolitos

Local (ponto de monitoramento) Reserva Biológica do Arvoredo-SC


-27ᵒ17’ 7’’S; -48ᵒ22’ 51’’

Pesq. Responsável Paulo Antunes Horta Junior Equipe Vanessa Freire, Letícia Perez, Eduardo Bastos Datas/períodos de coleta 09/03/2014

Espécies obtidas

Centroceras sp., Ceramium sp., Champia parvula, Champia mínima, Cladophora sp., Hypnea spinela, Jania sp., Mesophyllum erubescens, Lithothamnium crispatum

Fatores abióticos medidos Profundidade e temperatura Local (ponto de monitoramento) Itaipava - ES


-20ᵒ59’ 63,9’’S; -40ᵒ42’ 61,2’’

Pesq. Responsável Paulo Antunes Horta Junior Equipe Vanessa Freire, Leidson Allan Datas/períodos de coleta 07/02/2014

Espécies obtidas

Amphiroa sp., Champia sp., Chrysymenia enteromorpha, Dasya brasiliana, Dictyurus occidentalis, Jania sp., Liagora ceranoides, Plocamium brasiliense, Tsengia sp., Anadyomene lacerata, Caulerpa mexicana, Caulerpa pusila, Halimeda discoidea, Udotea cyathiformis, Udotea unistratea, Canistrocarpus cervicornis, Colpomenia sinuosa, Dictyota sp., Dictyota ciliolata, Dictyota mertensii, Dictyopteris jolyana, Lobophora variegata, Padina gymnospora, Rosenvingea sanctae-crucis, Sargassum furcatum, Stypopodium zonale

Fatores abióticos medidos Profundidade e temperatura Local (ponto de monitoramento) Guarapari - ES


-20ᵒ40’ 40’’S; -44ᵒ21’ 44’’W

Pesq. Responsável Paulo Antunes Horta Junior Equipe Vanessa Freire, Leidson Allan Datas/períodos de coleta 08/02/2014

Espécies obtidas Amphiroa sp., Jania sp., Dictyota bartayresiana Fatores abióticos medidos Profundidade e temperatura

Local (ponto de monitoramento) Cairu - BA


-13ᵒ 25’ 0,8’’S; -38ᵒ 52’ 13,9’’W

Pesq. Responsável Paulo Antunes Horta Junior Equipe Manuela Batista, Anderson Batista Datas/períodos de coleta 09/04/2014

Espécies obtidas

Ceramium sp., Cladophora sp., Dictyota cervicornis, Dictyota mertensii, Dictyopteris plagiograma, Dichotomaria obtusata, Jania sp., Sargassum sp.

Fatores abióticos medidos Profundidade e temperatura Local (ponto de monitoramento) Ilha de Itaparica - BA


-13ᵒ 04’ 21,6’’S; -38ᵒ 40’ 3,3’’W

Pesq. Responsável Paulo Antunes Horta Junior Equipe Manuela Batista, Anderson Batista Datas/períodos de coleta 13/04/2014

Espécies obtidas Espécies ainda não identificadas.

Fatores abióticos medidos Profundidade e temperatura 5.4.5. GT Costões

Local (ponto de monitoramento) Praia do Pernambuco, Guarujá-SP


-23,973686 -46,186678

Pesq. Responsável Juliana Nascimento Silva

Equipe André Luis Faccini, Natalia Pirani Ghilardi-Lopes

Datas/períodos de coleta Março, junho, setembro e dezembro de 2014 Espécies obtidas Chthamalus spp.; Brachidontes spp.


Maré máxima, média e mínima do mês (m); temperatura mínima, média e máxima do mês (°C); umidade relativa do ar (%); radiação global (KJ/m2)

5.4.6. GT Recifes Coralinos


Arquipelago de Tinharé – Recifes: Garapuá, Moreré, Caitá e Castelhanos


Garapuá Canal - 13,1503 – 38,0678 Garapuá Balsa – 13,1524 – 38,0674 Garapuá Colônias – 13,1517 – 38,0684 Caitá – 13,0501 – 38,0682 Moreré Norte – 13,0849 – 38,0526 Moreré Oeste – 13,0844 – 38,0517 Moreré Balsa – 13,0844 – 38,0505 Castelhanos – 13,1526 – 38,0518

Pesq. Responsável Ruy K. P. Kikuchi

Equipe Tiago Albuquerque, Lucas Sarmento Rocha, Danilo Lisboa, Lua Porto, Natalia Menezes

Datas/períodos de coleta 17 a 22 de fevereiro 2014

Espécies observadas

Mussismilia braziliensis, M. hispida, M. harttii, Millepora alcicornis, Siderastrea spp., Montastraea cavernosa, Porites astreoides, Agaricia agaricites

Fatores abióticos medidos Temperatura e salinidade da água, transparência


Baía de Todos os Santos – Recifes: Pedra Cardinal, Dentão, Frades Sul, Poste 4 e Pedras Alvas


Pedra Cardinal – 12,0011 – 38,0356 Dentão - 12,1508 – 38,0169 Frades Sul – 12,1344 – 38,1183 Poste 4 – 12,1336 – 38,0686 Pedras Alvas – 12,0342 – 38,0183

Pesq. Responsável Ruy K. P. Kikuchi Equipe Miguel Loiola, Igor Cruz, Ricardo Miranda Datas/períodos de coleta 10 e 11 de dezembro de 2014


Mussismilia braziliensis, M. hispida, M. harttii, Millepora alcicornis, Siderastrea spp., Montastraea cavernosa, Porites astreoides, Agaricia agaricites

Fatores abióticos medidos Temperatura e salinidade da água, transparência


Abrolhos Parcel das Paredes – Recifes: Pedra Lixa, Pedra de Leste, Ponta Sul, Ponta Leste, Pedra Grande


Pedra Lixa – 17,6837 – 38,9654 Pedra de Leste – 17,7756 – 39,0508 Ponta Sul – 17,9008 – 38,9204 Ponta Leste – 17,8448 – 38,9170 Pedra Grande – 17,7687 – 38,9331

Pesq. Responsável Ruy K. P. Kikuchi Equipe Tiago Albuquerque, Miguel Loiola, Lua Porto,

Adriano Leite, Ricardo Miranda, Natalia Menezes, José Anchieta Nunes

Datas/períodos de coleta 14 a 23 de março de 2014


Mais comuns: Mussismilia braziliensis, M. hispida, M. harttii, Millepora alcicornis, Siderastrea spp., Montastraea cavernosa, Porites astreoides, Agaricia agaricites. Menos comuns: Favia gravida, F. leptophylla, Porites branneri, Millepora nitida

Fatores abióticos medidos Temperatura e salinidade da água, transparência, pH, O2 dissolvido


Abrolhos Arquipélago – Recifes: Portinho Norte, Portinho Sul, Ilha Redonda, Ilha Siriba, Ilha Sueste


Portinho Norte – 17,9621 – 38,6967 Portinho Sul – 17,9651 – 38,7027 Ilha Redonda – 17,9635 – 38,7084 Ilha Siriba – 17,9687 – 38,7080 Ilha Sueste – 17,9791 – 38,7005


Equipe Tiago Albuquerque, Miguel Loiola, Lua Porto, Adriano Leite, Ricardo Miranda, Natalia Menezes, José Anchieta Nunes



Mais comuns: Mussismilia braziliensis, M. hispida, M. harttii, Millepora alcicornis, Siderastrea spp., Montastraea cavernosa, Porites astreoides, Agaricia agaricites. Menos comuns: Favia gravida, F. leptophylla, Porites branneri, Millepora nitida



Abrolhos Parcel dos Abrolhos PAB – Recifes: PAB 2, PAB 3, PAB 4, PAB 5, PAB 6


PAB 2 – 17, 9967 – 38,6367 PAB 3 – 17,9978 – 38,6367 PAB 4 – 17,9588 – 38,6557 PAB 5 – 17,9446 – 38,6601 PAB 7 – 17,9249 – 38,6575


Equipe Tiago Albuquerque, Miguel Loiola, Lua Porto, Adriano Leite, Ricardo Miranda, Natalia Menezes, José Anchieta Nunes


Espécies observadas Mais comuns: Mussismilia braziliensis, M. hispida, M. harttii, Millepora alcicornis, Siderastrea spp., Montastraea cavernosa,

Porites astreoides, Agaricia agaricites. Menos comuns: Favia gravida, F. leptophylla, Porites branneri, Millepora nitida


5.4.7. GT Manguezais e Marismas

Local (ponto de monitoramento) Estancia, SE


11º12' S a 11º16' S 37º13' W a 37º19' W

Pesq. Responsável Sindiany Suelen e Resemeri Melo e Souza Equipe Datas/períodos de coleta fevereiro, março, abril/2014

Espécies obtidas Avicennia sp., Laguncularia recemosa, Rizophora mangle


Coletas realizadas no litoral sul do estado, ao longo do complexo estuarino Real-Piauí-Fundo, em três áreas do complexo: baixo estuário, médio estuário e alto estuário.

5.4.8. GT Educação Ambiental

Nome do projeto “Subaquatic Trail” Project

Pesquisador(es) responsável(is) Flávio Berchez

Coordenadas geográficas onde é realizado

23°32'54.34"S 45° 4'0.31"O

Instituição(ões) envolvida(s) USP

Período de realização 2001-atual

Objetivo The Subaquatic Trail Project was begun in 2001 in Anchieta Island State Park (Ubatuba City, São Paulo State, Brazil), with the proposal of an innovative environmental education approach towards marine environments, based on the creation, implementation and scientific evaluation (both educational and ecological) of models.

Nome do projeto Games about Climate Changes and their effects on Marine and Coastal Environments” Project

Pesquisador(es) responsável(is) Natalia Pirani Ghilardi-Lopes


23°38'40.61"S 46° 31'41.05"O

Instituição(ões) envolvida(s) UFABC e USP

Período de realização 2012-2015

Objetivo The main aim of the project is to develop, apply and test two educational web-based games with elementary school students and their teachers

Nome do projeto “Learning with the Sea” Project

Pesquisador(es) responsável(is) Benjamim Teixeira, Laura Pioli Kremer and Renata Costella Acauan


27°48'18.78"S 50°20'15.25"O

Instituição(ões) envolvida(s) IFSC


Objetivo The main goal of this project is to stimulate the introduction of marine knowledge into school activities, contributing to the implementation of marine-environmental education activities in elementary and high school.

Nome do projeto “Marvelous Brazilian Mangroves Program”

Pesquisador(es) responsável(is) Renato de Almeida, Yara Schaeffer-Novelli, Clemente Coelho Junior


20°15'51.52"S 40°25'13.09"O 19°56'15.09"S 40°24'29.31"O 12°46'38.26"S 38°55'16.06"O 09°09'37.76"S 35°18'18.84"O

08°45'28.32"S 35°06'18.26"O

Instituição(ões) envolvida(s) UFRB, UPE, USP


Objetivo Support formal education programs to facilitate the creation of marine protected areas. The specific objective is to provide an educational tool to help teachers and community members to interpret the coastal and estuarine systems. In this way, the ‘Marvelous Mangroves’ contributes to the implementation of the National Strategy Communication and environmental education protected areas.

Nome do projeto “Investing in new talent from the public education network for social inclusion and development of scientific culture”

Pesquisador(es) responsável(is) Monica Dorigo Correia and Hilda Helena Sovierzoski


09°33'21.39"S 35°46'33.51"O

Instituição(ões) envolvida(s) UFAL


Objetivo Develop and improve scientific and technological culture of teachers and students of basic and high schools of the State of Alagoas public network, by conducting educational activities in the natural sciences area, aimed at encouraging the construction of new academic practices and teaching activities from a contextualized theoretical and experimental vision to awaken and broaden the vision of natural and scientific phenomena, as a strategy for the discovery of vocations and new talent.

Nome do projeto “What we know about the biodiversity of coastal ecosystems on Alagoas”

Pesquisador(es) responsável(is) Monica Dorigo Correia and Hilda Helena Sovierzoski


09°33'21.39"S 35°46'33.51"O

Instituição(ões) envolvida(s) UFAL


Objetivo The aims were to increase knowledge of biodiversity in the coastal ecosystems of Alagoas State, and extend scientific information on the preservation of reefs, estuaries, mangroves and beaches to the general public, with emphasis to professors and student on public schools.

Nome do projeto “The Emancipatory Environmental Education by Marine Ecotourism - EcoTourisMar Project”

Pesquisador(es) responsável(is) Alexandre de Gusmão Pedrini


22°45'23.15"S 41°53'20.58"O 13°26'29.66"S 38°58'38.07"O

Instituição(ões) envolvida(s) IBRAG / UERJ


Objetivo The main objective of this Emancipatory Environmental Education (EEE) project is to offer tourism products to society with environmental and economic sustainability. It is focused at: a) environmental managers and analysts from government agencies that grant licenses to enterprises in protected areas of sustainable use; b) tourism and ecotourism entrepreneurs who wish to develop economic activities with social and environmental sustainability; c) the educators who need alternative work activities to those that exist contemporaneously and that negatively impact the environment.

Nome do projeto Project PEAPP: Perception and Environmental Education in Public Square as a strategy to face the Sea Global Warming

Pesquisador(es) responsável(is) Alexandre de Gusmão Pedrini


22°55'22.23"S 43°15'51.07"O

Instituição(ões) envolvida(s) IBRAG / UERJ


Objetivo Develop a methodology much perception as environmental education for applying extension actions of UERJ, with the context of the material detachment event that occurs in the public space of Edmundo Rego square in the city of Rio de Janeiro

Nome do projeto “Diving in Seropedica’s education”

Pesquisador(es) responsável(is) Valéria Marques, Guilherme Henrique Pereira Filho


22°45'55.42"S 43°40'54.42"O 23°09'07.50"S 44°13'44.20"O

Instituição(ões) envolvida(s) UFRRJ, UNIFESP


Objetivo Aim of linking high school students to the university scientific environment, thereby favouring a new possibility in knowledge construction

Nome do projeto Mussels: Evaluating and stimulating community integration coupled to mussel farming at Jurujuba, Niterói – Rio de Janeiro

Pesquisador(es) responsável(is) Daniel Shimada Brotto, Marcia Esteves Capello, Lucilia Ramos Tristão, Marli Cigagna Wiefels

Coordenadas geográficas onde é 22°55'55.43"S

realizado 43°06'54.59"O

Instituição(ões) envolvida(s) UVA, UFF


Objetivo The main goal is to evaluate socio-environment perception, and various forms of production of those directly and indirectly involved in mussel farming, prior to implementing advisory action aimed at optimizing both activities and social emancipation.

5.5. Outras atividades desenvolvidas junto a ReBentos

Abaixo são listados os produtos ligados a ReBentos, produzidos entre março/2014 e fevereiro/2015: resumos em congresso (13), artigos completos publicados em periódicos (39); livros (4); capítulos de livros (6); relatórios técnicos (1); participações em eventos: apresentações orais (2), apresentações em painéis (2), mini-cursos e oficinas (1); formação de recursos humanos em andamento: doutorado (12), mestrado (6), iniciação científica (11); e concluídos: doutorado (1), mestrado (10), iniciação científica (3), trabalho de conclusão de curso (3); subsídios a gestão costeira (1) e produtos de divulgação (4).

5.5.1. Publicações científicas 5.5.1.1. Resumos em congressos

Costa, L.L; Suciu, M.C.; Machado, P.M.; Moura, I.I.; Zalmon, I.R. 2014. Efeitos do pisoteio antrópico sobre a macrofauna bentônica do entremarés de praias arenosas na costa Norte do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. VI Congresso Fluminense de Iniciação Científica e Tecnológica. Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ.

Costa, L.L.; Machado, P.M.; Suciu, M.C.; Moura, I.I.; Zalmon, I.R. 2014. Respostas da macrofauna bentônica de praias arenosas a eventos de ressacas: uma ferramenta para avaliação de curto prazo dos efeitos das mudanças climáticas. IV Congresso Brasileiro de Oceanografia. Vale do Itajaí, SC.

Ghilardi-Lopes, N.P. 2014. Communicating global environmental changes effects on marine and coastal environments through an online digital gamebook. In: 1st International Marine Science Communication Conference (IMSCC), 2014, Porto – Portugal. p. 39.

Machado, P.M.; Costa, L.L.; Suciu, M.C.; Moura, I.I.; Zalmon, I.R. 2014. Respostas da macrofauna bentônica de praias arenosas a eventos de ressacas. XIV Mostra de Pós-Graduação da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro. Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ.

Machado, P.M.; Zalmon, I.R. 2014. Efeitos de pisoteio e eventos extremos de ressacas sobre a densidade populacional do caranguejo Ocypode quadrata:

uma ferramenta para avaliação de impacto antrópico e de mudanças climáticas. XIV Mostra de Pós-Graduação da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro. Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ. 2014.

Pedrini, A.G.; Lima, L.; Santos, T.V.; Nunes, R,M.; Brotto, D.S. (no prelo) Planejamento Participativo para uma ação de Educação Ambiental numa praça pública no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. In: 8 World Environmental Education Congress, Gothemburg (Sweden), 29 jun/2 jul.2015.

Rhormens, M.S.; Pedrini, A.G. (no prelo) Educação Ambiental Emancipatória pelo Ecoturismo Marinho de Base Comunitária nos Ecossistemas Recifais da Área de Proteção Ambiental das Ilhas de Tinharé e Boipeba, município de Cairu, Bahia, Brasil. In: III Congresso Internacional de Países e Comunidades de Língua Portuguesa, 8-11.07.2015, Torreira – Portugal.

Silva, J.N.; Ghilardi Lopes, N.P.; Faccini, A.L. 2014. Estabelecimento de estação de monitoramento de longo prazo em comunidade marinha bentônica de substrato consolidado da Praia do Pernambuco (Guarujá – SP). In: Anais do XV Congresso Brasileiro de Ficologia, 2014, São Lourenço.

Silva, J.N.; Ghilardi-Lopes, N.P. 2014. Estabelecimento de estação de monitoramento de longo prazo em comunidade marinha bentônica de substrato consolidado da Praia do Pernambuco (Guarujá – SP). In: IV Encontro de Iniciação Científica da UFABC, 2014, Santo André – São Paulo. Disponível em http://ic.ufabc.edu.br/simposios/index.php?conference=EIC&schedConf=4EIC2014&page=paper&op=view&path%5B%5D=1799

Suciu, M.C.; Costa, L.L.; Machado, P.M.; Moura, I.I.; Zalmon, I.R. 2014. Variação espacial da macrofauna bentônica do entremarés em duas praias arenosas com diferentes estados morfodinâmicos na costa Norte do estado do Rio de Janeiro. VI Congresso Fluminense de Iniciação Científica e Tecnológica. Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ.

Suciu, M.C.; Machado, P.M.; Costa, L.L.; Moura, I.I.; Zalmon, I.R. 2014. Efeitos do pisoteio antropogênico sobre a macrofauna bêntica da zona entremarés em praias arenosas na costa norte do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. IV Congresso Brasileiro de Oceanografia. Vale do Itajaí, SC. 5.5.1.2. Trabalhos Completos em Congressos

Pedrini, A.G.; Lima, L.; Viana, T.; Brotto, D.S. (no prelo) Percepção ambiental pública sobre atitudes e responsabilidades frente às mudanças climáticas globais por frequentadores de uma praça urbana na cidade do Rio de Janeiro (RJ, Brasil) e o papel das fontes de informação. In: Encontro Nacional de Programas de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Ambiente e Sociedade (ENAMPPAS), 7, Anais, maio de 2015, Brasília (DF), Universidade Nacional de Brasília.

Pedrini, A.G.; Lima, L.; Viana, T. (no prelo) Percepção Ambiental em Praça Pública como estratégia para enfrentamento do Aquecimento Global do mar; percepção dos visitantes sobre a problemática. Fórum Brasileiro de Educação Ambiental, 8, Anais, Belém, Rede Brasileira de Educação Ambiental, 3-6 de dezembro de 2014.

5.5.1.3. Artigos completos em periódicos

Amaral, F.M.D., Santos, M.F.A.V., Melo, K.V., Fraga, C.F.O.; Oliveira, G.F.; Steiner, A.Q.; Pedrini, A.G. 2014. The role of environmental education in changing school students’ perceptions of and attitudes toward coral reefs in the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil. Revista da Gestão Costeira Integrada, Faro (Portugal), 14: 1-8.

Bahia, R.G.; Amado-Filho, G.M.; Azevedo, J.; Maneveldt, G.W. 2014. Porolithon improcerum (Porolithoideae, Corallinaceae) and Mesophyllum macroblastum (Melobesioideae, Hapalidiaceae): new records of crustose coralline red algae for the Southwest Atlantic Ocean. Phytotaxa, 190 (1): 38–44.

Barros, K.V.S., Rocha-Barreira, C.A. 2014. Influence of environmental factors on a Halodule wrightii Ascherson meadow in northeastern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology, 18: 31.

Berk, A.; Pedrini, A.G. 2014. Percepção ambiental de moradores de condomínios no município de Niterói, estado Rio de Janeiro, Brasil sobre resíduos sólidos urbanos associados a sua coleta seletiva. Revista Eletrônica do Mestrado em Educação Ambiental, Rio Grande, 31(2): 5-21.

Bernardino, A. F.; Netto, S.A.; Pagliosa, P.R.; Barros, F.; Christofoletti, R. A.; Rosa Filho, J.S.; Colling, L.A.; Lana, P.C. (Submited) Predicting ecological changes on benthic estuarine assemblages through decadal climate trends along Brazilian Marine Ecoregions. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science.

Borges, V.P.; Bastos, E.; Batista, M.B.; Bouzon, Z.; Lhullier, C.; Schmidt, E.C.; Sissini, M.N.; Horta, P.A. 2014. The genus Melobesia (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) from the subtropical South Atlantic, with the addition of M. rosanoffii (Foslie) Lemoine. Phytotaxa (Online), 190: 268.

Carlos-Júnior, L.A., Barbosa, N.P.U., Moulton, T.P., Creed, J.C. 2014. Ecological Niche Model used to examine the distribution of an invasive, non-indigenous coral. Marine Environmental Research,103:115-124.

Carlos-Júnior, L.A.; Neves, D.M.; Barbosa, N.P.U.; Moulton, T.P., Creed, J.C. 2015. Occurrence of an invasive coral in the southwest Atlantic and comparison with a congener suggest potential niche expansion. Ecology and Evolution.

Cavalcante, L.L., Amorim, L.A., Costa, F.N., Rocha-Barreira, C.A., BARROS, K.V.S. 2014. Variações no prado de Halodule wrightii Ascherson e macrofauna associada na praia da Pedra Rachada, Paracuru, Ceará – Brasil. Revista de Educação Científica e Cultural - Cultura Garança, 1:1-9.

Celis-Pla, P.; Martinez, B.; Quintano, E.; Garcia-Sanchez, M.; Pedersen, A.; Navarro, N.P.; Copertino, M.; Mangaiyarkarasi, N. 2014. Short-term ecophysiological and biochemical responses of Cystoseira tamariscifolia and Ellisolandia elongata to changes in solar irradiance and nutrient levels. Aquatic Biology, 22: 227-243.

Celis-Plá, P.S.M.; Hall-Spencer, J.M.; Horta P.A.; Milazzo, M.; Korbee, N.; Cornwall, C.E.; Figueroa, F.L. (aceito) Macroalgal responses to ocean acidification depend on nutrient and light levels. Frontiers in Marine Science.

Coelho, M.S.; Souza, M.R.A.Z.; Menezes, B.S.; Copertino, M.S. 2015. Potential utilization of green tide-forming macroalgae from Patos Lagoon, Rio Grande-RS, Brazil. Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology, in press.

Costa, G.B.; De Felix, M.R.L.; Simioni, C.; Ramlov, F.; Oliveira, E.R.; Pereira, D.T.; Maraschin, M.; Chow, F.; Horta, P.A.; Lalau, C.M.; Da Costa, C.H.; Matias, W.G.; Bouzon, Z.L.; Schmidt, E.C. 2015. Effects of copper and lead exposure on the ecophysiology of the brown seaweed Sargassum cymosum. Protoplasma.

Costa, I.; Horta, P.A.; Bergstrom, E.; Nunes, J.M. 2014. Taxonomic study of crustose coralline algae off the northeastern Brazilian coast. Phytotaxa (Online), 190: 130.

Costa, I.O.; Horta, P.A.; Nunes, J.M. 2014. Spongites yendoi (Foslie) Chamberlain (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) on the coast of Bahia, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Botânica (Impresso), 37: 637-641.

Crespo, T.M.; Bahia, R.G.; Maneveldt, G.W.; Amado-Filho, G.M. 2014. Floristic composition of crustose coralline algae from the St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago, a summit of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Phytotaxa, 190 (1): 17–37.

Cruz, I.C.S.; Kikuchi, R.K.P., Creed, J.C. 2014. Improving the construction of functional models of alternative persistent states in coral reefs using insights from ongoing research programs: A discussion paper. Marine Environmental Research, 97:1 - 9.

Cruz, I.C.S.; Kikuchi, R.K.P.; Longo, L.L.; Creed, J.C. 2014. Evidence of a phase shift to Epizoanthus gabrieli Carlgreen, 1951 (Order Zoanthidea) and loss of coral cover on reefs in the Southwest Atlantic. Marine Ecology (Berlin), 35.

Cruz, I.C.S.; Loiola, M.; Albuquerque, T.; Reis, R.; De Anchieta, C.C.; Nunes, J.; Reimer, J.D.; Mizuyama, M.; Kikuchi, R.K.P., Creed, J.C. 2015. Effect of Phase Shift from Corals to Zoantharia on Reef Fish Assemblages. Plos One, 10: 0116944 - .

De Faveri, C.; Schmidt, E.C.; Simioni, C.; Martins, C.D.L.; Bonomi-Barufi, J.; Horta, P.A.; Bouzon, Z.L. 2015. Effects of eutrophic seawater and temperature on the physiology and morphology of Hypnea musciformis J. V. Lamouroux (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Ecotoxicology (London).

De Felix, M.R.L.; Osorio, L.K.P.; Ouriques, L.C.; Farias-Soares, F.L.; Steiner, N.; Kreusch, M.; Pereira, D.T.; Simioni, C.; Costa, G.B.; Horta, P.A.; Chow, F.; Ramlov, F.; Maraschin, M.; Bouzon, Z.L.; Schmidt, E.C. 2014. The Effect of Cadmium Under Different Salinity Conditions on the Cellular Architecture and Metabolism in the Red Alga Pterocladiella capillacea (Rhodophyta, Gelidiales). Microscopy and Microanalysis (Print).

Ferreira, C. ; Horta, P.A.; Almeida, G.M.; Zitta, C.S.; Oliveira, E.; Gueye, M.B.Y.B.; Rodrigues, A.C. 2014. Anatomical and ultrastructural adaptations of seagrass leaves: an evaluation of the southern Atlantic groups. Protoplasma, 251: 1615-6102.

Gandara Martins, A.M.; Borzone, C.A.; Borges Guilherme, P.D.; Vieira, J.V. (no prelo). Spatial effects of a washout on sandy beach macrofauna zonation and abundance. Journal of Coastal Research.

Ghilardi-Lopes, N.P.; Kawabe, L.A.; Slompo, C.S. 2014. Formação continuada em mudanças climáticas globais e seus efeitos nos ambientes marinhos e costeiros: um relato de experiência de curso de extensão na Universidade

Federal do ABC (UFABC, Santo André, Brasil). Revista da SBEnBIO, v. 7, p. 5935-5946. Disponível em http://www.sbenbio.org.br/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/R0107-1.pdf.

Ghilardi-Lopes, N.P.; Turra, A.; Buckeridge, M.; Silva, A.C.; Berchez, F.A.S.; Oliveira, V.M. 2015. On the perceptions and conceptions of tourists with regard to global environmental changes and their consequences for coastal and marine environments: a case study of the northern São Paulo State coast, Brazil. Marine Policy, v. 57, p. 85-92.

Henriques, M. C., Coutinho, L. M., Riosmena-Rodríguez, R., Barros-Barreto, M. B., Khader, S., & Figueiredo, M. A. (2014). Three deep water species of Sporolithon (Sporolithales, Rhodophyta) from the Brazilian continental shelf, with the description of Sporolithon elevatum sp. nov. Phytotaxa, 190(1), 320-330.

Henriques, M. C., Riosmena-Rodríguez, R., Coutinho, L. M., & Figueiredo, M. A. (2014). Lithophylloideae and Mastophoroideae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) from the Brazilian continental shelf. Phytotaxa, 190(1), 112-129.

Henriques, M.C.; Riosmena-Rodríguez, R.; Coutinho, L.M.; Figueiredo, M.A.O. 2014. Lithophylloideae and Mastophoroideae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) from the Brazilian continental shelf . Phytotaxa, 190 (1): 112–129.

Henriques,M.C.; Coutinho, L.M.; Riosmena-Rodríguez, R.; Barros-Barreto, M.B.; Khader, S.; Figueiredo, M.A.O. 2014. Three deep water species of Sporolithon (Sporolithales, Rhodophyta) from the Brazilian continental shelf, with the description of Sporolithon elevatum sp. nov. Phytotaxa, 190(1): 320–330.

Katon, G.F.; Berchez, F.; Oliveira, V.M.; Ursi, S. 2014. The influence of field environmental education activities on teacher's marine environmental perception. Revista de Educacion de las Ciencias, 15: 83-84.

Korbee, N; Navarro, N.P.; García-Sánchez, M.; Celis-Plá, P.; Quintano, E.; Copertino, M.S.; Pedersen, A.; Mariath, R.; Mangaiyarkarasi, N.; Pérez-Ruzafa, A.; Figueroa, F.L.; Martínez, B. 2014. A novel in situ system to evaluate the effect of high CO2 on photosynthesis and biochemistry composition of seaweeds. Aquatic Biology, 22: 245-259.

Loiola, M.; Cruz, I.C.; Leão, Z.M.A.N.; Kikuchi, R.K.P. 2014. Definition of priority areas for conservation of a coastal reef complex in the eastern Brazilian coast. Rev. Gestão Costeira Integrada, 14(4): 611-624.

Mantelatto, M.C.; Creed, J.C. 2014. Non-indigenous sun corals invade mussel beds in Brazil. Marine Biodiversity: International Journal of Marine Science, OnLine: 1 - .

Marques, L.V.; Short, F.T.; Creed, J.C. 2014. Sunspots drive seagrasses. Biological Rhythm Research, online:1 - 12, 2014.

Martins, C.D.L.; Lhullier, C.; Ramlov, F.; Simonassi, J.C.; Gouvea, L.P. ; Noernberg, M.; Maraschin, M.; Colepicolo, P.; Hall-Spencer, J.M.; Horta, P.A. 2014. Seaweed chemical diversity: an additional and efficient tool for coastal evaluation. Journal of Applied Phycology, 26: 2037-2045.

Moreira, P.L.; Ribeiro, F.V.; Creed, J.C. 2014. Control of invasive marine invertebrates: an experimental evaluation of the use of low salinity for managing pest corals (Tubastraea spp.). Biofouling 30: 639 - 650.

Oliveira, A. P. L; Correia, M. D.; Sovierzoski, H. H. 2014. Análise da Exposição sobre as Atividades das Aulas de Campo nos Ecossistemas Recifais. Revista

de Educação Ambiental em Ação, Novo Hamburgo, 49:1-16. ISSN 1678-0701. http://www.revistaea.org/artigo.php?idartigo=1877&class=02

Pagliosa, P. R.; Doria, J.G. ; Misturini, D. ; Otegui, M.B.P. ; Oortman, M.S. ; Weis, W.A. ; Faroni-Perez, L. ; Alves, A.P. ; Camargo, M.G. ; Amaral, A.C.Z. ; Marques, A.C. ; Lana, P.C. 2014. NONATObase: a database for Polychaeta (Annelida) from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. DATABASE-OXFORD, v. 2014, p. bau002-bau002.

Paula, A.F.; Pires, D.O.; Creed, J.C. 2014. Reproductive strategies of two invasive sun corals (Tubastraea spp.) in the southwestern Atlantic. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 94:481-492.

Pedrini, A.G.; Brotto, D.S.; Ghilardi-Lopes, N.P.; Lopes, M.C.; Ferreira, L.P. 2015. Environmental education and ecotourism concepts in Marine Protected Area of Armação de Búzios, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: reflections for the adoption of coastal ecotourism. Revista Brasileira de Ecoturismo, São Paulo, 8(1): 59-73.

Pedrini, A.G.; Lima, L.; Santos, T.V.; Nunes, R,M.; Brotto, D.S. (submetido) Percepção Ambiental sobre as Mudanças Climáticas Globais numa Praça Pública na cidade do Rio de Janeiro (RJ, Brasil). Revista Ciência e Educação.

Pereira, S.M.B.; Torres, J.; Gestinari, L.M.S. 2014. Composition and Distribution of Deep Water Macroalgae Species from the Continental Shelf of Sergipe State, Brazil. Phytotaxa, 190 (1): 250–267.

Rhormens, M.S.; Pedrini, A.G.; Ghilardi-Lopes, N. (submetido) Implementation Feasibility of a Marine Ecotourism Product on the Reef Environments of the Marine Protected Areas of Tinharé and Boipeba Islands, (Cairu, Bahia, Brazil). Marine Police.

Riosmena-Rodriguez, R.; Maneveldt, G.W.; Horta, P.A.; Figueiredo, M. 2014. Systematics and biogeography of the subclass Corallinophycideae (Rhodophyta) from the Atlantic Ocean (Table of contents). Phytotaxa (Online), 190: 3.

Rua, M.B.; Pedrini, A.G.; Brotto, D.S.; Bernardes. L.; Mariano, D.; Fonseca, L.B.; Nunes, R.M. (submetido) Percepção ambiental do ambiente marinho por crianças no Rio de Janeiro. Revista de Biociências.

Scherner, F.; Pereira, C.M., Duarte G.; Horta P.A.; Castro, C.; Barufi, J.B.; Pereira, S.M.B. (aceito) Effects of ocean acidification and temperature increases on the photosynthesis of tropical reef calcified macroalgae. PlosONE.

Silva, A.G.; Fleury, B.G.; Paula, A.F.; Creed, J.C. 2014. Eleven years of range expansion of two invasive corals (Tubastraea coccinea and Tubastraea tagusensis) through the southwest Atlantic (Brazil). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science (Print). , v.141, p.9 - 16, 2014.

Sissini, M.N.; Longo, G.O.; Martins, C.D.L.; Floeter, S.R.; Pereira, S.B.; Horta, P.A. 2014 . First record of the green alga Halimeda (Bryopsidales: Chlorophyta) at Rocas Atoll natural dispersion or anthropogenic causes? Marine Biodiversity Records, 7:1-5.

Sissini, M.N.; Oliveira, M.C.; Gabrielson, P.W.; Robinson, N.M.; Okolodkov, Y.B.; Riosmena-Rodríguez, R.; Horta, P.A. 2014. Mesophyllum erubescens (Corallinales, Rhodophyta)-so many species in one epithet. Phytotaxa, 190: 299.

Tâmega, F.T.S.; Riosmena-Rodriguez, R.; Mariath, R.; Figueiredo, M.A.O. 2014 Nongeniculate coralline red algae (Rhodophyta: Corallinales) in coral reefs from Northeastern Brazil and a description of Neogoniolithon atlanticum sp. nov.

Phytotaxa, 190 (1): 277–298. Torrano-Silva, B.N.; Riosmena-Rodriguez, R.; Oliveira, M.C. 2014. Systematic

position of Paulsilvella in the Lithophylloideae (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta) confirmed by molecular data. Phytotaxa, 190 (1): 94–111.

Towata, N.; Katon, G.F.; Berchez, F.; Ursi, S. 2014. The influence of an interactive exhibition on elementary student ideas about marine biodiversity and environmental. Revista de Educacion de las Ciencias, 15: 83-83.

Vasconcelos, B.W.; Faccini, A.L.; Ghilardi-Lopes, N.P. 2014. Ocorrência de espécies oportunistas em faixa de algas calcárias: um estudo integrado à Rede de Monitoramento de Habitats Bentônicos Costeiros (ReBentos). UNISANTA BioScience, v. 3, n. 4, p. 242 – 256.

Vianna, A.X.M.; Borzone, C.A. (no prelo). Distribuição espacial e temporal de espécies de Bledius (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) em praias arenosas no sul do Brasil. Iheringia, Ser. Zoologia.

5.5.1.4. Livros publicados

Ghilardi-Lopes, N.P. 2014. Desafio em Apicum. Santo André: UFABC. 112p. ISBN 978-85-65212-42-7

Ghilardi-Lopes, N.P.; Kawabe, L.A.; Slompo, C.S. (Orgs.) 2014. Formação continuada: mudanças climáticas globais e seus efeitos nos ambientes marinhos costeiros. Santo André: UFABC. 71p. ISBN: 978-85-65212-41-0.

Pedrini, A.G.; Saito, C.H. (Orgs.) 2014. Paradigmas Metodológicos em Educação Ambiental. Petrópolis: Vozes, 340 p.

Saito, C. H.; Steinke, E.T.; Berlinck, C.N.; Ferreira, E.S.; Saito, I.T.; Silva, R.G.P.; Zagallo, S.A.; Pedrini, A.G.; Porto, C.B.; Bastos, F.P.; Pinto, M.L.C.; Brandão, J.P.; Lunardi, D.G.; Seabra, G.F.; Pinho, M.S.; Branco, M.S.L.C.; Germanos, E. 2014. Meio Ambiente e Sustentabilidade. Brasília: Universidade de Brasília, v.1. 5.5.1.5. Capítulos de livros publicados

Berchez, F.; Mansilla, A.; Ghilardi-Lopes, N.P.; Schwindt, E.; Leite, K.; Rozzi, R. 2015. Ecology and Education in Marine Protected Areas: Insights from Brazil and South America. In: Rozzi, R.; Chapin Iii, F.S.; Callicott, J.B.;Pickett, S.T.A.; Power, M.E.; Armesto, J.J., May Jr., R.H. (Orgs). Earth Stewardship: Linking Ecology and Ethics in Theory and Practice, chapter 23, pp. 351-366. Series Ecology and Ethics, vol. 2. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 457p. ISBN 978-3-319-12132-1

Fourqurean, J.; Johnson, B.; Kauffman, J.B.; Kennedy, H.; Lovelock, C.; Saintilan, N.; Alongi, D.M.; Cifuentes, M.; Copertino, M.; Crooks, S.; Duarte, C.; Fortes, M.; Howard, J.; Hutahaean, A,; Kairo, J.; Marbà, N.; Murdiyarso, D.; Pidgeon, E.; Ralph, P.; Serrano, O. 2014. In: Howard, J.; Hoyt, S.; Isensee, K.; Telszewski, M.; Pidgen, E. (eds). Field Sampling of Vegetative Carbon Pools in Coastal Ecosystems . Coastal Blue Carbon: Methods for assessing carbon stocks and emissions factors in mangroves. tidal marshes. and seagrass meadows. Publisher: Conservation International, Intergovernmental Oceanographic

Commission of UNESCO, International Union for Conservation of Nature. pp .67-108. http://thebluecarboninitiative.org/manual/

Fourqurean, J.; Johnson, B.; Kauffman, J.B.; Kennedy, H.; Lovelock, C.; Alongi, D.M.; Cifuentes, M.; Copertino, M.; Crooks, S.; Duarte, C.; Howard, J.; Hutahaean, A.; Kairo, J.; Marbà, N.; Morris, J.; Murdiyarso, D.; Pidgeon, E.; Ralph, P.; Saintilan, N.; Serrano, O. 2014. Field Sampling of Soil Carbon Pools in Coastal Ecosystems. In: Howard, J.; Hoyt, S.; Isensee, K.; Telszewski, M.; Pidgen, E. (Eds). Coastal Blue Carbon: Methods for assessing carbon stocks and emissions factors in mangroves, tidal marshes, and seagrass meadows. Publisher: Conservation International, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, International Union for Conservation of Nature. pp.39-66. http://thebluecarboninitiative.org/manual/

Ghilardi-Lopes, N.P. 2014. Desafio em Apicum. UFABC: Santo André. 112p. ISBN 978-85-65212-42-7.

Ghilardi-Lopes, N.P.; Kawabe, L.A.; Slompo, C.S. (Orgs.) 2014. Formação continuada: mudanças climáticas globais e seus efeitos nos ambientes marinhos costeiros. UFABC: Santo André. 71p. ISBN: 978-85-65212-41-0.

Lages, B.G.; Fleury, B.G.; Creed, J.C. 2015. A Review of the Ecological Role of Chemical Defenses in Facilitating Biological Invasion by Marine Benthic Organisms. In: Studies in Natural Products Chemistry. 1 ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, p. 1-26.

Maia, L.F.; Fleury, B.G.; Lages, B.G.; Creed, J.C.; De Oliveira, L.F.C. 2014. New Strategies for Identifying Natural Products of Ecological Significance from Corals. In: Studies in Natural Products Chemistry. 1 ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2014, v.43, p. 313-349.

Pedrini, A.G.; Cavassan, O.; Carvalho, V. 2014. Metodologias da Educação Ambiental em espaços formais nas Instituições de Ensino Superior no Brasil. In: Pedrini, A.G.; Saito, C.H. (Orgs.) Paradigmas Metodológicos em Educação Ambiental. Petrópolis: Vozes.

Pedrini, A.G.; Rua, M.B.; Bernardes, L.; Mariano, D.F.C.; Fonseca, L.B.; Adams, B.A. 2014. Percepção através de desenhos infantis como método diagnóstico conceitual para Educação Ambiental. In: Pedrini, A.G.; Saito, C.H. (Orgs.) Paradigmas Metodológicos em Educação Ambiental. Petrópolis: Vozes, p. 216-230.

Pedrini, A.G.; Saito, C.H. (Orgs.) 2014. Paradigmas Metodológicos em Educação Ambiental. Petrópolis: Vozes, 340 p.

Pedrini, A.G.; Saito, C.H. 2014. Uma luz inicial no caminho metodológico da Educação Ambiental. In: Pedrini, A.G.; Saito, C.H. (Orgs.) Paradigmas Metodológicos em Educação Ambiental. Petrópolis: Vozes, v.1, p. 37-44.

Pedrini, A.G.; Ursi, S.; Berchez, F.; Correia, M.D.; Sovierzoski, H.H.; Mochel, F. 2014. Metodologias em educação Ambiental para a conservação socioambiental dos ecossistemas marinhos In: Pedrini, A.G.; Saito, C.H. (Orgs.) Paradigmas Metodológicos em Educação Ambiental. Petrópolis: Vozes, p. 132-151.

Saito, C.H.; Steinke, E.T.; Berlinck, C.N.; Ferreira, E.S.; Saito, I.T.; Silva, R.G.P.; Zagallo, S.A.; Pedrini, A.G.; Porto, C.B.; Bastos, F.P.; Pinto, M.L.C.; Brandão,

J.P.; Lunardi, D.G.; Seabra, G.F.; Pinho, M.S.; Branco, M.S.L.C.; Germanos, E. 2014. Meio Ambiente e Sustentabilidade. Brasília: Universidade de Brasília, v.1.

Schaeffer-Novelli, Y. 2014. "Manguezais do litoral paulista: biota e petróleo". In: Dias-Brito, D.; Milanelli, J.C.; Riedel, P.S.; Wieczorek, A. (Coords.). Sensibilidade do litoral paulista a derramamentos de petróleo: um atlas em escala de detalhe. Rio Claro: UNESP. cap. 4, p. 39-37. Disponível em: http://bibdig.biblioteca.unesp.br/handle/10/112. ISBN: 978-85-89082-32-7

5.5.1.6. Relatórios técnicos

Schaeffer-Novelli, Y. 2014. "Mudança na estrutura de manguezais". In: Campos, E.D.; Muehe, D. (Eds.). Observações costeiras e oceânicas. Primeiro Relatório de Avaliação Nacional, v. 1, p. 93-97. 5.5.2. Apresentações de trabalho 5.5.2.1. Apresentação oral

Kikuchi, R.K.P. 2015. Progress and Prospects on Ocean Acidification Research of the Tropical South Atlantic. Third International Symposium on Effects of Climate Change on the World's Oceans. Santos-SP. 23 a 27 de março de 2015.

Angelo F. Bernardino, Sergio Netto, Paulo R. Pagliosa, Francisco Barros, Ronaldo A. Christofoletti, Leonir A. Colling, Paulo C. Lana, Jose Souto R. Filho, Rafaela C. Maia and Tania M. Costa. 2015. Predicting ecological changes of benthic estuarine assemblages from Marine Ecoregions of Brazil through decadal climatology. Third International Symposium on Effects of Climate Change on the World's Oceans. Santos-SP. 23 a 27 de março de 2015.

5.5.2.2. Apresentação de painéis

Figueiredo, M. A. 2014. Análise morfológica e molecular dos gêneros de algas calcárias do banco de rodolitos na Ilha Feia, Armação dos Búzios, RJ. XV Congresso Brasileiro de Ficologia, São Lourenço - MG

Leão, Z.M.A.N.; Kikuchi, R.K.P.; Oliveira, M.D.M. 2015. Heterogeneity of Reef Habitats in Eastern Brazil. GEOHAB – Marine Geological and Biological Mapping. Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. 03 a 08 de maio de 2015. 5.5.3. Palestras

Copertino, M. Rede de Monitoramento dos Habitats Bentônicos. Palestra. Sessão Temática: Projetos SISBIOTA. Congresso Brasileiro de Oceanografia. Camboriú. Outubro de 2014.

Copertino, M. Blue Carbon Ecossysttens of South America. Plenary Lecturer Sympoisum on Effects of Climate Change on World’s Oceans. Santos, March 2015.

5.5.4. Mini-cursos e oficinas Ghilardi-Lopes, N.P. “Formação continuada: mudanças climáticas globais e seus

efeitos nas ambientes marinhos e costeiros”. Curso de Extensão; Março e abril de 2014; Universidade Federal do ABC; Público: 15 professores da rede pública de ensino básico. 5.5.5. Orientações 5.5.5.1. Orientações e Supervisões em Andamento

5.5.5.1.1. Doutorado Abuchahla, G.M.O. Panarchy and the mangrovescape: in the pursuit of

discontinuities. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Ambiental, Instituto de Energia e Ambiente – IEE, Universidade de São Paulo. Orientadora: Yara Schaeffer-Novelli.

Batista, M.B. Qual o papel da urbanização na determinação na diversidade molecular e conectividade de populações de macroalgas. Tese (Doutorado em Ecologia) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Orientador: Paulo Antunes Horta.

Elliff, C.I. Serviços ecossistêmicos de ambientes costeiros com ênfase em recifes de corais do Arquipélago de Tinharé-Boipeba, Baixo Sul da Bahia, em um cenário de mudanças climáticas e suas implicações para adaptação costeira. Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade Federal da Bahia. Orientador: Ruy Kenji Papa de Kikuchi.

Freire, V. Padrões latitudinais em bancos de algas calcárias - aspectos estruturais e estoque de carbono. Tese (Doutorado em Ecologia) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Orientador: Paulo Antunes Horta.

Lucena, L.A.F. Padrões latitudinais das abundancias de macroalgas nolitoral brasileiro. Tese (Doutorado em Ecologia) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico. Orientador: Paulo Antunes Horta.

Machado, P.M. Efeito de mudanças climaticas e eventos extremos na macrofauna bentonica do entremarés de praias da costa norte do Rio de Janeiro. Tese (Doutorado em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais) - Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do RJ. Orientadora: Ilana Rosental Zalmon.

Martins, C.D.L. Padrões locais e regionais da diversidade de macroalgas da costa oeste do Atlântico sul tropical: aspectos quimicos e descritivos. Tese (Doutorado em Ecologia) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Orientador: Paulo Antunes Horta.

Miranda, M.L. Efeito de impactos locais (sedimentação e eutrofização) e impactos globais (aquecimento e acidificação) sobre o metabolismo, calcificação e comunidades coralíneas”. Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade Federal da Bahia. Orientador: Ruy Kenji Papa de Kikuchi. Co-Orientadora: Marília de Dirceu Machado de Oliveira.

Reis-Neto, A.S. Ecologia histórica do manguezal: BAÍA DO ARAÇÁ, São Sebastião – SP. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Ambiental, Instituto de Energia e Ambiente – IEE, Universidade de São Paulo. Orientadora: Yara Schaeffer-Novelli.

Riul, P. Biogeografia e macroecologia de macroalgas do litoral Brasileiro. Tese (Doutorado em Ecologia) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Orientador: Paulo Antunes Horta.

Santos, L.M.F. Variabilidade das funções metabólicas basais (fotossíntese e respiração) do holobionte diante os efeitos das mudanças climáticas. Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade Federal da Bahia. Orientador: Ruy Kenji Papa de Kikuchi. Co-Orientadora: Marília de Dirceu Machado de Oliveira.

Silva, M.M. Efeito da variação da temperatura e da heterotrofia no desenvolvimento do coral Siderastrea stellata, um importante construtor dos recifes do Brasil. Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade Federal da Bahia. Orientadora: Zelinda Margarida de Andrade Nery Leão. Co-Orientadora: Marília de Dirceu Machado de Oliveira.

5.5.5.1.2. Mestrado

Bergstrom, E. Efeitos da acidificação e aquecimento do oceano na ecofisiologia de Rodolitos e Gramas marinhas. Dissertação (Mestrado em Biologia Vegetal) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. Orientador: Paulo Antunes Horta.

Costa, L.L. Respostas da macrofauna bentônica de praias arenosas a eventos de ressacas: Uma ferramenta para avaliação de curto prazo dos efeitos das mudanças climáticas. Dissertação (Mestrado). Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico. Orientador: Ilana Rosental Zalmon.

Gouveia, L.O efeito da temperatura e dos nutrientes na fisiologia e química de Laurencia catarinense. Dissertação (Mestrado em Biologia Vegetal) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. Orientador: Paulo Antunes Horta.

Peres, M.V. Algas calcárias não articuladas do litoral da paraíba: aspectos taxonomicos morfoanatomicos e moleculares. Dissertação (Mestrado profissional em Biologia Vegetal) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. Orientador: Paulo Antunes Horta.

Pires, J.T. Análise comparativa de impactos sobre manguezais da Baixada Santista (SP) para apoio à gestão socioambiental. Dissertação (Mestrado). Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Ambiental, Instituto de Energia e Ambiente – IEE, Universidade de São Paulo. Orientadora: Yara Schaeffer-Novelli; Co-Orientadora: Silvia Sartor.

Suciu, M.C. Impactos antropogênicos de pisoteio na macrofauna bentônica do entremarés na costa norte do Rio de Janeiro. Dissertação (Mestrado). Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Conselho Nacional

de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico. Orientador: Ilana Rosental Zalmon.

5.5.5.1.3. Iniciação científica

Arruda, A. Educação Ambiental como estratégia para enfrentamento do Aquecimento Global. 2015. Iniciação científica (Ciências Biológicas) - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Bolsista UERJ. Orientador: Alexandre de Gusmão Pedrini.

Casaes, F.S.G. 2014. Fitobentos associados a bancos de rodolitos do litoral da Bahia: aspectos taxonômicos e ecológicos. Iniciação científica (Oceanografia) - Universidade Federal da Bahia. Orientador: José Marcos Castro Nunes.

Cordeiro, B.B. Aperfeiçoamento do um sistema quimiostático para experimentos de acidificação da água oceânica. Iniciação científica (Ciências Biológicas) - Universidade Federal da Bahia. Orientador: Ruy Kenji Papa de Kikuchi. Co-Orientadora: Marília de Dirceu Machado de Oliveira.

Cunha, E. Educação Ambiental como estratégia para enfrentamento do Aquecimento Global. 2015. Iniciação científica (Ciências Biológicas) - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Orientador: Alexandre de Gusmão Pedrini.

Encarnação, A.J. Avaliação da resposta das espécies dos corais construtores da Baía de Todos os Santos aos efeitos do branqueamento no que diz respeito à morfologia e ao tamanho das colônias dos corais. Iniciação científica (Ciências Biológicas) - Universidade Federal da Bahia. Orientadora: Zelinda Margarida de Andrade Nery Leão.

Koerich, G. Efeito da luz e disponibilidade de nutrientes na ecofisiologia da alga calcária Sonderophycus capensis. Iniciação científica (Graduando em Oceanografia) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico. Orientador: Paulo Antunes Horta.

Maciel, B.V. Educação Ambiental como estratégia para enfrentamento do Aquecimento Global. 2015. Iniciação científica (Ciências Biológicas) - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Orientador: Alexandre de Gusmão Pedrini.

Monnerat, P. Educação Ambiental como estratégia para enfrentamento do Aquecimento Global. 2015. Iniciação científica (Ciências Biológicas) - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Bolsista UERJ. Orientador: Alexandre de Gusmão Pedrini.

Peres, L. 2014. Avaliação do efeito da temperatura e da irradiância sobre a ecofisiologia de Mesophyllum erubescens. Iniciação científica (Graduando em Ciências Biológicas) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Petrobrás. Orientador: Paulo Antunes Horta.

Santos, M.A.S.P. Impacto da acidificação da água do mar na calcificação de corais. Iniciação científica (Ciências Biológicas) - Universidade Federal da Bahia. Orientador: Ruy Kenji Papa de Kikuchi. Co-Orientadora: Marília de Dirceu Machado de Oliveira.

Santos, T.V. Educação Ambiental como estratégia para enfrentamento do Aquecimento Global. 2015. Iniciação científica (Ciências Biológicas) - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Orientador: Alexandre de Gusmão Pedrini.

5.5.5.2. Orientações e Supervisões Concluídas

5.5.5.2.1. Doutorado Cruz, I.C.S. 2014. Interações competitivas entre Epizoanthus gabrieli Carlgreen,

1951 (Ordem Zoanthidea) e corais na Baía de Todos os Santos. Tese de Doutorado (Ecologia e Evolução) - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Orientador: Joel Creed

Gandara Martins, A.L., 2015. Sangradouros em praias arenosas: estrutura da macrofauna, morfodinâmica e impactos. Pós-graduação em Sistemas Costeiros e Oceânicos da UFPR. Orientador: Carlos Alberto Borzone.

5.5.5.2.2. Mestrado

Albuquerque, T. 2014. Avaliação do impacto do branqueamento no potencial construtor de uma comunidade de corais. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal da Bahia Orientador: Ruy Kenji Papa de Kikuchi. 2014.

Borges, V.P. 2014. Taxonomia e biogeografia de Coralinaceas Epífitas. Dissertação (Mestrado em Biologia Vegetal) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico. Orientador: Paulo Antunes Horta Junior.

Chagas, J. J. T. 2014. Ensino de ciências e aprendizagem significativa sobre ecossistemas recifais. Dissertação de Mestrado. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino de Ciências e Matemática, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, 65p. Orientadora: Monica Dorigo Correia.

Coutinho, L.M. 2014. Taxonomia de algas calcárias não geniculadas (Rhodophyta, Corallinales) e a influência do hidrodinamismo nas características morfológicas de rodolitos na Armação dos Búzios, RJ. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica)) - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Orientadora: Márcia Figueiredo.

Elliff, C.I. 2014. Serviços Ecossistêmicos Prestados por Recifes de Coral nas ilhas de Tinharé e Boipeba, Baixo Sul da Bahia, Brasil. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal da Bahia. Orientador: Ruy K.P. Kikuchi.

Oliveira, P.L., 2014. Influencia de sangradouros nos migradores mareais de praias arenosas do litoral do Paraná, Brasil. Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da UFPR, PR. Orientador: Carlos Alberto Borzone.

Oortman, M.S. 2014. Efeito da restauração de manguezais sobre a comunidade bêntica macrofaunal. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ecologia) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. Orientador: Paulo Roberto Pagliosa Alves.

Rocha, L.S.N. 2015. Calibração dos registros ambientais em esqueletos de colônias do coral Siderastrea stellata. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal da Bahia. Orientador: Ruy K.P. Kikuchi.

Santos Da Silva, A.K. 2014. Atividades lúdicas no ensino de saúde direcionadas para doenças de veiculação hídrica com alunos do ensino fundamental em alagoas. Dissertação de Mestrado em Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino de Ciências e Matemática, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, 54p. Orientadora: Monica Dorigo Correia.

Steigleder, K.M. 2015. Diversidade e distribuição de Macroalgas em substratos consolidados da região Sul do Atlântico Sul Ocidental. Dissertação (Mestrado em Oceanografia Biológica) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior. Orientador: Margareth da Silva Copertino.

Vasconcellos, M.O. 2014. Os corais construtores da estrutura holocênica do recife da Coroa Vermelha, Abrolhos, Bahia. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal da Bahia. Orientadora: Zelinda M.A.N. Leão.

5.5.5.2.3. Trabalho de conclusão de curso

Ferreira, Y.C.S. 2014 Comunidades macrobênticas da Estação Ecologica de Tamoios (Angra dos Reis e Paraty - RJ): Avaliação dos corais invasores Tubastraea coccineae e Tubastraea tagusensis. Curso (Ciências Biológicas) - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Orientador: Joel Creed

Guimarães, D.T. 2014. Produção secundária de Littoraria angulifera (Gastropoda, Littorinidae) em dois bosques de manguezal no estuário do Rio Piraquê-Açu-Mirim. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso. (Graduação em Oceanografia) - Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Agência Nacional do Petróleo. Orientador: Angelo Fraga Bernardino.

Oliveira, T.S. 2014. Controles ambientais da variabilidade da calcificação do esqueleto do coral Mussismilia braziliensis em recifes costeiros de Garapuá, Baixo-Sul Baiano, Brasil. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Ciências Biológicas) - Universidade Federal da Bahia. Orientador: Ruy K.P. Kikuchi. Co-Orientadora: Marília de Dirceu Machado de Oliveira.

Rua, M.B. 2014. Percepção Ambiental em Praça Pública: como crianças e seus responsáveis percebem o meio ambiente marinho. Curso (Ciências Biológicas), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Monografia de Licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas. Orientador: Alexandre de Gusmão Pedrini.

Soares, A.C.P. 2014. Ocorrência de gramas marinhas no litoral de estado do Espírito Santo. Curso (Ciências Biológicas: Biotecnologia) - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Orientador: Joel Creed.

5.5.5.2.4. Iniciação Científica

Lima, L. 2014. Educação Ambiental como estratégia para enfrentamento do Aquecimento Global. Iniciação científica (Ciências Biológicas) - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Orientador: Alexandre de Gusmão Pedrini.

Magliari, A.M.T. 2014. Educação Ambiental como estratégia para enfrentamento do Aquecimento Global. Iniciação científica (Ciências Biológicas) - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Orientador: Alexandre de Gusmão Pedrini.

Nascimento-Silva, J. 2014 Estabelecimento de estação de monitoramento de longo prazo em comunidade marinha bentônica de substrato consolidado da Praia do Pernambuco (Guarujá – SP). Universidade Federal do ABC. Orientadora: Natália Pirani Ghilardi-Lopes.

5.5.6. Subsídios à Gestão Costeira

Schaeffer-Novelli, Y. Membro titular do Grupo de Assessoramento Técnico - GAT do Plano de Ação Nacional para a Conservação dos Manguezais - PAN Manguezal (ICMBio/CNPT), (Portaria No- 63, de 30 de janeiro de 2015). Essa atividade permitem desenvolver uma série de objetivos com relação a áreas estratégicas de manguezais ao longo do litoral brasileiro (áreas piloto do Projeto Manguezais do Brasil, MMA/ICMBio/GEF). O PAN Manguezal tem como objetivo geral conservar os manguezais brasileiros, reduzindo a degradação e protegendo as espécies focais do PAN, mantendo suas áreas e usos tradicionais, a partir da integração entre as diferentes instâncias do poder público e da sociedade, incorporando os saberes acadêmicos e tradicionais. No escopo dos objetivos do projeto foram incluídas atividades referentes à posturas a serem adotadas frente as mudanças climáticas e suas influências sobre o ecossistema manguezal ao longo da amplitude latitudinal em que ocorrem na costa brasileira. 5.5.7. Materiais de divulgação

5.5.7.1. Livro-Jogo: Ghilardi-Lopes, N.P. 2014. Desafio em Apicum. UFABC: Santo André. 112p. ISBN

978-85-65212-42-7. Disponível em: http://professor.ufabc.edu.br/~natalia.lopes/jogosmarinhos/index.php/material-de-

apoio

5.5.7.2. Software: Ghilardi-Lopes, N.P. 2014. Software educacional em fase final de desenvolvimento.

Protótipo disponível em http://professor.ufabc.edu.br/~natalia.lopes/jogosmarinhos/

5.5.7.3. Produtos diversos (Educação Ambiental):

Mochel, F.R. 2014. CERMANGUE. Programa Manguezais do Maranhão. Educação Ambiental Comunitária. Produtos: Jogos Educadtivos (jogo da memória, quebra-cabeças e trilha do manguezal); cartilhas e cadernos de atividades: Mangueando - brincando e aprendendo com o manguezal; Lendo e Escrevendo com o Manguezal (Portugues); Contando com o Manguezal (Matemática). Departamento de Oceanografia e Limnologia, UFMA, São Luís, MA.

Leão, Z.M.A.N.; Kikuchi, R.K.P; Oliveira, M.D.M. 2015. Cartilha Corais. In: Coleção Cartilhas do Projeto Baía de Todos os Santos. Produção de uma cartilha para divulgação do conhecimento científico, de maneira simples, para alunos e professores da educação básica.

5.5.7.4. Produtos diversos (Eventos):

Copertino, M. 2014. International Blue Carbon Scientific Working Group. October 20 - 23, 2014 . RIO GRANDE, BRAZIL. WORKSHOP REPORT. http://thebluecarboninitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/Brazil-Meeting-Report.pdf

Copertino, M.; Costa, C.S.B. 2014. A Field Trip to Rio Grande Coastal Plain. 10pg Copertino, M. 2014. Blue Carbon Scientific Working Group - Workshop. Material de

Divulgação em português. 4pg. Copertino, M. 2014. Blue Carbon Scientific Working Group. Meeting in Rio Grande,

Brazil (Brochure) 6. DESCRIÇÃO E AVALIAÇÃO DO APOIO INSTITUCIONAL RECEBIDO NO PERÍODO

A coordenação geral do projeto está sediada no Instituto Oceanográfico da USP, onde conta com todo o apoio administrativo (comunicação, local de trabalho), de informática (servidor, serviços de e-mail) e logístico (transporte) para o desenvolvimento de atividades relacionadas ao projeto.

Da mesma forma, os coordenadores e participantes de projetos individuais têm tido este mesmo apoio nas instituições participantes da ReBentos, listadas abaixo.

Instituições UF/País Instituições UF/País1 CEBIMAR/USP SP 29 UFSC SC2 FAMATh RJ 30 UFS SE3 FURG RS 31 UNESP SP4 IBUSP SP 32 UNESPAR PR5 ICMBio 33 UNICAMP SP6 IEAPM RJ 34 UNIFESP SP7 IFCE CE 35 UNIRIO RJ8 IFRS RS 36 UNISUL SC9 Inst.FBotânicaFSP SP 37 UNIVALI SC10 Inst.FCostaFBrasilis SP 38 UNIVILLE SC11 IOUSP SP 39 UPE PE12 PROCAM/USP SP 40 USFFWSDIFNFEUA EUA13 UENF RJ 41 IEMA ES14 UERJ RJ 42 UFERSA RN15 UFABC SP 43 IFSC SC16 UFAL AL 44 SãoFCamilo SP17 UFBA BA 45 JPRJ RJ18 UFCE CE 46 UNESC SC19 UFES ES 47 Univ.FVeigaFAlmeida RJ20 UFF RJ 48 Inst.FCarbonoBrasil SC21 UFMA MA 49 UFRN RN22 UFPA PA 50 UFRA PA23 UFPB PB 51 UFRB BA24 UFPE PE 52 CCMAR Portugal25 UFPR PR 53 PlymouthFUniv. UK26 UFRJ RJ 54 MPNSP SP27 UFRRJ RJ 55 UEAP AP28 UFRPE PE 56 UESPI PI

57 Inst.FBiomaBrasil SP 7. DIFICULDADES ENCONTRADAS

Dentro do panorama atual da ReBentos, com grande número de pesquisadores (166) e instituições (57) envolvidos, surgiram algumas dificuldades inerentes ao trabalho em um grupo grande e heterogêneo:

• Assimetria de estrutura entre diferentes grupos de trabalho; • Integração e sinergia entre pesquisadores trabalhando à distância; • Definição de protocolos de trabalho únicos e aplicáveis a toda a costa

brasileira; • Assimilação da problemática das MCs nas linhas de pesquisa dos

bentólogos, configurando um processo de aprendizado, que exige tempo para o amadurecimento individual e do grupo;

• Busca pela sustentabilidade financeira; • Compartilhamento de responsabilidades; • Pouca integração com pesquisadores de outras áreas da oceanografia.

55Esta é um versão gerada unicamente para visualização dentro do SGP. A versão a ser impressa utilizará outros padrões de formatação. This is a version generated only for visualization inside of SGP. The version to be printed will use other formatting patterns.

Artigo de Revisão Review Article

Código de Fluxo (Flux Code): 849

Comunidades bentônicas estuarinas do Brazil: um passo em direção a estudos de longa duração para avaliar impactos decorrentes de mudanças climáticas

Benthic estuarine communities in Brazil: moving forward to long term studies to assess climate change impacts

Título Abreviado (Short Title)

Bentos estuarino e mudanças climáticas

Estuarine benthos and climate change effects

Autores (Authors)

Angelo Fraga Bernardino: Doutor - Professor Adjunto, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo

Paulo Roberto Pagliosa: Doutor - Professor Adjunto Departamento de Geociências, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina

Ronaldo Adriano Christofoletti: Doutor - Professor adjunto Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo

Francisco Barros: Doutor - Professor adjunto Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia

Sergio A. Netto: Doutor - Professor titular Laboratório de Ciências Marinhas, Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina

Pablo Muniz: Doutor - Professor Sección Oceanografía y Ecología Marina, IECA, Facultad de Ciências, Universidad de la República, Uruguay

Paulo da Cunha Lana: Doutor - Professor titular Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná

Descritores em Português (Keywords in Portuguese) Descritores em Inglês (Keywords in English)

Estuários, Benthic ecology, Climate change, Brazil, Impactos

Estuaries, Benthic ecology, Climate Change, Brazil, Impacts

Resumo em Português (Abstract in Portuguese) Resumo em Inglês (Abstract in English)

Estuários são ecossistemas costeiros que sustentam uma ampla variedade de serviços ambientais para a humanidade. Estuários abrigam uma variedade de habitats bentônicos com características específicas e seriamente ameaçadas globalmente. Manguezais, marismas e planícies de maré são amplamente impactados por poluentes domésticos e industriais, por atividades comerciais que levam á perda de habitat e pela sobrepesca. Os diversos impactos locais, associados a mudanças regionais e globais na hidromorfologia estuarina e potenciais efeitos de mudanças climáticas colocam sérias ameaças a ecossistemas estuarinos. No Brasil, a rede Bentos foi criada para estudar a nível nacional o efeito de mudanças no clima em ecossistemas bentônicos costeiros. Este trabalho faz parte dos esforços iniciais do Grupo de Trabalho Estuários em rever o conhecimento sobre comunidades bentônicas estuarinas no Brasil. Aqui apresentamos uma breve

Estuaries are unique coastal ecosystems with low benthic diversity that sustain and provide essential ecological services to mankind. Estuarine ecosystems include a variety of habitats with their own sediment-fauna dynamics, all of them globally altered or threatened by human activities. Mangroves, saltmarshes, tidal flats and other confined estuarine systems are under increasing stress by overfishing and other human activities leading to habitat and species loss. Combined changes in estuarine hydromorphology and in climate pose severe threats to estuarine ecosystems at a global scale. The ReBentos network is the first integrated attempt in Brazil to monitor estuarine changes in the long-term in order to detect and assess the effects of global warming. This paper is an initial effort from ReBentos to review the current knowledge on benthic estuarine ecology in Brazil. We herein present and synthesize all published work on Brazilian estuaries that

revisão crítica sobre os trabalhos realizados em estuários brasileiros que objetivaram o estudo, a nível de comunidades, do bentos estuarino e processos ecológicos associados. A partir do cenário atual, realizamos algumas recomendações de estudo para responder questões científicas sobre efeitos de mudanças climáticas em comunidades bentônicas estuarinas, e enfatizamos a necessidade de bases de dados contínuas com longa-duração e o estabelecimento de parcerias internacionais com foco específico nos estuários brasileiros.

has focused on the description of benthic communities and related ecological processes. We then use current data on Brazilian estuaries and make a set of recommendations for future studies to address climate change effects, suggesting trends for potential research and stressing the need for long-term datasets and international partnerships.

Trabalho submetido em (Article's submission in): 5/27/2014 5:12:48 PM

Instituição (Affiliation): Departamento de Oceanografia e Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo

Correspondência (Correspondence): Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Goiabeiras, Vitória-ES, 29075-910, Brasil.

Suporte Financeiro (Financial support): CNPq Edital SISBIOTA - Alexander Turra - IOUSP FAPESP - Alexander Turra - IOUSP FAPES 52638090/2011 and CNPq 301412/2013-8 - Angelo Bernardino - UFES

Submetido para (Submited for): Brazilian Journal of Oceanography

Artigo numerado no SGP sob código de fluxo (The Article was numbered in SGP for the flux code): 849

Conteúdo em Inglês (Content in English)

1 1. Introduction

2 Estuarine benthic ecosystems are heterogeneuous systems that provide very diverse

habitats and their biological assemblages are frequently used as indicators of natural and

anthropogenic changes. The spatial and temporal variability of estuarine populations and

communities are greatly conditioned by climate, run-off regimes and oceanic dynamics, through

changes in nutrients, primary production and sediments (Mallin et al., 1993;; Heip et al., 1995).

Thus estuarine fauna must be highly adapted to deterministic and stochastic environmental

changes (Elliott and Quintino, 2007), which may occur at local, regional or global scales. Local

and regional changes may be related to the relative dominance of riverine, wave or tidal

processes directly affecting habitat diversity and spatial and temporal gradients on sediments

and organic matter.

3 Brazil has a long coastline with over one hundred estuaries from the tropical equator in the

North to subtropical regions in the South. Brazilian estuaries differ widely in their tidal regimes

(e.g. from macrotidal in the northern to microtidal in the southeastern and southern coasts),

input of run-off discharges (i.e., higher average rainfall in the northern and southern regions)

and wave action. Geomorphological differences are also main causes of dissimilarities among

Brazilian estuaries (Dominguez, 2006). Estuaries dominated by riverine inputs are more

frequent in the N and NE and within bays, and drowned estuaries and lagoons are more

common in the SE and S. Macroscale changes associated with broad-scale environmental

differences in Brazilian estuaries include atmospheric, oceanographic and climate variability, as

well as local or regional human activities. Therefore, global climate dynamics could act directly

upon local estuarine benthic populations or promote cross-scale interactions influencing species

responses both at local and regional scales.

4 Estuaries have been intensely modified over the last decades by human activities. Sewage

outfalls and eutrophication, habitat loss, overfishing and several hydrodinamic changes have

produced marked impacts worldwide (Norkko et al., 2002;; Scavia et al., 2002). Brazilian

estuaries are no exception and several studies have reported multiple human impacts near

large urban areas (Santi and Tavares, 2009;; Soares-Gomes et al., 2012;; Krull et al., 2014). It

is widely accepted that potential effects of climate change will further impact estuarine

communities by changes in average temperature, in yearly rainfall and in mean sea level (Attrill

and Power, 2000;; Najjar et al., 2000;; Gillanders and Kingsford, 2002). However, it is still

extremely difficult to predict the intensity and scale of these changes and the response of

biological communities and changes in ecosystem functioning. Temperature and rainfall

anomalies, as well as sea level rise, have been commonly reported across the globe and these

effects may have substantial impacts on estuarine ecosystems over both the short- and long-

term (Alongi, 2008;; Day et al., 2008;; Condie et al., 2012;; Turra, Cróquer, et al., 2013). For

example, if regional and local rainfall anomalies and sea level changes alter the salt balance of

an estuary, it might cause changes in species distribution and productivity (Thurman et al.,

2010;; Condie et al., 2012). Higher temperatures could also affect the metabolism, growth and

reproduction of estuarine biota, which combined with local eutrophication may lead to oxygen

depletion and mass mortality of organisms (Bishop et al., 2006). It is expected that the

intensity of impacts and ecological effects of climate change in estuaries will be site-specific.

However, long-term changes in climate may also alter estuarine communities and ecosystem

resilience on broader scales that are relevant to ecosystem management and function (Dolbeth

et al., 2011;; Elliott and Whitfield, 2011;; Mcleod et al., 2011).

5 Projected changes in global climate is the greatest current threat to ecological function and

the associated socio-economic services provided to mankind (Antle et al., 2001;; Doney et al.,

2012;; Turra, Croquer, et al., 2013). As such, the major challenge to modern ecology is to

understand and to predict how climate change will translate into ecological impacts and affect

human well-being. To scientifically assess changes in estuarine ecosystems and promote their

long-term conservation and management, we have created "The Monitoring Network for Coastal

Benthic Habitats" (ReBentos - Working group Estuaries), an integrated effort of researchers and

institutions along Brazil’s 8,000 km of coast line. The ReBentos main goals are to establish

long-term observations of benthic estuarine communities, and other coastal ecosystems,

through sound scientific practices in order to detect and assess the effects of climate change.

The ReBentos working group Estuaries is assigned to develop studies using the estuarine

benthic fauna as a biological model for climate change assessment. Benthic ecosystems are

particularly useful to understand how estuaries will be affected by climate change because they

are key to many biogeochemical and ecological processes at the sediment water interface

(Smith et al., 2000;; Kristensen et al., 2008). Benthic communities are also overwhelmly used

as indicators of biotic quality of estuarine ecosystems, which includes the ReBentos efforts

among several international programs with similar goals (e.g. Climate Ready Estuaries -

EPA/USA;; Marbef network program - EU).

6 In order to design and propose a long-term monitoring program, we have carried out an

exhaustive synthesis of published work on benthic communities from estuarine ecosystems in

Brazil and have assessed their vulnerability to past and current changes in temperature and

rainfall (Bernardino et al., in review). These theoretical predictions may be useful to address

site-specific vulnerabilities in several Brazilian estuaries to projected climate change and result

in mitigation and adaptation at regional scales. The ReBentos network has proposed several

protocols to standardize historical time series data acquisition on benthic estuarine ecosystems

across Brazil. In order to suggest best scientific practices for long-term monitoring of benthic

ecosystems, this paper: i) critically reviews the published work on estuarine benthic

invertebrates along the Brazilian coast in respect to their usefulness as baselines for climate

change studies;; and ii) suggests a long-term sampling protocol using benthic communities as

models for climate related impacts in estuaries;; and iii) compares the ReBentos Estuaries

protocol with current international strategies with similar objectives.

7 2. Methods

8 A review of all published work on peer-reviewed and indexed journals until 2012 was made

through Web of Science®, SCOPUS and Google Scholar. Benthic compartments, including

meiofauna, macrofauna and megafauna, were selected after satisfying the basic criterium of

focusing on community ecology. Taxonomic surveys and other specific work on benthic fauna

were not included in this review but can be found elsewhere (Lana et al., 1996). Selected

papers were classified according to 1) region (N, NE, SE and S), 2) habitat (mangrove,

saltmarsh, unvegetated sediments), 3) tidal position (subtidal or intertidal), and 4) sampling

interval (months to years and number of sampling events during the study).

9 3. Results

10 A total of 50 published papers on benthic estuarine communities from 48 different

estuaries were found (Table 1). These papers cover roughly three decades of study from 1986

to 2012, with sampling efforts concentrated in the more developed areas of southern and

southeastern Brazil (c.a. 75% of published papers;; Figure 1). Despite the higher number of

studies in estuaries from the southeastern and southern regions, most published works were

concentrated at a few sites (Figure 1). The Northeastern region had a high number of estuaries

studied when compared to the Northern region, although both had generally lower number of

studies published (Figure 1). The sampling effort was greater in a few estuaries from the S and

SE. For example, the estuarine systems from Guanabara Bay (RJ), Cananéia (SP), Paranaguá

Bay (PR) and Patos Lagoon (RS) were intensely studied in respect to their benthic fauna and

ecosystem dynamics (Table 1). On the other hand, most estuaries were investigated in respect

to their community description at local to regional scales and only at a few sites were studies

of a more general nature (e.g. community succession, pollution effects, trophic interactions) or

in situ experimentation been carried out.

11 Benthic macrofaunal communities from subtidal channels and intertidal flats were the

most studied estuarine habitats along the Brazilian coast (Figure 1). Macrofaunal communities

in saltmarshes (Spartina) were mainly studied in the northern and southern coasts of Pará,

Santa Catarina, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul (Figure 1). Megafaunal communities were mostly

studied in mangrove forests and on hard substrates, with some efforts in subtidal estuarine

channels in some areas. In the eastern and southeastern coasts, macrofaunal and megafaunal

communites were investigated in urban and polluted areas of Pernambuco coast, Vitoria (ES),

Guanabara (RJ) and Santos (SP). Benthic communities from mangroves, saltmarshes and tidal

flats were also studied at a few preserved areas from Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo in the

southeast (Table 1). Significant sampling efforts on intertidal communities of unvegetated

flats, saltmarshes and mangrove sediments were carried out in estuaries from the southern

coast. In general, epifaunal communities on mangroves, Spartina marshes and rocky substrates

were only sparsely studied at specific sites.

12 INSERT FIGURE 1 HERE

13 Most benthic estuarine studies in Brazil have focused either on the description of patterns

of community distribution and structure, or their relationship with environmental drivers and

pollution effects. Descriptive studies overwhelmingly dominate across all estuarine habitats

and account for 60% of all published papers. Changes in community structure occur due to

spatial changes of salinity, sediment composition and hydrodynamics at both tropical and

subtropical estuaries (Lana et al., 1997;; Fonseca and Netto, 2006;; Colling et al., 2007;; Barros

et al., 2008). The influence of habitat on benthic communities is also strongly related to the

vegetation, its organic detritus in addition to changes in the structure and distribution of

communities between rainy and dry seasons (Netto and Lana, 1999;; Pagliosa and Lana, 2000;;

Colling et al., 2007;; Meurer and Netto, 2007). Overall, there is a local increase in benthic

species richness at vegetated sediments, most likely due the increased habitat complexity

(Netto and Lana, 1999).

14 Spatial and temporal patterns on benthic communities were investigated through a few

(n=1 to 4) sampling events during 6-month periods. Investigated abiotic factors included

salinity, sediment properties (i.e. grain size and organic matter), presence or absence of

vegetation and natural or anthropogenic disturbance (i.e. sediment physical disturbance and

pollution;; Table 1). Seasonal dynamics of benthic fauna, over up to a year, were less

investigated (38% of published papers). Unvegetated flats and channels were commonly

studied through monthly sampling (sometimes less) for periods of a year. Benthic fauna from

vegetated mangrove and salt marsh sediments were rarely sampled for periods longer than 6

months (Table 1). Long-term studies, which includes inter-annual temporal scales of >2 years,

are clearly missing for all benthic estuarine habitats except for a few exceptions across Brazil

(n= 4). Information on seasonal and interannual variability of benthic estuarine communities is

spatially highly limited. For example, we have found a 4-year qualitative survey on the

carcinofauna from mangrove forests and estuarine sediments in NE Brazil (Almeida et al.,

2006). Another 3-year sampling with only 4 trawling campaigns studied the benthic megafauna

within Guanabara Bay, which was also studied in respect to its rocky shore communities over a

2-year period (Junqueira et al., 2000;; Lavrado et al., 2000). The longest time series study of

benthic macrofauna was carried out on a saltmarsh at Paranaguá Bay (Lana and Guiss, 1991),

which was sampled monthly for 14 months.

15 INSERT TABLE 1 HERE

16 4. Discussion

17 4.1. Moving from community structure to ecological processes

18 There is an urgent need to increase the number of field surveys in poorly studied regions.

Past and current descriptive efforts are clearly important to describe and discriminate varying

estuarine patterns across the Brazilian coast. As these estuaries are fundamentally distinct in

respect to their geomorphology, oceanographic conditions and are under various climatic

regimes, additional investigations will certainly lead to a better recognition of associated

benthic communities and site-specific responses (Gillanders and Kingsford, 2002;; Soares et al.,

2014). Indeed, there is strong evidence for local and regional heterogeneity of estuarine

benthic communities among habitats (Netto and Lana, 1997;; Edgar and Barrett, 2002;; Barros

et al., 2012). Such heterogeneity may lead to variable community-environment responses of

benthic fauna at different estuaries. In any case, these surveys would clearly benefit from

standard protocols for community assessment and data analysis, allowing the identification of

large scale patterns and potentially leading to more accurate models.

19 However, it is also necessary to move research questions from the basic descriptions of

community structure to the understanding of ecological processes that regulate benthic

dynamics in Brazilian estuaries. The investigation of ecological processes in benthic

communities has advanced through intensive sampling and field manipulative experiments in

SE and S Brazil, with stronger effort in unvegetated flats and saltmarshes. As revealed for

temperate and tropical estuaries in the Northern hemisphere, significant differences in

community structure, succession and trophic processes occur between vegetated and

unvegetated sediments in subtropical estuaries (Lana and Guiss, 1992;; Netto and Lana, 1999).

Manipulative and mensurative experiments also revealed the responses of benthic communities

to nutrient loading and pollution effects, which greatly improved our understanding of

mechanisms of community resilience and succession after disturbance (Faraco and Lana, 2003;;

Mendes and Soares-Gomes, 2011;; Gern and Lana, 2013;; Souza et al., 2013). Recognising these

patterns at local and regional scales allows for better predictive models of benthic community

responses to habitat modification, species invasion and subsequent changes in sediment

biogeochemistry (Neira et al., 2005;; Demopoulos et al., 2007;; Cannicci et al., 2008;;

Demopoulos and Smith, 2010;; Sweetman et al., 2010). In order to build strong models to

detect wide ecosystem impacts from climate change (Scavia et al., 2002;; Kotta et al., 2009;;

Semeniuk, 2013), we will need replicated experiments at a large latitudinal scale across several

Brazilian estuaries.

20 Broad changes in the structure and functioning of benthic estuarine communities are

expected with projected changes in sea level, temperature and rainfall (Najjar et al., 2000;;

Gillanders and Kingsford, 2002;; Milliman et al., 2008;; Nicholls and Cazenave, 2010;; Doney et

al., 2012). Significant changes in rainfall extremes and dry cells have been projected for South

America (Marengo et al., 2010). They include an increase in extreme precipitation events over

most of Southeastern South America and Western Amazonia consistent with projected

increasing trends in total rainfall. Smaller or no changes in rainfall intensity were projected for

Northeast Brazil and Eastern Amazonia, though significant changes are expected in the

frequency of consecutive dry days. At the scale of an estuary, benthic species distribution,

diversity and dynamics across salinity gradients may significantly change (Elliott and Whitfield,

2011;; Whitfield et al., 2012). As salinity-community patterns for Brazilian estuaries are

understudied in most regions, the loss of species or community changes at these areas will

lead to uncertainities about changes in key ecological processes. The benthic fauna associated

with vegetated habitats will also be heavily impacted due to habitat loss, which will impact

production and trophic processes (Lee, 1998). Sea-level rise effects on Brazilian estuaries are

largely uncertain, but will likely lead to loss of mangrove and saltmarsh ecosystems and their

services, including carbon sequestration (Duarte et al., 2005;; Donato et al., 2011). It is clear

that most estuarine areas within urban regions will be severely impacted or disappear as

vegetated ecosystems will fail to migrate onshore due to coastal development (Short and

Neckles, 1999;; Alongi, 2008).

21 In summary, few ecological and biogeochemical processes mediated by benthic organisms

have been investigated in Brazilian estuaries, which precludes reasonable mitigation and

conservation strategies if projected changes are confirmed. Mechanisms of benthic production

and functional effects on communities in response to natural and anthropogenic disturbance

need to be investigated in a multi-scale perspective. It is clear that current and future

investigations of estuarine processes need to include the role of benthic communities on

sediment biogeochemistry, to address the ecological effects of changes in environment and

habitat, and finally to make quantitative predictions of potential environmental, economical

and societal.

22 4.2. Increase scientific and monitoring efforts in the long-term

23 The question of scale in ecology has received much recent attention (Levin, 1992;;

Schneider, 2001). Studying large temporal scales of ecological processes has been a major

challenge for ecologists as well as securing funds for long-term approaches that are needed to

understand these processes. In this context, studies of pattern have still been more frequent

in science, but are strikingly few in estuarine ecosystems of Brazil. A number of ecological

benefits provided by estuaries have been independently investigated at a number of sites in

Brazil over the last decades (Rondinelli and Barros, 2010;; Pendleton et al., 2012;; Vilar et al.,

2013), but we have no systematic efforts, dedicated funding programs or networks to study

Brazilian estuaries. Additionally, the short-term scale (i.e. less than 1-yr) of most studies

means that we do not have scientific data at relevant temporal scales to characterize, manage

or protect most estuaries and their associated communities in Brazil.

24 As estuaries are naturally dynamic ecosystems and associated with coastal and riverine

hydromorphology, we need to understand changes in their communities and ecological

processes over decadal scales in light of meaningfull temporal scales of riverine, marine and

climate forces (Scavia et al., 2002;; Elliott and Whitfield, 2011). Long-term studies, with a

duration of > 2yrs, have an increased power to detect community-wide responses to intra-

annual and inter-annual changes in estuarine dynamics. A number of community-driven

processes by benthic organisms suffer significant changes over time scales longer than a year.

For example, population dynamics and benthic annual production rates may vary significantly at

annual and decadal scales due to changes in estuarine productivity, temperature, disturbance

regimes, catastrophic events and interacting factors (Kotta et al., 2009;; Dolbeth et al., 2011).

Although functional indices such as productivity regimes offer advantages in depicting

ecosystem-wide responses, large variability in productivity may occur between estuaries due to

site-specific differences such as pelagic productivity (Condie et al., 2012). Therefore, the

multiple mechanisms that lead to changes in production and population dynamics over long-

term periods suggests that estuarine ecosystems must be investigated at multiple scales.

25 The ReBentos Estuaries working group has proposed a study protocol for benthic estuarine

communities that meets the above criteria of i) standardisation of methods;; ii) working with

functional and biodiversity indices and iii) multiple scales. The protocol was designed to

address projected and observed changes in mean atmospheric temperatures and in yearly

rainfall at estuaries from the major climatic regions of Brazil (Marengo et al., 2010;; Bernardino

et al., in review). With scientific hypotheses based on projected changes, we suggested a

standard protocol for studying temporal patterns in productivity and diversity of megafaunal

and macrofaunal benthic communities. The working group, so far, has started field work on

eight estuaries located at each major region of Brazil. These estuaries were selected based on

their accessibity by various research groups and on existing protected areas (i.e. federal, state

or municipal). At each estuary, the working group started quarterly acquisition of biological and

environmental data, with replicated campaigns after dry and wet seasons. We believe that

these assessments must be continued, not only to reveal large scale spatial and temporal

patterns of benthic estuarine communities, but also to test the hypothesis with long-term

data. However, although the ReBentos working group received a limited startup funding of 3

years, continuous assessments at these estuaries from Northern to Southern Brazil may be

interrupted.

26 4.3. What international programs can teach us

27 The International Long-term Ecological Research Network (ILTER) is an example of a

global network of scientists engaged in long-term, site based ecological and socioeconomic

research, with the mission of understanding global ecosystems and providing potential

solutions to current and future global problems, considering the human dimensions of

environmental change. The goals of ILTER are to coordinate long-term ecological research in

integrated and collaborative networks;; to improve comparability of long-term ecological data

through simple field and lab protocols;; to generate and transmit better scientific information to

scientists, policymakers and the public;; and to facilitate education of the next generation of

long-term scientists. The PELD program (Long-term Ecological Researches), created by the

Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq)– Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation in

1998, was clearly influenced by ILTER. The PELD program is promoting and funding a series of

fruitful projects, but none of them have addressed estuarine benthic dynamics at a national

scale (Tabarelli et al., 2013).

28 The U.S. National Environmental Protection Agency started an Estuary Program (NEP) that

initiated several networks with broad objectives including protection and resource governance

(Schneider et al., 2003). Providing up to 5-year funding for creation of management plans for

28 estuaries across U.S., the NEP program fostered networks with regional representatives of

government, business, citizens, educators and researchers. These networks were successfully

bridging scientific knowledge with policy discussions, and resulted in better impact assesment

of estuaries and their watersheds (Schneider et al., 2003;; Merrifield et al., 2011). Although NEP

programs often target regional human impacts on estuaries, the identification of commonalities

or dissimilarities in estuarine ecosystems significantly ensures better climate change response

and management to these areas (Merrifield et al., 2011). Cimate preparedness and response

for estuaries also comes from the US EPA agency specific program named Climate Ready

Estuaries (http://water.epa.gov/type/oceb/cre/index.cfm). This program assists the NEP

program directly through network actions, and both programs benefit from information produced

from local to regional scales. These joint network efforts are excellent innitiatives for better

practice of estuarine management.

29 In the European Union, environmental threats to coastal areas raised political action to

protect estuarine and other ecosystems from human activities (Ferreira et al., 2011). These

policies ultimately led to a Water Strategy Framework Directive (WFD) designed to investigate

ecosystem function and to estabilish guidlines for accessing environmental quality and long-

term monitoring of coasts, estuaries and their watersheds (Parliament, 2000). The WFD

resulted in a number studies that developed guidelines to assess all aspects of water and

ecosystem quality. As every EU country was required to follow those directives, national

scientific networks across the EU regionally applied integrated studies to evaluate ecosystem

health of estuaries and their watersheds. In estuaries and coasts of Europe, specific tools for

accessment of ecological status using benthic communities were created (Borja et al., 2000),

which have been independently tested in Brazil (Muniz et al., 2005;; Valença and Santos, 2012).

Many other international initiatives across Europe have tested and developed guidelines to

investigate benthic estuarine habitats in the long-term with management purposes (Quintino

et al., 2006;; Rodrigues et al., 2011). As a result, a regulatory directive from the EU Parliament

stimulated scientific and political networks towards regional ecosystem assessment, testing of

scientific methods and protocols, and coastal management.

30 These integrated efforts undoubtedly demonstrate that successful programs to protect

estuaries need sound science allied to political and societal engagement. The ReBentos

network has started a unique and fruitful newtork - mainly composed of scientists - that could

bring attention to estuarine management and protection. However, Brazilian efforts to protect

estuaries, and most coastal ecosystems, will be largely ineffective if only scientists pursue

these objectives (Sunderland et al., 2009). Successful programs to protect Brazilian estuaries

from human and climate change impacts will need to be funded by public and private agencies

(municipal, state and federal), with the involvement of all stakeholders including scientists,

interested parties (e.g. traditional fishermen and industry), private and non-governamental

organizations;; and result in specific products for management of estuarine ecosystems.

Funding for these programs needs to be priorized by federal and state environmental agencies

(e.g. CNPq, CAPES, IBAMA;; from Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Science) which are clearly

key players for responsible ecosystem use and conservation. These programs must result in

sound scientific practices, with well organized and public data bases (i.e. also funded and

maintained by those sources). These programs should be further accompained and evaluated by

progress reports and subjected to rigorous national and international panel evaluations.

31 4.4. Perspectives on studies of the estuaries selected by the ReBentos network

32 Estuarine benthic communities have been extensively studied across the world and include

long-term network initiatives for monitoring. The overall result of changes in species richness,

density and biomass related to salinity (Mortimer et al. 1999;; Josefson & Hansen 2004),

sediment composition (Roy et al. 2001;; Morrisey et al. 2003), nutrient input (Josefson &

Rasmussen 2000;; Edgar & Barrett 2002), geomorphology (Hirst 2004) and oxygen availability

(Rosenberg 1977;; Nilsson & Rosenberg 1997) is generally the same. Changes of these abiotic

parameters are also related to river and ocean dynamics, natural climatic seasonal changes or

anthropogenic impacts, influencing benthic communities (Montagna & Kalke 1992;; Fijii 2007 ).

Nevertheless, South American estuaries are frequently not included in the search for general

ecological models (Barros et al., 2012), and understanding the patterns and processes across

the Brazilian coast is an important contribution for global discussion, due the extense and

diverse coastline of Brazil.

33 The macro-scale investigation started by the ReBentos network was the first step toward

an integrated approach incorporating the variety of Brazilian estuaries, their benthic

biodiversity and the assessment of projected climatic change on their goods and services. The

effects of broad-scale factors on populations and communities are usually underpinned by

hierarchical (top-down scale mediated processes) or multiscale (interactions among scales

mediated processes) perspectives (Hewitt e Thrush, 2007;; 2009). Both perspectives must take

spatial and temporal variation into account. Moving forward, registering, understanding, and

reviewing climate change effects on estuarine benthos will require continuous and long-term

monitoring. The systematic application of established monitoring protocols will highlight the

large-scale and long-term relative importance of environmental factors in influencing spatial

and temporal dynamics of benthic richness and abundance, and how their loss can affect

estuarine resources and services. The integrated management across spatial and temporal

scales and frequent monitoring of patterns and processes of estuaries are essential tools for

coastal management, since regions under higher pressures of human activities are more

suceptible to climatic change impacts. Based on the knowledge of patterns and processes in

estuarine systems over large scales, further conservation and management decisions can be

undertaken to mitigate impacts. Then, our capacity to make better predictions and to provide

the best scientific information to resource management agencies and policymakers will greatly

depend on an increased effort using integrated research networks over long-term scales.

34 Acknowledgements

35 Special thanks to Dr. Alexander Turra and Dr. Márcia Denadai and all members of the

ReBentos network for support and many discussions presented here. Thanks to Dr. Stuart

Jenkins for english revision. This work was funded by grants from CNPq SISBIOTA and FAPESP

to Alexander Turra. AFB is supported by grants from FAPES 52638090/2011 and CNPq

301412/2013-8. PM acknowledges SNI- ANII from Uruguay.

36 TABLE AND FIGURE CAPTIONS

37 Table 1. Summary of selected published papers on benthic ecology along Brazilian

estuaries from 1986 to 2012.

38 Figure 1. A. Distribution of selected published studies on benthic estuarine communities,

number of estuaries and habitats within each region along the Brazilian coast from 1986 to

2012. B. Number of studies per habitat and proportion of studies addressing macrofaunal or

megafaunal communities.

39 Table 1.

Caso não esteja visualizando a tabela corretamente acesse a versão online clicando no link a

seguir: http://www.sgponline.com.br/bjo/sgp/detalhe_simples.asp?cod_fluxo=849&cod_versao=1190&ObjSubmissao=1&cache=2759

Area State Estuarine

Habitats Site Depth

Sampling

interval

Benthic

fauna Reference

Pará,

Northern

Brazil

PA Mudflat Caeté

estuary Intertidal 2 days Macrofauna

Rosa Filho

al., 2006

PA Saltmarsh

(Spartina)

Eight

estuaries

along Pará

coast

Intertidal

1 year, 4

sampling

events

Macrofauna Braga et al.

2011

PA Mangrove

forest

Caeté

estuary Epifauna

1 sampling

event Megafauna

Koch and

Wolff, 2002

Pernambuco,

Northeast

Brazil

PE

Mangrove

forest and

mudflats

Itamaracá

Island

Sublitoral

and

intertidal

Not

determined Megafauna

Coelho Dos

Santos and

Coelho, 2001

PE Mudflat Itamaracá

Island

Intertidal

(control

area)

up to 153

days

(experimental)

Macrofauna

Botter-

Carvalho

al., 2011

PE

Mangrove

trees and

other hard

substrates

Suape Bay Epifauna 1 sampling

event Megafauna

Farrapeira

al., 2009

PE Estuarine

channel

Fourteen

estuaries of

PE State

Subtidal 1 sampling

event Macrofauna

Valença and

Santos, 2012

Bahia,

Northeast

Brazil

BA

Mangrove

Forest and

estuarine

channel

Cachoeira

river,

Ilhéus

Intertidal

and

subtidal

5 years -

qualitative

only

Megafauna Almeida et

al., 2006

BA Estuarine

channel

Paraguaçu

river

Sublitoral

2-19m

6 months, 2

sampling

events

Macrofauna Barros et al.

2008

BA Estuarine

channel

Paraguaçu,

Subaé and

Jaguaripe

rivers

9.8 m

6 months, 2

sampling

events

Macrofauna

Magalhaes

and Barros,

2011

BA Estuarine

channel

Camamu

Bay Subtidal

1 sampling

event Macrofauna

Paixão et al.

2011

BA Estuarine

channel

Cachoeira

river,

Ilhéus

Subtidal

1-5m

1 year,

monthly Macrofauna

Ourives et

al., 2011

BA Estuarine

channel

Paraguaçu,

Subaé and

Jaguaripe

rivers

Sublitoral

1-19m

6 months, 2

sampling

events

Macrofauna Barros et al.

2012

Espírito

Santo,

Southeast

Brazil

ES Estuarine

channel Vitoria Bay

Intertidal

and

subtidal

1 year, every

3 months Macrofauna

Nalesso et

al., 2005

ES Rocky

substrate Vitória Bay Epifauna

3 months, 6

sampling

events

Megafauna

and

macrofauna

Zalmon et

al., 2011

Rio de

Janeiro.

Southeast

Brazil

RJ Mangrove

forest

Sepetiba

Bay Intertidal

1 year, 6

sampling

events

Megafauna Oshiro et al.

1998

RJ Estuarine

channel

Guanabara

Bay

Subtidal

(1-12 m)

3 years, 4

sampling

events

Megafauna Lavrado et

al., 2000

RJ

Estuarine

channel,

polluted

Guanabara

Bay Subtidal

1 year, 2

sampling

events

Macrofauna

Soares-

Gomes et

al., 2012

RJ

Estuarine

channel,

polluted

Guanabara

Bay

Sublitoral

3-58m

1 year, 2

sampling

events

Macrofauna

Santi and

Tavares,

2009

RJ

Sandflats,

estuarine

beaches

Guanabara

Bay Intertidal

1 year, 3

sampling

events

Macrofauna Omena et

al., 2012

RJ Rocky

substrates

Guanabara

Bay

Intertidal,

Epifauna

2 years, 8

sampling

events

Megafauna Junqueira

al., 2000

RJ Estuarine

Lagoon

Saquarema-

Jaconé Subtidal

1 year, 4

sampling

events

Macrofauna

Mendes and

Soares-

Gomes, 2011

São Paulo,

Southeast

Brazil

SP Mangrove

forest

Seven

mangrove

areas in

the state

Intertidal 1 year,

monthly Megafauna

Colpo et al.

2011

SP

Estuarine

channel –

adjacent to

sa1t marsh

Cananéia

estuary Intertidal

1 year,

monthly Macrofauna

Tararam and

Wakabara,

1987

SP Estuarine

channel

Cananéia

estuary Subtidal

1 sampling

event Macrofauna

Tommasi,

1970

SP Mudflat near

Spartina

Cananéia

estuary Intertidal

1 year, 5

sampling

events

Macrofauna Varoli, 1990

SP Sandflat

Santos

estuarine

system

Intertidal

1 year, 4

sampling

events

Macrofauna Corbisier,

1991

SP

Mudflats

and Spartina

alterniflora

banks

Cananéia

estuary Intertidal

1 year, 8

sampling

events

Macrofauna Attolini et

al., 1997

Paraná,

South Brazil PR Mudflat

Guaratuba

Bay Intertidal

1 year,

monthly Megafauna

Masunari,

2006

PR Estuarine

channel

Paranaguá

Bay Sublitoral

1 sampling

event Macrofauna Lana, 1986

PR

Saltmarsh

(Spartina

alterniflora)

Paranaguá

Bay intertidal

14 months,

monthly

sampling

Macrofauna Lana and

Guiss, 1991

PR

Unvegetated

flat adjacent

to sa1t

marsh

(Spartina

alterniflora)

Paranaguá

Bay intertidal

up to 18 days

(experimental) Macrofauna

Netto and

Lana, 1994

PR

Sand-muddy

flat boarded

by mangrove

woodlands

Paranaguá

Bay Intertidal

6 months, 2

sampling

events

Macrofauna Netto and

Lana, 1997

PR

Mudflats,

Salt

marshes and

Mangrove

areas

Paranaguá

Bay Intertidal

1 sampling

event Macrofauna

Lana et al.

1997

PR Spartina salt

marsh

Paranaguá

Bay Intertidal

6 months, 2

sampling

events

Macrofauna Netto and

Lana, 1999

PR

Tidal flats

and

estuarine

channel

Baía de

Guaratuba Subtidal

1 sampling

event Macrofauna

Blankensteyn

and Moura,

2002

PR Tidal flats Paranaguá

Bay Intertidal

64 days

(exeprimental) Macrofauna

Faraco and

Lana, 2003

PR Tidal flats Paranaguá

Bay Intertidal

95 days


Faraco and

Lana, 2004

PR

Salt

marshes and

marine

subtidal

areas

Paranaguá

Bay

Intertidal

flat

120 days


Pagliosa and

Lana, 2005

Santa

Catatrina,

South Brazil

SC Mangrove

sediments

Estuary of

Ratones

River

Intertidal 1 sampling

event

Meiofauna

and

Macrofauna

Netto and

Gallucci,

2003

SC Estuarine

lagoon

Laguna

Estuarine

System

Sublitoral

(up to 3

m)

2 sampling

events Macrofauna

Fonseca and

Netto, 2006

SC

Mangrove

Forest and

estuarine

channel

Bay of

Santa

Catarina

island

Sublitoral

(up to 3

m)

1 sampling

event Macrofauna

Pagliosa and

Barbosa,

2006

SC Estuarine

channel

Laguna

Estuarine

System

Sublitoral

1 year, 12

sampling

events

Macrofauna Meurer and

Netto, 2007

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Imagens enviadas pelo autor. (Images sent by the author)

Image 1




Revisão, para volume especial da ReBentos

Seagrass and Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Habitats off the Coast of Brazil: state of knowledge, conservation and main threats


Habitats de Gramas Marinhas e Vegetação Aquática Submersa

Seagrass and Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Habitats

Autores (Authors)

Margareth da Silva Copertino: Dra. Senior Lecturer

Marianna de Oliveira Lanari: MSc PhD student

Joel Creed: Dr. Associated Professor

Karine Magalhães : Dra. Senior Lecturer

Kcrishna Barros : Dra. PostDoc researcher

Laura Sordo : MSc. PhD student

Paulo da Cunha Lana: Dr. Full Professor

Paulo Antunes Horta : Dr. Senior Lecturer


habitat bentonicos, fanerógmas marinhas, VAS, cientometria, efeitos antrópicos, mudanças climáticas

benthic habitats, seagrasses, SAV, scientometry, antropogenic effects, climate changes


Pradarias marinhas estão entre os ecossistemas mais ameaçados do planeta, gerando preocupação sobre o equilíbrio dos ecossistemas costeiros e a sustentabilidade das pescarias. A presente revisão avaliou o estado atual dos estudos com pradarias de gramas marinhas no Brasil, considerando as respostas das plantas às condições ambientais, e o possível papel da variabilidade climática sobre a distribuição e abundância das populações. Apesar do crescente aumento no número de publicações, a comunicação dos resultados ainda é relativamente limitada e destinase principalmente ao público nacional ou regional, limitando o acesso as publicações. Desta maneira, as pradarias de gramas marinhas da América do Sul raramente são incluídas ou citadas em revisões e modelos globais. A escassez de estudos em larga escala e de longo prazo, permitindo a detecção de mudanças na estrutura, abundância e composição dos habitats e espécies associadas, limita a investigação das

Seagrass meadows are among the most threatened ecosystems on earth, rising concern about the coastal ecosystems equilibrium and the sustainability of local fisheries. The present review evaluated the current status of seagrasses and coastal SAV research in Brazil in the light of plant responses to environmental conditions, indications of change in distribution and abundance of seagrasses and SAV and the possible role of climate variability. Despite the increase in the number of studies, communicating results is still relatively limited and mainly addressed to a national or regional public, therefore South American seagrasses are rarely included or cited in global reviews and models. The scarcity of largescale and longterm studies, allowing detection of changes in the structure, abundance and composition of seagrass habitats and associated species still hinders the investigation of such communities with respect to potential effects of climate change. Seagrass meadows

comunidades no que diz respeito aos efeitos potenciais das mudanças climáticas. Pradarias marinhas e VAS ocorrem ao longo de toda a costa brasileira, mas a distribuição e abundância das espécies são influenciadas pela oceanografia regional, massas de água costeiras, descarga de riosa geomorfologia costeira. Com base nas características geomorfológicas, hidrológicas e ecológicas, este estudo identificou e caracterizou distintas regiões de pradarias. O estado de conservação dos habitats de pradarias de gramas marinhasno no Brasil é bastante crítico. A exploração insustentável e ocupação das zonas costeiras, e as marcas deixadas durante os últimos 100 anos, conduziram a rápida degradação e perda de muitos dos habitats marinhos e costeiros rasos, outrora adequados para a ocupação de pradarias. O conhecimento dos padrões e processos que regem a estrutura e o funcionamento das populações e comunidades é fundamental, para prever e compreender os efeitos das mudanças climáticas. A presente avaliação é um primeiro passo necessário para uma abordagem mais integrada e inclusiva sobre a diversidade de formações vegetais costeiras ao longo do Atlântico Sudoeste, bem como um alerta regional para os efeitos previstos ou previsíveis das mudanças globais sobre os produtos e serviços ecossistêmicos prestados pelas pradarias marinhas.

and SAV occur all along the Brazilian coast, but species distribution and abundance are strongly influenced by regional oceanography, coastal water masses, river runoff and coastal geomorphology. Based on those geomorphological, hydrological and ecological features, we identify and characterize the seagrass bioregions. The current conservation status of Brazilian seagrasses and SAV is critical. The unsustainable exploitation and occupation of coastal areas, and the multifold anthropogenic footprints left during the last 100 years led to the loss and degradation of shoreline habitats potentially suitable for seagrass occupation. Knowledge of the prevailing patterns and processes governing seagrass structure and functioning along the Brazilian coast is needed for the global discussion on climate changes. Our review is a first and much needed step towards a more integrated and inclusive approach to the diversity of coastal plant formations along the Southwestern Atlantic coast, as well as a regional alert to the projected or predicted effects of global changes on the goods and services provided by regional seagrasses and SAV.


Instituição (Affiliation): Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal Costeira, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande FURGl

Correspondência (Correspondence): Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande FURG, c.p. 474, CEP 93201900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil

Suporte Financeiro (Financial support): This study was promoted and suported by the Brazilian Network for Coastal Benthic Studies ReBentos (ReBentos) and Programa SISBIOTA, sponsored by CNPq and FAPESP.




1 Use this space to setup your manuscript (use the exact number of lines and columns to

setup the table. Empty or merged lines and columns may change the table’s format, making it

unintelligible.)

2 Seagrass and Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Habitats off the Coast of Brazil: state of

knowledge, conservation and main threats

3 Margareth S. Copertino 1, Marianna de O. Lanari 1, Joel C. Creed 2, Karine Magalhães 3,

Kcrishna Barros 4, Laura Sordo 5, Paulo C. Lana 5, Paulo A. Horta 6

4 1 Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande FURG, c.p. 474, Cep

93201900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil

5 2 Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 20550900,

Maracanã, RJ, Brasil

6 3 Biology Departament, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Rua Dom

Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos CEP: 52171900 – Recife, PE, Brazil.

7 4 Instituto de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Abolição, 3207. CEP

60165081, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil

8 5 Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. BeiraMar, s/n, CEP 83255

979, Pontal do Sul, PA, Brazil

9 6 Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC,

Brazil

10 Running title: Seagrass and Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Habitats

11 Abstract

12 Seagrass meadows are among the most threatened ecosystems on earth, rising concern

about the coastal ecosystems equilibrium and the sustainability of local fisheries. The present

review evaluated the current status of seagrasses and coastal SAV research in Brazil in the

light of plant responses to environmental conditions, indications of change in distribution and

abundance of seagrasses and SAV and the possible role of climate variability. Despite the

increase in the number of studies, communicating results is still relatively limited and mainly

addressed to a national or regional public, therefore South American seagrasses are rarely

included or cited in global reviews and models. The scarcity of largescale and longterm

studies, allowing detection of changes in the structure, abundance and composition of seagrass

habitats and associated species still hinders the investigation of such communities with

respect to potential effects of climate change. Seagrass meadows and SAV occur all along the

Brazilian coast, but species distribution and abundance are strongly influenced by regional

oceanography, coastal water masses, river runoff and coastal geomorphology. Based on those

geomorphological, hydrological and ecological features, we identify and characterize the

seagrass bioregions. The current conservation status of Brazilian seagrasses and SAV is critical.

The unsustainable exploitation and occupation of coastal areas, and the multifold

anthropogenic footprints left during the last 100 years led to the loss and degradation of

shoreline habitats potentially suitable for seagrass occupation. Knowledge of the prevailing

patterns and processes governing seagrass structure and functioning along the Brazilian coast

is needed for the global discussion on climate changes. Our review is a first and much needed

step towards a more integrated and inclusive approach to the diversity of coastal plant

formations along the Southwestern Atlantic coast, as well as a regional alert to the projected

or predicted effects of global changes on the goods and services provided by regional

seagrasses and SAV.

13 Key words: benthic habitats, seagrasses, SAV, scientometry, antropogenic effects,

climate changes

14 Introduction

15 Seagrass meadows and other coastal submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) are complex

habitats which influence physical, chemical and biological characteristics of coastal

environments, acting as ecological engineers and providing a number of services to the marine

systems and to human populations (Orth et al., 2006). These habitats are dominated by rooted

plants which colonize primarily soft sediment in marine, coastal and estuarine habitats (Kemp

et al. 2004, Dennison et al. 2008). While SAV can be formed by both freshwater and marine

plants, including macroalgae, seagrasses refer to a particular and homogeneous group of

rooted and flowering plants confined to the estuarine or marine environment, able to live and

complete their life cycle in submerged and haline conditions (Kemp et al. 2004, den Hartog e

Kuo 2006, Dennison et al. 2008).

16 The capacity of SAV and seagrasses to physically and chemically engineer their

environment and to supply coastal protection – among the many services and benefits human

populations may get from the ecosystem functions (Koch 2001, Millennium Ecosystem

Assessment, 2005) – has been largely evidenced in European, Australian and USA coastal

regions. The plant canopy baffles the impact of waves, protecting the coast and shallow

bottoms against erosion. By reducing current velocity, the plant canopies promote deposition of

suspended matter, increasing water transparence within and adjacent to the meadows. The

rhizome net further traps and stabilizes the sediments, contributing to sediment accretion,

acummulation of organic matter and carbon sequestration. Seagrasses improve water quality by

oxygenation and by removing excess nutrients and other pollutants from river and runoff inputs

(Koch, 2001, Short et al., 2007; Barbier et al., 2011). Due to their structural complexity and

high primary production, they provide food and nursery habitats for many invertebrates and

fish; many economically important fish and shellfish species depend on seagrass beds for

critical stages of their life cycle (Orth et al., 2006; Waycott et al., 2009). Seagrass habitats

also provide forage for many aquatic birds and endangered species, such as seahorses,

seadragons, sharks, sea turtles, dugongs and manatees (Björk et al., 2008, Hemminga &

Duarte, 2000). They also have important aesthetic and cultural values, providing leisure and

sustaining tourism activities such as snorkeling, diving, fishing and fauna watching (Björk et

al., 2008). In the past they have been used as mattress filling, roof covering, house insulation,

garden fertilisers (Björk et al., 2008) and in traditional medicine (TorreCastro & Rönnbäck,

2004), not to mention spiritual uses (Lauer & Aswani, 2010).

17 Together with mangroves and salt marshes, seagrass habitats are among the largest

carbon sinks in the ocean more than half of sequestered carbon is beneath these systems,

even though they cover only 0.5% of the seabed. Their associated sediments contain 2 to 15

times more carbon per hectare than terrestrial soils. Furthermore, the rate at which these

coastal systems sequester carbon is 10 to 50 times higher than the rate of carbon

sequestration by terrestrial forest systems and this carbon can be trapped out of the climate

system in timescales of centuries or even millenniums. Therefore, seagrass meadows play a

fundamental role in the global carbon cycle, with the potential to mitigate climate change

(Duarte 2010, Fourqurean et al. 2012). Under such scenario, protecting and restoring seagrass

meadows may be used in near future as an offset in carbon budgets.

18 The economic value of the world’s seagrass meadows has been estimated (e.g. Costanza

et al., 1997, Larkum 2006, Unsworth et al., 2010, Blandon et al. 2014, Vassalo et al. 2014,

Costanza et al., 2014), and may vary from US$ 968 ha1 y1 to 156,000 (19,002 ha1 y1),

depending on regions and included services. Globally, seagrasses can provide ecological

services worth more than $20 billion a year (Orth et al., 2006), a value 33 and 23 times higher

than average oceanic and terrestrial values, respectively, and is 3 times greater than coral

reefs and 10 times greater than tropical forests (Björk et al., 2008). These values should

increase considerably when one adds the value of carbon sequestration in the near future.

19 The global distribution and abundance of seagrasses has changed gradually over time (last

7080 million years) in response to sealevel changes, physical modification of coastlines,

changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (ppm CO2), sea surface temperature

(Crowley, 1990; Berner & Kothavala, 2001) and herbivoreseagrass interactions (Domning

2001). Whilst undergoing continued change and adaptation to the regional environmental

drivers and irradiation, seagrass habitats have been modified by the current changes to the

coastal zone resulting from increased human pressures and the recent global climate changes.

Over the last 40 years, seagrass losses have increased almost tenfold in both tropical and

temperate regions, suggesting that seagrasses are facing a global crisis (Orth et al., 2006). It

is believed that at least ~30% of the known areal extent has disappeared since the end of

19th century (Waycott et al., 2009), a number that is certainly underestimated since it was

based on European, North America and Australian studies only. Loss rates accelerated after

1990 (from 2% to up 7% yr1), placing seagrass meadows among the most threatened

ecosystems on earth. Since seagrasses are considered indicators of water quality and biological

health, known as “coastal canaries” (Orth et al., 2007), their reduction and loss often raise

concern about the systems equilibrium and the sustainability of local fisheries (Larkum et al.,

1989). This decrease disrupts important linkages between seagrass meadows and other

habitats (Heck Jr. et al., 2008), and their ongoing decline is likely to produce much broader and

longlasting impacts than the loss of the meadows themselves.

20 Many seagrass species are highly vulnerable to global climate changes, mainly due to the

effects of atmospheric and sea surface temperature increase, sea level rise (salinity intrusion,

changes in tides and currents and depth of light penetration), increases in frequency and

intensity of extreme events and ocean acidification (see Short & Neckles 1999; Duarte, 2002

for reviews). At mid or longterm, there will be impacts on distribuition abundance and

population structure and communities, some of which have already been registered (Björk et

al., 2008; Connolly, 2009; Short & WyllieEcheverria et al., 1996; Short et al., 2006; Waycott et

al., 2009). Changes on seagrass ecological functions and connectivity, caused by both direct

and indirect effects of climate changes, will echo on adjacent marine ecossystems, at mid and

longterm (Short & WyllieEcheverria et al., 1996; Orth et al. 2006, Martins et al. 2012); sooner

or later this will affect ecological services, such as coastal protection and fishing resources.

Such threats may also compromise the way of life of many traditional communities associated

either directly or indirectly with seagrasses (CullenUnsworth et al. 2014).

21 While hundreds of studies about changes in seagrass abundance can be retrieved from a

rapid search of peer reviewed literature, most of them are restricted to North America, Europe

and Australia (see Waycott et al. 2009 for a review). In contrast, there is a paucity of studies

or records about seagrass losses or changes in South America (Short et al. 2006, Copertino &

Seeliger 2010, Marques et al. 2014), despite the highly populated coastal region. About 18

25% of the Brazilian population lives by the coast (more than 512 cities, including 13

metropolitan regions). The Brazilian coast is exposed to environmental problems similar to

those experienced by developed countries and also to problems related to developing countries

(Garreta and Alves 2003). From 1500 up to date, major impacts are deforestation, intensive

boating activity, destructive anchoring, coastal constructions, land reclamation, agricultural

runoff, direct destruction of salt marshes and mangroves, marina and port developments,

aquicultural expansion, coastal road constructions, among many others (Dias et al. 2012). To

this scenario, one can add inadequate knowledge and ambiguious perception about the

relevance of seagrasses and SAV, which have led to a current lack of specific environmental

policies.

22 The total extension of SAV and seagrass meadows along the Brazilian coast is unknown.

The extension of these habitats (~ 20,000 hectares) has been roughly estimated by Creed

(2003), who summed the few most studied sites whose areas were known then (Estuário da

Lagoa dos Patos, RS; Lagoa de Araruama, RJ; Itamaracá, PE; Parque Nacional de Abrolhos, BA).

However, this is surely an underestimate, since the 9000 km long Brazilian linear coastline has

only been partially mapped to date. Besides their irregular spatial distribuition, seagrasses

area highly dynamic and variable at distinct temporal scales. The climatic, hydrological and

oceanographic variability along the Brazilian coast line drives significant changes in meadow

extension and abundances, observed along the years and decades (e.g. Short et al. 2006,

Copertino & Seeliger 2010, Marques et al. 2014, Barros et al. 2013, Sordo et al. 2011).

23 The present review aims to evaluate the current status of seagrasses and coastal SAV

research in Brazil in the light of plant responses to environmental conditions, indications of

change in distribution and abundance of seagrasses and SAV and the possible role of climate

variability. As such, this study is a first analysis of the potential effects of climate change on

Brazilian SAV coastal communities. We also present a number of recommendations and

guidelines for future research, depending on their relevance to decisionmakers and society as

a whole.

24 Methodology

25 We reviewed all research areas and topics (morphology, taxonomy, biochemistry,

physiology, population and community ecology, biogeochemistry) available in the literature on

Brazilian seagrass madows, including associated fauna and flora, through Web of Knowledge,

Scopus and Google Scholar. Besides peerreviewed articles, we also searched for information in

unpublished or published technical reports, conference abstracts, monographs, dissertations,

and theses. We also performed searches by using national and regional databases such as

Plataforma Lattes (maintained by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e

Tecnológico http://lattes.cnpq.br/, Portal de Periodicos CAPES (maintained by the

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

http://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/) and Scientific Electronic Library Online

http://www.scielo.org/). Several Brazilians working on benthic ecology, phycology, aquatic

plants as well as coastal geomorphology researchers were also contacted to contribute with

information on seagrass occurrence and abundance. A database on Brazilian seagrasses was

built, with information on georeferenced occurrences, distribution, abundance, reproduction and

other ecological parameters; abiotic (water and sediment) parameters; associated flora and

fauna. We performed metrics and graphical analyses, by classifying and comparing the studies

according to their spatial and temporal scopes, research topics, species analyzed, date and

source of publication.

26 The international literature on the impacts of climate change on seagrasses and SAV was

reviewed, including impacts of climate change on Brazilian climate and the coastal zone. We

priorised studies focused on occurring species and their distribution, and how climatic and

water parameters affect the species physiology and reproductive biology, population

parameters and community ecology. The relevant information was integrated, in order to

discuss the vulnerabilities of Brazilian seagrass meadows to climate change and to other

anthropogenic impacts.

27 The seagrass studies in Brazil: a metric approach

28 Compared to most coastal benthic ecosystems (mangroves, coral reefs, rocky shores and

sandy beaches), Brazilian seagrass beds are poorly studied (Barros et al. 2013). Despite

registering more than 200 database items mentioning seagrasses in Brazil, The authors found

no more than 120 publications among articles, thesis and book chapters, from 1957 to 2015.

Most studies are concentrated in the states of Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do

Sul (Fig. 1).

29 We analyzed the advance and progress in the knowledge during the last decades. Up to

the 1970s, studies were limited to species occurrence and qualitative descriptions of the plant

and environment (e.g. Cafruni et al., 1978; Den Hartog, 1970). During the 1980s, botanical and

autoecological studies were more common (e.g. Costa & Seeliger, 1989; Koch & Seeliger,

1988; Lacerda & Resende, 1986), whereas papers on population ecology and ecophysiology

increased during the 1990s. From then on the authors note an increase in community studies,

with very few ecosystem approaches (e.g. Silva and Asmus, 2001). The steady increase in the

number of seagrass studies along the past decades, particularly after the 1990s, is a tendency

observed around the world (Fig. 2). Today we are in a phase where reviews, data compilation,

integrated studies and projects are being prioritized at last.

30 About 82% of the studies were classified as only descriptive, 8% were categorized as

experimental and/or modelling and 10% were reviews (Fig. 3a). Most of the work focused on

marine angiosperms and their associated fauna, with few studies investigating the occurrence

of epiphytes and other associated primary producers (Fig. 3b). In addition, less than half of

these works simultaneously assessed effects of environmental variables on the flora and fauna.

Among the species of phanerogams which occur along the Brazilian coast, Halodule wrightii and

Ruppia maritima are the most studied (Fig. 3c), reflecting their wider distribution and higher

abundance on the Brazilian coast.

31 Analyses of temporal variability in abundance and distribution of seagrass beds and

associated fauna have been more common (Fig. 3d). Seasonal analyses (between seasons or

wetdry seasons) and interannual (12 year) studies of the plants prevail (Fig. 3e). Shortterm

studies (a few months), seasonal and interannual studies are also the most common for

seagrass associated fauna. Most studies are local or smallscaled (050 km) (Fig. 3f).

32 About half of the retrieved references are refereed papers. The comprises chapters in

books, doctoral theses, dissertations and monographs (Fig. 3g). Most peerreviewed articles

have been published in indexed national journals. Less than half of the peerreviewed articles

were published in international journals with impact factors varying between 1.51 and 2.5 (Fig.

3h).

This current scenario shows that, despite the increase in the number of studies, communicating

results is still relatively limited and mainly addressed to a national or regional public. The

predominance of descriptive, local and shortterm studies provide basic knowledge of the

composition and structure of submerged angiosperms prairies in Brazil. However, the scarcity of

largescale and longterm studies, which would allow the detection of changes in the structure,

abundance and composition of seagrass habitats and associated species still hinders the

investigation of such communities with respect to potential effects of climate change.

Species occurrence and distribution

The seagrasses (subclass Alismatidae) are distributed in five major family groups:

Zosteraceae, Posidoniaceae, Cymodoceaceae (all species in these groups are seagrasses),

Hydrocharitaceae (with 3 true seagrasses), Ruppiaceae and Zanichellaceae (these last two

contain true and eurihalyne seagrasses) (Waycott et al., 2002). Compared to terrestrial plants

and macroalgae, seagrasses present low diversity, with about 12 genus and more than 60

species (den Hartog & Kuo, 2006). Including the euryhaline species, the authors can sum up 76

species distributed in 15 genus.

Eleven species of seagrasses are currently reported for the Tropical Atlantic (Short et al. 2010)

and South America coast holds about eight species of seagrass, distributed from equatorial up

to cold temperate region. The consensus is that only five species occur along the Brazilian

coast: Halophila baillonis Ascherson, Halophila decipiens Ostenfeld (Hydrocharitaceae),

Halodule wrightii Ascherson, Halodule emarginata Hartog (Cymodoceaceae) and Ruppia

maritima Linnaeus (Ruppiaceae) (Oliveira et al., 1983, Creed, 2003) (Fig. 4). Ruppia maritima

has the widest distribution, ranging from Maranhão State (2o S) to Rio Grande do Sul State

(31o S), but is confined to shallow areas (20 cm to 3 m depth) in estuaries, coastal lagoons,

fishponds, mangroves, salt marshes and salt ponds, growing from low salinity to hypersaline

conditions (Fig. 4a)

Halodule is associated with shallow habitats (less than 10 m depth) without much freshwater

input, such as reefs, macroalgal beds, coastal lagoons, sand beaches and softbottom areas

and nearby mangroves without too much salinity fluctuation (Fig. 4b). H. wrightii has the

widest distributional range along the marine coastline, ranging from the state of Piauí (2o S) to

Santa Catarina (28o S) (Oliveira et al., 1983, Ferreira et al 2014). The occurrences in the Santa

Catarina state (27o 22’ S) have only recently been reported, suggesting a possible expansion of

the distribution of this tropical species southward (Ferreira et al. 2014). Being a widespread

tropical species, with a high light requirement, H. wrightii is more abundant in NE Brazil, where

temperatures and water clarity are higher (Fig. 4c,d). The species becomes less abundant, less

dense and changes morphometric parameters in more exposed and unstable sediments. H.

emarginata is restricted to the tropical region between Ceará (3° 49’ S) and São Paulo (23° 45’)

(Barros, K. V. S. unpublished data; Oliveira et al., 1983). The taxonomy of H. emarginata

(supposedly a species endemic to Brazil) is uncertain and there are many doubts about the

validation of this taxon. This species is identified mainly through biometric characters,

especially the leaf tips, but genetic studies are still needed (Barros et al., 2013).

Halophila decipiens is restricted to the tropical region associated with riverbanks, deeper and

shallow reefs, macroalgal and maerl beds, and deeper softbottom vegetated areas (Fig. 4e).

Having a more delicate form with less developed rhizome, the species is more suited to calm

waters. The lower light requirement allows this species to occur down to 85 m depth (den

Hartog, 1970). H. baillonis was registered in 1980 and 1988 in the state of Pernambuco,

(surrounding Santa Cruz Channel, 9° 45’ S) (den Hartog, 1972, Oliveira et al. 1983), but was

not found again for at least three decades (Barros et al. 2013). Recently, the species has been

registered in the Northeastern coast of Brazil, between Piauí (Cajueiro da Praia, 2° 55’ S) and

Paraíba (Barra de Mamanguape, 6° 47’ S), with at least two areas of well stablished beds

(Barros, K. V. S., unpublished data; Magalhães et al., 2015).

Coastal geomorphology, oceanography and seagrass habitat distribution

The Brazilian coast has about 9000 km (islands not included), from 4° N to 33° S. Such large

latitudinal variability leads to the development of a great variety of environments such as

macrotidal plains covered by mangrove forests in the north; semiarid coasts, bordered by

Tertiary cliffs and deltalike coastal plains in the central coast; and wavedominated

environments in the south, either characterized by dissipative beaches at the border of Late

Quaternary coastal plain or rocky shores and eventually interrupted by reflective to

intermediate pocket beaches (Muehe 2010, Dias et al. 2012).

Seagrass meadows and SAV occur all along the Brazilian coast, but species distribution and

abundance are influenced by regional oceanography, coastal water masses, river runoff and

coastal geomorphology (Fig. 5). Considering the coastal compartments proposed by Muehe

(2010), based on the prevailing climate, geomorphology aspects and potential vulnerabilities to

climate change (e.g. sea level rise and flooding), one can classify and characterize the

distribution of seagrass meadows along the Brazilian coast (Fig. 5). The following

classification, which characterizes seagrass meadows of each coastal compartment, is based on

observed features like dominant species, meadow density, depth of occurrence and associated

flora and fauna. Furthermore, these regions are affected by different anthropogenic impacts and

vulnerability level to climate changes, which will be discussed presently.

1) North Coast tide and river dominated.

The region has a wide continental shelf, highly influenced by the water discharge and mud

deposition from the Amazon River. The extremely turbid waters and the macrotidal regime (up

to 10 m) are unsuitable for the growth of seagrass meadows, which are absent or confined to

hypersaline lagoons or pseudorivers (R. maritima).

2) Northeast Coast sediment starved.

Dominated by sedimentary cliffs (Barreiras group), the river runoff is extremely low and the

whole area suffers coastal erosion. The northwestern of the region is characterized as the

semiarid coast (Piauí, Ceará and West Coast of Rio Grande do Norte). It is a dry and more

exposed coast, highly impacted by erosion, where H. wrightii meadows are restricted to

intertidal and shallow subtidal areas, among rocky (sandstone) shores or along mangrove

fringes within estuaries (Fig. 4b). The northeast (oriental coast) has a more humid climate

(South Coast of Rio Grande do Norte to Northern Bahia). It includes the barrier reef coast, that

stretches intermittently across 3000 km (between Pernambuco and Bahia States), and is

composed of coral and sandstone barrier reefs that act like breakwaters decreasing the wave

energy and sediment ressuspension to the shore. The calm and very clear waters formed in the

inner shelf lagoons are ideal for the development of dense meadows. Thus, the region holds

seagrass hotspots. Northwards and southwards of the region, distribution and abundances are

lower. The juxtaposition of coral fringing reefs and bay complex formed by the TodososSantos

Bay (the second largest bay in the country with approximately 1200 km²), Itaparica Island,

Morro de São Paulo, Boipeba and Camamu Bay contain extensive seagrass meadows of

Halodule and deeper water populations of H. decipiens, few of which are known.

3) The mixed coast (sedimentary cliffs and wave dominated deltas).

The presence of the sedimentary cliffs is still dominant but less continuous in the south. The

changes in the alignment of the beach ridges associated with modifications in the longshore

sediment transport indicate the occurrence of alternations in the dominium between waves

generated by the trade winds and swell waves generated by cold fronts from the south. The

coast alternates among regions of equilibrium, accretion and erosion, with more than 30% of

the coastal area suffering from erosion, with accretion occurring mainly by the coastal plains of

river delta. The compartment is located in a region highly susceptible to modifications in the

dominium between tropical and subtropical climaticoceanographic processes. Therefore, the

presence of seagrasses in this region seems to be a tradeoff between depth and turbidity. As

waters are turbid due to wave action and river discharge, seagrass meadows occur sporadically,

mainly in three situations: 1) as sparse intertidal populations, where beach sand is sufficiently

stable on the leeward side of beachrock reefs or on the reefs in rock pools with sandy bottoms;

2) as denser populations in smaller rock shore formed embayments or estuaries in the

intertidal (e.g. Santa Cruz, ES) or in larger bays where waters are less turbid into the subtidal

(e.g. Victoria Bay); 3) intertidalshallow subtidally in lagoons (R. maritima) (Southern Espírito

Santo).

In this compartment, meadows are found in slightly deeper waters further offshore, between

the protective reefs, down to at least 20 m and between deeper reef pinnacles called

chapeirões (Fig. 4c, d,e). The largest coral reef banks in the South Atlantic occur in this region

(Abrolhos Bank), but high sediment suspension nearshore doesn’t allow seagrass growth.

Rhodoliths, calcareous and rhizophytic macroalgae are associated with meadows. South of the

Abrolhos bank, extensive sandy beaches occur with beachrock reefs exposed at low tide.

4) The double barrierlagoon coast

This compartment has an almost eastwest alignment of the coastline, being highly exposed to

storm waves from the south. The longshore sediment transport tends to be in equilibrium along

the year, with the less frequent high energy waves (swell) from south and southwest being

compensated by the more frequent waves from the southeast. Strong wave action on the sandy

beaches is not conducive with seagrass colonization. The meadows are restricted to within

lagoons (for example R. maritima in the urban Marapendi and Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoons) or

lagoon estuaries (R. maritima and H. wrightii the Itajuru Channel, Araruama lagoon) or as

smaller populations in rocky shore formed embayments in the Lakes region (H. wrightii) and

within the Guanabara Bay (H. decipiens).

5) The rocky Southeast Coast.

From Ilha Grande Bay (Rio de Janeiro State) to the Santa Marta Cape (Santa Catarina State),

the coast is characterized by the proximity of the coastal mountain range (Serra do Mar), which

extends up to the coastline between Ilha Grande Bay and São Vicente (São Paulo State),

resulting in a drowned landscape with a sequence of high cliffs, innumerous small coves and

beaches, interconnected by rocky shores. From São Vicente to the North of Santa Catarina,

including the coast of Paraná, the coastline is formed by long beaches and wide coastal plains

with important estuaries such as in Santos and Cananéia in São Paulo, Paranaguá and

Guaratuba in Paraná and São Francisco do Sul in Santa Catarina. From the north of Santa

Catarina to the south of Santa Catarina Island, the coastline becomes irregular with outcrops of

the crystalline basement and small coastal plains. The intertidal and shallow rocky shores and

reefs are dominated by macroalgal beds, whereas seagrass meadows (mainly Halodule) occur

at the very shallow sandy waters or within coastal lagoons.

6) The sandy coast of Multiple Barriers in South Coast

From Santa Marta Cape (Santa Catarina) to Chuí (Rio Grande do Sul), at the border between

Brazil and Uruguay, the coastline is formed by a long, wide, fine grained and monotonous

beach in front of a multiple barrierlagoon system, with the widest lagoons represented by the

Patos and Mirim Lagoons (Muehe 2010). Exposed directly to the oceanic swell, the high

frequency of storm generated waves submit the shoreline to a harsh wave climate. The beach

shows a high morphodynamic mobility alternating between long stretches of retreat and

advance (Toldo et al. 2006) and reversal of this trend over time (Esteves 2008). The wave

energy, the sediment instability and the high turbidity do not allow the establishment of

seagrass meadows on the sea side. Seagrasses and SAV, dominated by mixed stands of R.

maritima, oligohaline plants and green macroalgae occur only within coastal lagoons and

estuaries (Fig. 4a). The meadows display high temporal variability, but can occur in great

extensions in very shallow waters (few cm up to 3 m depth), peaking in the summer.

The studied sites

Northeast region

The most representative and dense seagrass meadows from Brazil are concentrated in the

northeast region (Oliveira et al. 1983, Magalhães et al., 1997; Magalhães et al., 2003, França

et al., 2013), mainly in the TimonhaUbatuba Estuarine System (PI), Paracuru, Goiabeiras,

Icapuí (CE), Tamandaré, Itamaracá (PE), Abrolhos Bank and Morro de São Paulo (BA) (Oliveira

Filho et al., 1993, Magalhães e EskinaziLeça, 2000; Magalhães e Alves, 2002, Magalhães e

Cazuza, 2005). Fishing activities are the main economical activities of many coastal

communities in Northeast of Brazil (IDEMA, 1999; IBAMA, 2006), including some organisms

such as lobsters and shrimps with lifecycles related to the seagrasses. There are reports of

economical dependence of fishermen in areas with high fishing production, where dense areas

of seagrass meadows are found, according to records in Ceará State (IDEMA, 2006), and also in

the Santa Cruz Channel and Itamaracá Island (Pernambuco State) where 5000 fishermen

depend on fishery (Lima & Quinamo, 2000). Fishing corrals, the main sea fishing activity in

Northeast region (Paiva & Nomura, 1965), are still frequently found into the meadows of H.

wrightii in intertidal zone, used especially by subsistence fishermen or small scale producers

(Barros K. V. S., personal observation).

Semiarid coast. In this sector of northeast coast, the seagrass species recorded are R.

maritima (Piauí, Ceará), H. wrightii (Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte), H. emarginata (Ceará),

Halodule sp. (Piauí, Ceará), H. decipiens (Rio Grande do Norte) and H. baillonis (Piauí) (Barros,

K. V. S., non published data; OliveiraFilho et al. 1983). Two estuarine complexes of extreme

biological importance are located on the border of Ceará and Piauí. In addition to being home

to established endangered species such as the manatee, they are breakpoints and feeding

grounds for migratory birds. The areas include the largest remaining mangrove forest in

northeastern Brazil (except Maranhão state), with an area of more than 10000 ha.

The H. wrightii meadow located at Goiabeiras Beach, FortalezaCeará, is established on a

beach rock and has a variable shape with about 30 m in length (Barros & RochaBarreira, 2014),

with an associated macrofauna composed of 29 crustacean species, 27 molluscan species and

16 families of polychaetes, besides ectoprocts and hidrozoans attached to the leaves and

cerianthids, nemerteans, oligochaetes and ofiuroids, with the anfipods being most abundant

aboveground and polychaetes belowground (Barros, 2008; Barros & RochaBarreira, 2009/2010;

2013). The associated macrofauna, both aboveground (shoots) and 10 cm into the sediment, is

strongly influenced by the local hydrodynamics. The species do not have a distinct vertical

distribution, because some species are found both aboveground and belowground (Barros &

RochaBarreira, 2009/2010; Barros & RochaBarreira, 2013; Barros et al., unpublished data).

Besides the substrate features in which the seagrass meadow is established (i.e. rocky and

sandy habitats), which strongly influence the biology of the meadows and associated flora and

fauna (Barros et al., 2013; Barros et al., unpublished data), the pronounced seasonality of

rainfall and wind patterns in this region have been related to variation in vegetative characters

of H. wrightii, whose patterns should be monitored for future evaluations related to influences

of climate changes on the meadows of this region (Barros & RochaBarreira, 2014; Barros,

RochaBarreira & Magalhães, 2013).

H. wrightii meadows have higher homogeneity in cover percentage, greater canopy height and

biomass during the rainy season, probably due to the increase in fine and organic matter

percentages in the sediment (Barros and RochaBarreira, 2013; Barros and RochaBarreira,

2014; Barros et al., unpublished data). During the dry season, the meadows are reduced into

smaller patches and some leaves are burnt. Waves, influenced by the increase in wind velocity,

remove fine sand and provide input of mediumcoarse sand into the meadows as well as

dislodging mature leaves. Despite this, the shoot density into the patches increases during the

dry season, promoting retention and increase in diversity of flora and fauna into the meadows

(Barros and RochaBarreira, 2013; Barros et al., 2013; Barros et al., unpublished data).

Sedimentary drift coast. In terms of biomass and density (Magalhães et al., 1997; Magalhães

et al., 2003) and diversity (OliveiraFilho et al., 1983, Magalhães & EskinaziLeça, 2000;

Magalhães & Alves, 2002, Magalhães & Cazuza, 2005), this region is most representative of

the Brazilian seagrass meadows. Until the beginning of the last century, these meadows were

recorded in at least 20 sites, including beaches, coastal lagoons, estuaries (Magalhães &

Cazuza, 2005) and on the oceanic island, Fernando de Noronha (Creed, 2003).

At the coast of Alagoas, Pernambuco and Paraíba, the species found are: H. wrightii, found

from the intertidal zone to 10 m depth and established mainly in areas protected by beach

rocks or coral reefs, in soft and hard substrates (Kempf, 1970; LaborelDeguen, 1963; França et

al., 2014); H. decipiens, generally found in association with H. wrightii, but in calm and

protected areas, with muddy sediment, between 30 cm to 40 m depth, being strongly

influenced by tidal variations (Kempf, 1970; LaborelDeguen, 1963); H. baillonis, which occurs

together with H. wrightii and H. decipiens, in areas protected by reefs, with strong turbidity

and up to 3 m depth (Magalhães et al., 2015); and R. maritima, found in estuarine areas,

highlighting the Olho d’Água Lagoon in Recife, Pernambuco, where the sediment is muddy and

has a great percentage of organic matter (Coelho, 1965, Magalhães & Cazuza, 2004).

A rich fauna is associated with H. wrightii, comprising molluscs and crustaceans, highlighting

amphipods, gastropods, isopods and decapods, besides sea cucumbers and chordates (Alves,

2000; Magalhães & Alves, 2002). The meadows are frequently used as nursery by the peneids

Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis (Latreille, 1817) and F. subtilis (Pérez Farfante, 1967), whose

greater abundance occurs during the rainy season and within the meadow area, relating to

adjacent nonvegetated areas (Viana, F., pers. comm.)

At Tamandaré Beach, Pernambuco, the meadows are established in calcareous sediment

derived from fragments of Halimeda sp. and corals. These meadows have a welldefined

seasonality, with biomass and density significantly greater during the dry season (Short et al.,

2006).

Abrolhos Bank. The Abrolhos Bank is situated at the south of the Bahia state and is a widening

(to about 200km) of the Brazilian continental shelf which occurs in the southwest Atlantic

Ocean between 17 and 20°S. The tropical region is mainly influenced by the Brazilian Current,

responsible for the high temperatures of the surface seawater and harbors the largest

mesophotic reefs in the south Atlantic as well as rhodolith beds and unconsolidaded sediments

(Leão et al., 2013). The Abrolhos archipelago, which consists of five small islands with small

fringing reefs is located 65 km off the southern coast of Bahia state, Brazil and is part of a

Marine Protected Area (MPA, the Abrolhos Marine National Park, Leão & Kikuchi, 2001). The

shallow softbottomed marine communities near the coral reefs of the Abrolhos archipelago are

macrophytedominated, being composed of algae and the seagrasses Halodule wrightii and

Halophila decipiens (Creed & Amado, 1999; De Paula et al., 2003).

Despite the considerable research interest invested in the Abrolhos MPA, until the year of 2000,

seagrasses were overlooked and not reported (Creed & Amado, 1999). Monitoring only started

in 2002 using the SeagrassNet Global Seagrass Monitoring Program Protocol (Short et al., 2005)

and showed that, in fact, Halodule wrightii, and especially Halophila decipiens were probably

more common than previously believed. Halodule wrightii is found in shallow sandy areas

interspersed with coastal reefs and around the Abrolhos Archipelago, while Halophila decipiens

is found to at least 22 m depth. The suspicion that Halophila decipiens may be very abundant

on the Abrolhos Bank was confirmed during a Rapid Assessment Protocol of biodiversity carried

out in the region (Dutra et al., 2006)). Of the 45 reef edge/softbottom sites selected,

Halophila was present at 18 (40%). Although no total area quantification was made, these

sites were distributed over a study area of about 6000 km2, so the potential importance of

Halophila decipiens in the region, especially in terms of primary productivity, could be

enormous.

In Abrolhos, large vertebrates, such as sea chub, parrotfish and surgeonfish (seagrass stomach

contents: Kyphosus spp. 12 percent; Acanthurus chirurgus 8 percent; Sparisoma and Scarus

0.55 percent, (Ferreira & Gonçalves, (2006)) and green turtles (Chelonia mydas, observed

taking 32 bites of Halodule wrightii per minute in situ – J.C. Creed, unpublished data) heavily

graze the seagrass and 56 associated seaweed species.

Southeast Region

Seagrass beds occur sporadically throughout the states of Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro and

São Paulo where suitable conditions for seagrass development are available: shallow

unconsolidated substrate, wave protected position and suitable water quality. Seagrasses

therefore are limited to embayments, the leeward side of islands and some estuaries and

lagoons.

Almost nothing is known about seagrasses in Espirito Santo other than some distributional

observations (OliveiraFilho et al., 1983). In 2013 as part of an ongoing National Seagrass

Mapping Project, 80 sites in Espírito Santo State were visited and seagrasses were found at 14

points (J.C. Creed, unpublished data). Similarly on the north coast of Rio de Janeiro, better

known, 19 sites visited yielded 6 new records (J.C. Creed unpublished data).

Halodule wrightii beds at Rio de Janeiro which were listed by Oliveira et al. in 1983 were

revisited ten years later and it was found that 16% of the seagrass beds had been lost (Creed,

2003). In contrast, according to Creed (2000a) a search for seagrass meadows in the state

yielded 12 (of 28) as previously unreported. The authors can conclude form these observations

that 1) little is known about seagrasses in Rio de Janeiro and 2) we are losing some of what

we have.

To readress this situation, the Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) initiated a

seagrass monitoring program at Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro. Monitoring has been carried out

seasonally (January, April, July and October) from spring 1995 through to the present following

protocols including the SeagrassNet Global Seagrass Monitoring Program (Short et al.,

2005).The monitoring site is situated at Ilha do Japonês, (22o 52.951' S; 42o 00.168' W) in the

Itajuru channel, which links Araruama Lagoon to the sea. As the Lagoon is hypersaline, salinity

varies from 35 to 40 S and temperature 17 to 32.5oC. The lowest spring tides occur during the

day from April to October and the tidal range is 1.4 m. The area is subjected to a bidirectional

tidal flow in and out of the lagoon and is protected from wind and waves (Creed 1997; Creed

1999). These site features make for a unique oceanographic settling. Seagrass meadows, which

are composed of H. wrightii and some R. maritima, extend from the intertidal to shallow

subtidal. Aspects of the short term temporal dynamics and morphology of the seagrass bed

have been described previously by Creed (1997, 1999). As well as the seagrasses, macroalgae,

mainly Jania adhaerens J.V. Lamour., Hypnea spp. and Acanthophera spicifera (Vahl) Børgesen.

are abundant. A cerith Cerithium atratum (Born 1778) is the most highly abundant (mean

density 1887.m2) and ecologically important gastropod within the seagrass meadow (Creed,

2000b). Fish, shrimp and blue crab are commercially exploited from the seagrass beds.

Over the ten year period, the average seagrass canopy height showed a consistent decline then

recovery. Shoot density was more dynamic (Marques et al 2014). These data show that the

dynamics of seagrass change at Cabo Frio are complex and apparently contain multiple cyclic

influences. This type of data will be extremely useful in ongoing investigations assessing

climate change and its effect on seagrasses in Brazil.

South Region

Paranguá Bay (Parana State). Meadows of the seagrass Halodule wrightii occur in shallow

subtidal sandy bottoms at the euhaline highenergy sector of Paranaguá Bay, a wellpreserved

subtropical estuarine system in southern Brazil. Close to their southernmost limit in the South

Atlantic, local populations are patchy, unstable and infrequently sexually reproductive. Sordo et

al. (2011) assessed the seasonal morphological and biomass variations of a local H. wrightii

meadow in Rasa da Cotinga Island, from a healthy state to its subsequent decline and dieoff.

Leaf width and length, number of leaves per shoot, leaf sheath length, rhizome width,

internodal length and biomass, together with sediment grain size and CaCO3 and POM contents

were measured on six occasions between November 2004 and October 2005. Compared to other

Halodule meadows along the Atlantic, local plants had shorter and narrower leaves, shorter leaf

sheaths, thinner rhizomes, a lower number of leaves per shoot, and higher internodal

distances. The highest values for all plant variables were found in the summer. There was an

important decrease in shoot density and in below and aboveground biomass, with the

clearance of the internal areas of the meadow, in colder months (June 2005). This started a

marked decline in the extent and biomass of the local meadow, which had totally disappeared

by the beginning of 2006. It was suggested that such marked temporal variations in

morphology and plant biomass, which may lead to local meadow regression and disappearance,

are an expected latitudinal pattern. The dynamic appearance and disappearance of seagrass

meadows at Paranaguá Bay, which seems to be a regular and somewhat predictable pattern, is

related to the fact that this species is locally close to its southernmost distribution limit.

Because of its great adaptability as a pioneer and shortlived species, H. wrightii can grow and

reproduce vegetatively under stressful conditions, such as high turbidity, and lower salinities

and temperatures. This study also suggested that the increase of spatial differences in plant

cover and abundance inside a seagrass meadow is an early indicator of future regressions and

can be used in monitoring evaluation and/ or stress identification programs.

Seagrass meadows from the subtropical Paranaguá Bay (S Brazil) have been studied since 2004

(Sordo, 2008), and the steady decline of at least two seagrass meadows were observed at

Rasa da Cotinga Island, following a worldwide trend. The first meadow (25°32’31.8” S; 48°

24’04.3”W) was found in 2004 and totally disappeared by the beginning of 2006. This decline

was attributed to a number of overlapping stress factors, such as low temperatures and higher

turbidity levels associated with cold fronts (Sordo et al., 2011). Two months later a new

meadow (25°31´51. 6’’S; 48° 23´ 47.5’’W) appeared at the same area. To identify reliable and

consistent proxies of the early stages of seagrass decline for conservation purposes, Sordo &

Lana (in preparation) compared benthic fluxes in the sediment and water column and the

responses of plant and macrobenthic variables between the two meadows from December 2006

until the complete regression of the Rasa da Cotinga meadow by the beginning of 2008,

following an algal overgrowth of the epiphytic Hincksia mitchelliae (Harvey) P. C. Silva.

Differences between sites increased with the progressive degradation of the Rasa da Cotinga

meadow. With an unexpected boost of epiphytic biomass, plant growth was suppressed and

the numbers of burrowing and opportunistic macrobenthic species increased. At the healthy

meadow, seagrass biomass and number of leaves followed usual seasonal trends and

macrobenthic abundance and species richness remained stable with no evident changes in

species composition. Nutrient fluxes at the sedimentwater interface were highly inconsistent

between and withinsites and sampling periods and did not reflect the evident changes in

plant and animal variables. The algal overgrowth, together with an increase in the abundance

of annelid and crustacean bioturbators positively affected oxygen production only in the

advanced stages of seagrass decline. This study showed that plants and animals, rather than

the benthic fluxes or nutrient concentrations at the sedimentwater interface, were the first

and most reliable indicators of the early stages of seagrass decline. It is proposed to monitor

changes in the number of leaves per shoot, abundance and composition of the macrofaunal

associations and the hostepiphyte surface interactions, in order to detect such changes in

regression events. The use of these early warning bioindicators may contribute to more

effective management measures for the monitoring and the conservation of seagrass

ecosystems.

Meadows of Halodule wrightii (Cymodoceaceae) also underwent a decline in a tidal flat located

at Paranagua Bay (Parana, SE Brazil). The decline was related to an overgrowth of the epiphytic

macroalga Hincksia mitchelliae (Phaeophyceae). In order to characterize the type of epiphytism

between the alga and its plant host, Papini et al. (2011) compared two samples at the

beginning and end of the algal overgrowth via electron and optical microscopes. The

investigation revealed that at both sampling periods, there was an epiphytism of type II, which

is due to an infection of epiphytes strongly attached to the surface of the host but not

associated to any apparent direct hosttissue damage. The presence of plasmodesmata

between the cells of Hincksia only in the late stage of the host–epiphyte interaction indicated

a change in the vegetative organization of Hincksia in relation to its host to improve nutrient

absorption and distribution through the epiphyte cells. This is the first report on

plasmodesmata in H. mitchelliae. The proposed mechanisms with which the algal epiphytes

lead seagrasses to death are shadowing by adhesion on Halodule surface and disruption of its

osmoregulatory system.

Patos Lagoon Estuary (Rio Grande do Sul). At the extreme southern Brazilian coast, seagrasses

live under extreme and variable environmental conditions, which maintain their low diversity

and latitudinal limit distribution at the southeast Atlantic Coast. With a coast line dominated

by exposed sandy beaches, seagrass meadows in this region are limited to very shallow areas

of enclosed estuaries and coastal lagoons. One of the most important is located in Patos

Lagoon, the largest choked lagoon in the world, which sustains important fishery and port

economical activities.

Nearly 175 km2 (70% of Patos Lagoon estuary) of shallow estuarine areas provide suitable

conditions for the settlement and development of SAV (Cafruni et. al. 1978; Cafruni 1983,

Asmus 1989, Moreno 1994, Seeliger 1997). These shallow habitats are nurseries for important

marine and estuarine fishing resources such as pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Pérez

Farfante, 1967)), blue crab (Callinectes sapidus M. J. Rathbun, 1896) mullet (Mugil platensis

Günther, 1880), bluefish, catfish and whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri), which have

being sustaining an economy involving more than 3500 artisanal and 3000 industrial fishermen.

Fluvial discharge and winds are the driving forces behind Patos Lagoon hydrology, while the

influence of a low tide (~ 0.4 m) is limited to the estuary mouth. The annual average salinity is

low (1015 ppt), but highly variable throughout the year (035 ppt) and between years.

Therefore, the shoals (< 2.0 m) are temporally covered by Ruppia maritima, the most tolerant

and eurihaline of seagrass species, Zannichellia palustris (oligohaline) and drift macroalgal

species (mainly Ulva spp, Cladophora spp, Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey). The

seagrasses hold significant biomasses of epiphyte microalgae on their leaves and shoots, and

unattached macroalgae, which grow entangled among R. maritima leaves (Silva 1994).

Spatial and seasonal variability of seagrass abundance and distribution have been described,

taking into account water column and sediment parameters (see Seeliger 1996a,b, Copertino

and Seeliger 2010, for reviews) and an ecological model of biomass production was developed,

as a function of water depth and transparency (Silva and Asmus 2001). The development of

seagrass meadows in the Patos Lagoon, its variability and the equilibrium among plant and

algal populations is highly dependent on hydrodynamics, particularly on the critical initial

stages. Once water and sediment movements are moderated (usually in late spring and

throughout summer), other factors such as water level, transparency, temperature and salinity,

affect the growth rates, biomass allocation and flower production. Due to this synergistic

effect, seagrass growth is concentrated in spring and summer with meadows decaying or

disappearing in winter. Although a high spatial and temporal variability is intrinsic to the local

populations, drastic reductions in abundance (3 times lower biomass compared to values found

in 80´s and 90´s decade) and distribution (more than 50%) could be observed between end of

the 90´s and beginning of 2000´s, causing extreme habitat fragmentation and changes in

community structure. The changes, including sudden disappearance from more exposed areas,

were strongly correlated to precipitation anomalies and extreme events (storms and wind

generated waves), some of them associated to ENSO episodes. Within these periods (e.g.

1997/1998, 2001 to 2003), precipitation anomalies occurred in South Brazil, which were

reflected by increases in Patos Lagoon fluvial discharge (Möller et al. 2009). The higher

discharge and anomalous flows increased the estuarine average water level and turbidity,

reduced salinity and enhanced sediment movement in the shallow areas. A single extreme

event (October 2001), driven by a synergistic effect of high fluvial discharge and prevailing

strong winds, quickly raised the estuarine water level, dislodging salt marsh areas and several

seagrass meadows. The responses of R.maritima population to the unfavorable conditions were

relatively fast, but the complete recovery was a slow process (~10 years in some areas). A

reduction in seed bank and germination rates seemed to reduce the chances of meadow

formation. As a result of habitat fragmentation, the few shoots or seedlings were highly

vulnerable to even moderated water and sediment movement, inhibiting meadow formation.

The conservation status and main threats

Seagrasses and submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) have suffered major changes and losses

in abundance, community structure and functions for the last 40 years, most notably from the

worldwide deterioration of water quality (Orth et al., 2006, Burkholder et al., 2007; Waycott et

al. 2009). The causes for the rapid seagrass decline during the last decades of the last century

are mainly attributed to the increasing impacts associated to anthropogenic activities such as

occupation of coastal zone, eutrophication, overfishing, dredging and pollution (Sberstein et al.

1986, Shepherd et al. 1989, PergentMartini & Pergent 1996, Burkholder et al. 2007). On the

other hand, fast and significant losses have been also linked to extreme natural events such as

coastal erosion, abnormally high temperatures, storms, cyclones, precipitation extremes,

draught and desiccation (Preen et al. 1995, Short & WyllieEcheveria 1996, Seddon et al. 2000,

Seddon & Cheshire 2001), many of which are predicted to increase in frequency and intensity in

several coastal areas, as effects of global climate changes (Trenberth et al. 2007, Bindoff et al.

2007). Furthermore, the observed and predicted changes in water CO2 concentrations,

temperature, and sea level are potentially affecting the physiology, abundance and structure of

seagrass communities (Duarte 2002). All these factors together, i.e. environmental degradation

and global climate changes, will certainly impact the structure and functioning of these

submerged vegetated habitats.

Anthropogenic impacts along the Brazilian coast: a historical perspective

In general, worldwide gradual and slow declines of seagrass meadows have been attributed to

anthropogenic impacts such as eutrophication, runoff of nutrients and sediments, aquaculture,

destructive fishing practices and pollution (Sberstein et al., 1986; Shepherd et al., 1989;

PergentMartini & Pergent, 1996; Burkholder et al., 2007; Björk et al., 2008). With an average

population density of 22 inhabitants/km2, the anthropization level in Brazil is less evident than

in European and American countries, however, it is highly concentrated in metropolitan coastal

areas.

As a consequence of historical processes, Brazilian coastal areas have been substantially

altered along the last centuries (Dias et al, 2012). Since the arrival of the first Europeans,

human population established mostly in estuarine areas (e.g. Salvador, Rio de Janeiro, Santos,

Iguape, Paranaguá, Porto Alegre). The settlement of the Portuguese Royalty in Brazil (1808),

together with Independence (1822), promoted an increase in the size and activity of harbours

(expansion, dredging, inlet fixation, breakwaters, jetties) and urban growth along the shores,

and the former cityports became large cities. From 1940, mining activities (iron and steel

industries), among other industrial activities, demanded significant changes in the main ports

of Santos (SP), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Paranaguá (PR) and Vitória (ES). Consequently, pollution

became a problem within areas such as Guanabara Bay (RJ) and estuaries of the Sao Paulo

state (Baptista Neto et al., 2013). From the middle of the 20th century, a touristic boom also

began to influence the Brazilian coastline. Multiple resorts were constructed, promoting urban

development in cities like Fortaleza, Recife, Balneário Camboriú, Santos, among others (Costa

et al., 2006, Costa et al., 2008, Paula et al., 2013). As a result of all these antropogenic

impacts, the Brazilian coast has been suffering with erosion, land reclamation and pollution

problems, and the degree of deterioration has been increasing in recent years (Galvão and

Nolasco, 2013; Sousa et al., 2013).

In this context, historical and published records of seagrass losses across Brazil are few. By

comparing historic observations and studies (70’s and 80’s), with recent monitoring studies and

experimental studies (1990’s and 2000’s), major seagrass changes and losses surrounding

Recife metropolitan areas (Short et al. 2006, Magalhães and Alves, 2002; Pitanga 2012),

Abrolhos (Short et al. 2006), Rio de Janeiro, Búzios, Cabo Frio (Creed 2000a, Creed 2003),

Santos (Oliveira pers. Comm) and Patos Lagoon (Copertino & Seeliger 2010, Odebrecht et al.

2010) have been detected. The effects of antropogenic impacts on each coastal region may

interact with the regional features such as wind regime, hydrology, oceanographic and coastal

morphology. Therefore, Brazilian seagrass meadows were and are exposed to different

anthropogenic impacts and levels, and may be vulnerable to diferent stresses, according to

climate and coastal dynamics, and ecossystem resiliencies.

In the Northeast region, anthropogenic and natural impacts on seagrasses have been qualified

and quantified along the Pernambuco coast, indicating significant changes in the meadow

extension and abundances (Pitanga et al., 2012; Alves et al., unpublished data). The losses

were attributed to impacts such as continental discharge, urban development, boat activity,

destructive fishing techniques and solid waste dumping (Pitanga et al., 2012). While some

losses were attributed to natural causes or related to extreme events (Short et al. 2006), many

medows were reduced due to seagrass harvesting to feed captive manatees (Magalhães and

Alves, 2002). The local media and fishing community atributed the drop in fisheries production

to shoal grass (H. wrightii) losses. Similarly, construction of coastal breakwaters and artificial

structures surrounding Fortaleza (Ceará State) resulted in high levels of coastal erosion

associated to higher exposure to wave energy and ocean storms (Paula et al. 2013). Therefore,

seagrass habitats in this coastal region are higly vulnerable to increases in wave impacts,

sediment erosion and burial. Insights on anthropogenic impacts also come from the Abrolhos

Marine Protected Area. Despite being within a marine protected area, seagrass meadows in

Abrolhos National Park lose 0.5 percent of their area per year due to anchor damage (Creed and

Amado 1999). The observed reductions in seagrass density and the changes in the community

structure can take more than a year to recover after a single impact.

The Southeast region is probably the most impacted coastal area in Brazil. It was subjected to

successive phases of land disturbance since the sixteenth century, as a consequence of

widespread urbanization (Neto et al. 2003a). In common with most of the humid tropics, the

Southeast Coastal Range is subject to an extremely erosive climatic regime characterised by

periods of prolonged and frequently intense rainfall (Neto et al. 2003a), which increases

continental runnoff into the Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Espirito Santo coastal regions.

Openings of coastal inlets in Cananéia region (São Paulo) caused changes in hydrodynamics,

including salinity decrease, increase in turbidity and further changes in geomorphology and

sedimentation patterns (Mahiques et al. 2009). Several organic geochemical indicators suggest

that changes of sediment organic matter reflect occupation and urbanization alteration process

surrounding metropolitan waters over the last 70a, such as convertion of mangrove forest into

urban areas, bridge buildings and treatment Plant Station installation (Grillo et al. 2013, Neto

et al. 2013a). In and surrounding Guanabara Bay, for example, the catchment area, has been

strongly modified by human activities in the last 100 years, in particular deforestation and

uncontrolled settlement, which have generally increased river discharges and sediment loads

flowing into the bay (Neto et al. 2013b). Consequently the average rates of sedimentation are

very high (0.67 cm y1 up to 2 cm y1 cm ) compared to other less impacted environment in SE

of Brazil. The concentration of heavy metals shows a constant increased over the last 50 years,

related to an increase of urbanization (post 1950) and deforestation (pre1950) in the

catchment area. The same pattern was also observed for the organic carbon flux, which could

indicate the recent impact of the untreated sewage dumping into the bay. The high levels of

estuarine sediment contamination by organic compounds and heavy metals are consistent with

highly urbanized and industrialized estuaries around the world. In São Paulo coastal region, the

spread and low density seagrass meadows at shallow subtidal, exposed to a high variability in

water turbidity, decreased during the last decades (E. Oliveira, Pers. Com.). H. wrightii beds

listed by Oliveira et al. in 1983 were revisited ten years later and it was found that 16% of the

seagrass beds had been lost (Creed, 2003).

In the extreme South of Brazil, a longterm study in the estuary of Patos Lagoon has proved

fundamental to understand the complexity and environmental responses in relation to natural

and anthropogenic impacts (Seeliger & Odebecht 2010, Odebrecht et al. 2010). The human

impacts such as the construction of jetties, dredging of navigation channels, sediment

remotion and resuspension and the input of domestic and industrial effluents, led to profound

changes in the ecology of Patos Lagoon Estuary. The expansion of aquatic plant species with

low tolerance to high salinity (Costa et al. 2003, 2009), the reduction of seagrass meadows

area and abundance, and phaseshifts to green macroalgae dominated state (Copertino &

Seeliger 2010), which cannot be explained solely by changes in hydrology. The anthropogenic

eutrophication process in the Patos Lagoon Estuary has also caused direct and indirect effects.

Nearby banks of the city of Rio Grande, receiving domestic and industrial effluents, have muddy

sediments with reducing characteristics (Rosa & Bemvenuti 2006). In this region, the primary

and secondary producers (plants, detritus and benthic organisms) have higher values (> 3.5%)

of nitrogen isotopes (delta 15N), compared to less impacted regions, possibly due to the high

nitrogen values of effluents (Abreu et al. 2006).

Climate Variabilit and Global Climate Changes

Climate changes are predicted to profoundly impact marine biodiversity and ecosystems, by

changing the functioning, behavior, and productivity of organisms, leading to shifts in the size

structure, spatial range, and seasonal abundance of populations (Doney et al., 2012). The first

studies about the effects of climate changes on seagrasses and SAV were comprehensive

reviews, extrapolating information from the physiological and ecological studies to assess the

potential impacts of global climate change on seagrasses (Short & Neckles, 1999; Duarte

2002). From more than 14000 articles found on seagrasses and SAV, only 416 (~3%) are

related to climate change factors and issues (Web of knowledge, March 6, 2015). After these

authors, a growing number of studies point to worldwide changes in seagrasses as a result of

climate variability and global climate change (Unsworth, 2014). However, much of this

literature only mentioned or contextualized climate change problems in its introduction and

final discussion. Many studies are observational, with climate change effects being

extrapolated from midlong term temporal series, or from the plant/ meadow responsses to

extreme events such as hotter summers, hurricanes, anomalous runoff, draughts etc (e.g.

Carlson et al. 2010). Few authors have tested working hypothesis or investigated particular

climate change effects, by applying specific design experiments or making prognostics based

upon empirical climate scenarios or models.

The expected impacts of climate change on oceans and coastal areas which will potentially

affect seagrasses and other submerged aquatic vegetation are multifold. For instance, it is

expected that the increasing rate of global climate change with the rising of temperatures and

carbon dioxide will impact the redistribution of current seagrass habitats. Differences among

species in the ability to compete for CO2 could lead to enhanced competition between algae

and seagrasses, shifting the species distribution (reviewed in Short and Neckles, 1999).

Nonetheless, few authors have provided empirical evidence that observed changes in seagrass

populations are a result of climate changes with a reasonable level of confidence. First of all,

the lack of continuous data series makes it impossible to find indications of long term changes

in abiotic and biological parameters. Even for the few long term series, it is hard to separate

the signal of global climate changes (such as temperature increase) at regional and local scale,

due to the high natural variability and, particularly, the impacts of other anthropogenic

activities.

In Brazil, losses in the Tamandaré Beach have been related to increasing frequency and

intensity of storms in 2003, which increased the transport of sediments, acting on the

distribution and biomass of H. wrightii (Short et al., 2006). The intertidal seagrass meadows of

the semiarid coast are strongly influenced by rain and wind patterns and, consequently, they

may be drastically affected by the effects of climate change related to the diminishing of

precipitation indexes (Rebouças, 2004) and doubling of the actual windy velocity (Pereira et al.,

2013) expected by the end of this century.

Ecological assessments at biogeographic limits of distribution may also give important insights

to predict seagrass range shifts in response to climate change and ocean acidification. The

southernmost Halodule wrightii meadow described in Brazil was located at Paranaguá Bay,

Paraná State (Sordo et al., 2011). A recent study by Sordo and Lana (unpublished data) on

sporadic H. wrightii meadows sugested that, at its southernmost distribution limit, their

survival depends on the degree of exposure. At protected and preserved areas the plant

communities are stable and could be extending their distribution. A recent record of appearance

in Santa Catarina state (Eurico C. Oliveira, personal communication) supports the idea that the

species is extending its distribution southwards. In 2012, a H. wrightii bank was found further

south, in Florianopolis (Santa Catarina), which is permanently epiphytized by macroalgae of the

genus Hincksia and Polysiphonia and cyclically disappears every summer (Eurico C. Oliveira,

personal communication). Although this biogeographical change may be a response of this

species to global warming, the projected increases in average sea temperature and CO2 levels

may also stimulate the proliferation of algal species, which could outcompete seagrasses for

space and other resources. Consequently, the survival and widening of the range of H. wrightii

at its southernmost geographical limit of the southwestern Atlantic may be related not only to

the degree of exposure but also to its ability to compete with ephemeral macroalgal species.

Despite the evidence that the tropical seagrass H. wrightii is extending its distribution further

south, more ecological assessments are still needed along the southwestern Atlantic to a

better understanding of the effect of temperature and CO2 increases on the distribution of

seagrass species.

In Patos Lagon estuary, southern Brazil, the relationship between climatic/ hydrological

parameters and the distribuition and abundance of estuarine SAV has been analised for a

period of 30 years (Copertino & Seeliger 2010, Odebreht et al. 2010). Although presenting high

seasonal and interanual variability, both seagrass and macroalgae suffered drastic reductions

between mid 90´s and beginning of this century (1996 to 2004). ENSO episodes, which appears

to have increased their frequency during last decades, were inversely related to the abundance

of SAV, by altering precipitation patterns and causing extreme discharge over the estuary. The

first significant biomass reduction was observed in 1996 and, towards year 2000, meadows

were gradually reduced. In 2002 and 2003, R. maritima meadows disappeared completely from

most estuarine areas, after extreme precipitation and fluvial discharges, with values (~5000 m

2 s1) three times larger than the annual means (Muller et al., 2009). The rise in estuarine

water level during this period caused erosion in northern salt marsh margins, which lost from

40% to 100% of intertidal habitats (Marangoni 2008), loading high amounts of sediment and

plant material to adjacent submerse areas. The increasing tendency in fresh water runoff is

thought to be caused by the increased precipitation over Southern South America (Möller et al.

2009), which has been experiencing a warmer and wetter period during the last decades

(Garreaud et al. 2009), although changes in land use (deforestation, urbanization) may also be

involved.

The extremely reduced precipitation and fluvial discharge of the La Niña years, with lower water

renewal within the shoals, potencially trigger drift algae overgrowth, particularly under

seagrass absence and high summer temperatures. Therefore, from 2004 to 2007, the shallow

areas were covered by unattached and opportunistic seaweeds, mainly species of Ulva and

Cladophora. During the summers of 2005, 2006 and 2007, these rapid growing algae covered

between 70 and 100% of shallow areas, in very high biomass (Lanari & Copertino, in review),

compared to values found in euthrophic estuaries (Flindt et al. 1997, Martins and Marques

2002).

Although seagrass decline occurred relatively fast, the recovering process was slow (~10

years), relying on the seed bank, inhibited by the growth of opportunistic algae, and dependent

on favorable and stable water and sediment conditions. The shift from seagrass to drift algae

dominated state may impose ecological consequences, as the reduction of stable habitats for

invertebrates and fishes, some of them being important local fishing resources. The high

biomass decay also causes anaerobic conditions at the sediment surface, being responsible for

collapses of the benthic infauna (ref.). The high biomasses interfere with the recovery of the

seagrass meadows, by reducing light at the bottom and due to the effects of toxic compounds,

released from anaerobic processes.

All the above studies and results can have important implications on predicting the impacts of

climate changes on the coastal ecosystem and seagrass habitats of Brazil. Climate change

projections over South America resulted in an increase in wetseason precipitation and a

decrease in dryseason precipitation over most of the continent (Marengo et al. 2009; Koch et

al. 2011). Precipitation intensity is largest over Southern South America in the presentday

simulation and in the future, implying in increased river flow and increasing risk of flooding in

this region (Milly et al. 2005; Koch et al. 2011). Southern South America is one of the

extratropical regions most affected by ENSO regime and Southern Brazil is the region with the

strongest signal in the El Niño, marked by warmer periods and precipitation anomalies (Grim et

al. 2000). Projections of anthropogenic climate change models indicate increase in frequency of

ENSO episodes in the near future (Timmerman et al. 1999; Fedorov & Philander 2000; Yeh et

al. 2009). If all those predicted tendencies are proved to be correct, the conservation of

seagrass habitats and the estuarine ecosystems in Brazil may be at risk. Experimental and

modelling studies are still necessary to conclude about past and future tendencies in the

abundance and distribution of seagrasses in Patos Lagoon, including past investigations at a

larger scale.

Conclusions

The current conservation status of Brazilian seagrasses and SAV is critical. We still rank a

decade or two behind the more scientifically developed centers as far as it goes with

quantitative information or processfocused research. The unsustainable exploitation and

occupation of coastal areas (Dias et al. 2012), and the multifold anthropogenic footprints left

during the last 100 years (see multiproxy studies by Tessler et al. 2006, Mahiques et al. 2009),

led to the loss and degradation of shoreline habitats potentially suitable for seagrass

occupation, surrounding coral or sand reefs, bays, coastal lagoons, and estuarine shoals.

Despite such worrying status and decline trends, South American seagrass formations are rarely

included or cited in global reviews or ecological models.

Knowledge of the prevailing patterns and processes governing seagrass structure and

functioning along the 9000 km long Brazilian coast is sorely needed for the global discussion on

climate changes. Our review is a first and much needed step towards a more integrated and

inclusive approach to the diversity of coastal plant formations along the Southwestern Atlantic

coast. It is also a regional alert to the projected or predicted effects of global changes on the

goods and services provided by regional seagrasses and SAV.

Future studies must be planned and designed to incorporate spatial and temporal variation into

multiscale nested approaches. Assessing climate change effects on regional seagrasses will

also require continuous and longterm monitoring. The systematic implementation of impact

assessment and monitoring protocols will be necessary for a better understanding of the large

scale and longterm relative importance of environmental drivers on seagrass resources and

services. Such integrated approaches are particularly needed in the regions under higher human

pressure and thus more vulnerable to projected climate changes. Besides the description and

quantification of still unknown meadow areas, experimental approaches (especially in longterm

studies) are still much needed in Brazil. By addressing spatial and temporal variation in

multiscale approaches, and by developing experimental protocols, the Brazilian scientific

community will be able to better address the extent and implications of projected changes, and

associated fluctuations in carbon stock.

Aknowledgements

This study was promoted and suported by the Brazilian Network for Coastal Benthic Studies

ReBentos (ReBentos) and Programa SISBIOTA, sponsored by CNPq and FAPESP. M. Lanari was

granted with a scholarship by the program. We are thank to Priscilla Rezende and Raquel Wigg

by helping with references, database and technical support.

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Table 1 Distribution of seagrasses species and area (estimation) covered by the meadows in

South American, by oceanographic region and climatic zone..



Coastal

Region

Latitudinal

Zone Country Species

Area

(hecs)

Source

Colombia

Thalassia testudinum,

Syringodium filiforme,

Halodule wrightti,

Halophila decipiens, H.

bailoni, R. maritima

43,223

Merlano

et al.

2003

Caribean

Equatorial

(10º N) Venezuela

T. testudinum, S.

filiforme , H. wrightti, H.

decipiens, H. bailoni,

???

Monaco

et al.

2010,

Norieg et

al. 2002

Trinidad and

Tobago

T. testudinum, H.

wrightti, H.decipiens, S.

filiforme

~ 500 Juman

2005

Southwestern

Atlantic

Tropical

(0 to 25º S)

Northeastener

and Eastern

Brazil

H. wrightii, H.

emarginata,

H. decipiens, H. bailoni,

R. maritima

~

20,000

Creed

2003

Subtropical/

Temperate

(28 to 40º S)

Southern Brazil,

Uruguay,

Argentina

H. wrightii, R. maritima ~15,000

Seeliger

1996

Sordo et

al 2011

SubAntartic

(>50º S)

Magallanes

Region Falkland

Island

Ruppia filifolia ~5000

Mansilla

Pers.

Com.

Southeast

acific

Subtropical

(27 to 30º S)

Northern Chile Heterozostera tasmanica 250 Barnes et

al. 2006


Studies by State

Number of studies performed on Brazilian seagrasses, per each Federation State.

Studies by year

Scientometric analysis of Brazilian seagrass studies. Total number of studies found per year (including flora and faula) (grey bars) and number of studies performed with flora (black bars). The Cumulative number of studies are

represented by the lines.

Scientometric analysis

Scientometric analysis of Brazilian seagrass studies, showing the total number of studies found by using different criterias. All studies were classified by a) approach, b) taxon studied and c) seagrass species considered. Some studies included d) temporal and/or spatial analysis, which were performed at different e) temporal and f) spatial

scales. All studies were classified by g) type of publication and international ones by h) impact factor.

Image 4

Image 5

1

RHODOLITHS IN BRAZIL: CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS

OF CLIMATE CHANGE

Paulo A. HortaI,*, Gilberto M. Amado FilhoII, Ricardo G. BahiaII, Flavio BerchezIII, José

Marcos C. NunesIV, Fernando SchernerV, Sonia PereiraV, Pablo RiulVI, Tito LotufoVII,

Letícia M. C. PeresI, Marina N. SissiniI, João L. RosaI, Pamela MunozI, Cintia D. L.

MartinsI, Lidiane GouveaI, Vanessa FreireI, Eduardo BastosI, Ellie BergstromI, Nadine

SchubertI, Ana Claudia RodriguesI, Leonardo RorigI, José B. BarufiI, Marcia FigueiredoII

I Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas

Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-970, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil

*corresponding author: [email protected]

II Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ.

III Laboratório de Algas Marinhas, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo,

05508-090, São Paulo, SP.

IV Laboratório de Algas Marinhas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia

40210-730, Salvador, BA.

V Laboratório de Ficologia, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de

Pernambuco, 52171-900, Recife, PE.

V IDepartamento de Engenharia e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58297-

000, Rio Tinto, PB.

VII Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP.

ABSTRACT

Rhodolith beds form oases of high biodiversity among sedimentary seabed environments.

The rhodoliths are foundation species, which provide shelter and substrata for important

2

and abundant benthic communities. In Brazil these environments are frequent and abundant

and can be major carbonate ‘factories’ with a key role in the biogeochemical cycling of

carbon in the South Atlantic. These organisms and environments are under threat due

climate change (mainly Ocean acidification and Global Warming) and local stressors such

as fishing impacts and coastal run-off. Here we review the taxonomy, phylogeny and

biology of these organisms, highlighting the predicted effects of climate change and the

combined effects of additional local stressors.

INTRODUCTION

Much of the underwater vegetation is typically red or pink. The cause of these colorful

environments is the presence of red algae (Rhodophyta), which are found worldwide, both

in tropical and temperate waters. This group is represented by around 6,000 species, most

from marine environments. Certain representatives of Rhodophyta present calcified cell

walls. These coralline red algae can be further subdivided into articulated and non-

articulated (encrusting) forms.

Articulated coralline algae forms have regions that are not calcified (genicula) and are

interspersed with calcified regions (intergenicula). Non-articulated or encrusting forms

(Figure 1) are completely calcified and occur in several habitats, adhered to a substratum,

or unattached on the seafloor (BROOM et al., 2008). Forms that grow detached from the

substratum are called ‘rhodoliths’, ‘nodules’ or ‘maërls and may occupy large areas, forming

beds, which are often associated with high biodiversity (STELLER et al., 2003; RIUL et

al., 2009; PENA et al., 2014). A rhodolith can be composed entirely of an encrusting

coralline algae (sometimes more than one species) or have a core of noncoralline material

in addition to encrustations by other calcified organisms. By definition, rhodoliths are here

recognized as free-living structures composed mostly (>50%) of non-articulated coralline

algae (FOSTER, 2001).

These coralline red algae are widely distributed in all oceans (FOSTER, 2001), from the

tropics to polar regions (ADEY; STENECK 2001) and from the intertidal zone to a depth

of 268 m (LITTLER et al., 1986). They comprise the third most diverse group among

Rhodophyta nowdays, with approximately 600 recognized morpho-species (BRODIE;

3

ZUCCARELLO, 2007; GUIRY; GUIRY, 2013). They are characterized by deposits of

carbonate in the form of high Mg calcite in their cell walls, a mineral that reaches ~90 % of

the dry weight of these algae (WOELKERLING, 1993; OLIVEIRA, 1997) and ensures

good preservation in the fossil record. This feature calls the attention of not only

phycologists, but also paleontologists and geologists who are interested in carbonate

abundance in the limestone deposits since the Cretaceous period (LITTLER, 1972).

FIGURE 1. Diversity of non-articulated coralline algae. (a) Encrusting form in

intertidal zone; (b) free-standing form with foliose aspect; (c) Form adhered to substrate

with foliose aspect; (d) Diversity associated with one rhodolith nodule. Photos: M.N.

Sissini

Definitions and characteristics of rhodolith beds

On the sea bottom of the continental shelves, or even on top of submerged seamounts,

between the shallow waters and depths that reach more than 100 meters, it is possible to

find rhodolith beds, formations that diverge from the sandy bottom, providing an obvious

4

change in physiognomy, often being recognized as an oasis of biodiversity among

surrounding sandy bottom environments (RIUL et al., 2009; FOSTER et al., 2013).

Rhodoliths can develop from fragments that stand out from reefs (HALFAR; RIEGL, 2013)

forming important sedimentary deposits (DIAS, 2000). Therefore, rhodoliths can be

considered key species, or "ecological engineers" because their body shape and growth

promotes structural changes in the environment, which increases the heterogeneity of

habitat and availability of niches, resulting in increased species diversity associated with

these beds (STELLER et al., 2003; FOSTER et al., 2013). In general, the high species

diversity is attributed to the greater availability of refuges and other resources that reduce

losses derived from competition, predation and physical disturbance events. For this reason

and many others, rhodolith beds were and have been proposed as one of the most favorable

and needed habitat for studies on marine biodiversity in Europe (BARBERA et al., 2003)

and Brazil (HORTA et al., 2001).

It is worthy to mention that coralline algae have a valuable role in fixing the carbon

dissolved in seawater, since rhodolith beds can represent the largest carbonate depositional

environment in the world (TESTA; BOSENCE, 1999). These formations, along the

Abrolhos Bank (coast of Espírito Santo and Bahia state), were considered the biggest

biofactory of CaCO3 in the southwestern tropical Atlantic (AMADO-FILHO et al., 2012a).

Therefore, calcareous algae are closely related to processes of global climate change and

CO2 balance (OLIVEIRA, 1996). In addition to these factors, it is prudent to emphasize the

importance of conservation of these beds in an attempt to avoid the emergent threat of the

ocean acidification, considering that CaCO3 is the main component that regulates the

alkalinity of seawater (DIGBY, 1977).

Rhodolith beds serve as substratum consisting of living organisms and are therefore

characterized by being dynamic, temporally and spatially (AMADO FILHO et al., 2010;

BARRETO, 1999; DIAS 2001; DIAS; VILLAÇA, 2012). However, the surface

morphology of rhodoliths presents variations according to depth (ADEY et al., 1982). The

number and size of protuberances, hollows or cavities, which can be limited by

hydrodynamical bioerosive and morphogenetical processes (BOSENCE, 1983), are

fundamental features that will determine the diversity and abundance of associated flora

5

and fauna (e.g., AMADO FILHO et al., 2010, BERLANDI et al. 2012, Pascelli et al.

2013).

Group history

A historical survey of taxonomic studies on encrusting coralline algae is strongly founded

in morphoanatomical analizes since its primordios (HORTA, 2002). In the early eighteenth

century these organisms were considered by some authors as inorganic stalactites. Others

authors such as TOURNEFORT (1719) and RAY (1724), recognized them as plants

because they are fixed to the substrate, in simplistic analogy to terrestrial plants. Also, as

highlighted by HORTA (2002), in 1767 Carl Linnaeus included this group of algae as a

member of hermatypic corals, Hydrozoa, reef-formers based on their calcareous nature and

existence of tiny pores (conceptacles). The concept that coralline red algae are corals

remained until 1837, when PHILIPPI (1837) first demonstrated, clearly and definitively,

that representatives of Nullipores (Hydrozoa) were plants, establishing the genera

Lithothamnion and Lithophyllum (HORTA, 2002).

During the twentieth century, much has been discussed about what reproductive and

vegetative characteristics are taxonomically relevant and phylogenetically informative.

Although during the 60s taxonomic surveys have been done around the world

(DAWNSON, 1960; CHAMBERLAIN, 1983; WOELKERLING; CAMPEBEL, 1992;

WOELKERLING, 1996), coralline algae are still poorly known in Brazil (HORTA, 2002).

The first citations were made by foreign researchers in the nineteenth century such as

HARVEY (1847), DICKIE (1874, 1875) and PICCONE (1886). A series of studies were

performed with these algae, however, they analyzed more geological and ecological

characteristics rather than taxonomic aspects (GHERARDI, 1995; TESTA, 1997). The lack

of taxonomic studies is due to the peculiarities of required techniques in anatomical studies,

which is essential for the description of diagnostic characteristics for this group (HORTA,

2000). In the last decade, these organisms started to gain more prominence with the nationwide

emergence of studies on the characterization of rhodolith beds (AMADO FILHO et al.,

2007; RIUL et al., 2009; AMADO FILHO et al., 2010; BAHIA et al., 2010; PEREIRA-

6

FILHO et al., 2012; PASCELLI et al., 2013), habitat mapping (MOURA et al., 2013),

influence of anthropogenic impacts (RIUL et al., 2008), and taxonomy with the beginning

of the molecular evaluations (FARIAS et al., 2010; NUNES et al., 2008; VILLAS-BOAS

et al. 2009; HORTA et al., 2011, HENRIQUES et al. 2012; BAHIA et al., 2011, 2014a and

b; VIEIRA-PINTO et al., 2014; SISSINI et al., 2014). This recent phylogenetical approach

is essential to support ecological and physiological evaluation, once they permit the holistic

comprehension about distribution and connection of key populations in Atlantic and other

oceans (SISSINI et al., 2014).

Systematic Coralline algae originated and diversified during the early Cretaceous. The reconstruction

of the evolutionary history of the group, derived from fossilized material and recent

molecular analysis using multigene approaches (BITTNER et al., 2011), reinforces the

group segregation into three families from two orders: Corallinaceae and Hapalidiaceae

within Corallinales, and Sporolithaceae within Sporolithales.

This classification has evolved with the advancement in the quality of information about

the different groups (Table 1).

TABLE 1 Characteristics considered as diagnostic for delimitation of corallinacean groups,

adapted from HARVEY et al., (2003).

Characteristic Corallinaceae Sporolithaceae Hapalidiaceae

Arrangement of spores within the

tetrasporangia zonate cruciated zonate

Tetra/bisporangia produces apical plug no yes yes

Tetra/bisporangia produced below the

multiporate plates no no yes

Tetra/bisporangia develop inside

conceptacles or calcified compartments conceptacles

calcified

compartments conceptacles

In attempts to obtain better resolution in the phylogenetic relationships of the orders and

superorders among Florideophyceae, LE GALL and SAUNDERS (2007) proposed, under

7

multigenic and ultrastructural (based on the anatomy of the pit-plugs) perspectives, the

creation of a subclass Corallinophycidae to accommodate Corallinales and

Rhodogorgonales. Beyond the genetic affinities, these two orders have pit plugs with the

outer dome-shaped cover (although not unique to these two taxa) and are the only marine

Rhodophyta to present calcite.

However, some features related to the tetrasporangial development (tetrasporangia crucially

arranged and absence of tetrasporangial conceptacles) of Sporolithaceae, as well as the

absence of representatives of Sporolithon in previous phylogenetic analyses (LE GALL;

SAUNDERS, 2007), made the positioning of this group questionable. With the inclusion of

Sporolithon ptychoides Heydrich, LE GALL et al., (2010) could confirm the monophyly of

Sporolithaceae within Corallinophycidae, however could not represent a natural grouping

within Corallinales due to its closest alliance with Rhodogorgonales. Grounded in

multigene analysis and morphological differences, the elevation of Sporolithaceae to a new

order, Sporolithales L. Le Gall and Saunders GW, was proposed (Figure 2).

FIGURE 2. Current proposal of positioning and ranking of coralline algae according to

morphological and phylogenetic analyses (adapted from LE GALL et al., 2010).

Distribution and diversity

Rhodolith beds are widely distributed in all oceans. Abundant beds are reported in the

Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of California and the Atlantic Ocean - from Norway, Ireland,

Scotland, and Canada, to the Caribbean and Brazil. However, these environments, given

their wide distribution and numerous peculiarities, are understudied, despite progress with

popularization of SCUBA diving and increased investment in research of coastal and

8

oceanic environments (STELLER et al., 2003, to Gulf of California, Mexico; HARVEY;

BIRD, 2008 to Victoria, Australia; AMADO-FILHO et al., 2007; 2012a e 2012b, to

Espírito Santo State, Abrolhos Bank, and Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, respectively;

TEICHERT et al., 2012, to Svalbard Archipelago, Norway; PEREIRA-FILHO et al., 2012,

to Vitória-Trindade Seamounts; PASCELLI et al., 2013, to Arvoredo Island, Brazil).

According to FOSTER (2001), the largest known latitudinal occurrence of rhodolith beds is

on the Brazilian continental shelf from 2°N to 25°S, covering an extension of 4.000 km

from Maranhão down to Rio de Janeiro states (KEMPF, 1970; MILLIMAN; AMARAL,

1974) with a small bed occurring off the southern coast of Arvoredo Island (GHERARDI,

2004, PASCELLI et al., 2013). However, we still need to clarify the factors that drive

latitudinal distribution, depth range occurrence, CaCO3 production, ecological roles of

these beds.

Rhodolith beds in Brazil predominate within the mesophotic zone (~ 30-150 m depth), from

the middle to the outer continental shelf, on the tops of seamounts and around oceanic

islands (AMADO-FILHO; PEREIRA-FILHO 2012). Mesophotic coralline ecosystems are

particularly important as they represent extensions of shallower ecosystems. They are likely

to have biological, physical, and chemical connectivity with them and the associated

communities, as well as unique assemblages, and extensions to deep biota (HINDERSTEIN

et al., 2010). Considering that shallow areas are often the first to suffer the impacts from

antropogenic and natural disturbances (e.g., overfishing, pollution, hurricanes, tsunamis,

elevated temperatures etc), mesophotic ecosystems represent refugia for those species that

are already threatened in shallower areas (GLYNN, 1996; ARMSTRONG et al., 2006). In

addition, they are thought to serve as spawning grounds and may function as a larval supply

for some shallow-water species (HINDERSTEIN et al., 2010).

As pointed out by BRIDGE et al. (2011), information on biotic and abiotic aspects of

mesophotic habitats remains extremely scarce due to logistical and technological

restrictions, particularly when compared with shallow-water habitats. This is true for

rhodolith beds in Brazil, but recent advances in mixed-gas diving techniques,

complemented by ROV observations and high-resolution, multibeam, bathymetric mapping

systems, allow us to begin determining their extent, structure, and dynamics (FOSTER et

al., 2013).

9

FIGURE 3. Different rhodolith physiognomies are sometimes observed at a single site,

such as in Trindade Island where beds without (A) or with (B), an abundant associated

benthic community, can be observed. Photos: M.N. Sissini.

Up to now, 48 species of encrusting coralline algae are recognized for Brazilian waters, 9

Sporolithaceae, 25 Corallinaceae and 14 Hapalidiaceae (Table 2). In relation to habit or

morfotype, there are no previous studies verifying the occurrence of exclusively rhodolith-

forming or not-forming coralline encrusting species. However, about 26 species are known

as rhodolith forming on Brazilian coast.

TABLE 2. Species from Corallinophycidae (excluding articulate forms) cited for the

Brazilian coast. (* indicates the species that still need to be revised using modern

techniques and nomenclature; indicates the species that were added in the last three years;

# indicates rhodolith-forming species).

10

SPOROLITHALES

Sporolithaceae

Sporolithon australasicum (Foslie) N.Yamaguishi-Tomita ex M.J.Wynne*

Sporolithon elevatum Henriques & Riosmena-Rodriguez#

Sporolithon episporum (M.A.Howe) E.Y.Dawson #

Sporolithon erythraeum (Rothpletz) Kylin*

Sporolithon howei (Lemoine) N.Yamaguishi-Tomita ex M.J.Wynne*

Sporolithon molle (Heydrich) Heydrich#

Sporolithon pacificum E.Y.Dawson*

Sporolithon ptychoides Heydrich#

Sporolithon tenue Bahia, Amado-Filho, Maneveldt & W.H. Adey#

CORALLINALES

Coralinaceae

Hydrolithon boergesenii (Foslie) Foslie

Hydrolithon farinosum (J.V.Lamouroux) D.Penrose & Y.M.Chamberlain

Hydrolithon rupestre (Foslie) Penrosw#

Hydrolithon samoënse (Foslie) Keats & Y.M.Chamberlain

Lithophyllum atlanticum Vieira-Pinto, Oliveira & Horta#

Lithophyllum congestum (Foslie) Foslie

Lithophyllum corallinae (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) Heydrich#

Lithophyllum depressum Villas-Boas, Figueiredo & Riosmena-Rodriguez#

Lithophyllum johansenii Woelkerling & Campbell#

Lithophyllum margaritae (Hariot) Heydrich#

Lithophyllum stictaeforme (Areschoug) Hauck#

Neogoniolithon accretum (Foslie & Howe) Setch & Mason

Neogoniolithon atlanticum Tâmega, Riosmena-Rodriguez, Mariath & Figueiredo

Neogoniolithon brassica-florida (Harvey) Setchell & Mason

Neogoniolithon fosliei (Heydrich) Setchell & Mason#

Neogoniolithon mamillare (Harvey) Setchell & Mason*

Pneophyllum conicum (Dawson) Keats, Chamberlain & Baba

11

Pneophyllum fragile Kützing*#

Porolithon improcerum (Foslie & Howe) Lemoine

Porolithon onkodes (Heydrich) Foslie

Porolithon pachydermum (Foslie) Foslie

Spongites fruticulosa Kützing#

Spongites yendoi (Foslie) Chamberlain#

Titanoderma prototypum (Foslie) Woelkerling, Y.M.Chamberlain & P.C.Silva#

Titanoderma pustulatum (J.V.Lamouroux) Nägeli#

Hapalidiaceae

Lithothamnion brasiliense Foslie*#

Lithothamnion crispatum Hauck#

Lithothamnion glaciale Kjellman#

Lithothamnion muelleri Lenormand ex Rosanoff#

Lithothamnion occidentale (Foslie) Foslie#

Lithothamnion sejunctum Foslie

Lithothamnion steneckii Mariath and Figueiredo

Melobesia membranacea (Esper) J.V.Lamouroux

Melobesia rosanoffii (Foslie) Lemoine

Mesophyllum engelhartii (Foslie) Adey#

Mesophyllum erubescens (Foslie) Me. Lemoine#

Mesophyllum macroblastum (Foslie) W.H.Adey

Phymatolithon calcareum (Pallas) W.H.Adey & D.L.McKibbin*#

Phymatolithon masonianum Wilks & Woelkerling

Ecological role

Rhodoliths are widely recognized as bioengineers that provide structural complexity and

relatively stable microhabitats for other species over large extensions, thus resulting in

increased biodiversity and benthic primary productivity (FOSTER et al., 2007, RIUL et

al., 2009), particularly when compared to unconsolidated flat bottom. Remarkably tough,

rhodolith beds are featureless at spatial scales greater than centimeters, and many larger

species of fish and invertebrates that occur on adjacent reef systems will only occasionally

rove over these beds. Despite such limitations in supporting a ‘‘complete’’ reef assemblage,

12

rhodolith beds likely provide migration corridors for several species when they cover large

inter-reefal areas, such as in the Abrolhos Bank (AMADO FILHO et al., 2012a). These

environments represent a true submerged oasis amid a continental shelf (Figure 4). In

addition, PEREIRA FILHO et al. (2015) hypothesize that coalescence of rhodoliths

catalyzed by fishes and sponges constitutes an early successional stage in the formation of

coralline reefs in southwest Atlantic tropical shelves.

FIGURE 4. Example of the seaweed and zoobenthic community found in rodolith beds on

the Brazilian coast. This picture highlights the presence of gastropods and echinoderms on

Desert Island in the South of Brazil. Photo: P.A. Horta.

Encrusting algae are one of the most abundant marine organisms on consolidated substrates

within the photic zone (STENECK, 1986). In Brazil, extending over almost the entire

continental shelf. MILLIMANN and AMARAL (1974) estimate that the stock of

calcareous algae has a magnitude of 2 x 1011 tonnes. The fact that these organisms

precipitate large amounts of CO2 as carbonates led OLIVEIRA (1996) to warn about its

13

importance in the global CO2 balance. Moreover, rhodolith beds serve as substrate for the

growth of other algae, such as Amansia multifida and the endemic Laminaria abyssalis,

which have great potential for bioprospecting (AMADO-FILHO; PEREIRA-FILHO, 2012,

MARINS et al., 2012); forming a three-dimensional structure and representing a place of

refuge, breeding and nursery for many groups of invertebrates and fishes (RIUL et al.,

2009).

Economic importance

The calcareous algae constitute a large part of marine bioclastic granules (mineral material

of carbonate composition, consisting of calcareous algae or shell fragments), and are

targeted for exploitation in Brazil. The Brazilian continental shelf is the largest expanse

covered by the rhodolith megahabitat, that was used as a raw material for various industrial

applications such as agriculture, which are used in the production of fertilizers; in the

cosmetic industry, being employed in the production of toothpaste and bath salts; in the

food industry, used as a food supplement; in bone implants, for its structural, chemical and

biological compatibility with bone tissues (DIAS, 2001). Rhodolith beds have been

threatened by human activities, especially large-scale exploitation for agronomic purposes.

In addition, the relatively low growth rate (about 1.0 mm per year, BLAKE; MAGGS,

2003, AMADO FILHO et al., 2012a) confers this resource a non-renewable characteristic

(WILSON et al., 2004). Indirectly, the fine sediment resulting from the dredging process

covers the adjacent rhodolith areas and reduces their net primary production by up to 70%

(RIUL et al., 2008).

Considering the great ecological importance of these organisms and the lack of extant

knowledge about their diversity and the threat of human activities, beyond those related to

ocean acidification or even to climate changes, the present study aims to provide basic

information to guide future studies that will assess the impact of factors related to climate

change and interactions with local stressors on the biology and diversity of this group.

Rhodolith beds in Brazil

Despite their great importance for biodiversity resiliance, global carbon budget and

commercial exploitation, in Brazil the functional ecology of these complex habitats has

14

received little attention in the past. In contrast to Brazilian research, in Europe an EU-

funded research program (BIOMAERL, 1996-1999) was conducted successfully and (1)

provided information about rhodolith-bed diversity, (2) provided an extensive inventory of

rhodolith-bed associated biota, (3) established functional roles played by key elements of

the biota, and (4) assessed the impacts of anthropogenic stressors. This information was

later used to establish conservation priorities for European rhodolith beds, and suggested

how these may be achieved. In Brazil, only recently have extensive sampling efforts

strengthened a more comprehensive understanding about rhodolith bed distribution along

the South Atlantic western coast (Table 2).

Table 3. Studies performed on Brazilian rhodolith beds.

Main focus References Meso- and small-scale distribution AMADO-FILHO et al. (2007, 2012b)

RIUL et al. (2009) PEREIRA-FILHO et al. (2011, 2012) MOURA et al. (2013)

Rhodolith bed structure TESTA and BOSENCE (1999) GHERARDI (2004) AMADO-FILHO et al. (2007) RIUL et al. (2009) BAHIA et al. (2010) PASCELLI et al. (2013)

Contribution to global carbonate production KEMPF (1970) MILLIMAN and AMARAL (1974) MELLO et al. (1975) AMADO-FILHO et al. (2012a)

Species composition of rhodoliths TESTA (1997) HORTA (2002) AMADO-FILHO et al. (2007) NUNES et al. (2008) FARIAS (2010) VILLAS-BÔAS et al. (2009, 2014a) BAHIA et al. (2010, 2014) FIGUEIREDO et al. (2012) CRESPO et al. (2014) TORRANO-SILVA et al. (2014) HENRIQUES et al. (2014a and b) VIEIRA-PINTO et al. (2014) COSTA et al. (2014) BORGES et al. (2014) SISSINI et al. (2014)

Associated communities/organisms FIGUEIREDO et al. (1997) GHERARDI and BOSENCE (2001) ROCHA et al. (2006) FIGUEIREDO et al. (2007) METRI and ROCHA (2008)

15

AMADO-FILHO et al. (2010) SCHERNER et al. (2010) PEREIRA-FILHO et al. (2011) SANTOS et al. (2011) AMADO-FILHO and PEREIRA-FILHO (2012) BERLANDI et al. (2012) PASCELLI et al. (2013) GONDIM et al. (2014) VILLAS-BÔAS et al. (2014a) PEREIRA et al. (2014) PEREIRA-FILHO et al. 2015

Influence of environmental factors on rhodolith bed habitats

RIUL et al. (2008) MARINS et al. (2012) VILLAS-BÔAS et al. (2014b)

As observed above (Table 3), most of these efforts have been made in the last 10 years,

improving the knowledge about the composition and structure of rhodolith beds in Brazil.

In a study that evaluated the marine biota in the Brazilian exclusive economic zone (the

marine area extending 320 km offshore), LAVRADO (2006) has shown a Shannon-Wiener

diversity index of 4.0 and 5.1 bits ind–1 for specific areas down to 250 m depth and

associate this increase in diversity of epibenthic communities to the presence of rhodolith

beds. Information about density, dimension, shape and percentage of live surface of CCA,

associate fauna, growing rates and calcium carbonate mineralization were produced for

specific areas of Brazilian Economic Exclusive Zone. BAHIA et al. (2010) concluded that

the structure of rhodolith beds is clearly influenced by depth. These authors, comparing

rhodolith dimension and density patterns in three areas of the Brazilian tropical continental

shelf with different slopes and width, showed that in areas with extensive width and a

gentle slope, rhodoliths increase in size, decrease in density and change the shape from

spherical to discoid. On the other hand, rhodoliths from narrow shelves and steep slopes

decrease in size and increase in density (see figure 10 in BAHIA et al., 2010).

The Abrolhos Shelf of Brazil boasts the world’s largest expanse of rhodoliths (News of the

week, Science, 4 May 2012). In this area, besides mapping rhodolith distribution and

extent, AMADO-FILHO et al., (2012a) determined bed structure growing rates and

estimated annual CaCO3 production. The mean relative cover of rhodoliths was 69.1 ±

1.7% while mean density was 211 ± 20 nodules m-2. The mean rhodolith diameter was 5.9

± 0.2 cm and the mean percentage of live surface area was 57 ± 5%, indicating active CCA

growth. While rhodolith diameter seems to increase with depth, neither rhodolith diameter

16

nor percent live surface area was significantly correlated with depth. They estimated that

the mean rate of CaCO3 production by these organisms is about 0.025 Gt/year, in line with

the world’s largest biogenic CaCO3 deposits, and that the rhodolith beds of the Abrolhos

Shelf alone contain approximately 5% of the CaCO3 inventory of all the world’s carbonate

banks. It is important to note that the rhodolith surface of most studied beds were

composed by live CCA, indicating a dynamic biomineralization process even in areas with

very low PAR conditions.

PEREIRA-FILHO et al. (2012) and AMADO-FILHO et al. (2012b) showed that

mesophotic zone of seamount tops and insular shelves of oceanic islands presented amazing

benthic communities dominated by rhodoliths. Despite its extensive area, the richness of

fauna associated with rhodoliths in Brazil is poorly known, however the importance of

rhodolith beds in supporting high diversity and abundance of marine animals and algae in

comparison with surrounding habitats is recognized (NELSON, 2009).

Among the initiatives to evaluate the fauna associated with rhodoliths we highlight the

most important ones. METRI (2006) studied the associated fauna to a small subtropical

rhodolith bed (100 m2) located at Arvoredo Island and repport 168 invertebrate taxa, being

136 solitary forms and 32 colonial ones. Among the solitary forms Polychaeta, Crustacea

and Mollusca were the most important groups, while among the colonial forms the Porifera

Pachataxa sp. and the Ascidiacea Didemnum sp. where registered on 90% of the samples.

At the same area, ROCHA et al. (2005) found 36 Ascidian species and BOUZON and

FREIRE (2007) identified 31 decapod species. FIGUEIREDO et al. (2007) showed that

Polychaeta was the infaunal dominant taxon group associated with a shallow rhodolith bed

at Abrolhos Archipelago. BERLANDI et al. (2012) compared the Polychaeta composition

between different rhodolith forms (small rhodoliths with long branches and large rhodoliths

with short branches) and found 26 families, 4 exclusive to large rhodoliths and 9 exclusive

to the small ones. RIUL et al., (2009) found 122 macrofauna taxa associated with

rhodoliths beds from 10 to 20 m depth near the city of João Pessoa, Paraiba State, and

pointed out differences on abundance and species richness according to depth and that the

most important faunistic components were Mollusca, Polychaeta and Holothuria. DIAS

and VILLAÇA (2012) described the sediment dynamics in the southern region of the

Espírito Santo shelf and mentioned the important sedentary benthic fauna groups such as

17

polychaetes, ophiuroids and molluscs, and the hydroids and amphipodes while the sessile

fauna was represented by a few sponge species. VILLAS-BOAS et al. (2014) mentioned

some incrusting faunal species of Bryozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria (corals) and Crustacea

(barnacles) associated with rhodolith beds from the shallow waters of Espírito Santo State.

All information cited above was about rhodolith beds from shallow waters with depths that

did not exceeded 30 m. TÂHODO et al. (2013) is the only study that reports the associated

fauna to rhodolith beds for mesophotic zone. For the Peregrino oil field rhodolith bed they

found 120 taxa, being 16 Porifera, 6 Cnidaria, 31 Mollusca, 6 Polychaeta, 17 Crustacea, 20

Bryozoa, 1 Brachiopoda, 21 Echinodermata and 2 Ascidiacea.

In relation to seaweeds associated with rhodolith beds, some specific studies indicate a high

and specific diversity. AMADO-FILHO et al. (2010) report that in southern part of Espírito

Santo State rhodolith beds provide an important habitat for epibenthic communities,

supporting 25% of the known macroalgal species richness along the Brazilian coast. New

records of seaweeds have been found specifically associated with rhodolith beds of the

Espirito Santo and Brazilian Northeastern coasts (AMADO-FILHO et al., 2010,

GUIMARÃES; AMADO-FILHO, 2009, RIUL et al., 2009). Recent molecular results

(SISSINI et al., 2014, VIEIRA-PINTO et al., 2014) reinforce the need for molecular

information to clarify real distribution patterns of key species, enabling the evaluation of

geographic changes of environmental factors such as temperature and irradiance, clarifying

the role of theses drivers to the biology of rhodolith species and associated benthic

community. Molecular information about populations of foundation species is another

bottleneck worldwide, once conservation strategies demand knowledge about genetic

diversity and consequent population resilience. These priorities should be in the focus of

Brazilian governmental institutions and international agencies, once without these

information coastal management strategies are weakened.

SUGESTED POSITION TO FIGURE 5. Vertical and latitudinal changes observed in the

size (volume) and density of rhodoliths from different beds on the Brazilian coast line

(Based on BAHIA et al., 2010 and PASCELLI et al., 2013).PB: Paraíba; BA: Bahia; ES:

Espírito Santo; SC: Santa Catarina.

18

Effect of climate change and possible interactions with local stressors in rhodolith beds

Rhodolith beds, like many other ecosystems, are affected by ongoing global climate change

related to rising seawater temperatures (1-4°C, IPCC 2014), predicted and observed (KUG

et al., 2010), increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide and resulting decreases in

seawater pH (by ~0.3-0.5 units) and associated shifts in carbon chemistry (CALDEIRA;

WICKETT, 2005, IPCC, 2014), sea level rise, coupled with increased strength of storm

events affecting salinity, physical disturbance, sedimentation and turbidity (resuspended

sediments, increased terrestrial run-off), all part of scenarios projected by the

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2014). These global climate changes

are likely to have profound consequences on the physiology of marine species across many

phyla. However, calcareous organisms are suggested to be more affected by the predicted

increase in seawater temperature and ocean acidification (OA; DONEY et al., 2009). Data

from multiple experiments about the effect of OA and/or temperature rise over the last few

years on algae from different groups, suggests that calcareous algae will experience a

reduction in biomineralization, while non-calcareous algae will become more productive

(DONEY et al., 2009, KROEKER et al., 2012, JOHNSON et al., 2012). Despite this

general pattern, the magnitude of algal growth and calcification responses to OA

conditions, however, seems to be species-specific (e.g. PRICE et al., 2011, JOHNSON et

al., 2012, CAMPBELL et al., 2014).

All these biological changes are related to the physical and chemical factors produced by

climate change. When the ocean is in equilibrium, the pH ranges from 7.8 to 8.2. For

example, at a pH of 8.2 in seawater, DIC can be found in the following percentages: 88%

HCO3-, 11 % as CO3

-2 and 0.5% in the form of aqueous carbon dioxide (CO2aq) (FABRY

et al., 2008). Thus, any change in pH as a result of increased atmospheric CO2 will bring a

chemical imbalance in seawater. So, when acidified ocean conditions occur due to the

effect of increased CO2, the oceans begin a search for chemical stabilization, where it is

possible to observe, in extreme cases, the decalcification of organisms that have calcareous

skeletons (HALL-SPENCER et al., 2008).

These calcified organisms (containing CaCO3) act as buffers, since they release CO32- ions

that bind with free H+ protons to form HCO3-, thus neutralizing the acidification process

19

(BASSO, 2012; DONEY et al., 2009; SABINE; TANHUA, 2010). Predictions say that in

the future, seawater CO2 will increase by 192% and HCO3- will increase by 14% from the

action of decalcification (ROLEDA et al., 2012). These chemical changes result in serious

problems for calcifying organisms, both animals and algae, because these organisms

traditionally have a reduced ability to maintain and/or renew their calcareous skeleton

(CORNWALL et al., 2012; FABRY et al., 2008; JOHNSON et al., 2012; HURD et al., 2009; JOKIEL et al., 2008; RUSSELL et al., 2009; SEMESI et al., 2009; TYRRELL,

2008).

Despite the prediction that the saturation rate of CaCO3 in calcareous organisms will

decrease by 60% at the end of this century, this process is dependent on the particularities

of the physiology and mineralogy in different taxonomic groups and on the interaction of

this factor with other drivers of ecophysiological behavior of aquatic organisms

(RODOLFO-METALPA et al., 2009).

The two crystallographic forms of carbonate, calcite and aragonite, observed in all marine

calcified organisms (DIAZ-PULIDO et al., 2012; JURY et al., 2010), have different

solubilities as a function of the Ca and Mg present in their molecules. So, higher Mg

concentrations result in higher solubility of carbonate (BASSO, 2012; DIAZ-PULIDO et

al., 2012; SMITH et al., 2012). Thus, in acidified environments, calcite, which normally

contains relatively more Mg in its composition (8-12% of its weight), is more soluble than

aragonite, and thus more sensitive to these conditions of reduced pH (BASSO, 2012;

SMITH et al., 2012).

These biogeochemical relations among OA and marine environments deeply affect the

rhodolith bed communities, impacting the physiology of organisms with serious ecological

implications (BURDETT et al., 2012). For many photosynthetic marine organisms,

changes in CO2 availability deeply alter their metabolism, both negatively and positively

(BOYCE et al., 2010; SHI et al., 2010). For example, for phytoplankton the increase in

CO2 decreases affinity of RUBISCO for CO2 with a consequent need for higher CO2

concentrations for photosynthesis. However, even in calcifying organisms such as

coccolithophorids (Emiliana huxleyi) the response is different, since with increasing

concentrations of CO2 there is also an increase in photosynthesis (WU et al., 2008).

20

Likewise, in organisms that use aragonite as the carbonate form, such as the brown alga

Padina pavonica, it was observed that in increasing the concentration of CO2, calcification

was reduced, but there was an increase in Chl a and Chl c pigments, which may result in

increased photosynthetic capacity of this alga (JOHNSON et al., 2012). However, in

species of calcified green algae such as Halimeda, SINUTOK et al., (2012) suggest that a

decrease in pH leads to decalcification as well as a decrease in photosynthesis after 5 weeks

of the experiment. Thus, these authors suggest that these two physiological conditions are

closely related (SINUTOK et al., 2012).

In coralline red alga, such as Porolithon onkodes, a high sensitivity to acidified

environments from the bubbling of CO2 was observed (from pH 8.0-8.4 to 7.6-7.7), having

a high degree of decalcification but no changes in photosynthesis (DIAZ-PULIDO et al.,

2012). Similarly, in studies conducted on Corallina pilulifera, GAO et al., (1993) proposed

that calcification might be pH-dependent and that when the pH decreased to 7.6 by means

of CO2 bubbling in a controlled environment, calcification also decreased. A similar

phenomenon was observed by RUSSELL et al. (2009) in algae from the genus Corallina,

where a reduction in pH from 8.1 to 7.95, through CO2 injection, resulted in decreased

calcification, but without significant differences in the effective quantum yield.

CORNWALL et al. (2012) describes similar results for for this genus, highlighting a

reduction in calcification of 40% when the pH was reduced from 7.9 to 7.5, yet differing in

that photosynthesis was not changed with the increase of CO2. The encrusting coralline

algae Hydrolithon sp. decreased calcification by approximately 20% in an acidified

medium of 7.6, but increased photosynthesis by 13% (SEMESI et al., 2009).

Moreover, studies by PORZIO et al. (2011) demonstrate a loss of 25% of coralline algae

diversity in environments that are naturally acidified by submerged winds of CO2 off the

Italian coast. These changes in the phytobenthic communities in acidified environments

reinforce the hypothesis that different ecophysiological susceptibilities of different

taxonomic groups should result in profound changes in the physiognomy of these benthic

environments in the coming decades.

In another sense, when dealing with temperature, a major factor in physiological responses,

the already-mentioned elevation in the atmosphere is gradually transferred to the marine

environment (BERNHARDT; LESLIE, 2013; IPCC 2007). Since 1961, temperature

21

measurements have been taken in the atmosphere, but a significant increase began to be

noted in the 80s, having an influence on both terrestrial and ocean surfaces (IPCC, 2007).

Consequently, the average global ocean temperature increased until a depth of at least 3000

m, absorbing up to 80% of the heat generated on the surface (IPCC, 2007).

This warming of seawater can result in different responses in organisms that live in shallow

areas. According to RICHARDSON (2008), the warming affects algae community

structure, natural alternations of their life cycles and consequently, its phenology and

ditribution.

All these changes can have a decisive impact on the changes in the distribution of

populations, expanding the edges of tropical population to higher latitudes, or excluding

populations of colder waters (low temperature dependents) of their current subtropical or

warm temperate environments, pushing them beyond these edges. In macroalgae, such

changes would be diverse. In the case of green algae, such as Ulva spp., increasing

temperature leads to an acceleration of metabolism, that is, as temperature increase is

promoted, growth generally increases (LUO et al., 2012). Red macroalgae like Gracilaria

spp. may be highly tolerant to high temperatures, showing good growth (CHOI et al.,

2006). On the other hand, in calcified organisms such as species of coral like Turbinaria

mesenterina, mortalities of up to 16.7% were observed when they were exposed to high

temperatures (31°C) (FAXNELD et al., 2010). Meanwhile, for Porolithon onkodes, the

increase in CO2 caused high mortality and necrosis only when under high temperatures

(greater than 28°C), this resulting as the limiting factor (DIAZ-PULIDO et al., 2012). In

experiments under a controlled environment made by MARTIN and GATTUSO (2009)

with encrusting alga, Lithophyllum cabiochiae from the Mediterranean, an additive effect

of temperature was observed, resulting in higher mortality, necrosis and dissolution of

calcareous skeleton at high temperature. Thus, the excessive increase in temperature,

especially in the shallower areas, generally results in the impairment of coralline algae

metabolism as observed by LATHAM (2008). This author observed bleaching, or

degradation of photosynthetic pigments, and the consequent reduction of the photosynthetic

capacity of articulated coralline alga Corallina officinalis, a widely distributed alga

throughout the world’s oceans.

22

Much of the efforts that addressed the impact of climate change on the biology of marine

primary producers remains limited and has dealt with aspects related to two initial

treatment factors, acidification and temperature increase (WERNBERG et al., 2012).

However, these factors are occurring in a concomitant way, with other factors related to

various processes associated with climate change. Thus, the increase in rainfall in some

areas (FAXNELD et al., 2010), as predicted for the south-central region of South America

(IPCC, 2007), should act in parallel to the first two factors changing environmental

conditions, especially in coastal regions.

Drainage basins represent an important focus for evaluating interactions between local

stressors (HOWARTH et al., 1995; CANALS; & BALLESTEROS, 1996) and an important

factor in relation to climate change, such as variation in rainfall. Scenarios that predict more

intense and frequent rainfall should result in more runoff, with more erosive power. Thus,

larger volumes of sediment and pollutants will be transported to the continental shelf,

severely impacting these formations in coastal regions, which may result in complete burial

for long periods of time.

WILSON et al. (2004) demonstrated different environmental factors in their study that can

influence the survival and growth of rhodoliths. In this study, authors evaluated the impact

of three different substrates: coarse gravel, fine sand and muddy sediments rich in hydrogen

sulfide. The results showed that rhodoliths on the substrate buried under gravel had less

severe effects than those buried in the fine sediment. Authors infer that the differences

observed are related to the limitation of the movement of water around the thalli, which

also restricts gas exchange. Muddy sediment rich in sulfide was quite harmful to organisms,

both on the surface and for those buried, and all died after a few weeks. Therefore, besides

affecting the availability of light, burial limits the movement of interstitial water and

availability of gas for breathing or even photosynthetic purposes, and, may in fact lead to

death of these organisms. RIUL et al. (2008) evaluated the impact of the deposition of a

thin layer of sediment and reinforced the WILSON group results, since they document a

70% reduction in the production of oxygen by the coralline algae evaluated. This reduction

in primary production severely impacts the rhodolith-forming alga, and has high potential

to compromise the settlement of diversity associated with these beds.

23

A greater amount of precipitation increases the conduction of nutrients from urban and

rural environments, fertilizing even more coastal areas (FAXNELD et al., 2010; VIAROLI

et al., 2005). Moreover, currently the growth of the human population and the use of

coastal areas represents the main source of enrichment of the marine environment, as a

result of increased sewage discharges (HALPERN et al., 2008; LUO et al., 2012;

TEICHBERG et al., 2010) and changes in the structure of phytobenthic communities from

urbanized environments (MARTINS et al., 2012, SCHERNER et al., 2012).

The role of the increase of dissolved nutrients in our rhodolith beds becomes extremely

important (WILSON et al., 2004). The inorganic nitrogen, such as nitrate, and phosphate

are the two most important nutrients for macroalgal growth and are, consequently, what

promotes excessive blooms in macroalgae biomass (TEICHBERG et al., 2010; VIAROLI

et al., 2005), promoting shifts in the benthic community (SCHENER et al., 2012). Thus,

nitrogen and phosphorus are considered the limiting nutrients for bioaccumulation of

biomass and productivity of marine ecosystems (ZEHR; KUDELA, 2011). Opportunistic

species, such as Ulva spp., are highly favored in terms of growth with increasing quantities

of nitrogen containing compounds like nitrate and ammonia-N and phosphate (LUO et al.,

2012). Besides this, macroalgae blooms have many negative effects such as their

accumulation in different environments and the associated drastic changes this produces,

restructuring natural communities and ecosystem functions (TEICHBERG et al., 2010).

RUSSELL et al. (2009) observed that filamentos turfs are highly favored by the increase of

nutrients, promoting increases of coverage and photosynthesis. On the other hand, perennial

species such as Sargassum stenophyllum are not favored by increasing nutrients, since it

displays a decrease in photosynthesis with increasing concentrations of nutrients such as

ammonia, but favoring opportunistic species such as Ulva lactuca (SCHERNER et al.,

2012). These effects were observed especially in photosynthesis, and decreased when

ammonia concentrations were higher. However, in other types of algae, like Ulva lactuca,

the increase in these nutrients benefitted photosynthesis. Thus, pollution of coastal areas

affects algae differently, depending on the species and eventual interaction with other

factors (MARTINS et al., 2012). GRALL and HALL-SPENCER (2003) described the

effects of agricultural, urban sewage and industrial waste on rhodolith beds in France. The

main consequences of such pollution are similar to those described for other types of

24

sedimentary habitats and environments. There is an increase in siltation and a higher

abundance and biomass of opportunistic species which replace sensitive ones. There is a

radical change in the associated biota together with a reduction in species diversity and area

of live rhodolith cover. The authors mention two rhodolith beds that have been killed in the

Bay of Brest, both of which were situated directly under sewage outflows.

Among all the factors that determine the structure of a rhodolith bed, the regime of waves

and currents are the most significant (ATABAY, 1998). Rhodolith beds are formed from

high energy hydrodynamic regimes. The fragmentation of coralline algae deposits

culminates into the formation of new individuals, with storms being the main driving force

for the formation of rhodolith beds. However, rhodolith beds do not develop if the water

dynamic is excessively strong and promote breaking and unsustainable loss rates of thalli,

or transport of invividuals out of otherwise suitable habitats. Likewise, weak current and

wave action cause either stabilization and growth into large algal frameworks, or burial by

fine sediments leading to death (MARRACK, 1999, FOSTER et al., 2013). Although

poorly documented (FREIWALD, 1995), these phenomena are key in understanding the

structure of the rhodolith bed community. Water transparency is also a fundamental factor

in the distribution of such communities (CANALS; BALLESTEROS, 1996). On the other

hand, considering the occurrence of extreme events (storms), which can generate waves

with high erosive power, hydrodynamics can be detrimental for rhodolith beds as well as

for the associated community.

As documented by AMADO-FILHO et al. (2010) and PASCELLI et al. (2013), the

diversity and abundance of the associated community from a shallow-water rhodolith bed is

inversely related to the frequency and intensity of extreme events, or cold fronts. These

phenomena may increase the frequency of the rolling of rhodoliths, eroding the surface, and

reducing the diversity and biomass of algae that constitute much of the diversity associated

with these beds. It should also be considered that these phenomena also reduce light

availability near the bottom, theoretically reducing the potential primary production of

these formations.

Interaction between factors

25

There are different approaches in which factors such as temperature, acidification and

nutrients can be treated: (1) synergy: the factors act jointly on the object of study, having a

greater effect than the sum of the effects of each factor; (2) isolated: the factors are studied

independently; (3) additive: the factors that are being combined in an experiment act

independently from each other; (4) antagonistic: the factors have a negative interaction, one

canceling the other. Most studies have focused on one factor at a time, few as a whole.

Despite this, the greatest impacts identified in organisms have been observed when factors

are applied synergistically as well as being what would be observed in the future in natural

environments (WERNBERG et al., 2012)

Some examples of synergy are given by RUSSELL et al. (2009), who observed the

synergistic effect of CO2 and nutrients on photosynthesis and coverage parameters as

compromising the performance of calcareous algae and encouraging, when combined,

performance of filamentous algae. Another example where combined factors have a greater

impact on the algae, was given by GAO and ZHENG (2010), where UV and acidification

act synergistically reducing photosynthesis, calcification, capturing light by pigments,

growth and increasing photoprotective action of the alga Corallina sesilis. Meanwhile,

MARTIN and GATTUSO (2009) observed a synergistic interaction between CO2 and

temperature factors, where the increase of CO2 and temperature drastically affected the

calcification of the skeleton of encrusting, Lithophyllum cabiochiae. Authors suggest that

decalcification from increased CO2 caused algae to become more sensitive to temperature

increases. Another example of synergy was observed by RODOLFO-METALPA (2011),

who described mortality to be 50 to 80% when low pH (7.1-7.2) and high temperature

(28°C) were combined. DIAZ-PULIDO et al. (2012) observed that there was greater

necrosis and mortality of the seaweed, Porolithon onkodes, only when it was under low pH

and high temperature, indicating the strong interaction between these factors. Considering

the interaction between these factors we can hypothesis that rhodolith beds should have a

deep change in the physiognomy, due the fitness reduction of the rhodoliths followed by

the antagonic behavior of fleshy algae, that should present increases in abundance in these

environments warmer and acidified (Figure 6).

26

FIGURE 6. Schematic representation of rhodolith bed physiognomy impacted by warmer

and acidified waters in the future oceans as predicted by the IPPC (2007).

Final consideration

Although important and abundant throughout the Brazilian coast, rhodolith beds are still

poorly understood and are under threat, facing unquestionable factors related to climate

27

change and its possible interactions with local stressors. There is a demand for networking

within the scientific community so that we have a strong, collective effort to perform the

first characterization of these formations in Brazilian coastal waters. This characterization

on a large scale will provide us with a better understanding of the factors that determine

different patterns of diversity and abundance. This pioneering survey will also allow the

selection of key areas for implementation of a program for long-term monitoring, which

would manage vital information for the creation and improvement of models that will

enhance our ability to predict the distribution of these beds and their associated fauna and

flora in the coming decades.

Information coming from medium and large scale experiments under controlled conditions

should provide important insights about what these communities face today and in future

environments. Therefore, the Brazilian scientific community still lacks transinstitutional

structures that enable realization of these experiments, which will be vital for us to have the

most appropriate strategies for mitigation, remediation or even adaptation to future

scenarios related to global climate change. These grants will enhance our ability to manage

these environments, optimizing the process of managing coastal and ocean environments

where rhodolith beds are fundamental.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Financial support was provided by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e

Tecnológico (CNPq 306917/2009-2 to PA Horta), INCT-RedeClima, Rebentos, Fundação

de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP-BIOTA), Coordenação de

Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES/PNPD02828/09-0 and

CAPES/PNADB 2338000071/2010-61 to PA Horta).

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MUDANÇAS CLIMÁTICAS EM MANGUEZAIS E MARISMAS

CLIMATE CHANGES IN MANGROVES AND SALT MARSHES


MUDANÇAS CLIMÁTICAS EM MANGUEZAIS E MARISMAS

CLIMATE CHANGES IN MANGROVES AND SALT MARSHES

Autores (Authors)

Yara SchaefferNovelli: Doutora (Livre Docente) em Ciências Biológicas Professora Sênior do Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil)

Eduardo Juan SorianoSierra: PósDoutor em Ecologia de Ecossistemas Professor do Núcleo de Estudos do Mar Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil

Claudia Câmara do Vale: Doutora em Geografia e Pósdoutora pela Michigan State University, Center for Global Change and Earth Professora do Departamento de Geografia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES

Elaine Bernini: Pósdoutora em Oceanografia Professora do Departamento de Engenharia e Meio Ambiente, Centro de Ciências Aplicadas e Educação, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Litoral Norte, Rio Tinto, PB, Brasil

André Scarlate Rovai: Mestre em Ecologia Doutorando na Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil & Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA

Marcelo Antonio Amaro Pinheiro: Doutor em Ciências Biológicas Zoologia Professor do Campus do Litoral Paulista (CLP), da Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Vicente, SP, Brasil

Anders Jensen Schmidt: Doutor em Oceanografia Biológica Biólogo atuante junto ao Projeto Manguezal, CEPENE Caravelas, BA, Brasil

Renato de Almeida: Doutor em Oceanografia Biológica Professor da Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, CCAAB, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brasil

Clemente Coelho Júnior: Doutor em Oceanografia Professor Adjunto do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Pernambuco & DiretorPresidente do Instituto BiomaBrasil, Recife, PE, Brasil

Ricardo Palamar Menghini: Doutor em Oceanografia Membro do Instituto BiomaBrasil

Diego Igawa Martinez: Mestre em Oceanografia Analista de Projetos do Programa Costa Atlântica, Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica & Membro do Instituto BiomaBrasil

Guilherme Moraes de Oliveira Abuchahla: Mestrado em Environmental Management Doutorando do Programa de PósGraduação em Ciência Ambiental, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil

Marília CunhaLignon: Doutora em Oceanografia Professora do Curso de Pósgraduação em Gestão Ambiental da UNESP Campus do Litoral Paulista, São Vicente, SP & Membro do Instituto BiomaBrasil

Sarah CharlierSarubo: Doutora em Oceanografia Membro do Instituto BiomaBrasil

Jussara ShirazawaFreitas: Mestre em Ciência Ambiental Membro do Instituto BiomaBrasil

Gilberto CintrónMolero: Doctor in Biologic Sciences Division of International Conservation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of Interior, U.S.A.


aumento do nível médio relativo do mar, indicadores biológicos, manguezal, marisma, mudanças climáticas

biological indicators, climate changes, mangroves, salt marshes, sea level rise


Manguezais e marismas possuem características que os tornam potencialmente sensíveis às alterações nas forçantes ambientais. São considerados bons indicadores para alterações no nível médio relativo do mar. Predições e interpretação de respostas de um manguezal ou de uma marisma não devem ser analisadas independentemente dos fatores que as afetam, podendo variar muito sob uma perspectiva regional. A capacidade de manguezais e marismas de se adaptarem, e até sobreviverem, a despeito das variações climáticas, não depende somente das propriedades individuais das espécies vegetais típicas, mas dos processos que operam ao nível da paisagem (local) e escalas regionais. A zona costeira deve ser considerada como espaço prioritário para ações de gestão diante das mudanças climáticas, independente de sua gênese antrópica ou natural, e o monitoramento a médio e longo prazos da dinâmica do ecossistema deve ser vista como prioridade.

The characteristics of mangrove and salt marsh ecosystems make them highly sensitive to environmental changes. As such, those ecosystems are reliable indicators of sea level changes. Predictions and interpretations of shifts in mangroves and salt marshes must be analyzed considering their energetic signature, once stressors may vary widely from a regional perspective. The potential for adaptation and survival in response to climate change will depend, in addition to the inherent properties of species, on processes at the landscape and regional levels. Regardless of the genesis (natural or anthropic) of the coastal zone, these zones should be primary targets for actions in coastal zone management and climate change mitigation, through longterm ecosystembased research and monitoring programs.

Trabalho submetido em (Article's submission in): 8/25/2014 9:58:26 AM

Instituição (Affiliation): Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, SP

Correspondência (Correspondence): Praça do Oceanográfico, 191 CEP: 05508120 Cidade Universitária, São Paulo (SP) BrasiL




1 Part 1 – Introduction

2 1.1 Mangrove and salt marsh ecosystems

3 Mangroves and salt marshes are characterized by facultative halophyte plant species and

can be described as brackish or salt water ecosystems colonizing coastal sedimentary deposits

(muddy, sandy or clay). The plant communities of mangrove ecosystems are unlike any other

terrestrial tropical forest, due to the peculiar environmental conditions in which they become

established. These plant species are characteristic to one of the facies that comprise the

mangrove ecosystem continuum. The seaward facies is absent of plant colonization, presenting

itself as a mudflat, which is exposed during every neap tide. Landwards, the mangrove stand is

then characterized by true mangrove species. The apicum (salt flat), the innermost facies, may

not always be present. Its occurrence is associated with lower precipitation regimes, being

exclusively washed during spring tides.

4 The flora of salt marshes, which are adapted to lower temperatures, may colonize the same

areas, occurring over the entire coastline and dominating temperate zones. Mangrove

associated salt marshes can form a band of tall grass in front of mangrove vegetation,

facilitating the establishment of new seedlings that will later replace the grass species

(LEWIS; DUSTAN, 1975). When salt marshes are not associated with mangroves, the entire

intertidal muddy area may give rise to extensive grasslands.

5 The typical vegetation of mangroves and salt marshes shows specific adaptations to the

environment it inhabits. These morphological and physiological characteristics are limited

mainly by the range of the intertidal zone, gradients of salinity and the presence of poorly

oxygenated muddy sediments. Therefore, changes in these wetland zones or in the structural

development of mangrove forests can be correlated with different frequencies of flooding

(frequency, duration, and amplitude), variations in salinity, and changes in the granulometric

composition (SCHAEFFERNOVELLI et al., 2002; CUNHALIGNON et al., 2011a; CHARLIER

SARUBO et al., 2015). Thus, freshwaterdominated environments automatically exclude

mangrove plants due to the better adaptation of freshwater plants (glycophytes) to these

areas. Similarly, the most typical species of salt marshes are optional halophytes, but some of

these species are strictly intolerant of salinities below a minimum value (SORIANOSIERRA et

al., 2015). These intolerant species represent reliable indicators of changes in salinity.

6 Some plant species found in other ecosystems also can occur in mangroves. These species

are particularly abundant in the apicum facies, where there is a predominance of herbaceous

plants, such as Sesuvium portulacastrum L., Eleocharis mutata (L.) Roem. & Schult.,

Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth. and Salicornia sp. (L.), along with several species of

microorganisms adapted to coexist with the dominant harsh physical and chemical conditions

(SCHAEFFERNOVELLI et al., 2002). Cyanophyceae (family Nostocaceae) and some

Chlorophyceae algae (e.g., Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey, 1849) grow in these areas and

can be used as food for deposit feeders, such as fiddler crabs of the genus Uca Leach, 1814

(DIELE; KOCH, 2010). For instance, cyanophytes are important nitrogen fixers, and nitrogen can

be leached or transported by the ebb tide, thus enriching the adjacent mangrove forest

(PALING; MCCOMB, 1994; PALING et al., 2003).

7 The floristic diversity found in salt marshes shows latitudinal variation, with poor diversity

near the Equator (five species) and higher diversity in the temperate zone (twenty species).

This diversity is temperature dependent but is also affected by the presence of brackish water,

promoting a constant gradient of species as a function of salinity and the tidal flood duration.

Several other salttolerant plants can develop within these salt marshes, mainly on small

elevations of the substrate along the channels, significantly increasing floristic diversity

(SORIANOSIERRA et al., 2015). In the tropical zone some biological stressors, such as

competition for space and the shading of trees on salt marsh vegetation, result in less

development and structural complexity than in the temperate zone, where the intensity of

physical stressors, such as water and air temperature, is lower.

8 Distribution, species composition and structure of mangroves need to be understood in the

context of everchanging sedimentologicgeomorphic conditions (THOM, 1975). Therefore,

mangroves must be interpreted on the basis of the landforms they occupy. Tidal flats are ramp

like structures that slope gently from the highest water level to lowest, formed by fine

sediments that have accumulated as a wedge, or ramp, within the intertidal zone. Tidal flats

are the basic unit upon which mangroves and salt marshes develop, with their boundaries

possibly extending from a few to hundreds of meters. The range of a tidal flat varies depending

on the terrain slope and accordingly, the tidal flooding frequency and duration vary as well.

Along the intertidal zone, there is horizontal zonation, which impinges upon a continuum of

mangrove ecosystem facies (i.e., expressions of the same ecosystem).

9 According to Thom (1984), each environment provides the physical conditions in which

different mangrove plant species can develop in five settings: (I) riverdominated

environments; (II) tidedominated environments; (III) wavedominated environments; (IV)

wave and riverdominated environments; and (V) drowned valleys (Figure 1). These setting are

characterized by individual adaptations, tolerances, and requirements associated with such

factors as tidal levels, flooding, salinity or edaphic constraints. Furthermore, local climatic

conditions can change some characteristics of a mangrove forest, imposing limits on

colonization, growth, and development (THOM, 1984; WOODROFFE, 1987; SCHAEFFERNOVELLI

et al., 1990; CINTRÓNMOLERO; SCHAEFFERNOVELLI, 1992; VALE, 2010).

10 Mangrove trees confer a peculiar physiognomy on the ecosystem (mangrove forest). When

exposed to a tidal flood, this feature exports particulate matter (e.g., leaves, twigs, seedlings)

that will decompose in adjacent water bodies (e.g., rivers, estuaries, coastal waters) and

therefore be converted into dissolved organic matter (JAFFÉ et al., 2004; DUNN et al., 2008).

Inwards along the mangrove continuum, in shallow depressions, basintype facies occur (LUGO;

SNEDAKER, 1974). Much of the litter in these systems is decomposed in these areas and then

exported as dissolved organic matter (DOM) or finer particulate matter, which are of great

ecological relevance to adjacent areas (SCHAEFFERNOVELLI et al., 2002).

11 Likewise, on higher grounds, the apicum facies can be found. This hypersaline facies,

although bare of vascular vegetation, act as a reservoir of nutrients and provide support for the

developmental stages of some invertebrates associated with mangroves, among many other

functions that are essential to the maintenance of the coastal zone. Apicuns are typical

features of mangroves in certain global regions (SCHAEFFERNOVELLI et al., 1990; SAINTILAN;

WILLIAMS, 1999; STEVENS et al., 2006). These facies host a microbial complex of

Cyanobacteria and Archaea, forming a 'biofilm' to which a broad range of chemical compounds

can be incorporated (LACERDA et al., 2001). Thus, the formation of biogenic sediment occurs,

over which mangroves can expand, in addition to being used as grazing material or simply

being exported as fragmented matter.

12 << FIGURE 1 >>

13 Figure 1. Generalized representation of estuarine environments in relation to the

colonization and development of mangrove ecosystems (shaded). The five environments

(settings) occur on the back and reworked terrigenous deposition dominated by sandy and

muddy sediments: A) River dominated; B) Tide dominated; C) Wave dominated; D) Wave and

river dominated; and E) Drowned valley (Modified from WOODROFFE, 1992).

14 Mangroves exhibit a discontinuous distribution along the Brazilian coast, covering an area

of 9,600 km2, representing the third largest mangrove area worldwide in a single country (GIRI

et al., 2011). According to Spalding et al. (2010), Brazilian mangroves hold the second position

globally, occupying an estimated area of 13,000 km2. These values correspond to 7 to 8.5% of

the total mangrove area in the world, respectively (FAO, 2007; SPALDING et al., 2010; GIRI et

al., 2011). In Brazil, mangroves occur from Amapá state (04º20' N) to Santa Catarina state

(28º30'S) and may present a continuum of different features, depending on the profile of the

coastline and the frequency/amplitude of the tides (SCHAEFFERNOVELLI et al., 1990; SOARES

et al., 2012). Brazil's salt marshes occur all along the sheltered coast, either associated with

mangroves or not, and they might develop better at higher latitudes due to their tolerance of

low temperatures.

15 1.2 Ecosystem functions and services of mangroves and salt marshes

16 The notion of wetlands as carbon sinks has triggered increasing interest in developing ways

to assess the magnitude of carbon storage. However, the simplification of wetlands as sinks is

imperfect and could lead to serious underestimation of their role in the global carbon cycle. A

shortcoming of the conventional view of wetlands as sinks is the prominence attributed to

carbon storage in woody structures and discrete reservoirs, whereas in coastal wetlands and

estuaries, much of the biomass is microbial, with a high turnover ratio and output per unit of

biomass due to the high surfacetovolume ratio. Hydrodynamic transport disperses organisms

and organic aggregates widely over the whole system (NELLEMANN et al., 2009).

17 The mangrove underground biomass aggregates particles of sediment, contributing to

substrate and soil building and local surface elevation (WELLS; COLEMAN, 1981; HUXMAN et

al., 2010), in addition to optimization of the capacity of the mangrove sediment to act as a

carbon sink (SEMENIUK, 1980; NELLEMANN et al., 2009; HUXMAN et al., 2010; BOUILLON,

2011; DONATO et al., 2011). Thus, it is worth mentioning the importance of both mangroves

and salt marshes in fixing atmospheric carbon, as well as trapping and stabilizing it (or

exporting it) for later deposition elsewhere. In fact, these coastal systems are coupled to

oceanic transport mechanisms via tidal action and currents, which can result in a carbon

dispersal or deposition in shelf or deep water reservoirs (BAUER et al., 2013).

18 The concept of a ‘carbon biological pump’ (living and dead phytoplankton cells, microscopic

grazers and predators, detritus particles, and bacterial aggregates) is used in marine

biogeochemistry to describe the suite of biologically mediated processes that transport carbon

from the euphotic zone to the deep ocean (NELLEMANN et al., 2009). In this context, wetlands

(particularly coastal wetlands) function as analogous carbon biological pumps and similarly fix,

process, store or transport carbon from land to adjacent marine waters, where it feeds the

marine organic pump. Thus, the conventional view fails in some regards, as follows: a) carbon

fixation is not exclusively carried out by macrophytes, but by an ensemble of producers

(including microbial) that act at multiple scales and aggregate as an interactive functional

system; b) carbon production is diverse, including POC (particulate organic carbon) and DOC

(dissolved organic carbon), which are not stored in a single place, due to dispersion by

hydrodynamic forces throughout a complex geomorphic depositional system; and c) coastal

wetlands behave as carbon pumps embedded in the global carbon cycle, with a significant

amount of carbon being exported offshore where it complements marine food webs and the

marine carbon pump. Pumps are not rated based on their storage capacity but on their flow,

and they must be rated according to their capacity to fix, process and transport carbon, rather

than merely their storage capacity (NELLEMANN et al., 2009).

19 The most productive and structurally developed mangroves (settings I, II and V) are

generally those that receive larger subsidies of terrigenous sediment, freshwater supplies and

nutrients (THOM, 1984), accumulating large quantities of biomass. Mangrove settings III and

IV exhibit intermediate characteristics related to productivity, freshwater inflow, terrigenous

sediment, and nutrient input. Thus, structurally welldeveloped mangrove forests can be found

in active geomorphologic areas, subjected to strong deepwater depositional input and erosion

processes (KJERFVE et al., 2002). These types of environments are mosaics of habitats,

including active centers where new vegetation establishes itself and areas of stable growth as

well as areas showing loss of forests and eroding or downgrading substrates (SCHAEFFER

NOVELLI et al., 2002).

20 The root system (underground) is one of the most important structural components of

mangrove and salt marsh ecosystems, giving rise to thick and fibrous muds, such as those

associated with the areas covered by trees of the genus Rhizophora (HESSE, 1961) or grasses

of the genus Spartina (SORIANOSIERRA et al., 2015). This process of substrate elevation is

the result of sediment retention due to increased root biomass, leading to the formation of

depositional terraces that can be expanded seawards via progradation or inland via rising sea

levels (ALONGI et al., 2008; GILMAN et al., 2008).

21 Part 2 – Mangrove and salt marsh ecosystems' associated fauna and its response to

climate change

22 The biodiversity of mangroves and salt marshes is spatially distributed according to

environmental gradients provided by the various types of fresh water (fluvial, rainwater,

groundwater, and land drainage) and salt or brackish water (tidal currents), as well as by

siltation and/or erosive processes (SCHAEFFERNOVELLI et al., 1990; SORIANOSIERRA et al.,

2015; PINHEIRO; ALMEIDA, 2015).

23 Environmental gradients allow different patterns of spatial distribution of animal species:

horizontal zonation, from the edge of the channel to upland areas; vertical zonation, from the

canopy to the ground; and axial zonation, from the estuary mouth to its uppermost area (e.g.,

SCHLACHER; WOODRIDGE, 1996; DIELE et al., 2010; SCHMIDT et al., 2013).The overlap of all

different gradients and the resulting zonation patterns form a complex system (see CUNHA

LIGNON et al., 2011b) that can be easily disrupted by side effects of climate change, such as

sea level rise and change in rainfall patterns.

24 Due to the complexity of the processes determining the spatial distribution of faunal

species, climate changes may critically influence mangrove biodiversity. Thus, an increase in

the average mean sea level would promote displacement of the zones of occurrence

(preference) of some species landward, which is particularly worrisome for those species

occurring under low flooding frequencies. This is the case of the mangrove crab (Ucides

cordatus), one of the most important Brazilian fisheries resources. Crab recruitment occurs

mainly close to the lower limit of the apicum (SCHMIDT, 2009), where special conditions allow

higher aggregation and better development of juveniles (PINHEIRO; ALMEIDA, 2015). Crabs of

this species are distributed spatially to form high densities of small individuals in less flooded

mangrove features and sandrich sediment areas, and they are also observed in the apicum

(DIELE, 2000; SCHMIDT et al., 2009, 2013 PINHEIRO; ALMEIDA, 2015). It is expected for the

recruitment zone of U. cordatus to move toward the upland with sea level rise. Therefore any

human occupation at the apicum (e.g., by shrimp farming) may prevent this natural

displacement and reduce the available space for recruitment (SCHMIDT et al., 2013).

25 Other economically important species in Brazil, the land crab (Cardisoma guanhumi) may

also be harmed by climate change, mainly in association with direct anthropogenic influence.

Studies indicate that recruitment of this species occurs in the apicum facies, with subsequent

migration to the contiguous terrestrial vegetation. An opposite migration occurs when the

ovigerous females periodically leave this terrestrial vegetation (restinga) and migrate through

the apicum to release larvae into mangrove channels and tidal creeks (GIFFORD, 1962).

Therefore, both recruitment and reproduction of C. guanhumi depend on the apicum which

tends to shrink with the increasing sea level. In addition, human occupation of the apicum

hampers both the migration of the females for larval release and the arrival of recruits, leading

the local population of C. guanhumi to collapse (SCHMIDT et al., 2013).

26 Both C. guanhumi and U. cordatus are potential bioindicators of climate change in Brazilian

mangroves since their spatial distribution are explained by distinct arboreal mangroves facies

which can change with sea level rise (NORDHAUS et al., 2006, 2009; SCHMIDT et al., 2013;

WUNDERLICH; PINHEIRO, 2013; PINHEIRO; ALMEIDA, 2015). Particularly burrowing crabs are

also suitable indicators, because estimations of abundance (or density) can be conducted by

counting the openings of their galleries, which reduces sampling time (SCHMIDT et al., 2008;

PINHEIRO; ALMEIDA, 2015).

27 Some sessile invertebrates are also good indicators of changes in the relative mean sea

level. Sea level variations can be readily detected based on the vertical displacement of

boundaries of sessile invertebrates, such as oysters (VOLETY et al., 2009), that grow

aggregated to the lower structures of mangrove trees near the margin of estuarine channels. A

particular area of the mangrove forest cannot be evaluated independent of numerous factors

that vary strongly from a regional perspective. A mangrove’s ability to adapt and survive

(independent of changes in sea level) depends not only on the properties of individual plant

species, but also on processes that operate at local and regional environmental scales

(SCHAEFFERNOVELLI et al., 2002, 2005a). Another highlight is the importance of monitoring

some animal groups with functional importance within the ecosystem. Information associated

with the ecosystem’s structural characteristics improves our understanding of structural

responses facing climate change and sea level rise and their influence on faunal structure and

composition (SKILLETER; WARREN, 2000; ALFARO, 2010).

28 Therefore, it is recommended that studies on the responses of mangrove and salt marsh

associated wild fauna and flora to climate change (locally, regionally or globally) should target

species, populations or communities that are readily identifiable and show good representation

in the ecosystem.

29 2.3 Mangrove and salt marsh ecosystems as bioindicators of sea level changes

30 Good indicators should provide clear signals and respond appropriately in an appropriate

time interval; i.e., the best responses for this purpose are not delayed, easily suppressed, or

obscured by other factors (BELLA; JACOBS, 1992; SCHAEFFERNOVELLI et al., 2002). These

criteria are attended by mangroves and salt marshes, making them potential indicators of sea

level changes.

31 Although many features qualify mangrove and salt marsh ecosystems as good indicators of

changes in the relative mean sea level, some specific characteristics must be considered in the

prediction or interpretation of responses to contemporary conditions, such as the tectonics of

each region (history of the relative sea level), the impacts of human activities, hydrological

levels (local and regional), the supply of sediment, and oceanographic processes

(geomorphology and hydrodynamics) (THOM, 1982; JELGERSMA et al., 2002; HADLICH; UCHA,

2009; SCHAEFFERNOVELLI et al., 2002, 2005a, 2015).

32 Changes in the structure of an ecosystem, including its different physiognomies, are

controlled largely by inter and intraspecific competition and the selection of propagules

(SHERMAN, 2002), with chemical and physical factors showing lesser importance. After a certain

degree of stability (successional equilibrium) is reached in each physiognomy, further

modifications only occur in association with natural disturbances (e.g., lightning, hurricanes,

tsunamis, rainfall and temperature extremes, and variation of the average sea level) or human

induced disturbances (e.g., dams, embankments, pipes, dikes, dredging), promoting instability

and new ecosystem physiognomy structuring (SCHAEFFERNOVELLI et al., 2015).

33 When mangroves and salt marshes respond to pulses in events/processes (e.g., erosion,

deposition, frost, droughts, floods, undertows, frontal systems), they may reflect current

climate changes that have not yet been registered (SCHAEFFERNOVELLI et al., 2005b). Many

of these responses may not be sufficiently evident to be identified and monitored. However,

those arising from erosion/deposition processes, represented by pulses of losses of the

mangrove fringe and colonization of the apicuns or immediate inland areas, are already being

recorded in a number of mangroves in various regions of the world, including Brazil (SOARES et

al., 2005).

34 Part 3 – Effects of climate change on mangrove and salt marsh ecosystems

35 3.1 Wetlands and climate changes

36 Changes in temperature, pluviosity, extreme events (e.g., hurricanes, storms, etc.), and

atmospheric CO2 concentrations are important factors that promote impacts related to rising

sea levels in wetlands. The responses of mangroves and salt marshes to climate change

results from the interaction of these natural forces (ALONGI, 2008; WEBB et al., 2013; UNEP,

2014).

37 Coastal areas might suffer dramatic alteration in their sedimentation processes, because of

climate change, e.g., turning depositional areas into erosive areas (and vice versa) over time.

The transport of sediment may be intensified by increasing the erosive rate (CUNHALIGNON et

al., 2011a). However, because of the low energy of these settings, much of this material is

deposited elsewhere. Therefore, different flood regimes and hydrodynamics promote differential

deposition of the granulometric fractions of the sediment, generating specific niches for fixation

and differential development of tree species, with respect to their optimum morpho

physiological preferences. Mangroves and salt marshes are closely coupled to climate change

due to atmospheric and oceanographic conditions. Processes leading to drastic changes in

mangrove and salt marsh soil stability jeopardize other systems.

Climate changes may accelerate both estuarine erosional and depositional processes, due to

decrease in river flow and increase in sediment transport (MARINS et al., 2003). Effects on

mangroves and salt marshes may vary from loss in root biomass and in substrate stability to

the drowning of plant species, causing vegetation coverage to diminish. The sediments that

remain adhered to the root mass are more susceptible to erosion and can be transported by the

tidal flow to estuarine areas, causing filling of the whole estuary, as well as the navigable

canals and adjacent coastal zone. This process of substrate erosion is very similar to that

described by Semeniuk (1980) along the northwest coast of Australia. According to this author,

‘sheet’ erosion occurs more readily during neap tides, due to the extensive exposure of the

tidal flats to desiccation through evaporation, favoring the growth of salt crystals and the

disruption of mud aggregates. After two or four weeks, spring tides quickly pass through this

hard muddy stratum, and water fills the cavities (e.g., crab burrows). Salt crystals then

dissolve; loosen up the mud, which will collapse. Promptly after the mud becomes a dense

suspension, which can be quickly eroded (by flood tide), the loosen particles will be then

transported by the ebb currents to the sea (VALE, 2010).

The origin of erosion processes across mangrove areas could be attributed to an increase in the

relative sea level, but this phenomenon is potentially accelerated when human activities are

poorly planned. Good management practices should seek to understand the disordered

occupation of the coastline as well as how the use and occupation of areas along river basins

affect the sediment input and possible subsidence. Therefore, one must consider the

correlation between natural processes, inherent to the physical environment, and human

activities, while attempting to understand the evolution and the setting of an estuarine system

and its phytogeographic elements. Understanding the articulation of coastal and inland areas,

along with oceanic processes (e.g., currents, tides and waves), is crucial for determining

possible causes of disruption in mangroves areas (VALE, 2010).

The present scenarios suggest that the increase in air temperatures (as in sea water) may alter

the distribution and composition of species, increase or decrease productivity, increase

respiration rates and modify the reproductive phenology of mangrove and salt marsh species

(FIELD, 1995; CHEESEMAN et al., 1997; SOARES et al., 2012).

Increased rates of rainfall may elevate silt deposition, plant productivity and diversity and alter

species distributions (ELLISON, 2000, 2015; KRAUSS et al., 2003; WHELAN et al., 2005). A

rainfall deficit could lead to loss of mangrove areas due to declines in productivity and the

survival of seedlings and changes in interspecific competition (FIELD, 1995; ALONGI, 2008).

Hurricanes and other extreme events may result in mass mortality, erosion, siltation, and

decreased productivity (JIMENEZ et al., 1985; ALONGI, 2008; YANAGISAWA et al., 2009).

Moreover, an increased concentration of atmospheric CO2 promotes higher photosynthesis rates

and growth of mangroves (UNEP, 1994; BALL et al., 1997), although reduced respiration may

occur at higher temperatures, near the physiological thresholds imposed by water deficits, and

at higher salinities caused by increased evaporation.

Coastlines colonized by mangroves and salt marshes are exposed to extensive and virtually

continuous disruptions as a result of sealevel fluctuations over geological times (WOODROFFE,

1992). Approximately 6 Ka ago, marine transgressions slowed down, and the sea level became

relatively stable (NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, 1990). The melting of the polar caps was a

significant factor in increasing the volume of the oceans (approximately 6 Ka ago), and the

coastline began to be exposed to sealevel changes at this time, which have varied greatly due

to local and regional factors (BLOOM; YONEKURA, 1990; WOODROFFE, 1992). Some local

effects, such as those induced by the estuarine type (e.g., size and configuration) and its

effect on tidal height can change continuously with the relative sea level. Studies conducted in

the apicum have revealed the presence of fossil mangroves, indicating that the sea reached

higher levels than are currently observed (THOM, 1982, 1984; SORIANOSIERRA et al., 1998;

SAINTILAN; WILLIAMS, 1999; SOARES et al., 2000; SCHAEFFERNOVELLI et al., 2002; BEHLING

et al., 2004; COHEN et al., 2005; STEVENS et al., 2006; SOARES, 2009; HADLICH; UCHA, 2009;

FRIESS et al., 2012). Therefore, higher levels can be positively associated with the frequency of

fluctuations in sea levels (see BEERBOWER, 1964).

There is no sealevel curve with general applicability considering that each coastal segment

has a particular "energy signature" and it is subjected to local controls. Relative changes in sea

level in a given area are dependent on the interplay between eustasy, local tectonics and rates

of sedimentation. Due to these local and regional differences, the landscapes of the middle

and upper Holocene include mangrove environments that are both transgressive and regressive.

For example, the paleoclimatic records of the Juréia paleolagoon, in São Paulo (Brazil), reveal

cyclical climate change correlated with anomalies of transgressionregression and sea level

changes in the Holocenic period (SALLUN et al., 2012). Such anomalies have been observed in

the Quaternary sediments of paleolagoons (between 7,500 and 9,400 BP) and are correlated

with natural events generating high rates of sedimentation (10 cm/year). This scenario

suggests that shortterm (interdecadal) weather events that currently occur in the North

Atlantic, can greatly affect the environmental balance in South America, intensifying summer

monsoons (SALLUN et al., 2012).

The sea level history is an important factor in mangrove studies, connecting this ecosystem to

geological time scales. The geomorphic forcings (forcing functions) act on various types of

landforms and provide a suitable sheltering substrate against erosive forces. A few millennia

were necessary to achieve a stable and balanced coastal configuration, and the time for which

the sea level has remained at or near the contemporary level has determined the structural and

functional features of most contemporary coastal environments. Therefore, considering a

decreasing hierarchy of these forcings (geologic to biologic) becomes important in

understanding and predicting how mangroves will behave in the short and long terms in space

and time (THOM, 1984). Scales are responsible for change processes, and the more influential

features are those that occur at smaller scales. At least five orders of cyclical change are

involved in coastal processes, with periodicities ranging from some millions to tens of

thousands years.

3.2 Vegetation coverage and changes in sea level

Mangroves are sensitive to changes in the external environment, either responding through

adaptations to new abiotic conditions or promptly succumbing (JIMENEZ et al., 1985; BLASCO

et al., 1996; SCHAEFFERNOVELLI et al., 2002; MENGHINI et al., 2011). The potential for rapid

accommodation to new conditions is the result of a typical set of mangrove plant species. The

peculiar characteristics of these species include (a) broad tolerance to environmental factors;

(b) rapid growth; (c) rapid maturation; (d) continuous production of flowers and seedlings; (e)

the release of large numbers of propagules; and (f) opportunities for the dispersal of

propagules over short and long distances through abiotic agents (e.g., currents and tides)

(TOMLINSON, 1986). In the case of salt marshes, vegetative propagation should be added to

this list of features. All of these attributes indicate that mangroves and salt marshes are

successional systems, although in actuality, they are selfsustaining ecosystems where these

characteristics are a requirement for survival (LUGO, 1980). Considering the dynamics of the

different types of coasts (THOM, 1984) and ecosystem responses to changes in hydrology or

tidal levels (JIMENEZ et al., 1985; BLASCO et al., 1996), mangrove ecosystems that occupy

tropical coastal areas are extremely dynamic (THOM, 1967; KJERFVE et al., 2002; SCHAEFFER

NOVELLI et al., 2002; SOARES et al., 2012).

Thus, mangrove ecosystems are highly competent in dealing with moderate rates of variation in

the mean sea level, the frequency of flooding or the sediment supply (ALONGI, 2008) if their

resilience has not been compromised by other factors. At the delta of the Ganges River, the

recorded difference in the relative sea level of 1015 mm/yr allows certain adaptations in

mangrove coverage to occur (WOODROFFE, 1990). However, in Bermuda (Caribbean Sea), an

increase of only 2.8 mm/yr can promote a reduction in sediment deposition rates to below the

level required by mangroves, resulting in the loss of this ecosystem (ELLISON, 1993, 2015). In

contrast, salt marsh ecosystems present high tolerance to flooding, remaining alive under more

than a meter of permanent flooding, as recorded in the Lagoon of Conceição (Santa Catarina

State, Brazil) (SORIANOSIERRA, 1989).

The land borders of mangrove vegetation coverage (marine transgression) reflect sediment

patterns, terrain level, and saline intrusion. Areas of land accretion (marine regression) are

characterized by abundant seedlings and juvenile individuals in their fringes (CUNHALIGNON

et al., 2011a, 2011b; BERNINI; REZENDE, 2011; ESTRADA et al., 2013; CHARLIERSARUBO et

al., 2015). Mangroves located in arid environments may advance seawards, while the innermost

portions of these systems dye off due to high salinities, and hypersaline flats replace trees.

There are cases in which some adult mangrove trees remain in these areas, even when the new

conditions are unfavorable to the regeneration of the species. Therefore, the transition zone

may include older aged trees, particularly species that are tolerant to low salinities. Due to the

biomass stored in large trees, these mature individuals are not easily replaced except due to

diseases, insect outbreaks, unusual storms or strong winds (SCHAEFFERNOVELLI et al., 2002;

SORIANOSIERRA et al., 2015). It is believed that the establishment rates of new mangrove

plants will depend on the rate of increase in the relative mean sea level. It is expected that

changes will occur in the composition of mangrove settlements, as rapid changes promote the

development of species with a rapid growth rate (ALONGI, 2008).

The recovery rate (elasticity) of typical mangrove plants depends not only on the pioneering

properties of these plant species (r strategists), but on the connectivity among sites and

dispersion. The ability to recover after a disturbance is an attribute of the environment as a

whole and not of a unique plant per se (GRUBB; HOPKINS, 1986; SCHAEFFERNOVELLI et al.,

2005a). This allogenic resilience occurs as a function of the nearest source of propagules and

the existence of appropriate mechanisms of dispersion and transport (LEWIS, 2005). In a

scenario of rapidly rising mean sea level, it is reasonable to expect the disappearance of

mangroves in exposed littoral zones due to the loss of buffering structures (e.g., barriers and

similar coastal features that protect from waves and storms) as well as in marginal

environments (unsuitable substrates or highly disturbed areas). Greater development could be

expected in environments characterized by drowned river valleys under maximum sedimentation

and large tide amplitudes. These areas would serve as reservoirs (and reliable sources) of

mangrove propagules during periods of very rapid changes in the coastline (SCHAEFFER

NOVELLI et al., 2002).

It is expected that structural and functional changes will occur intermittently, accelerated by

extreme events dominated by storms, causing alterations in both flooded and in mature forests

at the interface with newly submerged lands. In the case of storms, the relatively shallow root

system is especially vulnerable to the action of waves and currents. Thus, the most likely

scenario would be marine transgression after disturbances, followed by prolonged periods of

minor alterations (SCHAEFFERNOVELLI et al., 2002). Storms would result in a larger impact,

with significant destruction of the vegetation cover of salt marshes, whereas the root system is

even more vulnerable at the outer edge with the salt marsh, removing entire tufts of plants, as

occurs annual and cyclically as a consequence of winter storms.

In more complex coastal environments subjected to a rise in the mean sea level, it is likely

that the dieoff of vegetation might occur in a nonsynchronized, heterogeneous fashion,

reflecting the conditions of substrate heterogeneity and elevation. Under this scenario,

increased heterogeneity could be expected, in addition to the presence of patchy areas of

active erosion, and other areas where mortality and recovery occur (SCHAEFFERNOVELLI et al.,

2002).

3.3 Multiple regimes and the need for policies aimed at the protection of geofacies

The structure of the vegetation cover in mangroves is extremely plastic and may exhibit diverse

shapes, including multiple regimes (sensu SCHEFFER; CARPENTER, 2003), such as high or dwarf

forests, monospecific or mixed forests, and geofacies (e.g., tidal plains with a high quantity of

fine organic sediments) dominated by Cyanobacteria (algal mats). This mangrove feature

corresponds to the original biotic component or represents an initial step in succession toward

the development of a mature mangrove ecosystem. However, the stages of development can

be interrupted, or arise within a larger system as patches dominated by other states of greater

or lesser development, becoming a "quasialternate state", depending upon the dominant

environmental conditions. There is evidence confirming the existence of socalled alternative

states in ecosystems, including within mangroves.

The ‘stability’ of a system consists of two components: (1) resilience, concerning the

magnitude of disturbance that can be absorbed before a system changes its structure due to

alteration of the variables and processes that its control behavior (sensu HOLLING et al.,

1995); and (2) resistance, which is the system's ability to support itself. Walker et al. (2004)

indicated that ecological systems have three properties and that they fit well in understanding

the dynamic mangrove apicum. These properties are resilience, adaptability and

transformability, the last of which is defined as the ability to create a new system when

various conditions (e.g., ecological and social) deviate from the ‘normal’ operation of the

system. The stability of an alternative system depends on the amplitude of the domain of

attraction, which comprises all routes of the dynamic ecosystem in a determinate direction. It

is possible that the characteristics of a system could change gradually in response to external

conditions (or stochastic changes) or that the ecosystem could remain unchanged, even with

changes in the surroundings, only undergoing a sudden spontaneous change when a threshold

is reached. Once this characteristic has been recognized as part of the ecosystem’s dynamics,

the misconception of not considering the apicum as part of the multiple regimes of this “quasi

stable” ecosystem can no longer be accepted.

The key to sustainable and successful management is harmony between natural processes and

the boundaries of management units, taking ecosystem resistance and resilience into

consideration. The architecture of all different facies needs to be considered to achieve better

integrated coastal system management. The current destruction of tidal plains represents an

essentially irreversible process that eliminates natural assets and their future possibilities for

use, in addition to compromising the quality of adjacent marine systems.

Part 4 Final remarks

A particular area of a mangrove forest cannot be evaluated independent of numerous factors

that vary notably from a regional perspective. The mangrove’s ability to adapt and survive

(independent of changes in sea level) does not depend only on the individual properties of

vegetation species or the mangrove forest, but also on processes that operate at local and

regional environmental scales (SCHAEFFERNOVELLI et al., 2002, 2005a). Another point that

should be highlighted is the importance of monitoring some animal groups with functional

significance in the ecosystem, thus providing information associated with the structural

characteristics of the ecosystem, increasing the understanding of structural changes and their

influence on the structure and composition of fauna (SKILLETER; WARREN, 2000; ALFARO,

2010). It is also relevant to point out that similar experiments can be performed at different

latitudes, seeking to eliminate the noise of local features as much as possible.

We must acknowledge that due to environmental complexity and the time span involved, it is

impossible to predict the nature or the scope of possible changes in structures that will occupy

the intertidal zone. Prediction using models is uncertain because it is impossible to estimate

how to predict processes that are poorly understood or show complex interactions that create

surprises. Generally, greater errors in predictions can lead to greater costs. The implemented

actions will depend on the global economy, technological development and lifestyles as well as

political maturity. Hence, the most strategic option as a function of this uncertainty and

potential consequences is to be cautious, as advance warning provides an advantage. However,

such a heuristic approach involves 1) minimizing the probability that errors in the interpretation

of events, evidence and judgments will become translated into dysfunctional decisions or

policies; 2) delaying or avoiding all decisions that involve an irrevocable commitment of

resources; 3) applying management measures to protect resilience for the purpose of

dampening change and avoiding extreme events; and 4) restoring (where possible) a focus on

environmental improvement. This approach addresses the longterm rational protection of vital

processes but also provides shortterm rewards in safeguarding the sustained services provided

by climatevulnerable coastal systems to society. Furthermore, this approach nurtures winwin

outcomes across the short and long terms and can be implemented at low cost if the real cost

of business as usual is considered in terms of the loss of sequestration services, fisheries and

recreational and cultural value. The adaptability of ecosystems (resilience and resistance) is

one of the factors responsible for the survival of robust systems such as mangroves, which

have dominated the coastal plains of the intertidal zone for approximately 60 million years.

The coastal zone should be considered as a priority space for actions aimed at mitigation and

adaptation in response to climate changes, regardless of the genesis of these areas (natural or

anthropogenic, according Nicolodi & Peterman, 2010), and the medium and longterm

monitoring of the dynamics of mangrove forests should be seen as a priority (KAUFFMAN;

DONATO, 2012; ELLISON, 2012, 2015; SCHAEFFERNOVELLI, 2014). Coastal zones are critical

transition regions where atmospheric, oceanic and terrestrial conditions (associated with

anthropogenic processes) converge. These areas are important components of the carbon cycle,

and the disruption of mangroves promotes significant impacts on carbon sequestration that can

lead to the release of carbon and cause relevant impacts on the Earth.

Mangroves and salt mash ecosystems may adapt facing climate change and sea level

variations. This adaptation depends not only on species composition, but also on processes in

regional scales through space and time (SCHAEFFERNOVELLI, 2014). Therefore, the various

possibilities and scenarios regarding climate change and coastal dynamics should be

incorporated into public policies must, that would be so structured in order to cope with

variability, as well as guaranteeing the survivor of these exceptional ecosystems.

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Image 1


Artigo Original Original Article


Praias arenosas do Brasil: Características serviços ecossistêmicos, impactos, conhecimento atual e perspectivas

Brazilian sandy beaches: characteristics, ecosystem services, impacts, knowledge, and priorities


Praias do Brasil: características e prioridades

Brazilian beaches: characteristics and priorities

Autores (Authors)

Antonia Cecília Amaral Zacagnini: Professor Titular Docente

Guilherme Nascimento Corte: Mestre Doutorando

José Souto Rosa Filho: Doutor Docente

Marcia Regina Denadai : Doutora Pesquisadora

Leonir André Colling: Doutor Docente

Carlos Borzone: Professor Associado IV Docente

Valéria Veloso: Professora Adjunto in memorian

Elianne Pessoa Omena: Doutora Pesquisadora

Ilana Rosental Zalmon: Professora Adjunto Docente

Cristina de Almeida RochaBarreira: Professora Associado II Docente

Jose Roberto Botelho de Souza: Professor Associado II Docente

Leonardo Cruz da Rosa: Professor Adjunto Docente

Tito Cesar Marques de Almeida: Doutor Docente


Praias areianosas, Brasil, macrofauna, conservação, ecossistemas costeiros

Sandy beaches, Brazil, macrofauna, conservation, coastal ecosystem


As praias brasileiras fornecem bens e serviços ecossistêmicos fundamentais, desempenhando papel importante para a manutenção de populações humanas e para a conservação da biodiversidade. Entretanto, apesar da sua importância ecológica e social, essas praias são amplamente impactadas por alterações humanas, turismo, poluição química e orgânica e mudanças climáticas globais. Esses fatores tornam urgente a melhor percepção e compreensão das mudanças ambientais nas praias brasileiras, assim como de suas consequências na biota. Com o objetivo de

Brazilian beaches constitute a key ecosystem and provide socioeconomic goods and services, thereby playing an important role in the maintenance of human populations and in biodiversity conservation. Despite the ecological and social importance of these ecosytems, beaches are significantly impacted by human interference, chemical and organic pollution and tourism, as well as global climate change. These factors drive the need to better understand the environmental change and the consequences for biota. To promote the implementation of integrated studies to detect the

promover estudos integrados que possam detectar variações nas características das praias e de outros habitats bentônicos do litoral do Brasil foi estabelecida a Rede de Monitoramento de Habitats Bentônicos Costeiros (ReBentos). Para fornecer subsídios para o planejamento amostral da ReBentos, realizamos um intenso levantamento sobre os estudos conduzidos nas praias brasileiras e sintetizamos o atual conhecimento sobre esse ambiente. Os resultados desse levantamento são apresentados nesse trabalho e demonstram as principais características físicas, biológicas e socioeconômicas dessas praias. A partir dessas informações, assim como de nossa experiência e de pesquisas realizadas em diversos países, apontamos estudos e medidas que devem ser considerados prioritários para a avaliação dos efeitos das mudanças regionais e globais sobre as praias brasileiras. Esperamos que esse trabalho possa fornecer subsídios para trabalhos futuros e que constitua um importante passo em direção à conservação das praias do Brasil e da sua biodiversidade

effects of regional and global environmental change on beaches and on other benthic habitats of the Brazilian coast, Brazilian marine researchers have established The Coastal Benthic Habitats Monitoring Network (ReBentos). In order to provide input for sample planning by ReBentos, we conducted an intensive review of the studies conducted at Brazilian beaches and summarized the current knowledge about this environment. In this paper, we present the results of this review and describe the physical, biological and socioeconomics features of Brazilian beaches. We used these results, our personal experience and worldwide literature to identify researches that should be prioritized for the assessment of regional and global change on Brazilian sandy beaches. We hope that this work will provide insights for future studies and will represent a significant step towards the conservation of Brazilian beaches and their biodiversity.

Trabalho submetido em (Article's submission in): 9/4/2014 10:24:02 AM

Instituição (Affiliation): 1 Universidade Estadual de Campinas UNICAMP; 2 Universidade Estadual de Campinas UNICAMP; 3 Laboratório de Bentos DOCEAN/CTG; 4 Universidade de São Paulo USP; 5 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande FURG; 6 Universidade Federal do Paraná UFPR; 7 In memorian; 8 Fapese/CENPES/PETROBRAS; 9 Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro UENF; 10 Universidade Federal do Ceará UFC; 11 Universidade Federal de Pernambuco UFPE; 12 Universidade Federal de Sergipe UFS; 13 Universidade do Vale do Itajaí UNIVALI

Correspondência (Correspondence): 1 Depto. Biologia Animal (Zoologia), Inst. Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Cidade Universitária, CEP: 13083862, Campinas SP, [email protected]; 2 Depto. Biologia Animal (Zoologia), Inst. Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Cidade Universitária, CEP: 13083862, Campinas SP, [email protected]; 3 Laboratório de Bentos, Departamento de Oceanografia UFPE, Av. Prof. Moraes Rêgo s/n, Cidade Universitária, CEP: 50670901, Recife PE, [email protected]; 4 Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico 191, Cidade Universitária, CEP: 05508120, São Paulo SP, [email protected]; 5 Laboratório de Ecologia de Invertebrados Bentônicos, Instituto de Oceanografia/FURG, Av. Itália Km. 08, CxP. 474, CEP: 96203000, Rio Grande RS, [email protected]; 6 Centro de Estudos do Mar UFPR, Av. Beira Mar s/n, Pontal do Sul, CEP: 83255000, Pontal do Paraná PR, [email protected]; 7 In memorian; 8 Fapese/CENPES/PETROBRAS, Av. Horácio de Macedo 950, Ilha do Fundão, CEP: 21941915, Rio de Janeiro RJ, [email protected]; 9 Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro UENF, Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Pq California, CEP: 22013602, Campos dos Goytacazes RJ, [email protected]; 10 Instituto de Ciências do Mar/Universidade Federal do Ceará UFC, Av. Abolição 3207, Bairro Meireles, CEP: 60165081, Fortaleza CE, [email protected]; 11 LACMAR Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco UFPE, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitária, CEP: 50670901, Recife PE, [email protected]; 12 Laboratório de Ecologia Bentônica, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca e Aquicultura (DEPAq), Centro de Ciências Agrárias Aplicadas (CCAA), Universidade Federal de Sergipe UFS, Cidade Universitária Prof. José Aloísio de Campos, Rua Mal. Rondon s/n, Jardim Rosa Elze, CEP: 49100000, São Cristóvão SE, [email protected]; 13 Laboratório de Ecologia de Comunidades, Centro de Ciências da Terra e do Mar, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí UNIVALI, Rua Uruguai 458, bloco 20, sala 144, Centro, CEP:88302130, Itajaí SC, [email protected]

Suporte Financeiro (Financial support): Edital MCT/CNPq/MEC/CAPES/FNDCT; FAPs Nº 47/2010; SISBIOTA BRASIL; FAPESP: 2010/523230; CNPq: 563367/20105




1 Introduction

2 Sandy beaches are the dominant coastal environment in most tropical and temperate

regions (MCLACHLAN; BROWN, 2006). They are one of the most accessible marine

environments to humans and, consequently, a very popular place for recreation. Due to these

characteristics, beaches are the coastal environment most used by human populations and they

sustain the economy of many cities around the world (KLEIN et al., 2004).

3 Although sandy beaches are primarily valued for their economic and recreational features

(SCHLACHER et al., 2007), they are home to a diverse biota and provide basic goods and

ecosystem services for environmental balance (DEFEO et al., 2009). The biological communities

of sandy beaches are dominated by small organisms and structured mainly by the

physicochemical characteristics of the environment, such as wave energy, tidal regime, slope,

grain size, salinity, and dissolved oxygen (MCLACHLAN; BROWN, 2006). Consequently, the

biota varies significantly from beach to beach, and environmental, natural, or anthropogenic

changes can have significant effects on the structure and functioning of a beach’s biological

communities.

4 The Brazilian coast extends for approximately 10.800 km – from Cape Orange (4oN) to Chui

(34oS) – and has one of the largest collections of sandy beaches in the world. Contrary to their

great geographical extent, knowledge about Brazilian beaches is limited, and the information

available about their biodiversity is insufficient to ensure their preservation. In addition to this

limited knowledge, Brazilian economic development has historically consisted of poorly planned

exploitation of natural resources, which has subjected Brazilian beaches to several types of

human impacts that carry a high risk of loss to existing biodiversity (AMARAL; JABLONSKY,

2005; SCHLACHER et al., 2008; SCHERER, 2013). Added to this are the effects of global climate

change, thus, understanding Brazilian sandy beach ecosystems and predicting their response to

possible environmental change has become increasingly critical and urgent.

5 To promote the implementation of integrated studies to detect the effects of regional and

global environmental change on beaches and on other benthic habitats of the Brazilian coast,

Brazilian marine researchers have established The Coastal Benthic Habitats Monitoring Network

(ReBentos) (www.rebentos.org). One of the main objectives of ReBentos is the longterm

monitoring of benthic biodiversity on the Brazilian coast, an approach that will generate a

series of data that can be used for better insight and understanding of environmental change

and its effects on the biota, as well as to adopt effective management and conservation

strategies.

6 In order to summarize the current knowledge about Brazilian beaches, and to provide input

for the future sampling design for research and monitoring by ReBentos, we conducted an

intensive review of the studies performed in this environment. The results of this survey

revealed that knowledge about Brazilian beaches is scant and much effort is needed to better

understand and preserve this ecosystem. Here, we combined these results, our personal

experience and worldwide literature, to (1) physically characterize Brazilian beaches, (2)

discuss their ecosystem goods and services, and (3) the main impacts and threats to these

beaches, (4) determine the current body of knowledge on the biota of beach ecosystems and

the knowledge gaps, (5) evaluate the applicability of this knowledge in identifying and

predicting the effects of climate change, and (6) highlight the priorities for future studies for

the conservation of Brazilian beaches and their biodiversity.

7 Methods

8 To evaluate research on Brazilian sandy beaches, we searched for the following combination

of keywords in the ISI Web of Science®, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar databases (timespan =

all years; field = topic): Brazil* AND (beach* OR shore*) AND (benth* OR macrofauna). Only

papers published in scientific journals and whose purpose was related to the ecology of benthic

macrofauna of sandy beaches were selected. Articles with exclusively taxonomic approaches

were not included. The compilation was complemented by searching references cited within

selected articles, and by gathering information from Lattes Platform (the Brazilian researchers’

scientific production system). We also sent the list of selected papers to researchers from

institutions based along the Brazilian coast in order they complement the data.

To physically characterize Brazilian beaches (objective 1), we used the classification proposed

by Ab’Sáber (2003) (see below). Studies about ecosystem goods and services provided by

Brazilian beaches (objective 2), as well as researches on the main impacts and threats to this

ecosystem (objective 3) are scant; therefore, the discussion of these topics was based on our

personal experience and worldwide studies. To determine the current knowledge about Brazilian

sandy beaches (objective 4), and to discuss their priorities and perspectives (objectives 46),

the selected studies were classified according to 1) geographic region (N, NE, SE, and S), 2)

primary focus (population, community, and impact), 3) publication date, and 4) sampling

frequency (months to years and number of sampling events during the study) (Annex 1).

Results and Discussion

Physical characteristics of Brazilian beaches

Beaches are dynamic environments strongly influenced by physical factors such as wave action,

tides, and sediment type. Different combinations of these factors determine the

morphodynamic characteristics of the beaches and result in a wide variety of types, from

reflective beaches (with steep slopes, composed of coarse sand, and having a tidal range of up

to 2 m) to tidal flats (with gentle slopes, composed of fine grained sand, and usually having a

tidal range above 4 m) (DEFEO; MCLACHLAN, 2005; MCLACHLAN; BROWN, 2006).

Because of the large latitudinal extent of its coast and the influence of various tidal and

climatic patterns, Brazil has a large variety of beaches. Beaches range from just a few meters

to more than 200 km in length, such as Cassino Beach (RS). The morphodynamic characteristics

of these beaches are defined by regional climatic and oceanographic conditions, which do not

coincide with the regional political division of Brazil. Thus, a more appropriate categorization of

Brazilian coast by using its geomorphological, scenic beaches and phytogeographic

characteristics was performed by Ab’Sáber (2003), who divided it into six sectors: Equatorial

Amazonian Coast, North Northeast, East Northeast, East, Southeast, and South.

The Equatorial Amazonian Coast covers the states of Amapá, Pará, and Maranhão and extends

for approximately 1200 km, comprising more than 15% of the Brazilian coast (ISAAC;

BARTHEM, 1995). This area is characterized by low relief and broad coastal plains dominated by

semidiurnal macrotides with a mean range of 4.5 m (maximum of 7 m in Maranhão, 6 m in

Pará, and 12 m in Amapá) (SOUSA et al., 2011). The combination of low relief and macrotides

favors the occurrence of lowwater terraces and muddy tidal flats in this region. The sandy

beaches are predominantly intermediate or dissipative (ELROBRINI et al., 2006). The Amazon

River divides the sector into two segments: the north (Amapá and northwestern Pará), with

abundant muddy plains, and the south (northeastern Pará and Maranhão), with sandy and

sandymuddy beaches, mud flats and a predominance of mangroves (SZLAFSZTEIN; LARA,

2002). The vast majority of intertidal beaches are wide (between 200 and 500 m) and, due to

the abundance of rivers flowing into the coast, salinity is generally low (less than 30) and

follows the seasonal variations in rainfall during the rainy season, reaching more than 35 in the

dry months and less than 10 in the rainy months (Silva et al., 2011).

The northeastern coast is the largest among all Brazilian regions (approximately 40% of the

entire coast) and has a diverse landscape and relief, with the presence of several types of

beaches dominated by semidiurnal mesotides (ranging between 2 and 4 m). As it contains half

the coast toward the north and half to the east, it was divided into the northern sector of the

Northeast and the eastern sector of the Northeast.

The northern sector of the Northeast comprises northeastern Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, and

northern Rio Grande do Norte and is characterized by large expanses of beaches in front of

sandy ridges (sandbanks) and dunes (MATTHEWSCASCON; LOTUFO, 2006). In its western

region, this sector is dominated by intermediate beaches with bars and grooves, while the

eastern region is dominated by dissipative beaches and is characterized by a more rocky shore

with an extensive coastal tableland that reaches the coastline with cliffs and paleocliffs. A

peculiarity observed in the eastern region of this sector is the meeting of the caatinga (a

desert vegetation) with the sea, a rare worldwide phenomenon.

The eastern sector of the Northeast (east of Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, and

Alagoas) comprises a strip of sandy coves and shallow shelf edges, dominated by narrow

beaches that are partly located between sandstone reefs (Ab’Sáber, 2003), which are often

associated with calcareous algae and corals. These sandstone reefs form strands parallel to the

coast and can reach several kilometers in length, protecting the coast from high energy coastal

dynamics and creating a great diversity of landscapes such as beaches directly exposed to

wave action, protected beaches, rocky coasts, areas with prairie marine grasses, and tidal flats

with mangrove vegetation.

The Eastern sector covers the beaches of Sergipe, Bahia, and northern Espírito Santo, and like

the northeastern coast, is under a climatic regime of semidiurnal mesotides. This sector

presents large continuous stretches of almost rectilinear form, with beaches of fine to very fine

sand in front of shelves, arched deltas, and dune fields. During the summer, a dry season when

the Disturbed Eastern Currents (Eastern Waves) have a strong influence, the morphodynamic

beach states alternate between dissipative and intermediate (with a depositional trend).

During the winter, when there is an increased frequency of rainfall, the dissipative state

predominates due to the increased wave energy associated with the advance of cold fronts

(OLIVEIRA, 2003).

The Southeast sector (central south of Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Paraná) is

the most diverse and rugged coastal macrosector in the country and is influenced by a

semidiurnal microtidal regime. In general, this sector presents distinct morphological

characteristics between its northern and southern regions. The northern region (central south of

Espírito Santo to the northern region of São Paulo) has a very indented coastline, composed of

bays and coves, and a dominance of reflective beaches, with coarse particle sizes, high sloping

beach faces, and almost no surf zone. The southern section (south of São Paulo and Paraná) is

characterized by a rather homogeneous, rectilinear coastline and high energy dissipative

beaches with wide intertidal zones, low inclination, a predominance of fine sand, and

homogeneous, plane beach profiles (AMARAL; BORZONE, 2008).

The configuration of the South sector (Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul) begins with the

end of the forested escarpments of the Serra do Mar on the border between Paraná and Santa

Catarina. It is the second most ragged section of the Brazilian coast (especially in its northern

portion) and, like the Southeast sector, is under a microtidal regime. The southern portion of

this sector ends in a long and wide rectilinear coastline, dominated by dissipative and

intermediate beaches reaching the border of Uruguay. In this southern stretch of the sector,

there is prominent spatial variability in the morphodynamic and textural characteristics, with

the presence of bimodal sediment beaches composed of fine sand and organic debris (BARROS

et al., 1994). Due to the frequent passage of strong cold fronts and cyclones during the winter

(KRUSCHE et al., 2002), the beaches of the southern region are strongly influenced by the

winds of the quadrant (CALLIARI; KLEIN, 1993; PARISE et al., 2009).

Ecosystem goods and services provided by Brazilian beaches

Beaches provide many fundamental ecosystem goods and services such as storage and

transport of sediment, shoreline protection, filtration of large volumes of water, and nutrient

cycling (SCHLACHER et al., 2008; DEFEO et al., 2009). In addition to these services, Brazilian

beaches provide socioeconomic goods and services that are essential for human populations,

particularly related to fishing and tourism (PROJETO ORLA, 2002).

Shellfish harvesting in the intertidal region, and fishing with drag nets in the surf zone are one

of the main activities carried out by coastal populations and widespread practices throughout

Brazil. As sandy beaches are places of departure and arrival of small boats, they also have a

fundamental role in fishing near the coast. Due to its scenic beauty and to the tropical climate

present in most of Brazil, the Brazilian beaches represent ideal places for rest and recreation;

thus, many coastal cities have a tourismbased economy. Furthermore, some Brazilian beaches

provide other goods and services, including the cultivation of seaweed and crustaceans, the

exploitation of sea salt (especially in the northeastern region of the country), and the

cultivation of molluscs (mainly in Southern Brazil).

Brazilian beaches also play a significant role in biodiversity conservation by providing landing

sites, foraging habitats, and nesting grounds for a large number of terrestrial and marine

organisms, including several species of birds (VOOREN; CHIARADÍA, 1990; VOOREN, 1998;

RODRIGUES, 2000; BARBIERI; HVENEGAARD, 2008; AZEVEDO JUNIOR; LARRAZABAL, 2011) and

five species of turtles: Chelonia mydas (green turtle), Eretmochelys imbricata (hawksbill

turtle), Caretta caretta (loggerhead turtle), Lepidochelys olivacea (olive ridley turtle), and

Dermochelys coriacea (leatherback turtle) (MARCOVALDI; MARCOVALDI, 1985, 1999).

Impacts

Because sandy beaches are impacted by both terrestrial and marine environments, they are

among the most vulnerable ecosystems. In Brazil, the main sources of disturbance to sandy

beaches are (1) human interference (road construction, real estate, groins, breakwaters, sea

walls, etc.), (2) chemical and organic pollution, and (3) tourism. Since the early twentieth

century, particularly in the Southeast, development and landfills have profoundly transformed

the coastal landscape. Large expanses of beaches and dunes have been eliminated to allow

the construction of buildings, which has compromised the beach ecosystem in many regions.

Even today, these transformations are carried out constantly, with large coastal restoration

projects, real estate developments, and roads being constructed along the coast, especially on

the dunes and backshore. The construction of walls or barriers to protect the coastline is also a

frequent human interference along the Brazilian coast. Although these structures are built to

protect the region beyond the barrier, they modify the transport of sand within beaches and

from beach to beach, which increases the erosion process (MUEHE, 2003; 2006).

Urban, industrial, and port development also have an impact on Brazilian beaches. Due to a

lack of regulation or disrespect of existing legislation, cities and industries dump waste rich in

organic and inorganic compounds directly into the sea or rivers that flow into the ocean,

thereby altering the physicochemical characteristics of the water and causing an oxygen deficit

in the sediment. Industrial activities on the beaches or in nearby areas, as observed in salt

production facilities and shrimp farms in the northeast, also trigger changes in beach biota.

Port activities may be associated with the release of waste or antifouling compounds, leakage,

dredging of access channels, and introduction of exotic species. As a result, there has been a

reduction in faunal diversity and an increase in the dominance of a few tolerant species in

nearby areas with high urban development beaches, particularly in industrialized and port areas

(OMENA et al., 2012).

Although being an essential source of income for many cities, tourism is another pressure on

Brazilian beaches. The movement of vehicles and intense trampling, especially in the upper

littoral and supralittoral zones, eliminates species and interferes with the breeding and

nesting of birds (VELOSO et al., 2008; DEFEO et al., 2009; VIEIRA et al., 2012). Litter left

behind by beachgoers—if not taken out to sea, leading to the contamination of islands and

oceans—is usually removed by mechanical cleanin. During this process, not only the waste but

also the sand and all the fauna and organic matter associated with it are removed, thereby

reducing populations and communities, and changing the trophic processes, and energy cycling

within the ecosystem (BORZONE; ROSA, 2009; DEFEO et al., 2009).

In addition to the impact of human activities on land, beaches are among the most vulnerable

marine environments to the impacts of global climate change such as rising sea level,

increased frequency and magnitude of extreme events, coastal erosion, rising sea

temperatures, and ocean acidification. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

highlights that human interference with the climate system is already occurring and has

resulted in the disturbance of natural systems on all continents and oceans (IPCC, 2014).

Current predictions for the effects of climate change on the Brazilian coast, while

heterogeneous, indicate increased air and seasurface temperatures, and rising sea levels for

the entire national territory (RAICICH, 2008; MARENGO et al., 2010). Although the exact

magnitude of the impact of these changes on the beaches is not yet clearly defined, related

ecological changes (e.g., changes in phenology, physiology, and distribution of species) are

increasingly evident (DEFEO et al., 2009).

Forecasting and modeling performed in several studies indicate that changes in global

temperature will result in rising sea levels and an increase in the frequency and intensity of

extreme events such as cold fronts associated with extratropical cyclones. These effects may

promote erosion of the coastline, flooding by storm surge, changes in tidal amplitude, and

changes in sedimentary patterns (CALLIARI; KLEIN, 1993; CALLIARI et al., 1998; MUEHE,

2006). These impacts may result in changes to the biota and morphodynamics of beaches in

the short and long term as a result of changes to the composition of the sediment, slope, area

available for occupation by the organisms, and, in extreme conditions, the loss of intertidal and

backshore areas (SOLA; PAIVA, 2001; GALLUCI & NETO, 2004; NEGRELLO FILHO, 2005;

COCHOA et al., 2006; ALVES; PEZZUTO, 2009; DEFEO et al., 2009). Variations in rainfall

distribution may modify the solid discharge (sediment) from rivers and the volume of fresh

water that reaches the oceans, also contributing to changes in the morphodynamics of beaches

and the salinity of seawater. Ocean acidification will reduce calcification rates and calcium

metabolism in marine organisms, including various species of molluscs and crustaceans from

beaches (DEFEO et al., 2009). In addition, an increase in temperature can cause excessive

harmful algal blooms, which will influence the quality of the coastal region (TURRA et al.,

2013).

As the beaches of southern Brazil are highly influenced by the ENSO phenomenon (El Niño

Southern Oscillation – El Niño and La Niña), they may be the most affected by global climate

change. MUEHE (2003) emphasizes that in Rio Grande do Sul, waves rarely exceed 2 m;

however, during the passage of cold fronts, the waterline can reach the base of the dunes

(approximately 1.7 m above the mean level) and may significantly increase their erosive

potential (CALLIARI et al., 1998). In addition to changes in topographic profiles, extreme

events can also cause massive mortality of biota, mainly due to embankments (entrapment of

organisms in the swash zone in the upper beach zones) (DEFEO; CARDOSO, 2002; SILVA et al.,

2008).

Current knowledge of Brazilian beaches

A total of 126 published studies on the ecology of the macrofauna of sandy beaches were

recorded. These studies were conducted on 172 beaches over a period of approximately forty

years, with the first studies published in 1976 (Annex 1). Studies were recorded in the four

Brazilian coastal regions; however, the number of publications among regions is quite

unbalanced (Annex 1, Fig. 1). Approximately 84% of the studies were conducted in the

southeastern and southern regions (n = 107), while only 2% (n = 3) evaluated beaches in the

northern region. This discrepancy can be attributed mainly to the degree of occupation and

development of each region. The installation date and number of universities, as well as the

presence of experts, are other factors that contribute to such differences in the number of

studies conducted among regions.

The concentration of studies in certain localities was also recorded within each region. Due to

logistical conveniences, the studies were mostly conducted on beaches close to universities or

research centers. The best example of this concentration is the state of São Paulo, which has

the largest number of studies conducted on sandy beaches among the Brazilian states; yet,

little or nothing is known about most of its coastline (Fig. 1). Almost all studies on the São

Paulo coast focused on northern beaches along the coastline, an area that has the support of

the University of São Paulo (USP). The local concentration of studies, however, is not unique to

the São Paulo beaches. In the northeastern region, the studies focused mainly on certain

beaches in Ceará and Pernambuco; in the southeastern region, along the north coast of São

Paulo, most studies were performed on beaches located in the city of Rio de Janeiro; while in

the southern region, the studies were conducted mainly in the regions of Pontal do Paraná

(PR), Babitonga Bay (SC), and Cassino Beach (RS).

Although research on the sandy beaches of the Brazilian coast began in the 1970s, it was only

in the late 1990s that the number of studies became more prominent (Fig. 2). Almost all the

work conducted (96%) focused on the description of population and community patterns, and

linking these to environmental characteristics, particularly sediment type, salinity, and waves.

Most studies (75%) had a duration less than or equal to one year. Research with a monthly

sampling regime covering 12 months was the most frequent and accounted for 50.4% of the

total number of studies analyzed, while 26.4% of the studies were performed by collecting only

one sample per beach. Approximately 17.6% of the studies had a duration of up to two years

and only seven studies (5.6%) had a duration of more than two years.

Species with broad geographic distributions, such as the crustaceans Emerita brasiliensis,

Excirolana brasiliensis (PAGLIOSA et al., 1998; CARDOSO et al., 2003; VELOSO; CARDOSO,

1999; PETRACCO et al., 2003; CAETANO et al., 2006; EUTRÓPIO et al., 2006), and Ocypode

quadrata (TURRA et al., 2005; BLANKENSTEYN, 2006; NEVES; BEMVENUTI, 2006; ARAUJO et

al., 2008; SOUZA et al., 2008; MAGALHÃES et al., 2009; POMBO; TURRA, 2013), the bivalve

Anomalocardia brasiliana (ARRUDASOARES et al., 1982; NARCHI, 1976; BARREIRA; ARAUJO,

2005; LUZ; BOEHS, 2011; MATTOS; CARDOSO, 2012; RODRIGUES et al., 2013; BELÉM et al.,

2013; CORTE et al., 2014, CORTE, 2015; CORTE et al. 2015), and the polychaetes Scolelepis

spp (SANTOS, 1991, 1994; SOUZA, BORZONE, 2000; MACCORD, AMARAL, 2007; LEÃO et al.,

2012) were the most studied species.

Although the number of studies on Brazilian beaches does not allow adequate evaluation of the

existing biodiversity in this environment, some patterns in the spatial distribution of the most

frequently studied species can be established (Fig. 3). The crustaceans Atlantorchestoidea

brasiliensis and Ocypode quadrata and the insects Bledius spp are some of the most common

species in the supralittoral zone of Brazilian beaches, while the bivalves Anomalocardia

brasiliana and Donax hanleyanus, the crustacean Emerita brasiliensis, and the polychaetes

Capitella spp and Scolelepis spp are often found in the midlittoral zone. In the infralittoral

zone of many Brazilian beaches, the sand dollar Mellita quinquiesperforata and the bivalve

Tellina spp are common.

Priorities and perspectives

The great heterogeneity of Brazilian beaches and the limited knowledge of their biodiversity

highlight the urgent need for further studies to gain a better understanding of this ecosystem.

Basic faunal surveys, aimed at biodiversity assessment, are still required in all Brazilian

regions, especially in the northern and northeastern regions. In the southeastern and Southern

regions, better distribution of studies is necessary to enable a better visualization of the local

and regional heterogeneity of the beaches.

In addition to studying a broader range of areas, temporal replication of sampling is necessary

to allow the compilation of longterm data series. The dominance of studies having a duration

of less than one year (many with only one sample collection per area) stresses the sparse

temporal replication of studies conducted on Brazilian beaches and highlights the need to work

with longterm data series. Several processes related to populations and communities of

benthic macrofauna, such as recruitment, zonation, and intra and interspecific interactions,

may change at intervals of years or decades, and only from longterm monitoring can one

achieve a better understanding of active processes on beaches and refine the existing

hypotheses (TURRA et al., 2014).

Standardization of the methodologies used and the systematic application of monitoring

protocols for large spatial and temporal scales is an essential strategy required to ensure

environmental changes such as habitat degradation, reduced primary and secondary

productivity, and biological invasions are documented (TURRA et al., 2013). From this

homogeneous and lasting approach, consistent data will be obtained, which will serve as a

baseline for descriptive and predictive modeling of the responses of benthic communities under

different scenarios of global and regional changes, in addition to formulating proposals for

corrective action. In this context, the ReBentos Beaches Working Group, following

methodological and logistical discussions, formulated a number of protocols for the longterm

monitoring of some of the most widespread and common species (Polychaeta: Scolelepis;

Maxillopoda: Talitridae, Ocypode quadrata; Insecta: Bledius) as well as of macrofaunal

communities in Brazilian beaches (http://www.rebentos.org). These protocols were formulated

with readiness, methodological simplicity, and low cost in mind, and they are an important step

towards achieving the necessary knowledge to understand and conserve the biodiversity of

Brazilian beaches.

In addition to descriptive studies, field and laboratory experiments are necessary to understand

differences resulting from anthropogenic impacts and climate change. Mensurative and

manipulative experiments have been used to assess the impacts of anthropogenic activities

such as vehicle traffic, recreation, construction of breakwaters, and nourishment on the

macrofauna of sandy beaches, and their results have contributed significantly to a better

understanding of the strength and resilience of this ecosystem (BARROS 2001; BESSA et al.,

2013). Assessments before and after the occurrence of extreme events, with adequate

temporal and spatial replication, (see UNDERWOOD; CHAPMAN, 2005 and included references)

can provide key information to help understand these phenomena and their consequences.

Studies on the secondary production of key species should be intensified because they are

essential to the understanding of processes of energy transfer in the ecosystem of sandy

beaches (PETRACCO et al., 2012; 2013). Research on the physiology and gene expression

patterns of the species that occur on sandy beaches should also be encouraged. Given that the

ability of a species to cope with changes in its environment is related to its complement of

genes (SOMERO, 2010), the integration of biological, ecological, and environmental data with

biomolecular processes can be an effective tool for the verification of the effects of

environmental change on different species, thereby creating a basis for predicting how adaptive

evolution can occur in response to global climate change (SOMERO, 2010; LOCKWOOD et al.,

2010; LOCKWOOD; SOMERO, 2011).

Improved interactions between scientists and decision makers are also essential for efficient

management and conservation strategies to be formulated and applied. Often, conducting

medium and longterm studies is plagued by a lack of resources, which could be more easily

obtained if there were a collaborative framework between managers and promoters. On the

other hand, the decisions made by managers may be more accurate if they were supported by

scientific evidence. More effective collaborations among researchers from different institutions

and disciplines is also another key aspect to train students with better analytical capabilities

(TURRA et al., 2013), as well as seeking to improve the understanding of current researchers.

Evaluation of a wide range of physicochemical characteristics and biological components will

allow for a comprehensive understanding of sandy beaches and will enable effective measures

to be taken in the near future.

Conclusion

Brazil has a large and diverse number of sandy beaches, which play a key role in biodiversity

and supporting human populations. Despite their importance, knowledge about these beaches

is scarce, and Brazilian historical and socioeconomic characteristics endanger this ecosystem.

To gain a better understanding of Brazilian beaches, systematic and longterm studies are

required on multiple scales. Experimental and population studies and/or those that incorporate

biological, ecological, and environmental data with biomolecular processes should also be

encouraged and will add important information to the understanding of Brazilian beaches and

their biodiversity. Improved interactions among scientists and decision makers must be

pursued as these may facilitate further studies and could lessen the impact of some policy

measures. Only from a better understanding of Brazilian beaches can the real impacts of

environmental change be understood and effective measures to conserve this ecosystem be

proposed.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Thalita Forroni, who contributed to the bibliographic study, and Ana

Tereza Lyra Lopes and Emanuelle Fontenele Rabelo, who provided information. Special thanks

to Dr. Alexander Turra for support and valuable suggestions. This work was funded by grants

Edital MCT/CNPq/MEC/CAPES/FNDCT; FAPs Nº 47/2010; SISBIOTA BRASIL; FAPESP:

2010/523230; CNPq: 563367/20105. We also appreciate the valuable comments made by an

anonymous reviewer.

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49, n. 1, p. 137142, 2001

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SOUZA, J. R. B.; BORZONE, C. A. Population dynamics and secondary production of Scolelepis

squamata (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in an exposed sandy beach, Southern Brazil. Bulletin of

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CHOW, F.; FIGUEROA, F. L.; BERCHEZ, F.; HALLSPENCER, J. M.; SOTO, L.A.; BUCKERIDGE,

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traits of the clam Tivela mactroides (Bivalvia: Veneridae): Densitydependent processes in

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beach urbanization. Marine Ecology, Hoboken, v. 29, p. 18, 2008.

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(decapoda: hippidae) at Forte São Joao Beach, Brazil. Journal of Crustacean Biology, New

Braunfels, v. 19, n.1, p. 147153, 1999.

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FIGURE CAPTIONS

Figure 1. Location map of Brazilian beaches studied in published papers on benthic ecology.

Numbers in parentheses correspond to the number of articles conducted in each state.

Figure 2. Number of published papers on benthic ecology of Brazilian beaches since 1970.

Figure 3. Spatial distribution of dominant species along Brazilian beaches. Names in bold

indicate species for which population studies have been conducted.

Annex 1 – Summary of published papers on benthic ecology along Brazilian beaches from 1970

to 2014.



Estudo Aim Site Length of

study

Sampling

interval

Northern

ROSA FILHO, J. S.; ALMEIDA, M. F.; SILVA, D.

E. Spatial and temporal changes in the

benthic fauna of a macrotidal Amazon sandy

beach, Ajuruteua, Brazil. Journal of Coastal

Research, Lisbon, v. SI 56, p. 18231827,

2009.

Community Ajuruteua

Beach

12

months Bimonthly

ROSA FILHO, J. S.; GOMES, T. P.; ALMEIDA,

M. F.; SILVA, R. F. Benthic fauna of

macrotidal sandy beaches along a smallscale

morphodynamic gradient on the Amazon

coast (Algodoal Island, Brazil). Journal of

Coastal Research, Szczecin, v. 64, p. 435

439, 2011.

Community Three Beaches One

sampling

ROSA FILHO, J. S.; GIRAD, T. C.; FRÉDO, F.

L. Population dynamics of the burrowing

shrimp Lepidophtalmus siriboia Felder and

Rodrigues, 1993 (Reptantia: Axiidea:

Callianassidae) on the Amazonian coast.

Journal of Crustacean Biology Nem

Braunfels, v. 33, p. 503511, 2013.

Population Algodoal

Island

12

months Monthly

Northeast

SOUZA, J. R. B.; LAVOIE, N.; BONIFACIO, P.

H. O.; ROCHA, C. M. C. Distribution of

Ocypode quadrata (Fabricius, 1787) on sandy

beaches of northeastern Brazil. Atlântica, Rio

Grande, v. 30, p. 139145, 2008

Population twelve sandy

beaches

One

sampling

ARAÚJO, M. L. R. ; ROCHABARREIRA, C. A.

Distribuição espacial de Anomalocardia

brasiliana (Gmelin, 1791) (Mollusca, bivalvia,

Veneridae) na praia do Canto da Barra,

Fortim, Ceará, Brasil. Boletim Técnico

Científico do CEPENE, Recife, v. 12, n. 1, p.

1121, 2004

Population Canto da

Barra Beach

12

months Monthy

ARAÚJO, P. H. V.; ROCHABARREIRA, C. A.

Population Dynamic and Secondary Production

of Olivella minuta (Gastropoda, Olividae) on

Sandy Beach in Northeastern Brazil. Amici

Molluscarum, Santiago do Chile, v.20, p. 7

15, 2012.

Population Meireles

Beach

24

monthss Biweekly

BARREIRA, C. A. R.; ARAÚJO, M. L. R. Ciclo

reprodutivo de Anomalocardia brasiliana

(Gmelin, 1791) (Mollusca, Bivalvia,

Veneridae) na Praia do Canto da Barra,

Fortim, Ceará, Brasil. Boletim do Instituto

de Pesca, São Paulo, v. 31, p. 920, 2005.

Population Canto da

Barra Beach

12

months Monthly

ROCHABARREIRA, C. A.; BATISTA, W. F.;

MONTEIRO, D. O.; FRANKLINJÚNIOR, W.

Aspectos da estrutura populacional de Donax

striatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mollusca:

Donacidae) na Praia do Futuro, FortalezaCE.

Arquivos de Ciências do Mar, Fortaleza,

v.35, p. 5155, 2002.

Population Praia do

Futuro

12

months Monthly

ROCHABARREIRA, C. A. ; MONTEIRO, D. O. ;

FRANKLIN JÚNIOR, Wilson . Macrofauna

bentônica da faixa intertidal da Praia do

Futuro, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil.. Arquivos de

Ciências do Mar, Fortaleza, v. 34, p. 2338,

2001.

Community Praia do

Futuro

12

months monthly

VIANA, M. G.; ROCHABARREIRA, C. A.; HIJO,

C. A. G. Macrofauna bentônica da faixa

entremarés e zona de arrebentação da praia

de Paracuru (Ceará Brasil). Brazilian

Journal of Aquatic Science and Technology,

Itajaí, v. 9, n. 1, p. 7582, 2005.

Community Pararucu

Beach

Two

samplings

Six

months

BOTTERCARVALHO, M. L.; SANTOS, P. J. P.;

CARVALHO, P. V. V. D. B. C. Spatial

distribution of Callichirus major (Say 1818)

(Decapoda, Callianassidae) on a sandy

beach, Piedade, Pernambuco, Brazil.

Nauplius, Curitiba, Brasil, v. 10, n.2, p. 97

109, 2002.

Population Piedade Beach 10

months Monthly

BOTTERCARVALHO, M. L. ; SANTOS, P. J. P.

; CARVALHO, P. V. V. D. B. C. . Population

Dynamics of Callichirus major (Say, 1818)

(Crustacea, Thalassinidea) on a beach in

northeastern, Brazil. Estuarine, Coastal and

Shelf Science, Washington, v. 71, p. 508

516, 2007.

Population Piedade Beach 12

months Monthly

GROTTA, M.; LUNETTA. J. E. Reproductive

physiological variation Anomalocardia

brasiliana (Gmelin, 1971)(Mollusca – Bivalvia)

in different latitudes. Revista Nordestina de

Population

Biologia, João Pessoa, v. 3, p. 555, 1982.

MATTHEWS, H. R.; MATTHEWSCASCON, H. L.

Nota preliminar sobre a fauna de

invertebrados marinhos da praia de Tibau,

estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Caatinga,

Mossoró, v. 1, p. 5764, 1976.

Community Tibau Beach Two

samplings Monthly

BELÉM, T. P.; MOURA, R. S. T.; HENRYSILVA,

G. G. Distribuição e densidade do bivalve

Anomalocardia brasiliana em praias do Rio

Grande do Norte durante um período de

pluviosidade atípica. Biotemas, São Carlos,

v. 26, n. 1, p. 109122, 2013.

Population Costa Branca 24

months

Six

months

MAGALHÃES, W. F.; LIMA, J. B.; BARROS, F.;

DOMINGUEZ, J. M. L. Is Ocypode quadrata

(Fabricius, 1787) a useful tool for exposed

sandy beaches management in Bahia State

(Northeast Brazil)? Brazilian Journal of

Oceanography, São Paulo, v. 57, n. 2, 2009.

Population nine sandy

beaches

One

Sampling

CARDOSO JUNIOR, L. O.; LAVANDER, H. D.;

SILVA NETO, S. R.; BRITO, L. O.; GÁLVEZ, A.

O. Crescimento da Anomalocardia brasiliana

(BIVALVIA,VENERIDAE) na praia de mangue

seco, PernambucoBrasil. Arquivos de

Ciências do Mar, Fortaleza, v. 46, p. 2228,

2013.

Population Mangue Seco 12

months Monthly

SILVA NETO, S. R.; LAVANDER, H. D.;

CARDOSO JUNIOR, L. O.; SOUZA, A. B.;

Isabela Bacalhau de Oliveira ; ALFREDO

OLIVERA GÁLVEZ . DISTRIBUIÇÃO E

ABUNDÂNCIA RELATIVA DO BERBIGÃO.

Anomalocardia brasiliana, na praia de

mangue seco, Pernambuco, Brasil. Arquivos

de Ciências do Mar, Fortaleza, v. 46, p. 70

75, 2013.


months Monthly

LAVANDER, H. D.; CARDOSO JUNIOR, L. O.;

OLIVEIRA, R. L. M.; SILVA NETO, S. R.;

GÁLVEZ, A. O.; PEIXOTO, S. R. M. Biologia

reprodutiva da Anomalocardia brasiliana

(Gmelin, 1791) no litoral norte de

Pernambuco, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de

Ciências Agrárias, Recife, v. 6, p. 344350,

2011.


months Monthly

Southeast

ARAUJO, C. C. V., ROSA, D. M., FERNANDES,

J. M. Densidade e distribuição espacial do

caranguejo Ocypode quadrata (Fabricius,

1787) (Crustacea, Ocypodidae) em três

praias arenosas do Espírito Santo, Brasil.

Biotemas, São Carlos, v. 21, n. 4, p. 7380,

2008

Population three sandy

beaches

One

sampling

CASTRO, G. A.; SANTOS, E. S. Levantamento

preliminar de moluscos em praias arenosas e

arenolodosas de Piúma, estado do Espírito

Santo, Brasil. Memórias do Instituto

Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, v. 84, n. 8, p.

101104, 1989.

Community Five beaches One

sampling

EUTRÓPIO, F. J.; SÁ, F. S.; SÁ, H. S. Ecologia

populacional de Emerita brasiliensis

SCHIMITT, 1935 (Crustacea, Hippidae) de um

trecho da praia de Itapoã, Vila Velha, Espírito

Santo, Brasil. Natureza on line, Santa

Teresa, v. 4, n. 2, p. 6771, 2006.

Population Itapoã 12

months Monthly

FERNANDES, J. M.; ROSA, D. M.; ARAUJO, C.

C. V.; RIPOLI, L. V.; SANTOS, H. S. Biologia e

distribuição temporal de Callinectes ornatus

Ordway, 1863 (Crustacea, Portunidae) em

uma praia arenosa da Ilha do Frade, Vitória

ES. Boletim do Museu de Biologia Mello

Leitão, Santa Teresa, v. 20, p. 5971, 2006.

Population Ilha do Frade 12

months Monthly

RIPOLI, L. V.; FERNANDES, J. M.; ARAUJO, C.

C.; ROSA, D. M. Dinâmica populacional de

Portunus spinimanus Latreille, 1819

(Crustacea, Portunidae) em um trecho

litorâneo da Ilha do Frade, VitóriaES.

Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, São Paulo, v.

33, n. 2, p. 205212, 2007

Population Ilha do Frade 12

months Monthly

CAETANO, C. H. S.; VELOSO, V. G.;

CARDOSO, R. S. Population Biology and

Secondary Production of Olivancillaria vesica

vesica (Gmelin, 1791) (Gastopoda: Olividae)

on a Southeastern Brazilian Sandy. Journal

of Molluscan Studies, Oxford, v. 69, p. 67–

73, 2003

Poulation Restinga da

Marambaia

26

months Monthly

CAETANO, C. H. S.; CARDOSO, R. S.;

VELOSO, V. G.; SILVA, E. S. Population

Biology and Secondary Production of

Excirolana brasiliensis (Isopoda:Cirolanidae)

on two sandy beaches of southeastern Brazil.

Journal of Coastal Research, Coconut

Creek, v. 224, p. 825835, 2006.

Population Two sandy

beaches

26

months Monthly

CAETANO, C. H. S.; CARDOSO, R. S.; BRAGA,

C. M.; MATTOS, G. Marine molluscs from

Fleixeiras beach, Rio de Janeiro state,

Southeastern Brazil. Strombus on line, São

Paulo, v.15, n. 1, p. 17, 2008.

Community Flexeiras Three

months

CABRINI, T. M. B.; CARDOSO, R. S.

Population Biology of Nassarius vibex (Say,

1822) on a Sheltered Beach in Southeastern

Brazil. Journal of Shellfish Research,

Washington, v. 31, p. 809815, 2012.

Population Flexeiras 18

Months Monthly

CARDOSO, R. S.; VELOSO, V. G. Population

biology and secundary production of the

sandhopper Pseudorchestoidea brasiliensis

(Amphipoda: Talitridae) at Prainha beach, Population Prainha

24

months Monthly

Brazil. Marine Ecology Progress Series,

Oldendorf, n. 142, v.11, p. 1119, 1996.

CARDOSO, R. S.; VELOSO, V. G. Estratégia

amostral para caracterização da macrofauna

da região entremarés em três praias

arenosas expostas do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Oecologia Brasiliensis, São Carlos, p. 171

182, 1997.

Community Three sandy

beaches

One

sampling Monthly

CARDOSO, R. S.; VELOSO, V. G. Population

dynamics and secondary production of the

wedge clam Donax hanleyanus

(Bivalvia:Donacidae) on a high energy

subtropical beach of Brazil. Marine Biology,

Heidelberg, v. 142, p. 153–162, 2003.

Population Restinga da

Marambaia

25

months Monthly

CARDOSO, R.S.; VELOSO, V.G.; CAETANO,

C.H.S. Life history of Emerita brasiliensis

(Decapoda: Hippidae) on two beaches with

different morphodynamic characteristics.

Journal of Coastal Research, Itajaí, v. SI

35, p. 392401, 2003.

Poulation Restinga da

Marambaia

24

months Monthly

CARDOSO, R. S.; MATTOS, G.; CAETANO, C.

H. S.; CABRINI, T. B. M.; GALHARDO, L. B.;

MEIREIS, F. Effects of environmental

gradients on sandy beach macrofauna of a

semienclosed bay. Marine Ecology,

Hoboken, v. 33, p. 106–116, 2011.

Community 12sandy

beaches

One

sampling

FERNANDES, R. S. R.; SOARESGOMES, A.

Community structure of macrobenthos in two

tropical sandy beaches with different

morphodynamic features, Rio de Janeiro,

Brazil . Marine Ecology, Hoboken, v. 27, p.

160–169, 2006.

Community

Pontal and

Costa Azul

beaches

Two

sampligs

Six

months

FONSECA, D. B.; VELOSO, V. G.; CARDOSO,

R. S. Growth, mortality and reproduction of

Excirolana braziliensis Richardson, 1912

(Isopoda: Cirolanidae) on the Prainha Beach

(Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Crustaceana,

Leiden, v. 73, n. 5, p. 535545, 2000.

Population Prainha 24

months Monthly

MATTOS, G.; CARDOSO, R. S. Population

dynamics of two suspensionfeeding bivalves

on a sheltered beach in southeastern Brazil.

Helgoland Marine Research, New York, v.

66, p. 393400, 2012.

Population Felexeiras

Beach

26

months Monthly

MATTOS, G.; CARDOSO, R. S.; SANTOS, A. S.

2013. Environmental effects on the structure

of polychaete feeding guilds on the beaches

of Sepetiba Bay, southeastern Brazil.

Journal of the Marine Biological Association

of United Kingdom, Cambridge, v. 93, p.

973980, 2013

Community 12 sandy

beaches

One

sampling

OMENA, E. P.; LAVRADO, H. P.; PARANHOS,

R.; SILVA, T. A. Spatial distribution of

intertidal sandy beach polychaeta along an

estuarine and morphodynamic gradient in an

eutrophic tropical bay. Marine Pollution

Bulletin, Washington, v. 64, p. 18611873,

2012.

Community 15 sandy

beaches

One

sampling

PETRACCO, M.; VELOSO, V. G.; CARDOSO, R.

S. Population dynamics and secondary

production of Emerita brasiliensis (Crustacea:

Hippidae) at Prainha Beach, Brazil. Marine

Ecology, Hoboken, v. 24, p. 231245, 2003.

Population Prainha 24

months Monthly

ROCHA, M. B.; RADASHEVSKY, V.; PAIVA, P.

C. Espécies de Scolelepis (Polychaeta,

Spionidade) de praias do Estado do Rio de

Janeiro, Brasil. Biota Neotropica, São Paulo,

v.9, n.4, p.101108. 2009.

Community Four sandy

beaches

One

sampling

SOLA, M. C. R.; PAIVA, P. C. Variação

temporal da macrofauna bentónica sublitoral

da Praia do Urca (RJ) após a ocorrência de

ressacas. Revista Brasileira de

Oceanografia, São Paulo, v.49, n.1/2, p.137

142, 2001.

Community Praia da Urca Five

months Biweekly

VELOSO, V. G.; CARDOSO, R. S. Population

biology of the mole crab Emerita brasiliensis

(Decapoda:Hippidae) at Fora beach, Brazil.

Journal of Crustacean Biology, New

Braunfels, v.19, n.1, p.147153, 1999.

Population Praia de Fora 30

months Biweekly

VELOSO, V. G.; CARDOSO, R. S. Effect of

morphodynamics on the spatial and temporal

variation of macrofauna on three sandy

beaches, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil.


of United Kingdom, Cambridge, v.81, p. 369

375, 2001.

Community Three Sandy

beaches

24

months

Three

months

VELOSO, V. G.; SALLORENZO, I. A.

Differences in the secondary production of

Emerita brasiliensis (Decapoda: Hippidae) on

two sandy beaches in Rio de Janeiro State,

Brazil. Nauplius, Curitiba, v. 18, p. 5768,

2010.

Population

Jaconé and

Massambaba

beaches

12

months Monthly

VELOSO, V. G.; CAETANO, C. H. S.;

CARDOSO, R. S. Composition, Structure and

zonation of intertidal macrofauna in relation

to physical factors in microtidal sandy

beaches at Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil.

Scientia Marina, Barcelona, v. 67, n. 4, p.

393402, 2003.

Community 15 sandy

beaches

Two

sampligs

Six

months

VELOSO, V. G.; CARDOSO, R. S.; FONSECA,

D. B. Spatialtemporal characterization of

intertidal macrofauna at Prainha Beach (Rio

de Janeiro State). Oecologia Brasiliensis,

São Carlos, v.3, p.213225, 1997.

Community Prainha Beach 24

months Monthly

VELOSO, V.G.; CARDOSO, R.S.; PETRACCO,

M. Secondary production on the intertidal

macrofauna of prainha beach, Brazil. Journal

of Coastal Research, Itajaí, v. SI 35, p.

385391, 2003.

Community Prainha Beach 24

months Monthly

VELOSO, V. G.; SALLORENZO, I. A.;

FERREIRA, B. C. A.; SOUZA, G. N.

Atlantorchestoidea brasiliensis (Crustacea:

Amphipoda) as an indicator of disturbance

caused by urbanization of a beach

ecosystem. Brazilian Journal of

Oceanography, São Paulo, v. 58, p. 1321,

2010.

Population Peró Beach Two

samplings

Six

months

VELOSO, V. G.; SILVA, E. S; CAETANO, C. H.

S.; CARDOSO, R. S. Comparison between the

macroinfauna of urbanized and protected

beaches in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil.

Biological Conservation, Washington, v.127,

p.510515, 2006.

Community Six beaches Two

samplings

Six

months

ABRAHÃO, J. R.; AMARAL, A. C. Z. Tamanho,

densidade e distribuição de Tagelus plebeius

(Venereide, Psammobiidae) em uma praia

arenosa, São Paulo, Brasil. Iheringia (Série

Zoologia), Curitiba, v. 87, p. 181190, 1999.

Population Enseada

Beach

Seven

months Monthly

ABRAHÃO, J. R.; CARDOSO, R. S.;

YOKOYAMA, L. Q.; AMARAL, A. C. Z.

Population biology and secondary production

of the stout razor clam Tagelus plebeius

(Bivalvia, Solecurtidae) on a sandflat in

southeastern Brazil. Zoologia, Curitiba, v.

27, p. 5464, 2010.

Population Enseada

Beach

12

months Monthly

AMARAL, A. C. Z. Ecologia e contribuição dos

anelídeos poliquetos para a biomassa bêntica

da zona de marés, no Litoral Norte do Estado

de São Paulo. Boletim do Instituto Community 11 Beaches

13

months Monthly

Oceanográfico da Universidade de São

Paulo, São Paulo, v. 28, n.1, p.152, 1979.

AMARAL, A. C. Z. Anelídeos poliquetos do

infralitoral em duas enseadas da região de

Ubatuba. Boletim do Instituto


Paulo, São Paulo, v. 29, n. 1, p. 6987, 1980.

Community 11 Beaches 13

months Monthly

AMARAL, A. C. Z.; MORGADO, E. H.

Alteraciones en la fauna de anélidos

poliquetos de Araçá, São Sebastião (SP

Brasil). Revista de la Academia Colombiana

de Ciencias Exatas, Físicas e Naturales,

Bogotá, v. 19, n. 72, p. 147152, 1994.

Impact Araçá Bay Two

sampligs

Before

After

AMARAL, A. C. Z.; MORGADO, E.H.; PARDO,

E.V.; REIS, M.O. Estrutura da comunidade de

poliquetos da zona entremarés em praias da

Ilha de São Sebastião (SP). Publicação

Especial do Instituto Oceanográfico, São

Paulo, v. 11, p. 229237, 1995.

Community 3 Beaches Two

sampligs

Six

months

AMARAL, A. C. Z.; MORGADO, E. H.;

SALVADOR, L. B. Poliquetas bioindicadores

de poluição orgânica em praias paulistas.

Revista Brasileira de Biologia, Rio de Janeiro,

v. 58, n.2, p. 307316, 1998.


months

AMARAL, A. C. Z; DENADAI, D.; TURRA, A.;

RIZZO, A. E. Intertidal macrofauna in

brazilian subtropical tidedominated sandy

beaches. Journal of Coastal Research,

Itajaí, v. SI 35, p. 446455, 2003.


months Monthly

ARRUDA, E. P.; AMARAL, A. C. Z. Spatial

distribution of mollusks in the interdital zone

of sheltered beaches in southeastern of

Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia,

Curitiba, v. 20, n. 2, p. 291300, 2003.


months Monthly

ARRUDA, E. P.; DOMANESCHI, O.; AMARAL,

A. C. Z. Mollusc feeding guilds on sandy

beaches in São Paulo State, Brazil. Marine

Biology, Heidelberg, v.143, n.4, p.691701,

2003.


months Monthly

ARRUDASOARES, H.; SCHAEFFRERNOVELL,

Y.; MANDELLI JR, J. Berbigão Anomalocardia

brasiliana (Gmelin, 1791), bivalve comestível

da região da Ilha do Cardoso, Estado de São

Paulo, Brasil: Aspectos biológicos de

interesse para a pesca comercial. Boletim do

Instituto de Pesca, São Paulo, v. 9, p. 21–

38, 1982.

Population Cardoso

Island

18

months

CORBISIER, T. N. Macrozoobentos da Praia

do Codó (Ubatuba, SP) e a presença de

Halodule wrightii (Ascherson) . Brazilian

Journal of Oceanography, São Paulo, vol.

42, n. 12, 1994.

Community Codó Beach 12

months 3 months

CORTE, G. N.; YOKOYAMA, L. Q.; AMARAL, A.

C. Z. An attempt to extend the Habitat

Harshness Hypothesis to tidalflats: A case

study of Anomalocardia brasiliana (Bivalvia:

Veneridae) reproductive biology. Estuarine,

Coastal and Shelf Science, Washington,

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/

j.ecss.2013.12.007, 2014.

Population Araçá Bay and

Cidade Beach

12

months Monthly

DENADAI, M. R.; AMARAL, A. C. Z. A

comparative study of interdital molluscan

communities in sandy beaches, São

Sebastião Channel, São Paulo State, Brazil.

Bulletin of Marine Science, Miami, v. 65, n.

1, p. 91103, 1999.

Community

São Francisco

and Engenho

d’água

Beaches

12

months Monthly

DENADAI, M. R.; AMARAL, A. C. Z.; TURRA,

A. Annual variation of the malacofauna on São Francisco

two interdital sandy substrates with rock

fragments in southeastern Brazil. Revista

Brasileira de Oceanografia, São Paulo, v.

48, n. 2, p. 141150, 2000.

Community and Engenho

d’água

Beaches

12

months Monthly


A. Spatial distribution of molluscs on sandy

intertidal substrates mixed with rocky

fragments in southeastern Brazil. Estuarine,

Coastal and Shelf Science, Washington, v.

53, p. 733743, 2001.

Community

São Francisco

and Engenho

d’água

Beaches

12

months Monthly


A. Biology of a tropical intertidal population

of Cerithium atratum (Born, 1778) (Mollusca,

Gastropoda). Journal of Natural History,

Abingdon, v. 38, n. 13, p. 16951710, 2004.

Population Engenho

d’água Beach

12

months Monthly


A. Along and acrossshore components of the

spatial distribution of the clam Tivela

mactroides (Born, 1778). Journal of Natural

History, Abingdon, v. 39, n. 36, p. 3275

3295, 2005.

Population Caraguatatuba

Bay

One

sampling


A. Structure of molluscan assemblages in

sheltered intertidal unconsolidated

environments. Brazilian Archives of Biology

and Technology, Curitiba, v. 48, n. 5, p.

825839, 2005.


months Monthly

LEITE, F. P. P. Distribuição temporal e

espacial de Kalliapseudes schubarti Mañe

Garzon, 1949 (Tanaidacea, Crustacea) da

região do Araçá, São Sebastião, SP. Arquivos

de Biologia e Tecnologia, Curitiba, v. 38, n.

2, p. 605618, 1995.

Population Araçá Bay 12

months Monthly

LEITE, F. P. P.; TURRA, A.; GANDOLFI, S. M.

Hermit crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda:

Anomura), gastropod shells and

environmental structure: their relationship in

southeastern Brazil. Journal of Natural

History, Abingdon, v. 32, p.15991608, 1998.

Community 5 Beaches One

sampling

LOPES, S. G. B. C.; NOVELLI, R. S. Bivalves e

Gastropodes do Saco do Ribeira, Ubatuba

São Paulo. II. Avaliação das alterações

ocorridas na taxocenose dos Bivalves da

praia do Saco do Ribeira. Boletim de

Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo,

São Paulo, v. 13, p. 5175, 1992.

Community Saco da

Ribeira Beach

12

months

Three

months

MACCORD, F. S.; AMARAL, A. C. Z. The

reproductive cycle of Scolelepis goodbodyi

(Polychaeta, Spionidae). Marine Biology,

Heidelberg, v. 151, p. 10091020, 2007.

Population Barequeçaba

Beach

16

months Biweekly

MIGOTTO, A. E.; TIAGO, C. G.; MAGALHÃES,

A. R. M. Malacofauna marinha da região

costeira do Canal de São Sebastião, SP,

Brasil: Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Polyplacophora

e Scaphopoda. Boletim do Instituto


Paulo, São Paulo, v. 41, n. 1/2, p. 1327,

1993.

Community 8 beaches One

sampling

MORGADO, E. H.; AMARAL, A. C. Z.;

NONATO, E. F.; SALVADOR, L. B. Intertidal

sandy beaches polychaetes of São Sebastião

Island, Southern Brazil. Mémoires du Muséum

National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, v. 162, p.

485492, 1994.

Community 12 Beaches One

sampling

NARCHI, W. Ciclo anual da gametogênese de

Anomalocardia brasiliana (Gmelin, 1791)

(Mollusca Bivalvia) [Annual cycle of

gametogenesis of Anomalocardia brasiliana

(Gmelin, 1791) (Mollusca Bivalvia)]. Boletim Population Ponta da Praia

26

months Monthly

do Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de

Sao Paulo, São Paulo, v. 1, p. 331350,

1976.

NUCCI, P. R.; MELO, G. A. S. Composição e

distribuição da carcinofauna da região

entremarés de praias do canal de São

Sebastião–SP. Atlântica, Rio Grande, v. 22,

p. 113130, 2000.

Community 12 sandy

beaches

12

months Monthly

NUCCI, P. R.; MORGADO, E. H.; TURRA, A.

Diversity and distribution of crustaceans from

13 sheltered sandy beaches along São

Sebastião Channel, southeastern Brazil.


of United Kingdom, Cambridge, v. 81, n. 3,

p. 475484, 2001.

Community 13 sandy

beaches

12

months Monthly

OMENA, E. P.; AMARAL, A. C. Z. Distribuição

espacial de Polychaeta (Annelida) em

diferentes ambientes entremarés de praias

de São Sebastião (SP). Oecologia

Brasiliensis, São Carlos, v. 3, p. 183196,

1997.

Community 5 sandy

beaches

One

sampling

OMENA, E. P.; AMARAL, A. C. Z. Population

dynamics and secondary production of

Laeonereis acuta (Treadwell, 1923)

(Polychaeta: Nereidae). Bulletin of Marine

Science, Miami, v. 67, n. 1, p. 421431,

2000.

Population Enseada

Beach

16

months Monthly

OMENA, E.P.; AMARAL, A.C.Z. Sandy beaches

morphodynamic and the polychaete fauna in

southeast Brazil. Journal of Coastal

Research, Itajaí, v.SI 35, p.431439, 2003.

Community 4 sandy

beaches

30

months Monthly

PETRACCO, M.; CARDOSO, R. S.; CORBISIER,

T. N. Population biology of Excirolana armata

(Dana, 1853) (Isopoda, Cirolanidae) on an

exposed sandy beach in Southeastern Brazil.

Marine Ecology, Hoboken, v. 31, p. 330340.

2010.

Population Uma Beach 24

months Monthly

PETRACO, M.; CARDOSO, R. S.; TURRA, A.;

CORBISIER, T. N. Production of Excirolana

armata (Dana, 1853) (Isopoda:Cirolanidae)

on an exposed sandy beach on Southeastern

Brazil. Helgoland Marine Research, New

York, v. 66, n. 3, p. 265274, 2011.

Population Uma Beach 24

months Monthly

PETRACCO, M.; CAMARGO, R. M.; TARDELLI,

D. T.; TURRA, A. Population biology of the

gastropod Olivella minuta (Gastropoda,

Olividae) on two sheltered beaches in

southeastern Brazil. Estuarine, Coastal and

Shelf Science, Washington,

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.10.015,

2013.

Population

Araçá Bay and

Barequeçaba

Beach

24

months Monthly

POMBO, M.; TURRA, A. 2013. Issues to Be

Considered in Counting Burrows as a Measure

of Atlantic Ghost Crab Populations, an

Important Bioindicator of Sandy Beaches.

Plos One, San Francisco, v. 8, n. 12,

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083792, 2013

Population 9 sandy

beaches

One

sampling

REIS, M. O.; MORGADO,E. H.; AMARAL, A. C.

Z. Polychaete zonation on sandy beaches of

São Sebastião Island, São Paulo State,

Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Oceanografia,

São Paulo, v. 48, n. 2 p. 107117, 2000.

Community 3 sandy

beaches

12

months

RIZZO, A. E.; AMARAL, A. C. Z. Temporal

variation of annelids in the intertidal zone of

beaches of the São Sebastião Channel,

Southern Brazil. Journal of the Marine

Biological Association of United Kingdom,

Cambridge, v. 80, p. 10071017, 2000.

Community

São Francisco

and Engenho

d’água

Beaches

12

months Monthly

RIZZO, A. E.; AMARAL, A. C. Z.

Environmental variables and intertidal beach

annelids of São Sebastião Channel (State of

São Paulo, Brazil). Revista de Biologia

Tropical, San Jose, v. 49, n. 34, p. 849857,

2001.

Community

São Francisco

and Engenho

d’água

Beaches

12

months Monthly

RIZZO, A. E.; AMARAL, A. C. Z. Spatial

distribution of annelids in the intertidal zone

in São Sebastião Channel, Brazil. Scientia

Marina, Barcelona, v. 65, n. 3, p. 323331,

2001.

Community

São Francisco

and Engenho

d’água

Beaches

12

months Monthly

SALVADOR, L. B.; DOMANESCHI, O.; AMARAL,

A. C. Z.; MORGADO, E. H.; HENRIQUES, S. A.

Malacofauna da região entremarés de praias

da Ilha de São Sebastião (São Paulo).

Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, Curitiba, v.

15, n. 4, p. 10131035, 1998.

Community 3 sandy

beaches

One

sampling

TURRA, A.; LEITE, F. P. P. Population biology

and growth of three sympatric species of

intertidal hermit crabs in southeastern

Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological

Association of United Kingdom, Cambridge,

v. 80, n. 6, p. 10611069, 2000.

Comunity Araçá Bay 12

months Monthly

TURRA, A.; GONÇALVES, M. A. O.; DENADAI,

M. R. Spatial distribution of the ghost crab

Ocypode quadrata in low energy tide

dominated sandy beaches. Journal of

Natural History, Abingdon, v. 39, p. 2163

2178, 2005.

Population 5 sandy

beaches

One

sampling

TURRA, A.; PETRACCO, M.; AMARAL, A. C. Z.;

DENADAI, M.R. Temporal variation in life

history traits of the clamTivela mactroides

(Bivalvia: Veneridae): Densitydependent

processes in sandy beaches. Estuarine,

Coastal and Shelf Science. Whasington.


Bay 6 years

2013.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.06.004

TURRA, A.; PETRACCO, M.; AMARAL, A. C. Z.;

DENADAI, M.R. Population biology and

secondary production of the harvested clam

Tivela mactroides(Born, 1778) (Bivalvia,

Veneridae) in Southeastern Brazil. Marine

Ecology. Hoboken. 114. 2014.


Bay

22

months Monthly

YOKOYAMA, L. Q.; AMARAL, A. C. Z.

Temporal variation in eggcapsule deposition

by Nassarius vibex (Gastropoda:

Nassariidae). Invertebrate Reproduction &

Development, Abigdon, v. 55, n. 2, p. 8290,

2011.

Population

Cidade and

Camaroeiro

Beaches

12

months Monthly

South

ALVES, P. R. P.; FONSECA, A. L. D. O.;

BORZONE, C. A.; LORENZI, L.; BOEHS, G.;

GUIMARÃES, C. C. R. P.; PEREIRA Jr., J.;

HOFSTAETER, M.; GODEFROID, R. S.;

OLIVEIRA, E.; CHRISTO, S. W.; UEJIMA, A. M.

K; QUADROS, J.; FERNADEZ, D. R.

Distribuição espacial de Excirolana

braziliensis e E. armata (Isopoda:Cirolanidae)

em três praias do litoral paranaense, Brasil.

Atlântica, Rio Grande, v. 20, p. 2334, 1998.

Population Three sandy

beaches

One

sampling

BAPTISTA, C; PINHEIRO, M. A. M;

BLANKESTEYN, A.; BORZONE, C. A. Estrutura

populacional de Callinectes ornatus Ordway,

1863 (Crustacea: Portunidae) no balneário

ShangriLá (PR), Brasil. Revista Brasileira de

Zoologia, Curitiba, v. 20, n. 4, p. 661666,

2003.

Population Shangrilá

Beach

13

months Biweekly

BAPTISTA, C.; PINHEIRO, M. A. M ;

BLANKESTAIN, A.; BORZONE, C. A. Biologia

populacional e reprodutiva de Callinectes

danae Smith (Crustácea, Portunidae), no

Balneário Shangrilá, Pontal do Paraná,

Paraná, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de

Zoologia, Curitiba, v. 22, p. 446453, 2005.

Population Shangrilá

Beach

13

months Biweekly

BARROS, F.; BORZONE, C. A.; ROSSO, S.

Macroinfauna of six beaches near Guaratuba

Bay, Southern Brazil. Brazilian Archives of

Biology and Technology, Curitiba, v. 44, n.

4, p. 351364, 2001.


sampling

BORZONE, C. A.; SOUZA, J. R. B. Estrutura

da macrofauna bentônica no supra, meso e

infralitoral de uma praia arenosa do Sul do

Brasil. Oecologia Brasiliensis, São Carlos, v.

3, p. 197212. 1997.

Community Atami Beach 12

months Monthly

BORZONE, C. A.; SOUZA, J. R. B. Estrutura

da macrofauna bentônica no supra, meso e

infralitoral de uma praia arenosa do Sul do

Brasil. Atlântica, Rio Grande, v. 21, p. 4358,

1999.

BORZONE, C. A.; LORENZI, L.; CALIL, P.

Crossshore Mysidacea distribution in two

sandy beaches with contrasting

morphodynamics. Revista Brasileira de

Zoologia, Curitiba, v. 24, p. 943949, 2007.

Community Atami and

Mansa Beach

One

sampling

BORZONE, C.A.; SOUZA, J.R.B.;SOARES, A.G.

Morphodynamic influence on the structure of

inter and subtidal macrofaunal communities

of subtropical sandy beaches. Revista

Chilena de História Natural, Santiago do

Chile, v. 69, p. 565577, 1996.


sampling

BORZONE, C.A.; MELO, S.; REZENDE, K.;

VALE, R.; KRUL, R. Macrobenthic intertidal

communities from wave to tide dominated

beach environments. A case study in two

brazilian beaches. Journal of Coastal

Research, Itajaí, v. SI 35, p. 472480, 2003.

Community Pontal Beach One

sampling

CALIL, P.; BORZONE, C.A. Population

structure and reproductive biology of

Metamysidopsis neritica (Crustacea:

Mysidacea) in a sand beach in south Brazil.

Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, Curitiba, v.

25, p. 403413, 2008.

Population Atami Beach 12

months Monthly

GANDARAMARTINS, A.L.; BORZONE, C.A.;

ROSA, L.C.; CARON, E. Ocorrência de três

espécies do gênero Bledius Leach, 1819

(Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Oxytelinae) nas

praias arenosas expostas do Paraná, Brasil.

Brazilian Journal of Aquatic Science and

Technology, Itajaí, v. 14, p. 2330, 2010.

Community 12 sandy

beaches

One

sampling

SOUZA, J. R. B.; BORZONE, C. A. Population


Scolelepis squamata (Polychaeta: Spionidae)

in an exposed sandy beach southern Brazil.

Bulletin of Marine Science, Miami, v. 67, n.

1, p. 221233, 2000.


months Monthly

SOUZA, J. R. B.; BORZONE, C. A. Population


Euzonus furciferus Ehlers (Polychaeta,

Opheliidae) in an exposed sandy beach of

Southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de

Zoologia, Curitiba, v. 24, n. 4, p. 11391144,

2007.


months Monthly

SOUZA, J. R. B.; BORZONE, C. A. Distribuição

de Callianassídeos (Crustacea: Decapoda:

Thalassinidea) em praia do litoral

paranaense, com especial referência a

Callichirus major. Arquivos de Biologia e

Tecnologia, Curitiba, v. 39, n.3, p. 553565,

1996.

SOUZA, J. R. B.; BORZONE, C. A.; BREY, T.

Population dynamics and secondary

production of Callichirus major (Crustacea:

Thalassinidea) on a southern Brazilian sandy

beach. Archive of Fishery and Marine

Research, Berlin, v. 46, n. 2, p. 4356, 1998.

SOUZA, J. R. B.; GIANUCA, N. M. Zonation

and seasonal variation of the intertidal

macrofauna on a sandy beach of Paraná

State, Brazil. Scientia Marina, Barcelona, v.

59, p. 103111, 1995.

VIEIRA, J. V.; BORZONE, C. A.; LORENZI, L.;

CARVALHO, F. C. Human impact on the

benthic macrofauna of two beach

environments with different morphodynamic

characteristics in southern Brazil. Brazilian

Journal of Oceanography, São Paulo, v. 60,

p. 137150, 2012.

Community

Sangrilá and

Barra do Sul

beaches

Two

sampling 5 months

ALVES, E. S.; PEZZUTO, P. R. Effect of

morphodynamics on anual average zonation

pattern of benthic macrofauna of exposed

sandy beaches in Santa Catarina, Brazil.

Brazilian Journal of Oceanography, São

Paulo, v. 57, n. 3, p. 189203, 2009.

Community 3 sandy

beaches

12

months Monthly

ALVES, E. S.; PEZZUTO, P. R. Effect of cold

fronts on the benthic macrofauna of exposed

sandy beaches with contrasting

morphodynamics. Brazilian Journal of

Oceanography, São Paulo, v. 57, n. 2, p.

7396, 2009.

Impact

Taquaras and

Navegantes

Beaches

Before,

during

and after

impact

BLANKENSTEYN, A. 2006. O uso do

caranguejo mariafarinha Ocypode quadrata

(Fabricius) (Crustacea, Ocypodidae) como

indicador de impactos antropogênicos em

praias arenosas da Ilha de Santa Catarina,

Santa Catarina, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de

Zoologia, Curitiba, v. 23, n. 3, p. 870–876.

Population 3 sandy

beaches

Two

sampling 6 months

NETTO, S. A.; PAGLIOSA, P. R.; FONSECA, A.

L.; GALLUCCI, F.; FONSECA, G. C.; SOUZA, R.

S. Interações entre o microfitobentos,

meiofauna e macrofauna (Praia Comprida,

Santa Catarina). Brazilian Journal of

Ecology, São Paulo, v. 11, p. 7882, 2007.

Community Comprida

Beach

One

sampling

PAGLIOSA, P. R. Another diet of worms: the

applicability of polychaete feeding guilds as a

useful conceptual framework and biological

variable. Marine Ecology, Hoboken, v. 26, p.

246254, 2005.

Community

Santa

Catarina

Island Bay

One

sampling

VIVAN, J. M.; DI DOMENICO, M.; ALMEIDA, T.

C. M. Effects of dredged material disposal on

benthic macrofauna near Itajaí Harbour

(Santa Catarina, South Brazil). Ecological

Engineering, Washington, v. 35, p. 1435

1443, 2009.

Impact Itajaí

Before,

during

and after

impact

OTEGUI, M. B. P.; BLANKENSTEYN, A.,

PAGLIOSA, P. R. Population structure, growth

and production of Thoracophelia furcifera

(Polychaeta: Opheliidae) on a sandy beach in

Southern Brazil. Helgoland Marine

Research, New York, v. 66, n. 4, p. 479488,

2012.

Population Barra da

Lagoa Beach

12

months Biweekly

NEVES, F. M.; BEMVENUTI, C. E. Spatial

distribution of macrobenthic fauna on three

sandy beaches from northern Rio Grande do

Sul, southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de

Oceanografia, São Paulo, v. 54, n. 23,

p.135145. 2006.

Community 3 sandy

beaches

5

samplings One day

NEVES, F. M.; BEMVENUTI, C. E. Variabilidade

diária da zonação da macrofauna bentônica

em praias arenosas do litoral norte do Rio

Grande do Sul. Iheringia (Série Zoologia),

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Community 3 sandy

beaches

5

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S.; BEMVENUTI, C. E. Daily variation of

macrobenthic fauna on an exposed sandy

beach of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Journal

of Coastal Research, Itajaí, v. SI 39, p.

12251228, 2004.

Community 3 sandy

beaches

5

samplings One day

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Cassino Beach, southernmost Brazil.

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do Brasil. Iheringia (Série Zoologia). Curitiba,

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months Monthly


Image 1

Image 2

Image 3

Sandy-beachMeiofaunafromBrazil:abriefsynthesis

TatianaFabricioMaria1,AdrianePereiraWandeness2,AndréMorgadoEsteves3

1UniversidadeFederaldoEstadodoRiodeJaneiro,DepartamentodeEcologiaeRecursosMarinhosAv.Pasteur,458.22290-240.Urca,RiodeJaneiro-RJ.Brasil.2UniversidadeFederaldaParaíba,CentrodeCiênciasAplicadaseEducação–Campus IV.RuadaMangueiras/n.58297000.RioTinto-PB.Brasil.3UniversidadeFederaldePernambucoCentrodeCiênciasBiológicas,DepartamentodeZoologiaAv.Prof.MoraesRegos/n.50670-920.CidadeUniversitária,Recife-PE.Brasil.

Runningtitle:Brazilianmeiofauna

Abstract

In Brazil, meiofauna studies began in the middle of last century, but they had a purely

taxonomical approach, describing species from various zoological groups. After this first

step,thisbenthicgroupwaslargelyneglectedtilltheendof20thcenturywhentheecological

studies have began. Here, we provide a brief review of the meiofauna knowledge in

Brazilian’ssandybeachesinordertoprovidesubsidiestoReBentos(CoastalBenthicHabitats

MonitoringNetwork).Ourmethodologyconsistedofabibliographicsurveywasdoneusing

differentdatasets(WebofScience®,SCOPUS,GoogleScholarandLattesPlataform).Forthe

survey, we just consider works published until early 2014. The results and discussion

presentedaresubdividedinthreemainthemes,as:(a)currentknowledgeofBraziliansandy-

beachmeiofauna,(b)samplingstrategiesformonitoringofthemeiofauna,and(c)useofthe

meiofaunaasatooltoassessclimatechanges.Wecanconcludethatthisbriefreviewcould

be used as a starting point to delineate further climate changes investigations on sandy-

beachmeiofauna.

Resumo

No Brasil, os estudos dameiofauna iniciaram-se emmeados do século passado, com um

enfoquepuramentetaxonômico,voltadoparaadescriçãodeespéciesdediferentesgrupos

zoológicos. Após essa fase inicial, essa biota foi, de certa forma, esquecida até o final do

séculoXX,quandoosestudosecológicosforaminiciados.Nestetrabalho,nósfazemosuma

breve revisãodoque se conhece sobre ameiofaunadepraias arenosas brasileiras como

objetivo de fornecer subsídios para a ReBentos (Rede de Monitoramento dos Habitats

BentônicosCosteiros).Paraisto,nossametodologiaenvolveuumlevantamentobibliográfico

foi realizadoapartir dediferentesbasesbibliográficas (Webof Science®, SCOPUS,Google

Scholar e Plataforma Lattes), considerando artigos publicados até o início de 2014. Os

resultados e discussão aqui são apresentados em relação à trêsprincipais temas: (a)

conhecimentoatualdameiofaunanaspraiasarenosasbrasileiras, (b)estratégiasamostras

paraomonitoramento/estudodameiofaunae(c)asperspectivasdousodameiofaunana

avaliaçãodasmudançasclimáticas.Nósconcluímosqueessabreverevisãopoderáserusada

como um estágio inicial para o delineamento de estudos que abordem o impacto das

mudançasclimáticassobreameiofaunadepraiasarenosas.

Key-words:sandybeaches,meiofauna,biodiversity,monitoring,ReBentos,climatechange

Introduction

The term “meiofauna” is used for heterogenic group of benthic organisms that

belongtoaspecificclasssizebeingrepresentedfromcnidarianstoechinoderms.Ingeneral,

meiofaunaorganismsareabletopassthroughameshsieveof500µmor1mm(sizelimits

dependontheauthorandthepurposesofthestudy),butareretainedbyamesssizeof62-

38 µmduring an extraction procedure (GIERE, 2009). Themeiofauna termwas coined by

Mare(1942)and,sincethen,itisfollowedbyseveralauthorsalthoughitdoesnothaveany

special taxonomical or ecological significance (FENCHEL, 1978). Among the meiofaunal

organisms, nematodes represent the majority of individuals from a sample of marine

sediments(HEIPetal.,1985)anditisindeedtrueforthedynamicsandybeachecosystem.

ThefirstecologicalstudyofthemeiofaunainsandybeachwasdoneintheGermany

coastbyRemane (1933). InBrazil, themeiofauna studies started in themiddleof the last

century, but they were purely taxonomical, describing species from different meiofaunal

groups(e.g.Platyhelminthes,Annelida,Mollusca,Nematoda,Kinorhyncha,Nemertea,Acari,

Amphipoda, Ostracoda). After this taxonomical bloom, themeiofauna were neglected till

1990’swhenecologicalstudieshavestarted(FONSECAetal.,2014).

Although the Brazilian coast extends for approximately 8000 km bearing

approximately 2000 beaches, only 2,5% of these beacheswere studied hitherto from the

pointofviewofthemeiofaunaresultingin107Braziliansandy-beachmeiofaunastudies.In

thesestudiesare includedestuarineandoceanicbeacheswith taxonomicalandecological

approach (Fig. 1).Many of these studies belong to the “gray” literature and only 46 are

already published (3 taxonomical and 43 ecological) in peer review journals. Among the

ecological ones, 7 are exclusively related to the effects of environmental variables in the

populationof certainnematode species (ESTEVESet al., 2003, 2004;MARIAet al., 2008a;

VENEKEY et al., 2011) and tardigrades (CASTRO et al., 1999; DA ROCHA et al., 2004;

VERÇOSAetal.,2009).

InsertFIGURE1

The other 36 ecological studies are related to meiofauna communities and were

publishedinnationalorinternationaljournals.AscanbeseeninFig.2,inthelastdecadethe

numberofpublishedmanuscripthasbeintensified.

INSERTFIG.2

Considering that one of the main goals of ReBentos (Coastal Benthic Habitats

MonitoringNetwork)istodoalong-termmonitoringofbenthicbiodiversityontheBrazilian

coastinordertobebetterunderstandtheeffectsofenvironmentalchangeonthebiota,we

aimtoprovideabriefreviewofthecurrentknowledgeonthemeiofaunaofsandybeaches

ecosystems besides to evaluate the applicability of this knowledge in identifying and

predictingtheeffectsofclimatechangeonsandybeaches.

Material&Methods

AbibliographicsurveywasdoneusingWebofScience®,SCOPUS,GoogleScholar,and

Lattes Platform databases, considering works published until early 2014. Solely papers

published in scientific journals and those with an ecological purpose related to benthic

meiofaunacommunityfromsandybeacheswereselected.Taxonomicalarticleswerelargely

excludedfromtheanalysis.Theselectedstudieswereclassifiedaccordingto1)geographic

region (N, NE, SE, and S), 2) primary focus (effect of an environmental variable, impact,

methodological),3)publicationyear,4)samplingfrequency(monthstoyearsandnumberof

samplingeventsduringthestudy),and5)numberofsampledbeaches(Table1).

ResultsandDiscussion

CurrentknowledgeofmeiofaunafromBrazilianSandyBeaches

Despite the greatest extension of the Brazilian coastline and the huge number of

sandybeachesoccurringalongourcoast,thesandy-beachmeiofaunastudiesarerestricted

toonly6Braziliansstates:Pará,Paraná,Pernambuco,RiodeJaneiro,SantaCatarinaandSão

Paulo(Table1).However,themajority(51%)arerestrictedtotheSoutheastregionfollowed

bytheNortheastregionwith35%ofthestudies.ThebeginningofthestudiesintheNorth

and South regions has started in the last 5 and 10 years, respectively and both together

comprise only 14% of the studies (Table 1). This picture is a result of the first centers of

meiofauna investigations that were established in the Southeast and Northeast regions.

Nowadays,we have expertsworkingwith themeiofauna and conducting studies in other

geographicregions.Itwasonlypossibleafterthetrainingofanewgenerationofscientistin

someinternationalcoursesandwhenreturningtoBrazilsettledinlessexploredareas.

Although the Northeast and Southeast regions remain the most studies from the

point of view of the meiofauna, the number of investigated beaches is largely dissimilar

among the states of these geographic regions. Along the Northeast region, all the

investigationsareconcentratedtosixbeacheslocatedatPernambucostate.Thesebeaches

are under some great anthropogenic impact, such as disposal of organic waste and

recreational use as the case of Tamandaré beach, Pina Bay andOlinda Isthmor to a less

degreeofimpact,suchasCoroadoAviãoandItamaracábeach.Thisscenariochangesabitin

theSoutheast regionwhere two statesarewidely studied (SãoPauloandRiode Janeiro),

comprising38of the50studiedBrazilianbeaches.Thesebeaches includewidely impacted

ones, such as those located under intense organic and industrial waste disposal as

GuanabaraBay till almostpristinebeaches located inMarambaiaRestinga-RJandFazenda

Beach-SP(Table1).

Itisdifficulttoestablishanadequateestimativeoftheactualdiversityofmeiofauna

on Brazilian sandy beaches sincemany of these studies are based onmajor taxonomical

groups(phylum,classes,andsoon);whatisprettyknownisthatbiodiversity isreducedin

impacted areas, but some nematodes genera/species are able to withstand very rash

conditions (MARIA et al., 2013). However, it is very important to assess the meiofauna

diversityofsandybeachesbecausethisgroupoforganismsistheuniqueamongthebenthic

community that can persist with high abundances in reflective beaches (MOORE& BETT,

1989).

SamplingStrategiesforMonitoring

There is a tendency to sample meiofaunal organisms using cylindrical corers of a

determinedareathatareintroducedtothesedimentoftheintertidalzoneuntiltoacertain

depth,whichcanbevariable(10to30cmdeep).Thesamplingareamaybequitevariable,

buttheresultsarealwaysexpressedtoastandardareaof10cm2.Thesediment is fixed in

the field using 4% formaldehyde. In the lab, the meiofauna is extracted using flotation

techniques employing high density solutions, such as sugar, ludox or magnesium sulfate

(ESTEVESetal.,1997;HEIPetal.,1985;GIERE,2009,respectively).Allthesesolutionsallow

themeiofaunalorganismstofloatandtheyaresubsequentlypouredinmeshsievesthatcan

varyfrom62µmto38µm.

Basedontable1,itcanbeseenthatthereisnotaspecificperiodicsamplingscheme

formeiofaunastudies.Eventhoughlong-termstudiesarehighlyinformativeformonitoring

of a certain area, they are very few formeiofauna (6/36; table 1). The sampling schedule

depends primordially on the purpose of the study and financial resources available. For

monitoring purposes of themeiofauna, the ideal sampling scheme should bemonthly or

fortnightly,atleast,duringayearperiodsincethecombinationofbenthiclifestyleandshort

life cycle, which can be last than 15 days in some cases, lead themeiofauna to respond

extremelyfasttoanypossibleenvironmentaldisturbs(SILVAetal.,1997).Therefore,using

shortsamplingintervalswouldprovideamorereliableseasonalvariabilityofthemeiofauna.

Ifthisperiodicitycannotbeapplied,thesamplingdesignmustinclude,atleast,twoormore

differentseasons.Inmanycases,itcanberepresentedbyadryandawetseason.

Climatechangeandmeiofauna

Although concerns about globalwarming have dramatically increased, none of the

previously published studies focused on this topic. Themost related studies are the ones

thatanalyzethenaturallifecycleofthemeiofaunaduringoneyearperiod(e.g.ESTEVESet

al.,2003;2004;MARIAetal.,2008a;VENEKEYetal.,2011).However,thesestudiesaddress

thequestiontoasinglenematodepopulation indicatingthatcertainspecies increasetheir

densityduring rainyordry seasons.Anenvironmental impact assessmenthas shown that

eachmeiofaunaorganismpossessesdistinctresponsestothesamekindofimpact(MIRTOet

al., 2012). Based on that, we cannot recommend the assessment of the meiofauna

community,asawhole,tounderstandtheeffectofclimatechange.Ontheotherhand,the

identificationofthemeiofaunaorganismsrequirestheinvolvementofdifferentexpertsand

itisalsomoretimeconsumingsincetheobservationofspecificcharactersoftinyorganisms

requiresaverylaboriousandcarefulobservationalwaysunderthelightmicroscopy. Theunderstandingofimpactoftheclimatechangesunderthemeiofaunaisstillvery

primitive worldwide and a lot has to be done; the first steps include a sampling

methodological standardization and a sampling monitoring program that can be done in

differentgeographicregionofthecountry.Brazilisacontinentalcountryanditisexpected

thattheeffectoftheclimatechangewillbedistinctineachgeographicarea.

Besidesitsomespecificquestioncouldberaised(e.g.(1)Whatistheimpactofsea

levelriseintheintertidalmeiofaunacommunity?(2)Whatisthebehaviorofthemeiofauna

communityunderelevated temperature? (3)Can intense rainfallwashawaymeiofauna to

deeper sediments layer? Therefore, to reply precisely these and even more specific

questions, we believe that the performance of in situ and ex situ experiments is highly

required. There are already two successful approaches that predict the response of

meiofaunaunderthoseclimaticchanges(VANAVERBEKEetal.,2009;GINGOLDetal.,2013).

Inthefirststudy,it isshownthatanartificialraincanchangethenematodecommunityof

Europeanbeaches,butthedegreeofchangedependsonthedynamicoftheecosystems,

microtidalbeachesaremoreaffected thanmacrotidalones. The latter studyanalysed the

influenceofhightemperaturesunderthenematodecommunityanditwasobservedaloss

ofpredaciousandomnivorousnematodeswhichareimportantforthetop-downcontrolof

thecommunity,consequentlyleadingtoachangeinthefoodweb.

Hence,werecommendlong-termmonitoringtounderstandthedynamicchangesof

themeiofaunacommunityinordertoknowthelocalbiodiversityandtocompareitwitha

furtherscenarioofclimatechange,butintheotherhandmoredetailedquestionsrelatedto

thistopicshouldbetestedbymeansofsimpleorelaboratedlaband/orinsituexperiments.

Table1:OverviewofthesandybeachmeiofaunastudiesinBrazil.Onlycommunitystudiesarelisted.

Author year purpose periodicity Samplingduration

n°ofstudiedbeaches

State

Medeiros 1984 EVA ? ? ? SPSilvaetal. 1991 EVA SA 2m 1 RJCarvalhoetal. 1992 EVA ? ? 1 PEMedeiros 1992 EVA SA 2m(3d/m) 1 SPEstevesetal. 1995 MET YR 1m 1 RJBezerraetal. 1996 EVA MO 12m 1 PEBezerraetal. 1997 EVA MO 12m 1 PEEstevesandFonseca-Genevois 1997 EVA YR 1m 1 PEEstevesetal. 1997 MET YR 2m 1 RJSilvaetal. 1997 REV n.a. n.a. n.a. RJWandenessetal. 1997 EIE MO 6m 1 RJEstevesandSilva 1998 MET YR 1m 3 RJEstevesetal. 1998 EVA DIA 15d 1 RJWandenessetal. 1998 EVA YR 1m 1 RJSilvaetal. 1999 ? ? ? ? RJCurveloandCorbisier 2000 EVA MO 6m 1 SPCorgosinhoetal. 2003 EVA YR 1m 2 PRMoellmannandCorbisier 2003 EIE MO 3m 2 SPOliveiraandSoares-Gomes 2003 EIE YR 1m 1 RJSomerfieldetal. 2003 EVA YR 1m 1 PESouza-Santosetal. 2003 EVA MO 12m 1 PEEsteves 2004 EVA MO 12m 1 RJTodaroandRocha 2004 EVA YR 1m 23 SPPintoandSantos 2006 EVA SA 2m 1 PEAlbuquerqueetal. 2007 EVA MO 12m 1 RJNettoetal. 2007 EVA YR 1m 1 SCDiDomenicoetal. 2008 EVA SA 2m 6 SCePRMariaetal. 2008b EVA SA 2m 3 RJGomesandRosaFilho 2009 EVA BM 4m 1 PADaRochaetal. 2009 EVA S/P 5m 3 PERosaFilhoetal. 2011 EVA YR 1m 3 PAMariaetal. 2013a EVA SA 2m 2 RJMariaetal. 2013b EXP YR 1m 1 SPGomesetal. Inpress EVA BM 4m 1 PAVenekeyetal Inpress EVA MO 12m 1 PEVenekeyetal Inpress EVA BM 4m 1 PEEVA: environmental effect, EIE: Environmental impact effect, MET: methodological, EXP: experimental, YR:yearly, SA: semiannual, BM: bimonthly,MO:monthly DIA: dialy, S/P: periodicy no defined,m =month(s) d=day(s);d/m=numberofdayspermonth,n.a.:notapplied,?:not informed,PA:Pará,PE:Pernambuco,PR:Paraná,SC:SantaCatarina,SP:SãoPaulo,RJ:RiodeJaneiro.

Acknowledgments

TheauthorsaregratefultotheREBENTOSnetworkthatprovidedaspecialattentiontothe

meiofauna group and especially to Cecília Amaral that invited us to be part of the sandy beach

workinggroup(GT).

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Síntese do conhecimento sobre costões rochosos da Costa Brasileira e

seu uso para o monitoramento das mudanças climáticas.

Ricardo Coutinho1, Luciana Erika Yaginuma1, Fernanda Siviero1, Julio César

Q.B dos Santos1, Maria Teresa Menezes Széchy2, María Soledad López3, Ronaldo

Adriano Christofoletti4, Flávio Berchez5, Rosana Moreira da Rocha6, Natalia Pirani

Ghilardi-Lopes7, Carlos Eduardo Leite Ferreira8, José Eduardo Arruda Gonçalves1,

Bruno Pereira Masi1, Monica Dorigo Correia9, Hilda Helena Sovierzoski9, Luis Felipe

Skinner10, Ilana Rosental Zalmon11

1- Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira (IEAPM)

2- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)

3- CEBIMar - Universidade de São Paulo (USP)

4- IMar -Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)

5- Universidade de São Paulo (USP)

6- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR)

7- Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC)

8- Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF)

9- Universidade Federal de Alagoas (UFA)

10- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ)

11- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF)

Introdução

O presente estudo tem como objetivo principal levantar e revisar o conhecimento

existente sobre os organismos bentônicos presentes nos costões rochosos, sua

biodiversidade associada, e as potencialidades de estudos futuros para a correta

previsão/mensuração dos efeitos das mudanças climáticas sobre os ambientes e sua

biota. O foco inicial foram os trabalhos sobre estrutura de comunidades bentônicas.

O estudo foi dividido em 3 partes principais, a saber : 1) Ambiente, compreendendo

a definição e principais características do ambiente, Localização ao longo da costa,

serviços ecossistêmicos/ambientais prestados e principais ameaças locais, além das

Mudanças Climáticas; 2) Levantamento do Estado de Conhecimento dos costões

rochosos e recifes coralíneos adjacentes e 3) Efeito das mudanças climáticas nos

costões rochosos e 4) Recomendações com sugestões de hipótese de trabalho.

Para investigar a vulnerabilidade dos recifes rochosos e os efeitos das alterações

ambientais sobre a biota destes ambientes na costa brasileira, foi criado um Grupo de

Trabalho de Costões e Recifes (GT) integrado à ReBentos (Rede de Monitoramento

de Habitats Bentônicos Costeiros), vinculada à Sub-Rede Zonas Costeiras da Rede Clima

(MCT) e ao Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para Mudanças Climáticas (INCT-

MC). O GT visou consolidar uma rede de pesquisa por meio de uma ampla

discussão metodológica entre pesquisadores de diversas regiões do país e iniciou

uma série histórica para obtenção de dados padronizados, que viabilizem o

monitoramento continuado desses ambientes.

O ambiente

Definição e principais características do ambiente

Os habitats costeiros bentônicos estão entre os ambientes marinhos mais

produtivos do planeta. Dentre os ecossistemas presentes na região entre-marés e

habitats da zona costeira, os costões rochosos são considerados um dos mais

importantes por conter uma alta riqueza de espécies de grande importância ecológica

e econômica, tais como mexilhões, ostras, crustáceos e uma variedade de peixes. Por

receber grande quantidade de nutrientes proveniente dos sistemas terrestres, estes

ecossistemas apresentam uma grande biomassa e produção primária de

microfitobentos e de macroalgas. Como conseqüência, os costões rochosos são locais

de alimentação, crescimento e reprodução de um grande número de espécies. A

grande variedade de organismos e o fácil acesso tornaram os costões rochosos uns

dos mais populares e bem estudados ecossistemas marinhos. A grande diversidade

de espécies presentes nos costões rochosos fazem com que, neste ambiente, ocorram

fortes interações biológicas, como consequencia da limitação de substrato ao longo

de um gradiente existente entre o habitat terrestre e o marinho.

Por estar na fronteira entre os domínios marinho e terrestre, a biota que ocupa

os habitats do entre-marés nos costões rochosos enfrenta os desafios impostos tanto

pela água do mar quanto pela exposição aérea. Isto faz desses organismos e

comunidades prováveis sistemas de aviso inicial dos impactos das mudanças

climáticas.

Os organismos do entremarés estão sujeitos a exposição à temperatura do ar

uma ou duas vezes por dia (no caso de marés diurnas ou semi-diurnas,

respectivamente) nos horários de maré baixa, especialmente no período de sizígia

quando o tempo de exposição se torna máximo. Dependendo da época do ano, do

horário e do local onde estão esses organismos, eles podem enfrentar temperaturas

superiores a 50 °C ou de congelamento. Ou ainda, num mesmo dia, suportar

amplitudes térmicas de 30 °C dependendo da temperatura da água durante a maré

alta. Por isso considera-se que muitos dos organismos que ali vivem encontram-se no

limite de tolerância fisiológica e qualquer alteração nos parâmetros abióticos como a

temperatura e tempo de exposição podem levar a eventos negativos de mortalidade

e até extinção (Helmuth, 2002; Helmuth, 2009).

Em pequenas escalas espaciais, o entremarés de costões rochosos apresenta

gradientes ambientais relacionados com o tempo de exposição-submersão. Assim, de

acordo com a sua tolerância os organismos distribuem-se em diferentes níveis

verticais e as faixas de dominância caracterizam padrões de zonação que podem ser

observados em todo o mundo (Stephenson & Stephenson 1949). Muitos destes

organismos possuem estruturas de sustentação calcárias (endo ou exoesqueletos,

conchas) cuja formação e estabilidade pode ser afetada por mudanças no pH da água

(Orr et al., 2005).

O aumento na temperatura e no nível do mar e a redução no pH da água, entre

outros mecanismos de mudanças globais, podem provocar alterações importantes na

diversidade, distribuição e abundância dos organismos de costões rochosos. Tal

compreensão dependerá de um intenso e constante esforço de monitoramento

ecológico, associado a experimentos no campo e de laboratório. Ressalta-se ainda que

os tipos de organismo que dominam essa região são similares em todo o mundo o

que facilita a padronização de ações de monitoramento de mudanças em várias

partes do globo.

Localização ao longo da costa

A distribuição dos organismos bentônicos nos costões rochosos ao longo da costa

brasileira é o resultado de uma interação complexa entre fatores históricos e

biogeográficos, e as características das massas de água, particularmente das correntes

do Brasil e das Malvinas, dos afloramentos localizados da Água Central do Atlântico

Sul (ACAS), da disponibilidade de substrato consolidado, presença de cursos de

água doce de maior porte e de interações bióticas. Oliveira (1998), por exemplo, dá

grande ênfase à presença dos rios Amazonas e Prata como fatores condicionantes

primordiais das características ficoflorísticas de nossa costa. Esse autor considera que

estes dois grandes rios, devido ao elevado volume de água doce e sedimentos que

aportam ao ambiente marinho, funcionam como barreiras intransponíveis para

muitas espécies de organismos marinhos bênticos. Ele aventa a hipótese de que

algumas espécies, que são abundantes no Caribe e ausentes no Brasil, chegaram ao

Caribe vindas do Indo-Pacífico, em uma época em que o rio Amazonas já drenava

um volume considerável de água para o Atlântico. Isto explicaria as diferenças

biogeográficas que existem entre a biota marinha, de um modo geral, da costa

nordeste do Brasil e da Venezuela e Colômbia. No extremo sul, este mesmo papel

biogeográfico seria exercido pelo rio da Prata, que impediria que espécies de

afinidade temperada quente, que ocorrem na costa argentina, fizessem incursões,

pelo menos estacionalmente, nas costas sul e sudeste do Brasil.

Com base na presença de costões rochosos e de seus respectivos organismos

bentônicos, podemos dividir a zona costeira brasileira em 3 áreas principais, a saber :

1. Uma zona que vai do Amapá ao norte da Bahia e que se caracteriza por uma costa

de sedimentos não consolidados ou, quando consolidados, formados

predominantemente por arrecifes de arenito incrustados por algas calcárias e corais.

Exceção a este padrão é a pequena formação rochosa presente próximo ao Cabo de

Santo Agostinho, no litoral de Pernambuco.

2. A zona costeira, do Norte da Bahia, onde já são comuns afloramentos do cristalino

formando costões rochosos, até o sul da Ilha de Santa Catarina, que caracteriza-se

por grande disponibilidade de substrato rochoso, tanto na borda continental,

recortada por inúmeras baías e enseadas, com praias pequenas separadas por

esporões rochosos, como também nas numerosas ilhas e ilhotas que ocorrem na

região. Dentro desta zona, existe o afloramento de águas profundas oriundas da

ACAS, que tem o seu ponto mais importante na região de Cabo Frio (RJ).

3. A última região compreende a área do sul de Santa Catarina até a região de Torres

(RS). Esta região caracteriza-se por extensas praias arenosas e raros afloramentos do

cristalino no continente e em ilhas.

Não estão enquadradas aqui as ilhas oceânicas tais como Atol das Rocas Fernando de

Noronha e Trindade, que possuem extensos costões rochosos.

Dessa forma, os costões rochosos verdadeiros estão presentes, quase que

exclusivamente, nas regiões sudeste e sul da costa brasileira. A principal

característica da região sudeste é a proximidade da Serra do Mar que, em muitos

pontos, chega diretamente ao mar. A brusca inflexão para oeste, na altura do Cabo

Frio, da orientação do litoral e das isobatimétricas, por efeito da zona de fratura do

Rio de Janeiro, fez com que os alinhamentos estruturais do embasamento cristalino,

de direção nordeste-sudoeste, fossem truncados pela orientação aproximadamente

leste-oeste do litoral, entre o Cabo Frio e a Baía de Angra dos Reis. Assim, o principal

trecho da costa brasileira, onde os costões rochosos estão entre os ecossistemas mais

importantes, compreende Cabo Frio (RJ) até o Cabo de Santa Marta (SP). Nesta

região, com exceção da área influenciada pela ressurgência de Cabo Frio, que

apresenta elementos da fauna e flora bentônicas com afinidades temperadas e

tropicais e que funciona como uma barreira biogeográfica para um grande número

de espécies, a composição específica é de característica sub-tropical, com uma alta

diversidade de espécies.

Serviços ecossistêmicos/ambientais prestados

O conceito de ‘ativo ambiental’, que define as “coleções de recursos naturais prestadores

de serviços ambientais economicamente valoráveis” (MMA, 1998:11), aplica-se aos

serviços associados ao fornecimento de recursos naturais, suporte para atividades

sociais e deposição de efluentes. Esses importantes e valiosos benefícios ambientais

proporcionados pelos ecossistemas costeiros preservados englobam a prevenção de

inundações, da intrusão salina e da erosão costeira; a proteção contra tempestades; a

reciclagem de nutrientes e de substâncias poluidoras; e a provisão de habitats e

recursos para uma variedade de espécies de uso comercial direto.

A partir de 22 áreas selecionadas em diferentes regiões, a Zona Costeira brasileira foi

caracterizada quanto aos ativos ambientais, com base em aspectos relacionados à

extensão geográfica dos serviços ambientais, perfil socioeconômico local, tipologia

das atividades econômicas e intensidade dos impactos ambientais, capacidade e

potencial de gestão ambiental, e identificação de estratégias de intervenção (Ibid.). As

principais características dos ecossistemas costeiros foram dimensionadas, em

termos de componentes (bióticos e abióticos), funções (ciclos de nutrientes e

intercâmbios entre os níveis superficiais e subaquáticos) e atributos (diversidade

biológica e cultural). Além dos produtos de uso direto, como pescados, essas áreas

desempenham funções que tem peso econômico direto sobre as atividades humanas

e que podem ser caracterizadas em termos de funções reguladoras (capacidade de

funcionamento e de trocas energéticas dos ecossistemas), funções locacionais

(localização espacial de atividades econômicas e infra-estruturas), funções

produtivas (fornecimento de recursos naturais) e informacionais.

Costões rochosos fornecem nicho habitat para espécies de algas, liquens, moluscos,

crustaceos como cracas e caranguejos, ascídias e anêmonas, além dos peixes

bentônicos associados. A estrutura e composição biológica dos costões rochosos

proporcionam abrigo, áreas de alimentação e berçário para aves, peixes e outras

espécies. Dependendo de sua localização, um costão rochoso pode estar em uma área

exposta ou abrigados. De todos os habitats do litoral, os costões rochosos protegidos

é geralmente mais biodiversa com um maior número de espécies, e em maior

abundância.

Há uma preocupação sobre o efeito potencial de perda de biodiversidade no

funcionamento dos ecossistemas e seus serviços para a sociedade. Uma consideração

importante é o quanto a biodiversidade pode melhorar a estabilidade dos

ecossistemas. Mais ecossistemas estáveis são os fornecedores mais confiáveis de

serviços ambientais, como as capturas de peixe e de estabilização de habitats

costeiros.

Cenários de mudanças climáticas prevêem um aumento no estresse físico (por

exemplo, tempestades) e matéria orgânica. As actividades locais causar a perda de

algumas das espécies-chave nos ecossistemas. Ainda não se sabe como essas

diferentes impactos pode se combinam para afetar os processos ecossistêmicos e

assim afetar os serviços ambientais.

Principais ameaças locais, além das MCs

Entre os vetores de pressão sobre a diversidade biológica nos costões rochosos

destaca-se a exploração das espécies de interesse econômico, a introdução de

espécies exóticas, o lixo, a especulação imobiliária, a poluição e pesca predatória.

A principal espécie coletada nos costões rochosos da região sudeste da costa

brasileira é o mexilhão Perna perna , que pode ser coletada ainda jovem para ser

usada como semente para sistemas de aquacultura, ou no tamanho adulto para

alimentação. O efeito do arrancamento das populaçõe de mexilhões não foi ainda

avaliado mas certamente modifica toda a estrutura da comunidade em locais que

este organismo é dominante. A fauna associada ao mexilhão também é retirada

quando da coleta dos mexilhões fazendo com que haja uma modificação na estrutura

dessas populações.

A introdução de espécies exóticas tal como ocorreu com a ostra Crassostea gigas não

parece acarretar problemas. Esta espécie que foi introduzida na década de 70 para

cultivo em Arraial do Cabo, não apresentou até hoje reprodução em condições

naturais sendo possível apenas em condições de laboratório. Dessa forma, a

introdução de espécies de forma racional parece apresentar menos problemas dos

que as espécies que chegam na costa brasileira nos cascos de navio ou mesmo na

água utilizada como lastro nos navios. O caso mais recente, envolve a dispersão do

coral sol na costa Brasileira. Esse organismo apresenta um crescimento significativo

nos costões rochosos da região sudeste e em especial na região da Ilha Grande, RJ,

com um risco potencial para a biodiversidade local. Medidas de controle desse

organismos são necessárias para conter esse coral em outros pontos da costa

Brasileira (Coutinho et. al. 2013).

A presença de lixo nos costões rochosos podem comprometer o desenvolvimento de

populações principalmente na zona entre-marés. Entre outras coisas, o lixo reduz a

circulação da água, promove sombreamento para algas, etc. Contudo, os efeitos

descritos aqui não foram ainda avaliados adequadamete.

A construção de casas, edificações, etc, como consequência da privatização dos

costões rochosos constitui um grande problema para os organismos desse

ecossistema. Além da disfiguração do habitat, o lançamento de esgoto muitas vezes

in natura prejudica o crescimento das espécies bentônicas.

Além da poluição resultante de esgoto doméstico, a oriunda de efluentes industriais

pode resultar na redução das espécies, ou mesmo modificar os processos

reprodutivos de organismos bentônicos. Por exemplo, a presença de metais pesados,

TBT, e outros compostos pode afetar diretamente a proporção de machos e fêmeas de

populações de gastrópodes, produzindo modificações nos órgões reprodutores o

chamado imposex. Populações de gastrópodes predadores tais como

Thais(=Stramonita) e Leucozonia que habitam costões rochosos próximos a regiões

portuárias apresentam uma proporção muito maior de machos sobre as fêmeas que

acreditam seja devido a presença de TBT na água.

A pesca predatória realizada por mergulho na região do infralitoral dos costões

rochosos é um dos principais impactos ambientais afetando a estrutura das

populações bentônicas. O peixe-donzela Stegastus fuscus por exemplo, desempenha

um importante papel na manutenção da diversidade algal de regiões do infralitoral

de Arraial do Cabo (Ferreira et al. l998). A retirada de predadores do topo da cadeia

alimentar pode por outro lado aumentar os peixes herbívoros, fazendo com que a

cobertura algal seja reduzida.

Os costões rochosos são nas regiões de baixa densidade demográfica, utilizados por

comunidades de pescadores e extrativistas que delas dependem para sua

sobrevivência.

Já nas regiões próximas a aglomerados urbanos, a construção de portos, edificações,

indústrias e expansão imobiliária são as principais pressões antrópicas dos costões

rochosos.

Além da privatização das praias para construção de condomínios, fato que veêm se

intensificando nos últimos anos principalmente na região sudeste, os vetores

referentes ao turismo e aumento da população na área costeira, quer seja para ter a

segunda casa ou para morar própriamente dito, acarretam uma série de problemas

ambientais que vão contribuir para a degradação dos ecossistemas de costões

rochosos. Assim, o turismo recreativo de lancha por exemplo, com frequente

derramamento de óleo, e ancoragem em cima de corais, afeta diretamente as

comunidades presentes nos costões rochosos.

Os costões rochosos não possuem na verdade o status a nível de poder público de

um ecossistema próprio ou definido quando comparado com outros ambientes tais

como manguesais, dunas, etc. Como consequência as políticas públicas definidas

para sua preservação é feita dentro de um contexto mais amplo de outros

ecossistemas não assumindo assim uma identidade própria. Este fato provoca uma

falta de consciência dos diferentes impactos que estes ecossistemas podem sofrer

tornando-o refém de um desenvolvimento sem planejamento. Exceção a essa regra é

a que ocorre no Município de Rio das Ostras onde uma lei municipal estabelece

proteção aos costões rochosos do município conhecido como monumento dos

costões rochosos.

Levantamento do Estado do conhecimento

Foram utilizados 327 publicações, sendo na sua grande maioria artigos, e

complementados por teses ou dissertação, livro, capítulos e anais, entre o período de

1994 a 2014, para a síntese dos estudos relacionados com costões rochosos e recifes

coralinos associados a costões (Figura 1).

Abaixo são apresentados esses dados, separados por ano, tipo, ambiente, estado,

tema e tema-ano.

Os estudos sobre costões rochosos no Brasil apesar de iniciados na segunda grande

guerra, só tiveram um impulso maios a partir dos anos 80’, quando além dos

levantamentos da flora e da fauna, foram iniciados estudos ecológicos observacionais

e experimentais e metodológicos (Figura 1, 2 e 3).

Figura 1 -Número de referências bibliográficas sobre costões rochosos e recifes

coralinos, por tipo de publicação

Figura 2 – Número de referências bibliográficas sobre costões rochosos e recifes

coralinos, por ano.

Figura 3 - Número de referências bibliográficas sobre costões rochosos e recifes

coralinos, classificados por temas entre os anos de 2000 e 2014

É importante também destacar que os estudos de Biodiversidade de uma

forma geral, sempre predominaram na costa Brasileira e os relacionados as mudança

climáticas foram mínimos, mostrando a necessidade urgente da implementação

desse tipo de estudo (Figura 3).

Figura 4– Número de referências bibliográficas totais sobre costões rochosos e recifes

coralíneos entre 2000- 2014 mostrando o tipo de estudo

Grande parte dos estudos de costões rochosos realizados no Brasil se concentraram

na região sudeste, fato explicado pela maior presença de costões rochosos nessa

região e também de um número maior de pesquisadores no eixo Rio-São Paulo

(Figura 4). Podemos observar também um grande número de estudos localizados no

Estado da Bahia, face a presença de Abrolhos que tem sido alvo de inúmeros

trabalhos realizados por cientistas Brasileiros e estrangeiros.

Figura 5 - Número de referências bibliográficas sobre costões rochosos e recifes

coralinos, por estado da costa do Brasil

No levantamento realizado foi identificado também o tipo de substrato

utilizado (Figura 5). Grande parte dos estudos realizados concentraram nos costões

rochsosos e nos recifes de corais. Alguns poucos também foram realizados nos

recifes de arenito e em matacões, notadamente em regiões do nordeste.

Figura 6 - Número de referências bibliográficas sobre comunidades bentônicas, por

tipo de substrato.

Efeito das mudanças climáticas sobre o ambiente e sua biodiversidade

Dentre os impactos das mudanças climáticas globais previstos para

ecossistemas marinhos podem ser citados o aumento da temperatura superficial da

água e do nível do mar, mudanças na salinidade, hidrodinamismo relacionado com a

exposição as ondas, ressacas e circulação oceânica. Além disso, como consequência

do aumento da concentração de CO2 na atmosfera espera-se uma diminuição do pH

da água de mar (Nicholls et al., 2007).

Os ecossistemas costeiros estão entre os mais vulneráveis às alterações

provocadas pelas mudanças climáticas, destacando-se as regiões do mediolitoral que

têm demonstrado mudanças biogeográficas mais rápidas (Barry et al., 1995; Helmuth

et al., 2006) do que as encontradas em ambientes terrestres (Root et al., 2003).

Monitoramentos de longo prazo têm revelado que os limites de distribuição da biota

do mediolitoral de substratos consolidados têm avançado em direção aos pólos em

um ritmo superior a 50 km por década (Rickets, 1985; Southward et al., 1995;

Helmuth et al., 2006). Esses ecossistemas são sujeitos a um mosaico de condições

ambientais como temperatura, vento, umidade e radiação, que mudam

repentinamente ou em poucas horas. Tais alterações podem agir como inibidores

para determinados tipos de comportamento, como a liberação de larvas (Chan et al.,

2001) que influenciam na abundância dos organismos.

Invertebrados e macroalgas que vivem em habitats do mediolitoral podem

ser particularmente vulneráveis a temperaturas flutuantes, uma vez que precisam ser

adaptadas às temperaturas extremas tanto do ambiente terrestre quanto do marinho

(Fields et al., 1993). No mediolitoral, uma gama de condições térmicas é encontrada

em pequenas escalas espaciais, podendo exceder as encontradas em amplas faixas de

latitudes. Por isso, considera-se que os organismos que ali vivem se encontram no

limite de sua tolerância fisiológica e qualquer alteração nos parâmetros abióticos

como temperatura e tempo de exposição ao ar podem levar a eventos de mortalidade

e até à extinção local (Helmuth, 1999; Helmuth, 2002; Massa et al., 2009) ou a eventos

positivos, como a ampliação da faixa e área de distribuição. Sendo assim, são

ambientes em potencial para avaliação de efeitos de mudanças climáticas (Helmuth,

2009).

A zonação é uma das características mais marcantes da região do

mediolitoral de substratos consolidados. Para espécies deste ambiente, que têm seu

limite de distribuição mais relacionado ao clima, é possível que o limite superior se

reduza com o aumento do estresse ambiental. Como consequência, relações

interespecíficas como predador-presa, por exemplo, também podem ser afetadas,

podendo ocorrer, inclusive, a eliminação da presa naquele ecossistema (Helmuth et

al., 2006). Em escalas espaciais relativamente pequenas, a temperatura corporal de

invertebrados sésseis e sedentários pode ser determinada pela hora e pela duração

da exposição aérea (Helmuth et al., 2002) e estudos têm demonstrado que as

temperaturas do ar durante a maré baixa têm maiores efeitos nos processos

fisiológicos destes organismos em comparação com a temperatura da água durante a

maré alta (Hofmann & Somero, 1995; Somero, 2002). Visto que a temperatura

corporal de organismos como bivalves quando expostos ao ar varia

independentemente da temperatura da água, Helmuth & Hofmann (2001) sugerem

que esta última não deve ser usada como única medida de estresse térmico para o

mediolitoral.

Os tipos de organismos que dominam cada faixa da região do mediolitoral

são similares em todo o mundo, o que facilita a padronização das ações de

monitoramento de mudanças ambientais. Apesar de ser uma área bastante estudada,

por ser de fácil acesso e permitir manipulações e replicações, ainda está sendo

avaliado o papel dos eventos de micro, meso e macro escalas que podem ser

alterados em função de mudanças climáticas. Oscilações no tempo de exposição

aérea, devido ao ciclo lunar podem afetar a fisiologia dos organismos, como suas

tolerâncias osmótica e renal (Denny & Paine, 1998). Como os efeitos das oscilações de

inclinação lunar são similares aos provocados pelo aquecimento global e pela

elevação do nível do mar (Siviero, 2010), longos períodos de amostragem poderiam

prever as mudanças a serem esperadas. No entanto, deve-se ter cuidados nas

afirmativas com relação às consequências das alterações climáticas de médio e longo

prazo sobre a estrutura das comunidades, dada a escassez de grandes séries

temporais de dados na costa brasileira.

Com a possível elevação das temperaturas do ar e da água do mar prevista

por diversos órgãos como o IPCC, torna-se fundamental a utilização de ferramentas

que avaliem, a curto e médio prazo, como as mudanças na temperatura influenciarão

a distribuição das espécies. Em costões rochosos, a utilização de sensores eletrônicos

de temperatura instalados em um gradiente vertical no mediolitoral possibilita a

medição contínua da variação de temperatura no microhabitat, na tentativa de

correlacioná-las às mudanças na estrutura da população, mais comumente de

bivalves e cirrípedes, e a dados ambientais que expliquem o comportamento termal

desses organismos (Helmuth, 2002; Siviero, 2010; Lathlean et al., 2011). Mortalidade

causada por estresse térmico depende não apenas da frequência de eventos de alta

temperatura, mas também da taxa de aquecimento e resfriamento experimentado

pelos organismos (Denny et al. 2006) que, no caso dos sésseis ou sedentários, será

determinada pelo horário das marés baixas, pelo grau de exposição às ondas e pelo

clima (Harley & Helmuth, 2003; Harly, 2008; Mislan et al., 2009). Portanto, tentativas

para prever o efeito de mudanças da temperatura em organismos do mediolitoral

requerem medições in situ (Lathlean et al., 2011).

É importante ressaltar que as influências das temperaturas do ar e da água

são reforçadas por condições do tempo instantâneas e por tendências climáticas de

longo prazo, que, com frequência, são temporalmente não lineares e/ou

espacialmente heterogêneas (Mantua et al., 1997; Mantua & Hare, 2002; IPCC, 2007;

Kenyon & Hegerl, 2008). Em resposta, outras variáveis climáticas como vento e

precipitação também podem afetar de forma sinérgica os limites de distribuição das

espécies como moduladores da temperatura(Helmuth, 1998; Wethey, 2002; Gilman et

al., 2006b; Helmuth et al., 2006b). Adicionalmente, eventos climáticos extremos

podem exercer efeitos nos limites de distribuição dos organismos (Wether, 1985,

1986; Easterling et al., 2000), de modo que mudanças na distribuição das espécies

podem ocorrer repentinamente.

A passagem de frentes frias constitui uma perturbação meteorológica natural

e imprevisível, cujos ventos associados geram ondas de alta energia que podem

causar perturbações nas comunidades bênticas e desempenham um importante

papel na estruturação das comunidades locais. Estes eventos extremos podem surgir

como reflexo de mudanças climáticas, atuando na estrutura e no funcionamento de

comunidades bênticas do mediolitoral. Em costões rochosos, a influência de

ondas/ressacas/tempestades tem sido abordada considerando-se mudanças na

composição específica da comunidade, em sua riqueza e diversidade, na intensidade

das interações como competição e predação, ou ainda, na ampliação da zona

ocupada pelos organismos e suas respectivas faixas. Tais alterações refletem-se na

dinâmica das “manchas” dos organismos (veja revisão em Coutinho & Zalmon,

2009). Trabalhos que buscam entender efeitos de perturbações climáticas, como

tempestades e sistemas frontais sobre associações bênticas em escalas temporais e

regionais em áreas litorâneas têm sido estudados em nível mundial (Posey et al.,

1996; Underwood, 1999; Williams & Rose, 2001; Hepner & Davis, 2004; Scheffers,

2004; Aagaard et al., 2005; Houser & Greenwood, 2007). No entanto, na costa

brasileira, estes estudos são escassos (Sola & Paiva, 2001; Galluci & Netto, 2004;

Brauko, 2008; Alves & Pezzuto, 2009), principalmente no mediolitoral.

Para determinar quais fatores influenciam de maneira definitiva a presença de

cada organismo é necessário o monitoramento local (DENNY et al 2004), pois as

diferenças, às vezes, não são explicadas em termos de dados absolutos, por exemplo,

a temperatura atmosférica não corresponde à temperatura experimentada pelos

organismos no costão rochoso. A temperatura experimentada no costão é formada

por diversas componentes que muitas vezes não entram na análise final da

temperatura medida. Esses organismos, por estarem expostos às flutuações de dois

ambientes, terrestre e marinho, estão duplamente sujeitos às alterações advindas de

possíveis mudanças climáticas. Aumento na frequência de chuvas altera a salinidade

o que tem efeitos diversos nos diferentes grupos podendo alterar a taxa de

mortalidade, favorecer a liberação de larvas, entre outros (SIMPSON & HUBERT

1998; CHAN et al 2001; BRAVO 2003; RESGALLA et al 2007) . A combinação dos

fatores também deve ser levada em consideração. Quando exposto a uma só

modificação ambiental, o organismo pode adequar-se àquela situação. Se mais de um

fator se modifica (salinidade e pH, por exemplo) a pressão sobre sua fisiologia pode

ser demais para organismo (PRZASLAWSK et al, 2005; VERWEEN et al 2007;

RESGALLA et al 2007).

As séries temporais longas são importantes para o entendimento do funcionamento

desse ecossistema. Esse é um ambiente que sofre alterações sazonais naturais em sua

comunidade, com alguns organismos sésseis expandindo ou retraindo sua ocupação

nas faixas, outros que aparecem durante um certo período do ano recobrindo toda a

extensão, no estrato superior, de uma faixa, desaparecendo completamente em outro

(por exemplo, várias espécies do gênero Ulva). Longas séries temporais ajudam a

avaliar como os diversos eventos oceanográficos naturais, como Oscilação do

Atlântico Norte (NAO) e mais especificamente para o hemisfério sul, o El Niño

Southern Oscillation (ENSO) atuam sobre o gradiente de distribuição das espécies.

Nossa proposta é associar às medições de larga escalas, as medições locais para

comparar e prever mudanças originárias da ação humana.

Em síntese, mudanças globais incluem alterações complexas, mas que tem

como indicadores diretos alterações na temperatura do ar e do oceano, na

disponibilidade de oxigênio, na salinidade e no pH, todas estas variáveis abióticas

com grande influência na biologia de todos os táxons. Estresses fisiológicos

resultantes de mudanças nestas variáveis bem como de eventos extremos como

frentes frias/ressacas podem causar amplas mudanças biogeográficas, assim como

na distribuição em mosaico nos habitats (Somero, 2012).

RECOMENDACÕES

Depois de quase 4 anos de discussão foi alcançado um dos objetivos do grupo

que era a criação de um protocolo de monitoramento ddos costões rochosos que

deverá ser aplicado por diversos grupos de pesquisa em toda extensão da costa

brasileira nos próximos anos.

O próximo passo para conseguirmos a adequada preservação e manejo desse

ecosistema é o entendimento e um estudo maior no uso e manejo para sabermos

quais as necessidades dos “utilizadores” desse ambiente. Podendo pensar

inicialmente nos catadores de mexilhão e ostra. Alinhar-se com os “tomadores de

decisão” (stakeholders) para que sejam desenvolvidas políticas de longo prazo para

o monitoramento e utilização sustentável desse ambiente

Hipóteses de trabalho

Para facilitar a unificação dos estudos relacionados com o monitoramento das

mudanças climáticas influenciando os costões rochosos, descrevemos abaixo

algumas sugestões de hipóteses que podem ser usadas como referência para tais

estudos, utilizando-se o protocolo de monitoramento de costões rochosos, disponível

no endereço eletrônico www.rebentos.org. A escolha das hipóteses vai depender da

infraestrutura, dos recursos disponíveis, do conhecimento prévio dos pesquisadores

e do interesse de cada grupo de pesquisa.

H1: As mudanças do hidrodinamismo e variações do nível médio do mar induzirão

mudanças no padrão de zonação (por exemplo, alteração das posições de

colonização dos organismos em relação às atuais ou ampliação/redução das faixas

de dominância de organismos).

Esta hipótese será testada por meio da avaliação da largura das faixas de dominância

das espécies e da distância ao ponto fixo no costão como será indicado na

metodologia de aplicação do protocolo.

H2: Alterações na frequência e intensidade de ressacas promoverão distúrbios físicos

mais frequentes nos ecossistemas bentônicos e provocarão o arrancamento e/ou

fragmentação de organismos, principalmente no mediolitoral, induzindo a alterações

na composição e abundância de espécies.

Esta hipótese será testada por meio de mudanças na porcentagem de cobertura das

espécies presentes, pela mudança na composição específica para espécies mais

tolerantes a distúrbios físicos e, também, pela disponibilidade de espaços vazios no

substrato.

H3: Alterações no regime pluviométrico alterarão o aporte de água doce e

sedimentos ao mar e a taxa de evaporação, que por sua vez alterarão variáveis como

salinidade e transparência da água do mar, criando condições desfavoráveis a

espécies estenobiontes, induzindo mudanças na composição e abundância de

espécies.

H4: Alterações na temperatura e na acidificação da água do mar alterarão o

metabolismo de organismos sésseis, especialmente os perenes, interferindo no

crescimento, reprodução e taxa de sobrevivência e induzindo mudanças na

composição e abundância de espécies.

Tendo em mente que o objetivo é estabelecer um protocolo que possa indicar

tendências de mudanças nos ambientes bentônicos em relação às mudanças

climáticas e que ao mesmo tempo, seja de baixo custo e prático, optou-se por escolher

a variação da temperatura (do ar e do mar) como a principal variável ambiental

mensurável que irá influenciar os organismos dos ambientes de costões rochosos. No

entanto, outros dados oceanográficos e meteorológicos podem ser utilizados no

estabelecimento de mudanças climáticas e seus efeitos sobre as comunidades de

costões rochosos.

A escolha da temperatura é justificada pela possibilidade do uso dos i-buttons

(pequenos sensores de temperatura) por diversos grupos de pesquisa e, assim,

estabelecer uma rede de monitoramento da temperatura ao longo da costa brasileira.

Todavia, caso haja condições, estudos mais aprofundados ou que levem em

consideração outras variáveis ambientais citadas nas hipóteses acima são

encorajadas, desde que atendam às recomendações mínimas aqui propostas. Um

exemplo seriam estudos experimentais sobre a fisiologia de certas espécies-chave, o

que poderia auxiliar no entendimento de como as mudanças climáticas afetam os

organismos e, por consequência, o ambiente bentônico.

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Artigo de Revisão

Review Article


RECIFES DE CORAL DO BRASIL EM TEMPO DAS MUDANÇAS GLOBAIS: Uma síntese

BRAZILIAN CORAL REEFS IN A TIME OF GLOBAL CHANGES: A Synthesis


Recifes de coral do Brasil e mudanças globais

Brazilian coral reefs and global changes

Autores (Authors)

Zelinda M A Nery Leao: Dra. Geologia Marinha Professora do Curso de PósGraduação em Geologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia

Ruy K. P. Kikuchi: Dr. Geologia Professor da Universidade Federal da Bahia

Beatrice P. Ferreira: Dra. Professora da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco

Elizabeth G. Neves: Dra. Professora da Universidade Federal da Bahia

Hilda H. Sovierzoski: Dra. Professora da Universidade Federal de Alagoas

Marília D. M. Oliveira: Dra. Bolsista PósDoc CNPq / Universidade Federal da Bahia

Mauro Maida: Dr. Professor da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco

Monica D. Correia: Dra. Professora da Universidade Federal de Alagoas

Rodrigo Johnsson: Dr. Professor da Universidade Federal da Bahia


Recifes de corais, Mudanças globais, Branqueamento de

coral, Fauna endêmica

Coral Reefs, Global changes, Coral bleaching, Endemic

fauna


Os recifes de coral do Brasil formam estruturas

significativamente diferentes dos modelos conhecidos: (i)

eles têm uma forma de crescimento de pináculos

coralíneos em forma de cogumelo, chamados

"chapeirões", (ii) são construídos por uma fauna coralínea

com baixa diversidade e rica em espécies endêmicas,

grande parte delas formas relíquias do período Terciário e

(iii) os recifes costeiros estão num ambiente dominado

por sedimentos siliciclásticos. Os recifes estão

distribuídos em quatro regiões ao longo da costa

brasileira: regiões norte, nordeste, leste, e nas ilhas

oceânicas, mas espécies isoladas de coral podem ser

encontradas em águas mais quentes nas enseadas da

região sul. Diferentes tipos de banco recifais, recifes em

franja, "chapeirões" isolados e um atol estão presentes

ao longo da costa brasileira. Corais, milleporídeos e algas

The Brazilian coral reefs form structures significantly

different from the wellknown reef models, as follows: (i)

they have a growth form of mushroomshaped coral

pinnacles called "chapeirões", (ii) they are built by a low

diversity coral fauna rich in endemic species, with most

of them relic forms dating back to the Tertiary, and (iii)

the nearshore bank reefs are surrounded by siliciclastic

sediments. The reefs are distributed into the following

four major sectors along the Brazilian coast: the

northern, the northeastern and the eastern regions, and

the oceanic islands, but certain isolated coral species

can be found in warmer waters in embayments of the

southern region. There are different types of bank reefs,

fringing reefs, isolated "chapeirões" and an atoll present

along the Brazilian coast. Corals, milleporids and coralline

algae build the rigid frame of the reefs. The areas in

Esta é um versão gerada unicamente para visualização dentro do SGP. A versão a ser impressa utilizará outros padrões de formatação. This is a version generated only for visualization inside of SGP.

The version to be printed will use other formatting patterns.

coralinas incrustantes constroem a estrutura rígida dos

recifes. As áreas em que ocorrem os maiores recifes de

coral correspondem às regiões nas proximidades de

centros urbanos que estão experimentando crescimento

acelerado e desenvolvimento rápido do turismo. Os

principais efeitos antropogênicos sobre o ecossistema

recifal estão associados, principalmente, com o aumento

da sedimentação devido à remoção da mata atlântica e

as descargas de efluentes industriais e urbanos. Os

efeitos do aquecimento das águas oceânicas que vem

afetando várias áreas de recifes, com alta intensidade de

branqueamento de coral, até o evento de 2010 não

causaram mortalidade em massa nos recifes brasileiros.

which the major coral reefs occur correspond to regions

in which nearby urban centers are experiencing

accelerated growth, and tourism development is rapidly

increasing. The major human effects on the reef

ecosystem are mostly associated with the increased

sedimentation due to the removal of the Atlantic

rainforest and the disposal of industrial and urban

effluents. The effects of warming oceanic waters that

had previously affected several reef areas with high

intensity coral bleaching did not show, until the 2010

event, episodes of coral mass mortality in Brazilian reefs.


Instituição (Affiliation): Universidade Federal da Bahia

Correspondência (Correspondence): Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Geociências, rua Barão de Jeremoabo s/n,

Campus de Ondina, Ondina, 40.170115, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil



Conteúdo em Português (Content in Portuguese)


INTRODUCTION

The reef ecosystem has been rated among the most complex and valuable of all of the marine

coastal systems on Earth along with the mangrove forests because of the varied goods and

services that they supply to the adjacent coastal populations and their regional and global

contributions. Among those important contributions are subsistence fishing and extraction, the

tourism and recreational industries, shoreline protection and research/educational activities,

and certain useful pharmaceutical products (SPURGEON, 1992; CARTÉ, 1996; CONSTANZA et

al., 1997; BIRKELAND, 1997; MOBERG, FOLK, 1999; CESAR, van BEUKERING, 2004). Coral reefs

occupy approximately 0.02% of the ocean area (SPALDING, GRENFELL, 1997), and harbor

approximately ¼ of all of the marine species (DAVIDSON, 1998). For centuries, populations

from many tropical islands worldwide and from certain Brazilian coastal areas have depended

on the coral reef resources for their sustenance and livelihoods. (SALVAT, 1992; MOBERG,

RÖNNBÄCK, 2003; FERREIRA et al., 2006).

However, coral reefs are one of the ecosystems in the world most sensitive to global warming.

Coral reefs are among the Earth’s ecosystems more severely threatened by the rising sea

temperature. Nearly all of the reefs have been heated above their maximum temperature

threshold; many have already lost a significant portion of their corals, and approximately 30%

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to 40% of the world’s coral reefs are already severely degraded (GLYNN, 1993; BROWN, 1997;

WILKINSON, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2008; HUGHES et al., 2003; DONNER et al., 2005; PANDOLFI et

al., 2005; HOEGHGULDBERG, 1999; HOEGHGULDBERG et al., 2007; WILKINSON, SOUTER,

2008; EAKIN et al., 2010; OXENFORD et al., 2010; BURT et al., 2011; DE’ATH et al. 2012;

GUEST et al., 2012).

This study presents a synthesis of the Brazilian coral reefs, their major reef types, their

distribution along the tropical coast, the diversity of the reef building coral fauna, the

developmental history of the reefs and the major threats affecting the reef diversity. An

emphasis is placed on the effects of the ocean warming on the Brazilian coral reefs, and we

contribute methods to evaluate and mitigate these effects.

MAJOR CORAL REEF TYPES AND DISTRIBUTION

Brazilian coral reefs are one of the most prominent marine ecosystems, comprising the largest

and the richest area of reefs in the entire southwestern Atlantic Ocean. These reefs are spread

over 3,000 km along the Brazilian coast, from 0°50’S to 18°00’S, and they can be generally

divided into the following four main reef regions: the northern region, the reefs of the

northeastern coast, the reefs of the eastern coast and the reef ecosystems of the oceanic

islands (LEÃO et al., 2003; FERREIRA et al., 2013); however, certain coral species are also

found in the southeastern and southern coasts of Brazil (CASTRO et al., 1995; MIGOTTO et al.,

1999; OIGMANPSZCZOL, CREED, 2004, 2006) (Fig. 1). The reefs are composed of shallow bank

reefs attached to the coast, fringing reefs bordering the island shores, coral knolls, patch reefs,

isolated bank reefs of different forms and sizes off the coast and coral pinnacles known as the

Brazilian “chapeirões” (LEÃO et al., 2003; FERREIRA et al., 2006; RODRIGUEZRAMIREZ et al.,

2008; KIKUCHI et al., 2010).

Fig. 1. Location of the coral reef regions along the Brazilian coast.

In the northern region (from 0°50’S to 5°00’S), the most wellknown reefs are those of the

Parcel de Manuel Luiz on the shelf of the state of Maranhão approximately 90 km off its

coastline. These reefs grow as giant pinnacles to depths of approximately 25 to 30 m, and their

tops reach up to 2 m of water depth, but during the spring low tides, some are at sea level

(COURA, 1994; AMARAL et al., 2006, 2007; MAIDA, FERREIRA, 1997). From this area to the

east up to the cape São Roque, certain patch and bank reefs have been mapped on the inner

shelf along the coast of the state of Ceará and the northern part of the coast of the Rio Grande

do Norte state (LABOREL, 1969, 1970; SANTOS et al., 2007).

The northeastern region (from approximately 5°S to 10°S) is composed of the reefs along the

coast extending from the cape São Roque to the São Francisco river mouth, along the states of

Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco and Alagoas. Coral reefs abound on the inner shelf.

These coral reefs are mostly patch or elongated banks reefs; some are attached to the

coastline and others are several kilometers offshore, generally aligned parallel to the coast at

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depths of approximately 5 m to 10 m. Although not yet cored, the spatial arrangement and

elongation of these reefs suggest that most of them may have grown over lines of beach rock

(LABOREL, 1969; DOMINGUEZ et al., 1990; TESTA, 1997; MAIDA, FERREIRA, 2004; COSTA et

al. 2005; FERREIRA, MAIDA, 2006; CORREIA, SOVIERZOSKI, 2010; CORREIA, 2011) (Figs. 2, 3).

Fig. 2. Aerial photography of Porto de Galinhas coral reef at the coast of the State of

Pernambuco, on the northeastern coast of Brazil.

Fig. 3. Aerial photography of the Ponta Verde reef attached to the coast of the State of Alagoas on the northeastern coast of Brazil.

The eastern region (from approximately 10°S to 18°S) extends between the São Francisco and

the Doce Rivers over 1,000 km along the coasts of the states of Sergipe and Bahia. This is the

largest coral reef area along the entire Brazilian coast. To date, the Sergipe shelf has been

considered depleted of coral reefs until the recent finding of submerged reef structures that

have not yet been mapped (NEVES et al., 2005, 2006, 2010). Along the coast of the state of

Bahia, the reefs can be subdivided into the following four major reef areas: the North Bahia

coast, the Todos os Santos and the Camamu Bays, the Cabrália/Porto Seguro area and the

Abrolhos Bank reef complex. The North Bahia reefs are composed of shallow isolated bank reefs

of various sizes that occur between the beaches of Abaí and Praia do Forte (KIKUCHI, LEÃO,

1998, KELMO, ATTRILL 2001, LEÃO et al., 2003) (Figs. 4, 5). A cored reef revealed Holocene

carbonate buildups with a thickness of approximately 10 m lying on a preCambrian rocky

substrate (NOLASCO, LEÃO, 1986), and deeper reef structures occur towards the continental

shelf break (KIKUCHI, LEÃO, 1998). In the area of Todos os Santos Bay to the Camamu Bay,

shallow fringing reefs that are relatively continuous border the islands shores, and shallow

bank reefs having a relatively round profile are observed in the interior of the bays (LEÃO et

al., 2003; CRUZ et al., 2009, 2013; KIKUCHI et al., 2010). The Pinaunas reef that borders the

shore of the Itaparica Island in the Todos os Santos Bay has a cored reef structure that is 8 m

thick and of Holocene age that grew above the island substrate (ARAUJO et al., 1984) (Fig. 6),

and near the Camamu Bay, a noncontinuous line of shallow reefs borders the shore of the

Tinharé and Boipeba Islands (Fig. 7).

The area of Cabralia/PortoSeguro is characterized by the presence of bank reefs of various

shapes and dimensions in water no deeper than 20 m, running mostly parallel to the coastline

(COSTA JR et al., 2006) (Fig. 8). The elongated reefs may have grown on submerged strings of

beach rocks (LABOREL, 1970). Few kilometers off the coast of Porto-Seguro, the Recife de Fora

is the most reef habitat visited by tourists in this entire region. Southward, there are the

Itacolomis reefs, which are the beginning of the occurrence of the Brazilian giant “chapeirões”

and isolated bank reefs separated from one another by deep irregular channels (CASTRO et al.,

2006a; CRUZ et al., 2008).

At approximately 17°S, the continental shelf widens to form the Abrolhos Bank in which the

richest and the most wellknown coral reefs of the eastern Brazilian region are located (HARTT,

1870; LABOREL, 1970, LEÃO 1983, LEÃO, 1988, LEÃO et al., 1996, 1999; LEÃO, GINSBURG,

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1997; VILLAÇA, PITOMBO, 1997; PITOMBO et al. 1988; LEÃO, KIKUCHI, 2001; LEÃO et al.,

2003, 2006; PRATES, 2006; LEÃO, FOURNIER, 2007; LEÃO et al., 2008; FRANCINIFILHO et al.,

2008, 2010; among others). These reefs form the following two arcs: the coastal arc composed

of bank reefs of various shapes and dimensions and the outer arc eastward of the islands of

the Abrolhos Archipelago, which is formed by isolated “chapeirões” in water deeper than 20 m.

Incipient fringing reefs border the shores of the five islands that compound the archipelago

(Figs. 9, 10). A cored reef on the coastal arc revealed a Holocene coral reef structure, over 12

m thick, lying on a reefal carbonate rock of a probable Pleistocene age (LEÃO, LIMA, 1982;

LEÃO, KIKUCHI, 1999). Southward in the Abrolhos Bank, in the northern part of the coast of

Espírito Santo state, several coral species have been described (AMARAL et al., 2007).

Fig. 4. Aerial photography of the Praia do Forte reef along the coast of the State of Bahia, in

Eastern Brazil.

Fig. 5. Aerial photography of a reef attached to the coast of Itacimirim Beach at the coast of

the State of Bahia, in Eastern Brazil.

Fig. 6. Aerial photography of the Pinaunas fringing reef bordering the Itaparica Island shore at

the entrance of Todos os Santos Bay, in Eastern Brazil.

Fig. 7. Aerial photography of shallow fringing reefs of Tinharé Island in the eastern coast of

Brazil.

Fig. 8. Aerial phtography of reefs from the Cabrália and PortoSeguro region in the eastern

coast of Brazil.

Fig. 9. Satellite image illustrating the coral reefs from the coastal arc of Abrolhos.

Fig. 10. Aerial photography of shallow fringing reefs surrounding the islands of the Abrolhos

Archipelago in the southern portion of the state of Bahia, in Eastern Brazil.

Mesophotic reefs are described across the mid and outer shelves on the Abrolhos Bank, at

depths from 25 to 90 m. These reefs are structures described as submerged pinnacles,

coalescent reefs 23 m high and sinkholelike depressions known as “buracas”. These reef

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structures are nearly drowned reefs with low coral coverage. In the deep pinnacles, the coral

Montastraea cavernosa dominates, and a sparse occurrence of Siderastrea spp., Agaricia spp.,

Porites spp., Madracis spp., Favia spp. and Scolymia spp., along with the black corals

Cirripathes and Antipathes have been observed (MOURA et al., 2013; BASTOS et al., 2013).

In the southeastern and southern regions, from the mouth of the Doce River (19° 30’S) to the

coast of the state of São Paulo, no reef is known, although corals have been found. At Arraial

do Cabo in the state of Rio de Janeiro, in the socalled “Laborel’s coral oasis” (LABOREL, 1969),

the coral species Siderastrea stellata and Mussismilia hispida have been found on several rocky

shores (CASTRO et al., 1995; OIGMANPSZCZOL, CREED, 2004, 2006). The species Mussismilia

hispida has also been observed at the coast of São Paulo state (MIGOTTO, 1995; MIGOTTO et

al., 1999).

The reef ecosystems of the Oceanic Islands are composed of the coral communities from the

Atol das Rocas, the islands of the Fernando de Noronha and the São Pedro and São Paulo

archipelago and certain coral species from the islands of Trindade and Martin Vaz. Rocas (03°

51’S – 33°49’W) is an atoll that developed on a flat top of a seamount. Rocas has an elliptical

shape with the larger axis (3.5 m long) oriented EW and the minor axis (approximately 2.5 m

long) oriented NS. The reef ring is open on its western and northern faces. Despite its small

dimensions, all of the characteristic features of a reef can be distinguished, such as the reef

front, reef flat and a shallow lagoon. Rocas has been the subject of many studies over the last

decades (MAŸAL, BEZERRA, 1995; KIKUCHI, LEÃO, 1997; ECHEVERRIA et al., 1997; MAIDA,

FERREIRA, 1997; GHERARDI, BOSENCE, 1999, 2001; KIKUCHI, 2002; GHERARDI, BOSENCE,

2005; PEREIRA et al., 2010; SOARES et al., 2011a, 2011b) (Fig. 11). The Fernando de Noronha

Archipelago (03°51’S – 32°25’W) is composed of 21 islands and islets of volcanic origin, located

approximately 350 km off the coast of Rio Grande do Norte state. These islands are part of the

volcanic mountains from the Fernando de Noronha Chain (FERREIRA et al., 2013). True reefs

have not been found on the islands, but an abundant coral fauna grows on their rocky shores

(PIRES et al., 1992; MAIDA et al. 1995; MAIDA, FERREIRA, 1997; CASTRO, PIRES, 2001;

PRATES, 2006; AMARAL et al., 2009; MILOSLAVICH et al., 2011). The São Pedro and São Paulo

Archipelago (00°56’S 29°22’W) are rocky islets located approximately 1100 km off the coast

of Rio Grande do Norte state, which is composed of 15 islets, and the largest is the Belmonte

Islet, which is less than 100 m long and 50 m wide (VASKE JR et al., 2010). Few coral species

have been reported on the rocky shores of these islets (LABOREL, 1970; AMARAL et al., 2000).

The rocky islands of Trindade and Martin Vaz (20°30’S 29°20’W) belong to the Vitória –

Trindade Rock Chain, located approximately 1200 km off the coast of Espírito Santo state. No

true reefs exist, but certain coral species have been reported on these islands (FLOETER et al.,

2001).

Fig. 11. Satellite image of Atol das Rocas.

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THE DIVERSITY OF THE REEF BUILDING CORAL FAUNA

The Scleractinian corals are the major framework reef builders and provide most of the

structural complexity in the reef ecosystem. These corals grow into a rocklike colony that

forms the basic structure of the coral reefs (GUEST et al., 2012) because they have a symbiotic

relationship with the micro algae zooxanthelae, which supply the coral polyps with sufficient

energy to build their protective calcium carbonate skeleton.

The Scleractinia coral fauna from Brazil has the following three distinctive characteristics: i) it

is a low diversity coral fauna (23 corals and five hydrocorals) compared with that of the North

Atlantic reefs; ii) the major reef builders are endemic species from the Brazilian waters, and iii)

it is predominantly composed of massive forms.

The first descriptions of the Brazilian corals were from those collected during Hartt’s

expeditions to Brazil (HARTT, 1868, 1869, 1870), which have been identified by VERRILL (1868,

1901, 1912). Later, LABOREL (1967, 1969) compared Verrill’s taxonomy with contemporary

forms and Tertiary fossils and corroborated Verrill`s remarks that among the Brazilian reef

frame builders, the endemism is rather strong. Later in the 20th century, BELEM et al. (1986)

and CASTRO (1994) have confirmed and expanded Laborel’s list, and, more recently, additions

of new coral and hydrocoral species have been made. NEVES et al. (2005, 2006, 2008, 2010)

have described two new occurrences of the genus Siderastrea in Brazil, Siderastrea radians and

S. siderea, and a new species of Scolymia, S. cubensis (NEVES et al., 2006). AMARAL et al.

(2007, 2008) have described the new species Millepora laboreli, from the reefs of the Manuel

Luis State Park (Maranhão State). Two invasive coral species have also been added to the list

of the Brazilian coral fauna, Tubastraea tagusensis and T. coccinea. These invasive coral

species have been described in reefs from Todos os Santos Bay (MIRANDA et al., 2012;

SAMPAIO et al., 2012), in rocky shores in the state of Rio de Janeiro (DE PAULA, CREED, 2004,

2005; CREED, 2006; CREED, DE PAULA, 2007; FERREIRA et al., 2013), and incrusting oil

platforms in the states of Santa Catarina (MANTELATTO et al., 2011, RIUL et al., 2013) and

Espirito Santo (COSTA et al. 2014). To date, 23 species of stony corals and five species of

hydrocorals constitute the cnidarian fauna of Brazil (Fig. 12).

Fig. 12. Distribution of coral and hydrocoral species along the coast of Brazil. Northern

Region: states of Maranhão, Ceará, Piauí and north part of Rio Grande do Norte. Northeastern

Region: east coast of Rio Grande do Norte, and the states of Paraíba, Pernambuco and

Alagoas; Eastern Region: Sergipe, Bahia and Espírito Santo states; Southeastern and Southern

Regions: Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo; Oceanic Islands: Rocas, Fernando de Noronha, São

Pedro/São Paulo Archipelago and islands of Trindade and Martin Vaz. Data from: LABOREL

(1969,1970); BELÉM et al. (1986); TESTA (1997); CASTRO (1994, 2006); MAŸAL, BEZERRA

(1995); ECHEVERIA et al. (1997); MAIDA, FERREIRA (1997); AMARAL et al. (2006, 2007, 2008,

2009); DE PAULA, CREED (2004, 2005); OIGMANPSZCZOL, CREED (2004, 2006); CASTRO et al.

(2006a); CREED (2006); NEVES et al. (2005, 2006, 2008, 2010); CREED, DE PAULA (2007);

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CREED et al. (2008); CORREIA, SOVIERZOSHI (2010); CORREIA (2011); MANTELATTO et al.

(2011); MIRANDA et al. (2012); SAMPAIO et al. (2012).

THE MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON THE REEFS

Natural disturbances

Because the Brazilian reefs experience no hurricanes and overlie a passive continental shelf,

the effects of the natural disturbances recorded in our reefs are related only to the sea level

oscillations that occurred over the last 5 ky and its effects.

The sea level history during the late Holocene time shows that the Brazilian coast experienced

relatively considerable sea level fluctuations (MARTIN et al., 1979, 1985). These sea level

oscillations have exerted profound effects on the evolution of the coral reefs. The late

Holocene regression that occurred over the last 5 ky was responsible for the degradation phase

of the nearshore reefs. As previously described, the lowering of the sea level exposed the reef

tops to marine erosion, dissolution and extensive bioerosion. Furthermore, the reef

communities dwelling on these tops experienced stress, primarily resulting from strong solar

radiation and high levels of sedimentation and water turbidity. Several 14C dates from the tops

of the coastal bank reefs, ranging from 3.18 to 6.00 ky BP (LEÃO et al., 1985, 1997; MARTIN et

al., 1996; KIKUCHI, LEÃO, 1998; LEÃO et al., 2003; LEÃO, KIKUCHI, 2005), provide evidence

that the reefs reached heights higher than the present sea level and that they were truncated

by erosion due to sea level drops. On these flattened reef tops, which are completely

subaerially exposed during low tides, living corals occur only within the tidal pools. In these

tidal pools, variations in the water temperature and salinity along with long exposures to

strong solar radiation are stress factors for most of the coral species. Small colonies of the

endemic species Siderastrea stellata and Favia gravida are the only corals that inhabit this reef

environment.

Increased coastal sedimentation during the regression subjected the reefs to the influence of a

highly siliciclastic sediment influx. Data from several areas along the northeastern and eastern

coasts of Brazil show that the nearshore reefs are located in a sedimentary province dominated

by terrigenous sediments, either relict or modern. In the northeastern region, for example, the

sediments onshore the reefs of Rio do Fogo and Sioba, at the coast of the state of Rio Grande

do Norte, have more than 55% of relict siliciclastic constituents (TESTA, 1997). Along the

entire coast of the state of Bahia (the eastern region), on the nearshore reefs, 40 to 80% of

the perireefal sediments have terrestrial sources (NOLASCO, LEÃO, 1986), particularly in the

Abrolhos area (LEÃO, GINSBURG, 1997; BARROS, PIRES, 2006, DUTRA et al., 2006a; SEGAL,

CASTRO, 2011). All of these siliciclastic sediments are unconsolidated muddy sands derived

from ancient deposits that cover most of the hinterland and outcrops along the coast, mostly of

the Tertiary Barreiras Formation that can also occur submerged on the inner shelf and, to a

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minor degree, from river outputs that are carried out to the reefs during winter storms. These

environmental conditions, such as strong solar radiation, low light levels and high sediment

influx, must exceed the tolerance levels of most of the Brazilian coral species. Only the most

resistant and the best adapted species withstand the stressful conditions of our coastal

waters.

Humaninduced effects

Many coral reefs in the world are seriously threatened by the anthropogenic action, particularly

the reefs located in an embayment and near shallow shelves in densely populated areas due to

deforestation, intensive agriculture, urbanization and the consequent increases in the nutrient

and sediment loads along with many other types of pollution. Additional humanassociated

factors that degrade coral reefs are overharvesting of reef organisms, destructive fishing

methods, and uncontrolled tourism (GRIGG, DOLLAR, 1990; ROBERTS, 1995; DULVY et al.,

1995; JENNINGS, POLUNIN, 1996).

The most common anthropogenic agents that are threatening the coastal reefs of Brazil have

been described in several publications, and they are directly related to coastal runoff and urban

development, marine tourism, trading of reef organisms, predatory fishing, the installation of

industrial projects, and the exploitation of fossil fuels (MAŸAL, 1986; COUTINHO et al., 1993;

LEÃO, 1994; LEÃO et al., 1994; AMADO FILHO et al., 1997; MAIDA, FERREIRA, 1997, LEÃO et

al., 2003). Although coral diseases were registered, for the first time, in the reefs from

Abrolhos Bank only in 2005, they already represent a threat to the reefs in the region

(FRANCINIFILHO et al. 2008).

Coastal runoff. Although Brazilian coastal reefs have been coexisting with a muddy siliciclastic

influx for a long time, recently, they clearly appear to be under a higher stress, primarily due to

the increased coastal runoff. This increase can be attributed to the increasing deforestation of

the Atlantic coastal rainforest for agricultural and industrial purposes, initially for sugar cane

and coconut plantations, then to allow timber exploitation, and over the last few decades, to

cultivate eucalyptus for industrial use. This rapid deforestation has significantly increased the

runoff and the untreated sewage discharges from expanding urban centers, leading to

abnormally high nutrients and algal growth at the expense of the corals. In the northeastern

region, for example, the sugar cane monoculture forms a belt that is approximately 60 km wide

and nearly 100 km long and located a few kilometers inland in the area in which the nearshore

reefs are more numerous (MAIDA, FERREIRA, 1997). Along the eastern region, the effects of

the increasing sedimentation rates are negatively correlated with the biotic parameters of the

reef biota (DUTRA et al., 2006a, b; SEGAL et al. 2008; SEGAL, CASTRO, 2011), and the

increase in the deposition of terrigenous mud near the inshore reefs over the last decades may

significantly affect the reefs in a short period, even though the Brazilian coral fauna has been

surviving in turbid waters for a long time (SILVA et al., 2013).

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Urban development. The unrestrained urban development in the coastal areas, primarily on

the outskirts of the municipalities that already offer an infrastructure for tourism with an

extension of nearly 3,000 km along the Brazilian coast, is a potential threat to the reefs. The

untreated urban garbage and organic sewage coming from those areas adjacent to the reefs is

causing, in certain locations, an abnormal increase in the nutrients in the reef’s biota, with

dramatic consequences to the ecological balance of the environment. The measurements of the

nutrient levels of the ground water of two villages along the coast of the state of Bahia, for

example, show levels significantly higher than the normal conditions of the coastal waters

(COSTA JR et al., 2000; 2006; COSTA JR, 2007). The influence of this enrichment in the

nutrient levels caused by the ground water contamination favors the activity of planktivorous

macroborers (sponges and bivalves) in the nearshore reefs at levels that can be considered

deleterious to the reefs due to their active bioerosion process (SANTAIZABEL et al., 2000;

REIS, LEÃO, 2003).

Marine tourism and overexploitation of reef organisms. Associated with the disorderly

growth of the coastal towns and representing, in certain cases, the primary reason for their

expansion, the marine tourism industry in Brazil has recently experienced extensive growth.

The cities along the coast have been growing at an alarming rate of more than 1,000% for

most of the cities over the last decades. Anchoring, boat grounding, littering, the motioning of

divers that either lean against or bump into the corals and walking in the reef tops can damage

the reefs. These activities, if not properly controlled, may cause serious effects on the reef

ecosystem. In the Abrolhos area, for example, only the reefs inside the limits of the Abrolhos

National Marine Park have a certain amount of control (SPANO et al., 2008). The reefs of the

nearshore zone that comprise threefourths of the total area of the reefs are not under any

type of control (LEÃO et al., 1994). In addition to these reefs being located closer to the urban

centers, there is not any restriction for their recreational or commercial use, and they are

subject to the highest fishing pressure in the entire region (FRANCINIFILHO, MOURA, 2008;

FRANCINIFILHO et al., 2013). Several examples of reef areas explored by marine tourism have

been registered in the literature, and they are already threatened. Certain examples in the

northeastern region are the coral reefs along the coast of Maceio city in which the macrobenthic

reef populations are reacting to the human effects caused by the intense tourism (CORREIA,

SOVIERZOSKY, 2010). In the Coral Coast in the state of Pernambuco, the marine tourism, in

the area of the coastal reefs, is causing serious problems for the conservation of the reefs

(MAIDA, FERREIRA, 2003; STEINER et al., 2006). Also, in the State of Pernambuco, more recent

studies in the reefs of Porto de Galinhas have observed a higher percentage of bare areas in

which people are taken by boat to walk on the reef tops and practice snorkeling (BARRADAS et

al., 2010, 2012). The demand for the reef animals as souvenirs and the aquarium trade has

been intensifying in the reef areas along the entire coast of Brazil. For many years, the corals

have been extracted for the commerce of souvenirs in several areas of the reefs in the

northeastern region (MAYAL, 1986). According to GASPARINE et al. (2005), Brazil is one of the

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five leading exporting countries of tropical aquarium fishes in the world, and the interest in

marine ornamental organisms has substantially increased from the mid to the late 1990s. In

the Picãozinho reefs in the state of Paraiba, the trade of reef organisms, particularly of corals

and fishes, is a common activity (ILLARI et al., 2007). In many coastal cities along the entire

coast, particularly in the historical villages (i.e., in south Bahia), we can verify that for more

than centuries, corals have been mined for building materials for the construction of old

fortresses dating back to the 16th century and, currently, for the construction of rustic beach

resorts.

The effects of ocean warming on the coral reefs

Coral bleaching events. Coral bleaching occurs when an environmental stress causes a

disruption in the symbiotic relationship between the corals and their endosymbiotic algae

zooxanthella (FITT et al. 1993, MULLERPARKER, D’ELIA 1997). Because these microalgae living

in the coral tissue provide a significant portion of the energy required by the coral to survive,

when its photosynthetic pigments are expelled or lost during a prolonged or severe stress,

partial or complete coral mortality may result (BROWN 1997). Most registers about coral

bleaching are attributed to abnormal increases in the temperature of the ocean waters (GLYNN

1993, BROWN 1997), which occurs most frequently during El Niño events, for example, the

events of 1982/83 (GLYNN 1984), 1997/98 (WILKINSON 2000), 2002/03 (BERKERMANS et al.

2004), 2005 (BRANDT 2009, EAKIN et al. 2010) and, more recently, the strong and widespread

event of 2010 when the coral reefs from several areas in the world were exposed to a higher

magnitude of thermal stress (KRISHNAN et al. 2011, GUEST et al. 2012). Most of the coral

bleaching registers have demonstrated that the effects of the thermal stress are a threat to

the biodiversity and abundance of the coral reefs (WILKINSON 2004, CARPENTER et al. 2008),

also causing a negative effect on the growth of the coral species (EVANGELISTA et al. 2007).

The first registers of coral bleaching in Brazil occurred in the southern hemisphere summer of

1993/1994. An extensive bleaching of the species Mussismilia hispida and Madracis decactis

occurred on the coast of the state of São Paulo (the southern region) (MIGOTTO 1995) and in

the area of the Abrolhos reefs (the eastern region) (CASTRO, PIRES 1999). For the event of São

Paulo, the author has cited an anomalous rise in the sea surface temperature as the major

cause for the bleaching and has reported that after six months, all of the bleached colonies had

recovered. At the northeastern coast, during the summer of 1996, bleached corals were

observed during the months in which the ocean temperature reached values between 29°C and

30°C, but the corals recovered its normal colors when the water temperature returned to values

between 26°C and 28°C (COSTA et al., 2001).

The strong El Niño event that began at the end of 1997 in the Pacific ocean caused a rise in

the sea surface temperature in certain regions of the Brazilian coast as well. The sea

temperature rise in Brazil started in midJanuary 1998 (the summer in the southern

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hemisphere), attained its climax in midMarch and early April, and faded away at the end of

May (data obtained from the Monthly Climatology Charts produced by Dr. Allan Strong,

NOAA/NESDIS). During this period, a new bleaching event occurred in several sectors of the

Brazilian coast, which were coincident with the ocean thermal anomalies (KIKUCHI et al. 2003,

LEÃO et al., 2003, KELMO et al.,2003; FERREIRA et al. 2006).

From 2000 to 2010, severe coral bleaching events occurred during 2003, 2005 and 2010, all of

which were coincident with the period of the rising water temperature during El Niño. In the

northeastern region during the event of 2003, approximately 30% of Siderastrea stellata

colonies from the Cape Branco reefs in the state of Paraíba were affected (COSTA et al. 2001,

AMORIM et al. 2011), and there are registers of bleached corals in the Rocas Atoll, the

Fernando de Noronha Archipelago and from reefs along the coast of the state of Pernambuco

(FERREIRA, MAIDA 2006). For the eastern region, coral bleaching events have been registered

either in the summer of 2003 and 2005, but all of the corals recovered after the sea water

temperature returned to its normal values (OLIVEIRA et al., 2007; LEÃO et al. 2008, 2009,

KRUG et al. 2012, 2013). In 2010, the high sea surface temperatures that were recorded in

several parts of the world causing coral bleaching were also recorded along the Brazilian reef

areas. In the Atol das Rocas and Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, the temperature anomaly

reached 1.67°C above average at the reef sites (FERREIRA et al. 2013). Along the coast of the

state of Ceará, the first bleaching event recorded affected the corals Siderastrea stellata and

Favia gravida and the zoanthid Zoanthus sociatus in an intertidal beachrock reef during high

sea surface temperatures (30°C to 32°C) for four to seven weeks (SOARES, RABELO 2014). In

the eastern region, severe coral bleaching affected the reef areas along the coast of the state

of Bahia when thermal anomalies of up to 1°C were recorded (MIRANDA et al. 2013, KIKUCHI

et al. 2013) (Fig. 13).

Considering all of the registers of coral bleaching in Brazil, up to 2005, the studies of KRUG et

al. (2012) and the model developed by KRUG et al. (2013) show that the bleaching events, on

the eastern region, are strongly related with occurrences of sea surface temperature anomalies.

Although in most of the cases, bleaching had affected several reef areas with a high intensity,

until the 2010 event, no episodes of coral mass mortality were recorded (KIKUCHI et al. 2010,

LEÃO et al. 2008, 2010, KRUG et al. 2012, MIRANDA et al. 2013, KIKUCHI et al. 2013,

FERREIRA et al. 2013).

Fig. 13. Photography of bleached corals along the eastern coast of Brazil during the 2010 El

Niño event. (Photo courtesy of R. Miranda).

HOW TO EVALUATE AND MITIGATE THE EFFECTS ON THE BRAZILIAN CORAL REEFS

Although the Brazilian coral fauna have shown resistance to bleaching and mortality and may

be functionally adapted to the stressful condition of the highly turbid coastal waters, a

synergism of these processes with the current anthropogenic disturbances can aggravate the

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recovery capacity of this already disturbed coral community. Improvements of the protective

measures should be enforced in the existing Brazilian Conservation Units, identifying priorities

for action, such as campaigns to change people’s attitude towards reef conservation, to

strengthen the monitoring programs and the value of reef assessment and to demonstrate the

requirement and effectiveness of management practices to decisionmakers.

Protection and Management. Scientific information about the coral reefs in Brazil has existed

for over a century; however, knowledge about the actual protection condition of the reefs is

scarce, and for certain areas, it was virtually unknown, until recently, when an initiative of the

Directorate of Protected Areas of the Brazilian Ministry of Environment (DAPMMA) developed a

project for the conservation of the coral reefs, expending effort to map the shallow reefs found

in the existing Conservation Units. This “Atlas of Coral Reef Protected Areas of Brazil” provides

a considerable increase in the useful information, especially regarding monitoring of the reefs

and preparing or updating the management plans of the Conservation Units (PRATES 2006).

The Conservation Units are distributed along the entire coast of Brazil and include nearly all of

the country’s oceanic islands, with different management categories at the following three

levels of government: federal, state and municipality (PRATES, PEREIRA 2000). Two of the nine

existing Conservation Units, when the Atlas was prepared, are on oceanic islands, the

Biological Reserve of Atol das Rocas and the National Marine Park of Fernando de Noronha

(both of these were designated as Natural World Heritage Sites in 2001); three are on the

limits of the reef distribution, the State Marine Park of Parcel de Manuel Luiz, in the state of

Maranhão (designated a Ramsar Site in 2000), the National Marine Park of Abrolhos and the

State Environmental Protection Area of Ponta da Baleia, both in the state of Bahia. The

remaining four are on more coastal areas, as follows: the State Environmental Protection Area

of Recifes de Corais in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, the Environmental Protection Area of

Costa dos Corais in the states of Pernambuco and Alagoas, the Municipal Marine Park of Recife

de Fora, in the state of Bahia, and the Marine Extractive Reserve of Corumbau, also in the

state of Bahia (PRATES 2006). In a second initiative of the DPAMMA, the “Coral Reef

Conservation Campaign”, seven other Conservation Units were added to the list, as follows:

the Environmental Protection Area of Fernando de Noronha, Rocas and São Pedro, São Paulo,

the State Marine Park of Areia Vermelha, in the state of Paraiba, and the Environmental

Protection Area of the Baía de Todos os Santos, the Environmental Protection Area of the

Recife das Pinaunas, the Environmental Protection Area of TinharéBoipeba, the Marine

Municipal Park of Coroa Alta and the Marine Municipal Park of the Recife da Areia, all of which

are in the state of Bahia. The primary purpose of the Coral Reef Conservation Campaign is to

raise awareness of the various users of the coral reef areas about the importance and fragility

of these environments, disseminating rules for responsible conduct to preserve these areas in

their original state, considering that coral reefs are one of the most endangered ecosystems in

the world (PRATES et al. 2002).

Concurrent with the official initiatives, every citizen (divers, fishermen, tourists, businessmen,

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government officials, teachers, students, scientists, among others) must take preventive

measures to protect the reefs. These measures may be personal, involving choosing a proper

place to anchor, suitable handling of garbage, to avoid collecting living corals or any other reef

organisms, reducing marine pollution, habitat degradation and destructive fishing practices,

and supporting or participating in the actions of groups, organizations or companies concerned

with the protection of coral reefs. To ensure that the coral reefs will exist for future

generations, we must reduce the greenhouse gases that are warming and acidifying the ocean.

These attitudes will establish the critical levels of the effects on the reef communities, will

enable a better understanding of the Brazilian coral reefs, and will provide support for its

effective management.

Reef Monitoring and Assessment. The effective management responses rely on the

availability of adequate information and its evaluation. This process will be possible through

monitoring programs that cover all of the aspects related to the essential components of the

ecosystem, providing realtime information. Longterm monitoring programs, in protected and

unprotected sites, will enable the construction of a consistent view of the reef decline

associated with a set of information on the environmental conditions related to the major

degradation events. To monitor the coral reefs, the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network

(GCRMN) adopted several monitoring protocols, which have been used in different regions

around the globe to evaluate the health and dynamics of the reef environment. Many of these

protocols are comparable because the evaluation methods are similar.

In Brazil, several methods have been used to evaluate the coral reefs. Two of the methods

that were adopted by certain participants of the ReBentos are included in the GCRMN, as

follows: the Reef Check (FERREIRA, MAIDA 2006) and the Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef

Assessment (AGRRA Version 5.4, LANG et al. 2010). These two programs already have data

from the reef assessments spanning more than 10 years. To compare the condition of the reefs

along the entire tropical coast, components of the Coral Reef Work Group of the INCT

AmbTropic (National Institute of Science and Technology for the Tropical Marine Environments)

and of the ReBentos have developed a Field Protocol, which includes the common points from

the various methods that have been used. The objective of the Protocol is to assess the

vulnerability, resilience and resistance of the coral reef ecosystems in Brazil that are facing

anthropogenic and climate change effects and to generate information about the health and

demographic connectivity among the reefs, which is important information to adopt effective

management and conservation tools. A comparison of the spatialtemporal variations observed

in the coral reef ecosystems of the continental shelf and the oceanic islands is intended to

determine and understand the capacity of these ecosystems to withstand and recover from

disturbances with different degrees of intensity, considering the spatial heterogeneity

characterized by morphological, structural and compositional differences of the reefs and the

"health" of the protected systems and those more exposed to threats. As indicators for the

assessment of the condition of the reefs, the protocol will use the corals and the reef fishes.

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For the corals, the protocol will use the following: richness and diversity, the relative reef area

covered by living corals, percentage of bleaching, colonies affected by diseases, recent and old

mortality and the density of the coral recruits. For the fishes, the protocol will use the

following: density, richness and diversity per family and per group (herbivores, carnivores and

omnivores) and measures of their size. The relative coverage of the functional groups of algae

(macro, coralline, and turf), sponges, zoanthids, sea urchins and other organisms considered

important for the investigated reefs will also be considered (LEÃO et al. in prep.). We hope

that in the near future we will have an accurate assessment of the condition of the Brazilian

coral reefs.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are grateful to all whom at least once were part of the field work teams, especially

our students. The data presented in this article originated from several projects with financial

support from various sources: CNPq, FAPESB, FINEP, CAPES. We acknowledge the Abrolhos

National Marine Park administration for logistical support. ZMANL, RKPK, BPF, EGN, MDMO and

MM integrate the Reef Ecosystems Work Group of the INCT Ambientes Marinhos Tropicais (Inct

AmbTropic – CNPq #565.054/20104).

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Marine and coastal environmental education in the context of global climate

changes – synthesis and subsidies for ReBentos (Coastal Benthic Habitats

Monitoring Network)

Flávio Berchez1, Natalia Pirani Ghilardi-Lopes2, Monica Dorigo Correia3, Hilda

Helena Sovierzoski3, Alexandre de Gusmão Pedrini4, Suzana Ursi1, Laura Pioli

Kremer5, Renato de Almeida6, Yara Schaeffer-Novelli7, Valéria Marques8, Daniel

Shimada Brotto9

1 Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 321,

Travessa 14, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP. [email protected];

[email protected] 2 Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua

Santa Adélia, 166, CEP 09210-170, Santo André, SP. [email protected] 3 Setor de Comunidades Bentônicas (ICBS/LABMAR), Universidade Federal de

Alagoas, Rua Aristeu de Andrade, 452, 2º andar, CEP 57021-019, Maceió, Alagoas.

[email protected]; [email protected] 4 Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes da Universidade do Estado do

Rio de Janeiro, CEP 20550-013 Rio de Janeiro, RJ. [email protected] 5 Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Itajaí, Rua Tijucas, 55, CEP 88301-

160, Itajaí SC. [email protected] 6 Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do

Recôncavo da Bahia, Rua Rui Barbosa, 710, CEP 44380-000, Centro, Cruz das Almas,

BA. [email protected] 7 Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico,

191, CEP 05508-120, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, São Paulo. [email protected] 8 Departamento de Educação, Instituto de Educação, Universidade Federal Rural

do Rio de Janeiro, CEP 23890-000, Seropédica, RJ. [email protected] 9 Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Veiga de Almeida, CEP

22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ. [email protected]

Running Title: ReBentos: marine and coastal environmental education.

Descriptors: marine environmental education, climate changes, marine biodiversity,

long-term monitoring

Descritores: educação ambiental marinha, mudanças climáticas, biodiversidade

marinha, monitoramento de longo prazo.

Abstract

As changes in coastal and marine environments are expected to negatively affect

Brazilian ecosystems, the importance of Marine Environmental Education (MEE)

comes to the fore. However, so far only 32 contributions related to this issue have been

published in Brazil. The MEE workgroup of ReBentos aims at promoting EE and the

communication of marine ecological research to the scholastic public as a whole, as

well as to groups which exert an influence on general perception, such as the media,

politicians, and scientists. The conceptual background of action is based on the Rio’92

Treaty on Environmental Education, thereby implying an MEE with transdisciplinar,

emancipatory and reflexive characteristics, directed to changes in values, principles and

attitudes. During the period 2011 to 2014, 9 projects have been developed from Alagoas

to Santa Catarina States, involving the development, implementation and testing

through scientific research of 16 MEE activity-models. The didactic material

subsequently produced comprised 3 books and 21 book chapters. A public of around

6,500 Conservation Unit visitors, 250 public school teachers and 800 high school

students have been impacted. To act as monitors and multipliers, 250 undergraduate

students and professionals were trained. Research project evaluation generated the

publication of 9 papers.

Resumo

A importância da educação ambiental marinha (EAM) vem tomando relevância à

medida que aumenta a expectativa de impactos nos ecossistemas brasileiros devido a

mudanças nos ambientes costeiros. Entretanto, apenas 32 contribuições sobre esse

assunto foram publicadas no Brasil. O grupo de trabalho em EAM da ReBentos objetiva

promover a comunicação da pesquisa ecológica marinha para o público escolar como

um todo, bem como a grupos com influência na percepção comum, como a imprensa,

políticos e cientistas. A base conceitual de ação é o Tratado de Educação Ambiental da

Rio 92, implicando em um ensino com características transdisciplinares, reflexivas e

emancipatórias, dirigidas a mudanças em valores, princípios e atitudes. Durante o

período de 2011 a 2014, 16 modelos de atividade foram desenvolvidos, de Alagoas a

Santa Catarina, envolvendo sua concepção, implementação e teste através de pesquisa

científica. O material didático produzido compreendeu 3 livros e 21 capítulos de livros.

Um público total ao redor de 5500 visitantes de UCs, 250 professores de escolas

públicas e 800 estudantes foi impactado. Como monitores e multiplicadores foram

treinados 250 estudantes de graduação e profissionais. Projetos de avaliação de pesquisa

geraram 9 trabalhos científicos.

1) Introduction

Environmental education: state of the art in Brazilian marine and coastal ecosystems

Although marine ecosystems comprise extremely rich natural resources and a

fantastic germplasm bank of organisms, both of which must be preserved at all costs,

Brazilian Environmental Education has been practically restricted to terrestrial

environments alone.

Both abroad and in Brazil, Marine Environmental Education (MEE) is very little

cited in specialized scientific journals. In a synthesis about the literature on Marine

Environmental Education in Brazil (MEEB), Pedrini (2010) selected 32 published

contributions which represented the entire national literature. He also presented a

typology with six types of MEED approaches: a) by socio-environmental actors, viz.,

students in an elementary school near Fernando de Noronha National Marine Park

(SILVA JR. et al., 2010); b) by ecosystems, such as urban mangroves within

Florianopolis city (Santa Catarina State) (PANITZ, 2010); c) by iconic, flagship or

charismatic species, such as dolphins along Rio de Janeiro State coast (GURGEL et al.,

2002); d) by aquariums and oceanariums, such as the Ubatuba Aquarium (Coast of São

Paulo State) (GALLO NETO e BARBOSA, 2010); e) by marine biology classes,

mainly as free courses directed to elementary or high school students; f) by virtual

environments (GUERRA, 2002).

Overall, it is possible to find research on the evaluation of negative ecological

impacts caused by divers, tourists and vessels in marine and coastal environments

(HAWKINS e ROBERTS, 1993; CREED e AMADO FILHO, 1999; HAWKINS et al.,

1999; PLATHONG et al., 2000; ROUPHAEL e INGLIS, 2001; SILVA e SILVA JR.,

2002; PEDRINI et al., 2007; SILVA et al., 2012a; SILVA e GHILARDI-LOPES, 2012;

TUNALA et al., 2013; GHILARDI-LOPES et al., under preparation), as well as that

regarding the efficiency of MEE from an educational perspective, and on the reduction

of these impacts (SALM, 1985; MEDIO et al., 1997; TOWSEND, 2000; WALTERS e

SAMWAYS, 2001; BARKER e ROBERTS, 2004; BERCHEZ et al., 2005; PEDRINI et

al., 2008; WORACHANANANTA et al., 2008; CORREIA e SOVIERZOSKI, 2009;

LUNA et al., 2009; CORREIA e SOVIERZOSKI, 2010; PEDRINI, 2010; KATON et

al., 2013; TOWATA et al., 2013; URSI et al., 2013).

EE activities that contemplated marine ecosystems and that have already been

developed in Brazil, although equally rare (BERCHEZ et al., 2005; WEGNER et al.,

2006; PEDRINI, 2010), were extremely important for the development of a mindset for

their conservation. Although with poorly defined conceptual and methodological

structure, and basically involving the simple observation of local ecosystems together

with technical learning, the activities enthusiastically carried out since the 80’s by

diving schools can be cited as an example, through the consequential and substantial

reduction in sport submarine-fishing, and the increase of the spirit for conserving these

environments and their organisms.

Examples of conservation activities with well-defined objectives and structures

include that of marine chelonians (Tamar/IBAMA Project), marine mammals along the

Rio de Janeiro State coast (GURGEL et al., 2002), the northeastern Brazil marine reefs

(OLIVEIRA e CORREIA, 2013b; SILVA et al., 2013b), the Abrolhos Marine Park,

(MELO et al., 2005) and, finally, southeastern Brazil rocky coasts (BERCHEZ et al.,

2007; PEDRINI et al., 2011). In São Paulo State, and within the basic Subaquatic Trail

Project (BERCHEZ et al., 2007; URSI et al., 2009; GHILARDI e BERCHEZ, 2010;

URSI et al., 2010), environmental education-activities models, based on interpretative

trails, have been developed, applied and tested through specific research projects.

Other conservation activities can be indirectly related to EE, as is the case of the

Alcatrazes Project, mainly dedicated to protection of the Archipelago of the same name

(São Paulo State), whose ecosystems are threatened through target practice by the

Brazilian Navy (CAMPOS, 2008).

MEE activities related to marine trails are cited by Wegner et al. (2006) in the

northern coast of Santa Catarina State, Berchez et al. (2007) in Anchieta Island rocky

shores, Hadel and Berchez (2005) within the CEBIMar-USP monitored visitation

Program at Segredo Beach (São Sebastião, São Paulo State), and Pedrini et al. (2011)

with the Ecoturismar Project in Rio de Janeiro State.

Most of these experiences have never been published in specialized journals

neither their results scientifically tested. The little available data has either been

reported in theses or in other publication means with only a limited scope of disclosure.

Due to this lack of data, among other factors, it is possible to observe differences

in the structural patterns of MEE activities, between those which are well-informed and

planned and those which are only empirical and frequently inconstant in time. In many

cases their potential is underrated, whence conceptual and operational mistakes. In other

cases, attempts actually result in negative action, with immediate negative impacts in

nature, and the possibility of assimilation of behaviors opposite to those desired. The

opening of protected areas to excessive, irresponsible, impacting or excessively

commercial tourism, can be cited as examples (REUSS-STRENGEL et al., 1997).

The creation of models with well-defined conceptual and philosophic bases and

structures, and their testing by means of parallel scientific studies, is thus of great

importance in the management of marine-protected areas, or even of areas which

encompass coastal and marine environments and organisms, and where the

implementation of activities adapted to local conditions should be encouraged.

Environmental education in the context of climate changes

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changes (IPCC) reports that global

changes, besides occurring at a faster rate than at any other period of time over the last

25 million years, are already causing innumerable impacts in marine environments

(BELLARD et al., 2012; IPCC, 2014). Nowadays, there is a consensus among scientists

as to anthropogenic influence on global climate changes (DORAN e ZIMMERMAN,

2009). Furthermore, ROCKSTROM et al. (2009) also pointed out climate changes as

being one of the planetary boundaries that have already been crossed by human

activities, thereby possibly leading to “the risk of irreversible and abrupt environmental

changes”.

The expected changes in coastal and marine environments, such as the average

rise in sea levels, changes in both local and global marine currents, rises in temperatures

and seawater-acidification (BERCHEZ et al., 2008), can negatively affect many Latin

American ecosystems (TURRA et al., 2013), many of which are both unique and

constitute biodiversity hotspots (MILOSLAVICH et al., 2011), such as kelp forests in

the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (ROZZI et al., 2012), the extensive rhodolith beds in

the Southwestern Tropical Atlantic (BERCHEZ et al., 2009), and the highly biodiverse

coral reefs of Tropical Atlantic, with their high number of endemic species (LEÃO et

al., 2003; CORREIA e SOVIERZOSKI, 2012). Thus, not only concern for the

protection of these environments is essential, but also a critical discussion, capable of

presenting the complexity of the problem, and improving changes in social structure.

Although the effects of climate change on coastal and marine environments can be

expected, and in a certain way understood in scientific and academic environments, a

large part of the population is not only ignorant of or have no access to this information,

but even know nothing about these ecosystems and their intrinsic value. Since any

posture-change in relation to the environment aiming at minimizing and possibly

reverting the anthropogenic influence in global climate changes, is not only a

government responsibility, but also of concern to each citizen, we are facing a great

challenge, for there is a clear detachment between comprehension of climate change

phenomena and everybody’s ‘day-to-day’ existence (TAMAIO, 2010; 2013). As an

example, few people are conscious that fundamental economic activities, such as

fisheries, and coastal and marine ecotourism, depend on the quality of marine

environments, and that any alteration thereof will have a consequential and detrimental

impact. New research has demonstrated that people generally overestimate how

common their own opinion is, and in doing so, they are less likely to change their views

on climate changes (LEVISTON et al., 2013).

Perception that long-term climate trends are related to human causes has been

shown to be dependent on scientific consensus (LEWANDOWSKY et al., 2013).

Moreover, political group consensus on anthropogenic global warming has proved to be

a primary factor in social-perception (BRECHIN, 2012). Without this, even scientific

agreement on climate change may have a limited impact.

In this context, Environmental Education (EE) figures as the base for

accomplishing a transformative and critical approach to the theme, and thereby in the

near future, making it possible to amplify mobilization efforts and intensify civil-society

actions, in such a way as to alert world leaders on their role in guiding this emergent

challenge. It is clear that, besides the general or scholastic public, EE focusing on the

media, politicians, and even scientists themselves, would clarify the importance of these

groups in general public perception.

Environmental education is conceivably a permanent educational activity, through

which the community becomes conscious of both reality and the novel relationships that

mankind has established with nature, and consequently, of the problems derived from

this relationship and their profound causes. From this awareness, attitudes and values

that could capacitate a surpassing transformation of this same reality are developing in

people (GONZÁLEZ GAUDIANO, 2005) (Figures 1 and 2).

These concepts, drawn from pedagogic assumptions and embodied in the Tbilisi

Declaration on Environmental Education, and also expressed in the Rio-92 Treaty on

Environmental Education for Sustainable Societies and Global Responsibility

(PEDRINI e BRITO, 2006), have been adopted by the Brazilian National

Environmental Education Program (BRASIL, 2005). Table 1 shows some of the

conceptual indicators of the treaty (BERCHEZ et al., 2007), which, in spite of these

fundamental premises and favorable credibility as basic for further MEE action, have

not been considered in numerous projects.

Figure 1 – Holistic environmental education.

EnvironmentalEducation

Gains Alterations

- Cognitive- Affective- Abilities

- Expectations- Behavior- Individualcapacity

Qualityoflife Environmentalprotection

Figure 2 – Expected effects of the different approaches of environmental education activities.

Table 1 – Short description of some conceptual EE indicators.

Indicator (EE) Indicator description

Transforming Facilitates changes in attitudes for the development of sustainable societies.

Participative Encourages participation in collective mobilization

Embracing Involves all the various social groups

Permanent Performed as a continuous activity (or continued EE) Contextualized Acts directly on the reality of the activity and on achieving global

dimensions Ethical Respect of human beings and all life forms

Interdisciplinary Integrates various forms of knowledge

Holistic Aims at transforming the individual, e.g. values and ethical concepts

Multiplying Aims at expanding activities through the formation of multipliers

StructureofEEactivity

Expositiveandtotallydirectedbythemonitor

Interactiveandwithresponsibilitiestransmittedto

theparticipant

Participantrole

Passive Activeandcollaborative

Effect

Passivecitizens,unconsciousoftheirrole,responsibilities

andpotential

Activecitizens,consciousoftheir

roles,responsibilitiesandpotential

Knowledgeandabilitiesnotused

Knowledgeandabilitiesused

Pedrini and Saba (2008) report a new approach to the global environmental

changes (GECs) theme. It employs the movie “An inconvenient truth” (produced by Al

Gore to make the issue of global warming a recognized problem worldwide), as a

strategy to teach English among a public high school students.

Although there are some EE initiatives related to climate changes in Brazil, a

clearer relationship between day-to-day actions, their synergies (e.g. locomotion, over-

consumption, housing, feeding, land-use, deforestation, river-silting, desert-formation)

and the increase in greenhouse-gas emission (TAMAIO, 2010; 2013), is still necessary.

EE programs and actions should also be conceived in an accessible language,

compatible with the different publics, for effective population awareness of the causes

and impacts due to climate change (MONZONI, 2009), thereby promoting systemic

comprehension, and holistic and contextualized thinking about the complexity of the

problem.

2) Methods - Initial ReBentos Guidelines for Marine Environmental

Education

The aims of the MEE workgroup of the Coastal Benthic Habitats ReBentos

Monitoring Network (MCT/ CNPq/ MEC/ CAPES/ FNDCT – Ação Transversal/FAPs,

FAPESP process nº 10/52323-0) are to incentivate environmental education, and

scientific communication of marine ecological research to the public, as a whole. An

initial protocol, based on conceptual issues, as well as the previous experience of the

participants, was proposed to serve as a general basis for MEE workgroup projects.

Conceptual issues should be based on the Rio’92 People’s Sustainability Treaty

on Environmental Education for Sustainable Societies and Global Responsibility, which

serves as a base for Brazilian EE legislation (Law n° 9.795, April, 1999) and the

National EE Program (ProNEA). This implies a holistic vision of EE, mainly directed to

changes in values, principles and attitudes (LA TROBE e ACOTT, 2000) of a multi,

trans-discipline emancipatory and reflexive character, capable of resulting in a move

towards individual emancipation and more sustainable societies. This vision is not

antagonist, but encompasses that which visualizes EE as a form of biological, ecological

or social education. Artistic, physical and philosophic disciplines, among others,

become instruments and fall under the EE wing.

Public – The main goals of ReBentos EE action and materials are to reach opinion

and policy-makers, with the aim of maximizing and spreading efforts. Once again, this

is not antagonist, but complementary to more conventional approaches, such as those

that deal with elementary and high school students, or local communities.

Lines of action – Based on preliminary ReBentos experience, the EE-ReBentos

projects should be related to (1) the production of educational material, (2) the

development of environmental educational models, (3) education evaluation, and (4)

long-term evaluation of the perception of basic GEC concepts, and their consequential

effects.

On incorporating the question of marine GECs, education material and methods

would acquire a direct approach towards cognitive gains, with the application of indirect

strategies directed to affective gains or the development of specific skills. In the latter

case, the conceptual relationship with GECs would be clearly shown, both in the

project, and to those that will make use of the resource. Explicit reference to ReBentos

should appear in the products and projects, and during EE activities and staff-training

courses.

3) Projects, actions and results from 2011 to 2015

“Subaquatic Trail” Project (Coordinator: Flávio Berchez, IB-USP)

Objectives:

The Subaquatic Trail Project was begun in 2001 in Anchieta Island State Park

(Ubatuba City, São Paulo State, Brazil), with the proposal of an innovative

environmental education approach towards marine environments, based on the creation,

implementation and scientific evaluation (both educational and ecological) of models.

Description and Conceptual background:

The general structure, common to all models, is based on guided interpretative

trails (COSTA e COSTA, 2000), in which the participants stop at pre-defined spots,

where certain issues are discussed with the monitor(s). Each spot corresponds to a stage

in an activity with specific educational objectives involving a holist relationship with

the marine environment.

Greater emphasis has been given to rocky shores ecosystem, since this is the team

main focus, but other models were developed in other coastal environments. The

models were applied mainly in the counties of Ubatuba and São Sebastião, São Paulo

State.

Model-structuring was based on the holistic environmental education concept

(Figure 1) adopted by the Brazilian National Environmental Education Program

(BRASIL, 2005). The aim is individual transformation and evolution, along with an

understanding of natural phenomena in an integral way (WEIL, 1991), allowing

behavioral, ethical and value changes acquired through cognitive, skill and emotional

gains related to the ecosystems visited (HEIMLICH, 2002).

Apart from model-elaboration, the main aim is to prepare college educators,

capable of spreading information and concepts. Operational structure involves not only

the activities themselves, but also mainstays, such as personal training and security. The

evaluation of both educational outcome, based on EE research techniques, and the

negative ecological impacts of the activities within the environment, is complementary.

Furthermore, the activities present a transdiciplinary approach to interpretation of

the environment (Table 2), through relating the functional aspects of ecosystems with

biotic and abiotic factors, and organism adaptation, as well as incentivizing the

discussion of conservation and the main anthropogenic impacts on marine and coastal

environments. As regards diving, integration is centered on specific diving equipment

techniques and performance, and on the action of factors, such as water temperature and

human body pressure, on anatomy, physiology, physical conditioning and health.

Activities are always carried out in groups, with the number of participants per

model varying in accordance to security and conservational aspects. Interaction among

the elements of the group is incited by the monitor, through quizzes and educational

activities aimed at stimulating participative behavior (Table 1 and Figure 2).

Table 2 – Main fields of knowledge presented during the activities of the Subaquatic Trail Project.

Field of knowledge Discussed aspects

Biology, ecology and environment conservation

Most important or attractive organisms – nutrition, behavior and ecological and economic importance.

Organism ecological interactions – predation, competition, epiphytes, succession.

Community ecology – diversity and community structure;

Conservation and protection of marine ecosystems, rules of minimal impact.

Rules, functioning and importance of marine protected areas (Brazilian conservation units).

Global climate changes and their effects on marine and coastal ecosystems.

Chemistry and Physics

Salinity, nutrients, temperature, hydro-dynamism and radiation, and their importance for living beings.

Pressure related to diving (embolism, narcosis, organism compression).

Physics related to diving equipment.

Geology Consolidated and unconsolidated substrates – kinds and origin.

Erosion and weathering.

Physical Education and the human body

The importance of physical activities.

The correct practice of physical activities – stretching and heating, free and SCUBA diving techniques.

Physiology and anatomy of the human body in relation to diving;

Body consciousness.

Preliminary Results:

a) Protocol - Creation of standardized procedures, including (1) chronological

teaching sequence, (2) minimal knowledge base that models should encompass,

(3) intended cognitive, affective and ability gains and the didactic posture needed

for their achievement. So far, eight models complied: underwater trail outside the

water, free diving trail, SCUBA diving trail, natural aquarium trail, ecosystem

trail, vertical trail, kayak trail, speech about marine ecosystems.

b) Didactic material support - books (BERCHEZ et al., under preparation;

GHILARDI-LOPES et al., 2012; MARQUES e PEREIRA FILHO, 2013),

websites (sites– www.ib.usp.br/ecosteiros2 – and distance education tools (video-

classes based on the Moodle Platform).

c) Monitor training and formation – 250 environmental monitors were prepared to

apply the protocol, this comprising students, professionals in the areas of biology,

oceanography, geology and education, protected area technicians and managers

from several states of the Brazilian southeastern, southern, and eastern regions.

The training consisted of participation as extension or undergraduate Univ. of São

Paulo students (BIB-0529 - Teoria e prática de educação ambiental em UCs

marinhas) in (1) a blended learning theoretical course, followed by one week of

practical monitoring in one of the model activities.

d) Implementation of models – the models were applied to the general public visiting

protected areas (7,805 visitors), to the recycling of public school teachers (24) and

to correspondent students of technical (tourism) schools (110, 14 with visual or

hearing deficiencies). In the case of teachers, special certified capacitation was

related to the use of active diving as a centralizing theme for promoting school-

discipline transversal integration. Preparation was also extended to student

monitoring.

e) Evaluation of activities – efficiency and change in perception as regards climate

changes and the marine environment, was evaluated through on-going research

projects. Evaluation of the ecological impacts related to the absence of visiting

protocols in the region of the natural aquarium trail, was through a master’s

degree monograph (SPELTA, 2011). This was extended to public perception of

global climate changes, with emphasis on expected alterations to and impacts in

the marine environment (GHILARDI-LOPES et al., 2013b; GHILARDI-LOPES

et al., 2015). Following the extension of the concepts and models to Chile, a

comprehensive review about integrated approaches between ecology and

education in South America Marine Protected Areas was prepared (BERCHEZ et

al., 2015).

“Games about Climate Changes and their effects on Marine and Coastal

Environments” Project (Coordinator: Natalia Pirani Ghilardi-Lopes, UFABC)

(FAPESP process nº 2012/03922-3)

Objective:

The main aim of the project is to develop, apply and test two educational web-

based games with elementary school students and their teachers.


The idea of the project came from the easy access to information through

technology, and from people nowadays being active agents of their own knowledge-

construction process. When properly done, i.e. through reliable sources of information,

this behavior can result in significant learning, in which the newly acquired information

is anchored on relevant concepts already present in the cognitive structure of the

apprentice, and on new concepts constructed in an interconnected way and with a real

meaning (AUSUBEL et al., 1980). In accordance with this tendency, the use of

communication and information technologies is more and more encouraged and

prompted in formal educational systems (DEANEY et al., 2003; LIM et al., 2005).

In this context, educational games of free access in the web, or available for

restricted classroom use, when adapted to the general public, can serve as powerful

tools in the process of disseminating scientific information, and for facilitating its

apprehension and comprehension, this beyond the direct and experiential interaction of

the knowledgeable apprentice, thereby changing behavior and inciting active

participation, with the consequential improvements in socio-environmental quality,

(Table 1, Figures 1 and 2).

When playing, a person simulates and creates realities, within certain mutually

accepted rules, roles, conditions and premises, thence taking the place of somebody

else, and so developing an understanding of why people act in certain ways. Thus, the

players learn how to act and make mistakes, without negative consequences to the real

world, since certain realities can be simulated, played out, manipulated and

experimented, and the possible consequences felt. If these are negative, things that

should not be done are learned, thereby making it possible to plan alternative

approaches or objectives. The players can also share their experiences, develop their

collaborative spirit, and use the game for self-knowledge, thence understanding their

own attitudes, values and thinking processes better, as well as comprehending and

feeling their very limitations and possibilities of promoting changes. Moreover, games,

besides generally being fun and pleasurable, afford a way of intensifying the emotional

bond between the player and the subject of the game.

Systemic games comprise a category specifically aimed at showing the players

how complex systems function. These games are extremely interesting in the context of

global climate changes that result from of the interaction of diverse components of

ecological systems. Systemic games facilitate seeing, feeling and experimenting several

aspects of the system’s behavior that are important in the transformation of reality and

in the context of “feeling part of a larger picture”. The player, although able to influence

the system, cannot always direct it in a desirable way, which means that attempts must

be made to understand the way things work and find other ways of promoting the

required changes, such as identifying the crucial points involved in its functioning

(DIELEMAN e HUISINGH, 2006).

Preliminary results

The two games under development in the project are:

1) Game-book “Challenge in Apicum” (GHILARDI-LOPES, 2014) – based on RPG

(Role Playing Games) solo adventures, in which the participant will play the role of a

student who must discover the causes of the changes that are occurring in the

surroundings of Apicum City (a fictional coastal city specially created for the game).

For this, the participant will have to carry out quizzes, puzzles and activities

(GHILARDI-LOPES et al., 2013a; SILVA et al., 2013a). The game is under test. It was

applied to 135 elementary school children, who fulfilled questionnaires before and after

playing which are being analyzed. The game-book can be accessed at the following

link: http://professor.ufabc.edu.br/~natalia.lopes/jogosmarinhos/index.php/material-

de-apoio-2/16-livro-jogo

2) “Apicum” game – this game basically presents the same story of the

gamebook, but in a more interactive interface. The educative game is being developed

in GameMaker® software. One important step in the development of the game was to

produce the Game Design Document (GDD), which include the description the story,

objectives, rules, all characters and items of the game, and the Level Design Document

(LDD), which include the description of the scenarios, levels of the game (Table 3), the

conditions of entrance and exit of each level and the flow conditions in each level (what

the main character can and cannot do). Both documents are already finished for our

game and now the game is under test. The game can be accessed at the following link:

http://professor.ufabc.edu.br/~natalia.lopes/jogosmarinhos/index.php/prototipos-2

and a page on facebook was also developed

(https://www.facebook.com/apicumgame). Subsequently, it will be applied to

elementary and high school students, and evaluated in terms of educational efficiency.

Table 3 – Levels of the educational game on global climate changes and their effects on marine and coastal ecosystems, with the objectives proposed for each one.

Level Objective(s)

Introduction Help the people who suffered with an extreme storm

Talk with marine ecologists

School Learn about marine ecosystems and global climate changes

Character’s home Make his/her home more sustainable regarding greenhouse gases emissions

Coral reef Visit a coral reef, measure environmental variables in order to understand why the corals are bleached

Store Buy diving equipment

Library Learn about the issues dealt within the game

University Talk to a marine researcher and get help to understand the problem with the coral reef

Laboratory Learn about equipment to measure environmental variables

City Hall Choose for a candidate taking into account the three dimensions of sustainability

3) Extension course for elementary and high school teachers continued formation

(GHILARDI-LOPES et al., 2014a) – many teachers declare that they do not feel

comfortable in addressing the subject of global environmental changes in their

classrooms because they do not know much about it. Taking this into account, an

extension course on global changes and their effects on marine and coastal

environments was taught to 15 elementary and high school teachers. In the course, the

teachers prepared a didactic sequence and applied it to their students. In the end of the

course, they presented and discussed their results. All didactic sequences and also some

theoretical information on the subject of the course can be accessed at the following link

(GHILARDI-LOPES et al., 2014b):

http://professor.ufabc.edu.br/~natalia.lopes/jogosmarinhos/index.php/material-de-

apoio-2/17-e-book

“Learning with the Sea” Project (Coordinators: Benjamim Teixeira, Laura Pioli

Kremer and Renata Costella Acauan, IFSC)

Objectives:

The main goal of this project is to stimulate the introduction of marine knowledge

into school activities, contributing to the implementation of marine-environmental

education activities in elementary and high school.

Description and Conceptual Background:

The project “Learning with the Sea” was initiated in the middle of 2012 in Santa

Catarina State and is under way. Santa Catarina, with a long coastline (531 kilometers),

has an appreciable population closely related to the marine environment. However, the

prevailing knowledge of marine ecosystems is slight and subjects related with this

environment are rarely present in scholar activities. One way to develop marine-

environmental education is to stimulate the introduction and integration of this theme

into the scholar curriculum. With this in mind, using the marine environment as a

starting point to teach concepts in different subjects across the scholar curriculum, the

project develop marine-environmental awareness and generate understanding of marine

processes and how they are linked to local problems.

Project-execution is through workshops for students and teachers, the latter as

prospective multipliers, and procedure according to conceptual EE indicators (Table 1),

with the constant stimulation of interdisciplinary dialogues between marine knowledge

and daily school activities. The educational objectives of specific-workshop content are

related with and linked to school curriculum disciplines. The basic knowledge content

deals with marine biology, oceanography, human culture linked to the sea, the value of

marine processes and resources, and global anthropogenic impacts on the marine

environment.

Preliminary results:

a) Implementation of models: with the participation of 1253 students, 74 teachers

and 20 monitors.

b) Evaluation of activities: the results were presented in three scientific events

(ACAUAN et al., 2012; KREMER et al., 2013; ACAUAN et al., 2014).

c) Based on this project, it was created a postgraduate course in Marine Sciences

applied to Teaching (Ciências Marinhas Aplicadas ao Ensino). This is an

interdisciplinary course with 400 hours that was initiated in 2014 at Instituto Federal

de Santa Catarina, Campus Itajaí, attending until now to 35 students. It is designed

for preschool, elementary and high school teachers from several fields of

knowledge, like science, social studies and language arts. The main goals of this

course are :

a. Facilitate the application of marine sciences insights to learning

environments

b. Enhance students’ knowledge of marine environmental sciences

c. Integrate marine environmental learning within all subject areas in

preschool, elementary and high school

d. Stimulate new possibilities of interdisciplinary knowledge construction in

school

e. Support educators in facilitating learning experiences at marine environment

beyond the classroom walls

f. Provide students with opportunities to experience and investigate their

teaching practices

“Marvelous Brazilian Mangroves Program” (Coordinators: Renato de Almeida,

UFRB; Clemente Coelho Junior, UPE; Yara Schaeffer-Novelli, USP)

Objectives:

Support formal education programs to facilitate the creation of marine protected

areas. The specific objective is to provide an educational tool to help teachers and

community members to interpret the coastal and estuarine systems. In this way, the

‘Marvelous Mangroves’ contributes to the implementation of the National Strategy

Communication and environmental education protected areas.


‘Marvelous Mangroves’ is a curriculum guide that is formally introduced and

presented to elementary school teachers (ALMEIDA et al., 2008). During the 16–hour-

course, teachers are instructed on classroom and field use. The proposals for practical

activities on coastal zone and marine ecosystems involve aspects of climate-change in

the context of science and environmental education. After classroom activities, teachers

are encouraged to develop projects covering between eight-ten month period. As these

activities occupy about 84 hours, duration of the whole course comes to 100 hours.

Participants receive their certificates on termination. A system of training and

evaluation, with the use of forms for teachers and students alike, facilitates monthly

monitoring of all the teachers and schools involved. This strategy eliminates the

punctual approach, common in educational projects. In Brazil, this program is

coordinated by the Instituto Bioma Brasil (IBB), associated to the Mangrove Action

Project (MAP) a US Non-Governmental Organization. To date, the Marvelous

Mangrove curriculum guide has been applied in the towns of Cariacica and Fundão

(Espírito Santo State), Maragojipe (Bahia State), Porto de Pedras (Alagoas State), and

Tamandaré (Pernambuco State).

Preliminary Results:

Records from the different experiences with curriculum guides in Brazil has

shown that besides reproducing the proposed exercises, teachers also used these guides

for motivating activities not dealt with therein. Non-course-participants were also

involved with the projects developed in their own schools.

a) Incentives by the Brazilian Ministry of Environment (MMA) for the use of the

curriculum guide in interpretative programs in protected marine and coastal areas.

Models were implemented in Cariacica (48 teachers, 19 schools), Fundão (61

teachers, 11 schools), Maragojipe (69 teachers, 14 schools), Porto de Pedras (30

teachers, 11 schools), and Tamandaré (30 teachers, 12 schools).

b) Dissemination of the curriculum guide in Brazil with support from MMA, local

councils and other partner organizations. The Ministry of Education (MEC) also

gave support to an extension project of the Federal University of Bahia

Recôncavo (UFRB).

c) Human resource training and studies presented in domestic scientific events

(ALMEIDA et al., 2010; SILVA et al., 2012b).

d) Evaluation system strengthening and recognition of the potential and educational

and administrative limitations. Noteworthy is the participation of students and

teachers in discussion forum and Educators Collective, besides video production

and interactive blog.

“Investing in new talent from the public education network for social inclusion

and development of scientific culture”

(Coordinators: Monica Dorigo Correia and Hilda Helena Sovierzoski, UFAL)

Objectives:

Develop and improve scientific and technological culture of teachers and

students of basic and high schools of the State of Alagoas public network, by

conducting educational activities in the natural sciences area, aimed at

encouraging the construction of new academic practices and teaching activities

from a contextualized theoretical and experimental vision to awaken and broaden

the vision of natural and scientific phenomena, as a strategy for the discovery of

vocations and new talent.


This Project was begun in 2011 with three stages that involved professors

and students from public schools and undergraduate Biological Science courses,

with grants of the Scientific Initiation Program (CAPES/UFAL), and also

involved students from the Graduate Program of the Teaching of Science and

Mathematics (PPGECIM/UFAL). All these students and the both professors are

associated to the Sector of Benthic Communities from the Federal University of

Alagoas.

The information on biodiversity and the preservation of Alagoas coastal

ecosystems are still little publicized in the media and in the basic and high schools

of Alagoas. We know the need to expand and improve human resources directed

to the increase of studies on biodiversity and the preservation of coastal

ecosystems of Alagoas, as well as the training of students and teachers of

elementary school of this state. The methodology that was used in this context

based on three steps:

a) Development of experimental and pedagogical kits with the participation

of basic education teachers, students of the Graduate Program in Science

Education and Mathematics UFAL (PPGECIM) and teachers researchers UFAL,

targeting the use of alternative educational materials and innovative, to be used in

activities 2 and 3 stages in this subproject and to subsequently be made available

to the academic practice of other teachers of basic education.

b) Education courses and updating for teachers in the area of Natural

Sciences from public basic education in order to improve the teaching-learning

process.

c) Implementation of the program "Saturdays at the Plant Science"

consisting of regular visits of public school students and professors, enabling

access and operation of our educational collection composed of scientific

experiments and audiovisual resources, fostering the interaction of students of

education Basic researchers and teachers that were made by Graduate students

from Program in Science Education and Mathematics (PPGECIM/UFAL).

Results

Scientific studies about biology science and environmental educational were

development, in order to integrate students from different undergraduate and

graduate studies at UFAL, in particular relating to promoting improvement

academic performance and encouraging basic and high students to work in the

future professions.

The results were produced several articles on science teaching practices

(ARAÚJO et al., 2011; OLIVEIRA et al., 2011; SOUZA et al., 2011),

biodiversity (LIMA JÚNIOR et al., 2012; SOUZA et al., 2013), and also youth

and adult education (SOUZA et al., 2011; SOVIERZOSKI et al., 2014). The

aspects of science education and marine biodiversity of Alagoas, including

preservation and environmental education, directed to basic education produced

by the research group on Benthic Communities of UFAL are available on the site

(http://www.icbs.ufal.br/grupopesquisa/comunidadesbentonicas).

“What we know about the biodiversity of coastal ecosystems on Alagoas”

(Coordinators: Monica Dorigo Correia and Hilda Helena Sovierzoski, UFAL)

Objectives:

The aims were to increase knowledge of biodiversity in the coastal

ecosystems of Alagoas State, and extend scientific information on the

preservation of reefs, estuaries, mangroves and beaches to the general public, with

emphasis to professors and student on public schools.


This Project was begun in 2012 on the Alagoas State, based on extension

activities that concentrated efforts to the transmission of knowledge about the

biodiversity in the Alagoas coastal ecosystems.

Marine biodiversity calls for the preservation of Alagoas State coastal

ecosystems, which are poorly understood and rarely reported in based and high

schools. The information generated and gathered by the Research Group on

Benthic Communities served as the basis for divulging knowledge and activities

in environmental education, directed to coastal preservation. This project involved

undergraduate students from the Biological Science courses, with grants by

CNPq/PIBIC, and graduate students on the Programs of the Teaching of Science

and Mathematics (PPGECIM) and the Program on Biological Diversity and

Conservation in the Tropics (PPGDIBICT), all associated to the Sector of Benthic

Communities from the Federal University of Alagoas.

Results

This project developed scientific studies in the field and laboratory, with

perform qualitative and quantitative analyzes concerning the biodiversity and

environmental educational from Alagoas coastal, with different undergraduate and

graduate studies at UFAL, in particular relating the marine biological, promoting

improvement academic performance and encouraging the basic and high students

to work in the future with marine science.

The scientific results were disseminated by many papers about biodiversity

and coastal ecosystems from Alagoas state, including reefs (OLIVEIRA e

CORREIA, 2013a; SILVA et al., 2013b; OLIVEIRA et al., 2014), mangroves

(OLIVEIRA et al., 2012; SOVIERZOSKI et al., 2014), and also about

environmental education (PEDRINI et al., 2014b). Information on aspects related

to the preservation of coastal ecosystems and the biodiversity of the coast of

Alagoas, including several new and endemic species, as well as publications about

environmental protection that have been produced by this research group are

available on the site

(http://www.icbs.ufal.br/grupopesquisa/comunidadesbentonicas).

“The Emancipatory Environmental Education by Marine Ecotourism - EcoTourisMar

Project” (Coordinator: Alexandre de Gusmão Pedrini, IBRAG / UERJ)

Objectives

The main objective of this Emancipatory Environmental Education (EEE)

project is to offer tourism products to society with environmental and economic

sustainability. It is focused at: a) environmental managers and analysts from government

agencies that grant licenses to enterprises in protected areas of sustainable use; b)

tourism and ecotourism entrepreneurs who wish to develop economic activities with

social and environmental sustainability; c) the educators who need alternative work

activities to those that exist contemporaneously and that negatively impact the

environment.

Description and Conceptual Background

Economic activity derived from the Brazilian tourism, mostly repeats the wild

capitalist model (unfair and oppressive). This typical model of mass tourism

concentrates the income in the entrepreneurs and let to the employees the crumbs in the

form of jobs often seasonal and deprived of social security and labor rights

(LOUREIRO, 2006). It falls to the receiving underemployed community of

disproportionately the low-income tourist products that do not social and financially

empowers them. Local government, beyond receive tax engages all the offering onus of

the receiving infrastructure. Allied to all these situations the tourists who practice the

marine and coastal tourism and alike, in general, generate disastrous social and

environmental effects. These, when occur in a massive way also destroy coastal and

marine biodiversity (PEDRINI et al., 2007; SILVA e GHILARDI-LOPES, 2012;

TUNALA et al., 2013). Thus, Emancipation Environmental Education (EEE) it is an

urgent demand as a structuring strategy to promote a drastic change in behavior and

attitudes of acting tourism business on the coast (PEDRINI et al., 2011; PEDRINI et al.,

2013b; RHORMENS e PEDRINI, 2015). The availability of ecotourism products with

the features described to the marine environment (GARROD et al., 2002; GARROD et

al., 2003; GARROD e WILSON, 2004), will allow political and financial

empowerment, citizens whose daily work devastates the sea (PEDRINI et al., 2011;

RHORMENS, 2013).

The conceptual and operational paradigm of EEE (PEDRINI e BRITO, 2006;

PEDRINI et al., 2010; PEDRINI et al., 2011; PEDRINI et al., 2012; PEDRINI et al.,

2013a; RHORMENS, 2013; PEDRINI et al., 2014b; PEDRINI et al., 2015a;

RHORMENS e PEDRINI, 2015; RHORMENS et al., submitted) has been discussed by

several authors. However, in the coastal and marine tourism context only the authors

cited above is that they have been working on the subject. They propose as assumptions

that environment education to be considered as EEE by marine ecotourism that it is

characterized as: a) emancipating, allowing social actors to be transformed from illegal

citizens in productive ones, entangling them in the ecotourism product and generating

their partial financial or overall independence, as an entrepreneur or guide, for example;

b) transforming, allowing those involved in the application of the product to acquire

knowledge and skills through experiences that make them able to face, solve and

prevent environmental problems, including those from region of the ecotourism route;

c) comprehensive, involving all or most of the social actors in the area under the

influence of application of the product; d) globalizing, addressing the environment in its

various local, regional, national and global scales; e) contextualizing, in which the

action is based on knowledge of the local reality in which it has ecotourism activity; f)

interdisciplinary, because the environmental issue evolves over the time and it is

essential to the aggregation of varied knowledge to solve their problems and improve

the product; g) ethics, with respect to all life forms on the planet especially in

ecotourism route region; h) permanent, because episodic actions lead to disruption of

the instructional process and the disengagement of the citizens involved; i) participatory,

in which the citizens know the entire product creation process and can opine with their

experience to improve the product.

This model will generate compatibility between political action and survival,

thus giving rise to a unique ecotourism product that presents the following

characteristics: a) limitation around 10 participants (PEDRINI et al., 2011); b) equitable

sharing of financial benefits thus generated; c) occurrence in a natural environment

involving the local community; d) the induction of discussion of contextual socio-

environmental subjects (environmental performance); e) integral social and

environmental protection as the end result (PEDRINI et al., 2011). Thus, a marine

ecotourism product could be a suitable substitute for massive and predatory tourism in

the marine environment (GARROD et al., 2002; GARROD et al., 2003; GARROD e

WILSON, 2004).

Results

Table 4 presents methodological model adopted with its main steps (PEDRINI et al.,

2011).

Table 4 - Main steps of the model which allows the Emancipatory Environmental

Education can be developed by the Marine ecotourism.

Steps Model subtopics

1 Characterization of negative public use of marine ecosystems,

quantifying them through comparative studies or direct observation

2 Characterization of marine geobiodiversity and design of a trophic

contextual web

3 Creation of a network of partners interested in supporting or take

ownership of the product after its formulation, agreeing

collaboration ways

4 Product formulation, including underwater trail with interpretative

areas

5 Product efficacy assessment generated by the university

6 Training courses offering for drivers and microentrepreneurs of

local community

7 Dissemination of results to the scientific community and

dissemination of the process to the network of local partners.

Two products were formulated in research scale, but properly tested as

commercial products, taking the plunge with "snorkel". Both areas attract tourists from

all continents. The first Ecoturismar product was in the Marine Environmental

Protection Area from Buzios (APAMAB), State of Rio de Janeiro. The Buzios city

includes a seaside resort with very beautiful beaches. Yet, lately the city has been

receiving visitors from large ships that allow thousands of tourists landing only to spend

the day on the beaches. As they feed on the ships, they make little use of local shops

and lodging settlements. Thus, the city only receives the byproducts of such massive

and socially exclusive tourism. The fishermen sold the marine areas they occupied and

went to live on the periphery and thus the involvement of the local community was not

possible as desired. However, the local state school formed tour guides recognized by

the Ministry of Tourism and our project teached our training as a subject of this course

(PEDRINI et al., 2011; PEDRINI et al., 2012).

The second Ecoturismar product was developed in the Environmental

Protection Area of Tinharé and Boipeba Islands (EPATB), municipality of Cairu, State

of Bahia. There, the mass tourism occurs mainly in the visitation of coral reefs, causing

adverse effects clearly noticeable. The test results were: a) Selection of Tassimirim

beach with diverse marine geodiversity with deploying an underwater trail with 320

meters long; c) Product test with 28 participants, and 89% rated the product as

excellent; d) 76% of tourists would accept to pay $ 17.00 to $ 33.00 for the product; e)

80% of the residents believed the excellent product; f) 91% of them would like to get

involved with the product; g) 88% of local entrepreneurs rate the initiative as excellent;

h) 55% of them would advertise the product; i) The product now costs $ 16.00; j) The

economic evaluation of the product applied for 10 days generated $ 433.00 and if the

partnerships will be held, about 50% of income would go to pay the driver and project

technical coordinator, with almost 100% of profit (RHORMENS, 2013).

“Project PEAPP: Perception and Environmental Education in Public Square as a

strategy to face the Sea Global Warming” (Coordinator: Alexandre Gusmão Pedrini,

IBRAG / UERJ).

General objective

Develop a methodology much perception as environmental education for

applying extension actions of UERJ, with the context of the material detachment event

that occurs in the public space of Edmundo Rego square in the city of Rio de Janeiro.

Specifics objectives

1. Environmental perception

The main objectives are: a) identify environmental perception of climate change

(especially global warming (GW) at sea) among children, teenagers and adults; b) test

the hypothesis that visitors of the square and of the material detachment event that visit

them have a higher level of socio-environmental knowledge that passers-by; c) verify

that the selected key concepts (Environment, Marine Environment, Global Climate

Change (GCC), effects of global warming on sea and causes of the GW) have absent or

ill-understandings of what they mean about what they mean in fact; d) know which

media are important as information sources for the studied subjects; e) verify if the

subjects know who is responsible for GCCs; f) if visitors daily star in some coping

attitude or adapt the GCCs.

2. Environmental Education

The main objectives are: a) Develop a methodology to promote Environmental

Education to face Global Warming in marine environment in the context of Climate

Change to teens and adults who are visiting an urban public square; b) Through

Participatory Planning select which the appropriate methodological strategies for

environmental education actions in the square chosen because of their contextual

difficulties; c) Test each one of the chosen strategies to check their suitability and

performance; d) Present the visitors community of public square (PS) the composition

of the marine environment, its importance, its synergy and the negative effects of

Global Warming; e) Encourage and discuss with the subjects of the PS what they can do

individually and collectively to address the negative effects of the GW at sea.


Environmental education as a strategy for coping with GCCs, especially of the

Global Warming and its effects on the sea is in its beginning. Vasconcelos and Tamaio

(2010) strongly criticized the National Climate Change Plan developed by the Ministry

of Environment, encouraging that environmental education to improve in this area. The

federal government subsequently published an interesting book about the subject

formulated by Tamaio (2013). This very preliminary book presents several guidelines

for how environmental educator must act to address the GCs. One of them is to provide

scientific information about what is this phenomenon and its anthropogenic causes. He

selected some authors and sites identified with EE chain that he defends. Unfortunately

in doing so he excluded works on the subject such as Pedrini (2008) and Pedrini & Saba

(2008), among others as presented in this article.

In fact, Brazil lacks a comprehensive synthesis of convergence between EE and

GCs. The practical character of works are presented by Vieira and Bazzo (2007),

Deboni (2007) and Pedrini & Saba (2008). The first reports a case of the EE with the

GW in the classroom, showing scientific methodology with a strong epistemological

component. The second was that of Pedrini and Saba (2008). He had the originality to

be developed in the context of English language. Pedrini & Saba (2008) proposed a

methodology to address the main problem of GC, that is, the Global Warming (GW).

The work was done in three steps, in six classes of first and second years of High

School. It was the basis of the research the film entitled "An Inconvenient Truth" that is

presented by former Vice President North American Al Gore. The third, of Deboni

(2007), presented reflections about the issue of global change (also centered in GW) and

EE. This presented a series of conjectures about EE and the media, proposing to

environmental educators: a) deepen the subject in theoretical and conceptual terms not

limited to repeat what is seen on TV or in films such as "An Inconvenient Truth", which

it has a visible character of Al Gore self-promotion.

Deboni (op.cit.), in fact, tries research in the field and encourages governments

to assume their responsibilities for the deepening of studies of this precious

environmental problem in the context of Brazilian environmental educators. Thus, the

subject requires comprehensive training of people, teachers, politicians, public

managers, etc. The contribution of this project will have a cutting the public that flows

to a material detachment event in a public square. Thus, this extension work addresses

the GCC in a public space, as understood in the Habermas perspective (HABERMAS,

1984), being a locus for collective claims, both adults and teenagers.

Results

The still preliminary results showed that (PEDRINI et al., 2014a): a) Most

people (75%) realize properly the Marine Environment (ME), the Global Climate

Change (GCC) and the Global Warming (GW). Only the concept of Environmental

Education (EE) is understood only as behavioral change (59%). They understand that

humanity is the social actor responsible for GCC (72%). People believe that they help to

improve the environment: a) Gaining awareness of the problem, and

preserving/maintaining the environment (23% each one); b) Practicing the three Rs

(17%); c) No response (22%). The fact that 1/5 of the people do nothing should be

investigated. The found results of diagnosis suggest an approach that deepens the

subject of the consequences of the GW in the sea.

As to who is responsible for GCC, Pedrini et al. (PEDRINI et al., 2015c) GW

verified if respondents attach to everyone, that is, humanity as a whole. However, it is

important to point out that there are more important social actors to be highlighted from

this simplified answer. They are bad entrepreneurs or selfish investors who think only in

more and more increasing their profit. These group try, in general, to cheat

environmental control systems and have no scruples about worsen the environmental

health of cities and their peripheries. Assign to all mankind the worsening of the

environmental quality by GCC would be a certain accommodation of respondents. It

can also be a translation of the consumerist capitalist media maneuvers that crown our

contemporary society. It is also a way to not attach to nobody responsibilities and so

conceal the true and main responsible group who are rich industrial countries.

Some actors believe that only individual change can account for the

confrontation of GCC (GHILARDI-LOPES et al., 2014a; GHILARDI-LOPES et al.,

2015). Individual acquisition of new knowledge is beneath than necessary for radical

changes in facing GCC (TAMAIO, 2013). Pedrini et al.(PEDRINI et al., 2015b;

PEDRINI et al., 2015c) showed that there is no individual daily attitudes. The

researched people credited the collective efficacy would only be obtained via

implementation of public policies to face this problem. Nor they know that government

plans are more concerned with plans of adjustments to this situation, and lesser of

facing and situation change. In fact, they do not know that there are already federal,

state and municipal policies in the City of Rio de Janeiro. Unfortunately there are no

results about the effectiveness of these policies. This accommodation posture even of

environmentalists seems to us worrying and a possible explanatory hypothesis would be

a discredit on the government actor who could be a leading person to laws derived from

policies. The information sources used as the GCC by the studied subject is more a

topic of concern. Most are the Internet (32%) and the cable TV (21%). It is known that

both Internet as and on TV many data are wrongly spread or outdated data. However,

the hypothesis tested of that environmentalists in the square would have adequate

information level about the GCC was statistically proven. Nevertheless, this information

set does not translated itself in terms of attitudes in the daily lives of individuals in

coping with GCC.

The displayed method in how subjects must face and contribute to solve the

adverse effects of GCC presented relatively dispersed when it occurred. Such method

suggests that the public does not in fact know what and how to do it. It believes that

only essentially behavioral actions (reinforced by his conception of EE still merely

behavioral, see PEDRINI et al., 2015b) as adoption of the three Rs or eventual small

actions.

“Diving in Seropedica’s education” (Coordinator: Valéria Marques, UFRRJ,

Guilherme Henrique Pereira Filho, UNIFESP)

Objectives:

This Project was started during 2011, with an interdisciplinary and

interdepartmental character integrating teachers and students belonging to several fields

of knowledge, notably biology and psychology. It was afterwards split into two sub-

projects “Diving, connection between Seropedica and UFRRJ: use of narration in

environmental education” (SILVA e MARQUES, 2012; VERAS et al., 2012;

VINHAES et al., 2012) and “Dive and ideas, innovation and ideals” (MARQUES et al.,

2013). Within the overall aim of linking high school students to the university scientific

environment, thereby favouring a new possibility in knowledge construction, the first

was directed to collaborating with teachers, by enriching practical pedagogy through

diving experience, and evaluating narration as a methodological tool. The second was

aimed at evaluating the use of underwater trails as an educational activity in high

schools (CIEP 155 Maria Joaquina de Oliveira Seropédica/RJ). It was developed in two

phases, viz., the training of environmental monitors/multipliers, and the evaluation of

the diving experience of students (Ilha Grande, RJ), through questionnaires and

interviews.

Results

a) Development of protocols and implementation of 3 trails: “In loco” Ilha Grande

terrestrial and underwater trails; Itinerant trail, in which the marine environment

was discussed through comic strips in 10 panels; Virtual electronic track (under

development).

b) Supporting didatic material (MARQUES e PEREIRA FILHO, 2013;

MARQUES et al., 2013).

c) Monitor training and formation –6 high school teachers and 11 monitors were

formed.

d) Model implementation – application to 25 high school students (2011-2012) and

75 students (2012-2013).

e) Evaluation of activities – the discussion and activity evaluation were published

as abstracts (SILVA e MARQUES, 2012; VERAS et al., 2012; MARQUES et

al., 2013) and as an undergraduate dissertation (VERAS, 2014). A master

dissertation is also in preparation.

Mussels: Evaluating and stimulating community integration coupled to mussel farming at Jurujuba, Niterói – Rio de Janeiro (Coordinators: Daniel Shimada Brotto, Marcia Esteves Capello, Lucilia Ramos Tristão, UVA; Marli Cigagna Wiefels, UFF)

Objectives:

The main goal is to evaluate socio-environment perception, and various forms of

production of those directly and indirectly involved in mussel farming, prior to

implementing advisory action aimed at optimizing both activities and social

emancipation.


Although handicraft fishing, tourism and sea farming can be considered as natural

local vocations, there have been many problems since the end of the 70’s, evidently

brought about by the lack of understanding on the part of government authorities. The

formerly traditional fishing community is now a decadent and disorderly town district,

composed of seafood restaurants, and decrepit sardine canning industries, commercial

fishing docks, yachting marinas and mussel farms, in other words, a diversified human

community mainly composed of lower income citizens (RITTER, 2007).

Since the end of the 80’s, mussel farming emerged as a profitable and economic

activity in the region, nowadays this being the main source of income that sustains

many families, independent of the questionable water conditions, the lack of

organization, and the technological gap among local entrepreneurs.

Project approach is quite in accordance with the precepts of Environmental

Education for Sustainable Societies (PEDRINI e BRITO, 2006), by aiming at self-

emancipation and the integration of individuals by permanent participation in the

solution of on-the-spot environmental questions.

Preliminary results

As they belonged to families of mussel farmers and fishermen, the primary focus

was centered on a group of school students in the region. At the end of 2011, and after a

first contact with teachers and the director of the CEFEM (Colégio Estadual Fernando

de Magalhães), students were invited by their teachers to participate in environmental

education activities, specifically beach surveys and rapid assessment protocols, carried

out in the neighbourhood, and also to attend extra school lectures, when they were

asked to respond to questionnaires, to so evaluate perception and the efficacy of the

specific activity. Those directly involved in mussel farming were informally

interviewed and observed in situ during working hours.

Results from the aforementioned approaches should be considered when planning

instructive activities focusing the optimization of mussel farming at Jurujuba and of the

use of discarded shells in handcraft and the arts. The implicit aim is to foment critical

perception of the world, as well as community integration, focusing on a certain

charismatic living marine resource, since in Brazil the word mexilhão (mussel) can be

used to define, not only an inquisitive and restless person, but also another important

aspect of the cultivated mussel species, Perna perna, a very resilient invasive species

that was accidentally brought to South America in slave ships from Africa, as were the

ancestors of most of the people living in Jurujuba.

4) Conclusions

Marine and coastal environment-education activities in Brazil are still scarce and

need to receive effective support from such integrated networks as ReBentos, which

unite researchers from various regions of the country, thereby facilitating the creation of

sub-networks and the exchange of information, data and results. There are several

models of Marine Environmental Education under way. They differ mainly as to the

theoretical approach (PEDRINI, 2008; PEDRINI, 2013), as for example, being in

accordance with the theory of Popular Education by Paulo Freire, or Critical

Environmental Education. They also vary in the methodological strategies selected to

obtain data or their analysis (PEDRINI, 2007) such as the selection of action research,

interviews, life histories, questionnaires, and content or speech analysis, among others.

What can be standardized over short-term are data-analysis methods in the context of

the quantitative paradigm, since within the qualitative, standardization would only be

possible after numerous actions and projects have been completed. Only in this way is it

possible to think of establishing standardized procedures based on a solid conceptual

framework.

So far, the ReBentos environment education work-group is dealing with activities

and projects that still do not use the results from other groups (estuaries, beaches,

submersed vegetated bottoms, reefs and rocky shores, mangroves and salt marshes).

The aim is to increase the use and exchange of these data in the future. Actions should

be expanded to public schools, as a means of reaching a larger number, as well as to

other states within the union. EE approaches with the specific goal of impacting

decision-makers and media are also considered fundamental.

ReBentos Directives for Marine-Environment Education

Climate change is an excellent pedagogical opportunity for inducing desirable

outcomes in environmental education. It serves as a means for teaching the science of

complex systems and is a teaching opportunity for meaningful learning, by being ideal

for debating application of the precautionary principle. Nonetheless, the complexity and

global nature of the phenomenon, associated with the difficulty of modifying human

behavior, complicates the choice of efficient strategies in climate-change education. It is

also important in enhancing the evaluation of medium and long-term education

intervention.

As a further step, definitive protocols should be elaborated for each EE model, to

so serve as supports for newcomers to the area, and for direct action within the network,

thereby facilitating the exchange of experience and materials among ReBentos groups.

6) Acknowledgments

Edital MCT/CNPq/MEC/CAPES/FNDCT, Ação Transversal/FAPs Nº 47/2010, Sistema Nacional de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade - SISBIOTA BRASIL, Processo FAPESP: 2010/52323-0, Processo CNPq:563367/2010-5.

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SOUZA,V.W.;CORREIA,M.D.;SOVIERZOSKI,H.H.UmPéDeQuê,UmaPropostaPedagógicaparaAulasdeBotânica.65ªReuniãoAnualdaSBPC,CiênciasBiológicas,2013.p.3.SOVIERZOSKI,H.H.;SANTOS,L.M.;CORREIA,M.D.AConstruçãodoPensamentoEcológicoapartir daVisão doManguezal nosDesenhos deAlunos do Ensino Fundamental. IV EncontroNacionaldeEnsinodeCiênciasdaSaúdeedoAmbiente,2014,Niterói.p.1-12.SPELTA, L.Avaliação das alterações na estrutura da comunidade bentônica relacionadas avisitaçãopúblicanapiscinanaturaldoParqueEstadualdeIlhaAnchieta,Ubatuba,SP.2011.122DissertaçãodeMestradoInstitutodeBiociências,UniversidadedeSãoPaulo,SãoPaulo.TAMAIO, I. Uma proposta de política pública: Parâmetros e Diretrizes para a EducaçãoAmbientalnocontextodasMudançasClimáticascausadaspelaaçãohumanaMMA.Brasília:MinistériodoMeioAmbiente:105p.2010.______. Educação ambiental & Mudanças Climáticas: diálogo necessário num mundo detransição.Brasília:MinistériodoMeioAmbiente,2013.98.TOWATA,N. etal.Ambientemarinho,suapreservaçãoerelaçãocomocotidiano:influênciade uma exposição interativa sobre as concepções de estudantes do Ensino Fundamental.EnseñanzadelasCiencias,v.extra,p.1342-1347,2013.TOWSEND,C.TheEffectsofEnvironmentalEducationontheBehaviourofSCUBADivers:ACase Study from British Virgin Island. 2000. 118 Thesis of Tourism, Conservation andSustainableDevelopmentUniversityofGreenwich,London.TUNALA,L.P.;BITTAR,V.T.;PEDRINI,A.D.G.Efeitosambientaisnegativosdemergulhadoresemapnéia(com'snorkel')naPraiadeJoãoFernandes,ÁreadeProteçãoAmbientalMarinhadeArmação dos Búzios, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil., XI Congresso de Ecologia do Brasil, 2013, PortoSeguro.p.1-3.TURRA,A. et al.Global environmental changes: settingpriorities for LatinAmerican coastalhabitats.GlobalChangeBiology,v.19,n.7,p.1965-1969,2013.URSI, S. et al. Projeto “Trilha Subaquática Virtual nas Escolas”: proposta de uma atividadedidática sobreo ambientemarinhoe suabiodiversidade.Revistada SBEnBio,v. 3, p. 3821-3829,2010.URSI,S. etal.Concepçõessobreeducaçãoambientalemcursodeformaçãoparamonitoresdo Projeto Ecossistemas Costeiros (Parque Estadual da Ilha Anchieta, SP). VII ENPEC, 2009,Florianópolis.URSI,S.etal.Influênciadeexposiçãointerativasobreambientemarinhoesuabiodiversidadenasconcepçõesde“meioambiente”deestudantesdoEnsinoFundamental.EnseñanzadelasCiencias,v.extra,p.3575-3580,2013.VERAS, P. C.Mergulhando na educação: percepção de discentes do ensinomédio de umaescola pública do município de Seropédica/RJ a respeito da educação não formal einterdisciplinar.2014.(Monografiadegraduação).InstitutodeBiologia,UniversidadeFederalRuraldoRiodeJaneiro,Seropédica.

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CAPES – COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR Endereço: SBN Quadra 02 Lote 06 Bloco L , CEP 70040-020, Brasília – DF Portaria nº 59, de 14 de maio de 2013

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Relatório Final de Cumprimento do Objeto

Nome do Beneficiário: MARGARETH DA SILVA COPERTINO

Período a que se refere o Relatório: De: 18/08/2014 a 18/02/2014

Auxílio nº: 2615/2014 Instituição Vinculada:INSITITUTO DE OCEANOGRAFIA - FURG 1. RESULTADOS ALCANÇADOS

VIII Workshop of the International Blue Carbon Scientific Working Group

DATA DO EVENTO: 20 a 23 de outubro de 2014

LOCAL: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brasil.

HOMEPAGE: http://thebluecarboninitiative.org/brazil-october-2014/

1. Introdução

Ecossistemas costeiros vegetados - manguezais, marismas e pradarias marinhas – cobrem menos que

0,5% do fundo marinho, entretanto, estão entre os maiores sumidouros de carbono do planeta. Estes

ecossistemas possuem uma alta capacidade de sequestrar carbono tanto na biomassa vegetal como

nas camadas do sedimento logo abaixo, podendo ser responsáveis por mais de 50% de todo o carbono

estocado nos sedimentos marinhos. Portanto, são de suma importância na captação dos gases de

efeito estufa e para contrapor o aquecimento global. A destruição e degradação de zonas costeiras

podem converter esses sumidouros naturais em grandes fontes de carbono para a atmosfera e agravar

ainda mais o efeito estufa, já que o carbono sequestrado ao longo de centenas ou milhares de anos, e

depositado em espessas camadas do sedimento, poderá ser liberado a médio e/ou longo prazo. A

magnitude destas emissões tornou-se aparente apenas recentemente e tais fontes ainda não têm sido

consideradas nas contabilidades nacionais das emissões e nas existentes regulamentações e políticas

sobre mudanças climáticas. Embora altas taxas de sequestro e estoques, as estimativas são baseadas

em estudos obtidos no Hemisfério Norte, generalizados para modelos globais. Inúmeras lacunas do

conhecimento ainda existem, principalmente em escalas regionais. Dentre estas podemos citar: os


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fluxos de carbono são pouco compreendidos na maioria das regiões costeiras do globo; o

mapeamento da vegetação costeira é incompleto; as taxas de perda destes ecossistemas são

desconhecidas; enormes lacunas existentes em regiões como o Sudeste Asiático, América do Sul e

África, onde situam-se muitos dos importantes “blue carbon hot spots”.

Enquanto inúmeros esforços têm sido feitos para desacelerar a degradação de ecossistemas terrestres,

através da proteção de florestas tropicais como um meio para mitigar a mudança climática, o papel

dos ecossistemas costeiros tem sido negligenciado deste processo. Para discutir algumas destas

questões científicas e suas implicações ambientais e econômicas, as organizações International

Oceanographic Comission (IOC-UNESCO), Conservation International (CI), International Union

for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criaram o programa “The Blue Carbon Iniciative”. Este

programa planeja fornecer recomendações e coordenar projetos para a utilização do carbono costeiro,

ou “blue carbon”, como uma ferramenta de conservação e manejo, de maneira a contribuir com a

mitigação da mudança climática. O programa visa dar bases científicas, econômicas e políticas para o

desenvolvimento de mecanismos de financiamento associados à conservação dos ecossistemas

costeiros.

Desde a sua criação em 2011, os Workshops semestrais ou anuais se constituíram no principal

mecanismo para o lançamento, divulgação e realizações dos Grupos de Trabalho do programa,

promovendo o avanço da ciência e catalisando os resultados. Além da divulgação dos resultados de

membros do grupo, os workshops centralizam as principais decisões sobre as ações científicas e

políticas.

A realização do VIII Workshop of the Blue Carbon Scientific Working Group (BCSWG) na

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, promoveu o debate científico e a

estruturação desta linha de pesquisa no Brasil e América Latina. O evento reuniu a comunidade

científica internacional e líderes regionais, focando na formação de uma rede regional de especialistas

no estudo do carbono costeiro, considerando as características regionais, geográficas,

geomorfológicas, climáticas, econômicas e sociais do Brasil e América Latina.

Blue Carbon Scientific Working Group


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Formado em fevereiro de 2011, o Grupo de Trabalho Blue Carbon Scientific Working Group fornece

a base científica para o programa The Blue Carbon Initiative. O GT é focado na síntese da ciência

atual e emergente em carbono azul, fornecendo a base científica sólida para a conservação, gestão e

contabilização do carbono costeiro. Desde a sua formação, o GT e os seus membros publicaram mais

de 20 artigos em revistas científicas internacionais com corpo editorial e cerca de 11 relatórios na

área de carbono costeiro (Anexo I). A Prioridade de Pesquisa do Grupo de Trabalho Científico

funciona em parceria estreita com o Grupo de Trabalho de Políticas do programa.

A Conservação Internacional (CI) coordena o Grupo de Trabalho International Blue Carbon

Scientific Working Group através do programa Blue Carbon Initiative, em parceria com a Comissão

Intergovernamental Oceanográfica (UNESCO) e IUCN. Os objetivos do Grupo de Trabalho

Científico são:

• Descrever a relevância global do carbono costeiro;

• Criar normas aplicáveis internacionalmente para quantificar e monitorar carbono costeiro;

• Desenvolver padrões internacionalmente aceitáveis para a coleta de dados, controle de qualidade e

arquivamento;

• Identificar e apoiar a pesquisa prioritária na dinâmica do carbono em ecossistemas costeiros;

• Desenvolver diretrizes de conservação, planejamento e gestão costeira para atividades costeiros de

carbono;

• Apoiar o desenvolvimento de projetos-piloto de carbono em ecossistemas costeiros.

As atividades principais do grupo incluem, mas não estão limitados, a publicação de artigos,

relatórios e participação em diversos workshops; oficinas do Grupo de Trabalho; produção de livros e

manuais e o estabelecimento de um base de dados global sobre o carbono costeiro (Global Coastal

Carbon Data Archive) O Global Coastal Carbon Data Archive visa apoiar as melhores práticas de

gerenciamento, padronização dos dados, e de reunir, em um formato comum, todos os dados de

carbono disponíveis para os ecossistemas costeiros. Além disto, o GT tem apoiado os esforços de

mapeamento globais para determinar a extensão e a taxa de perda de ecossistemas de carbono

costeiro, em parceria com órgãos governamentais, ONGs e instituições da sociedade civil.


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2. Objetivos e Metas

A presente proposta objetivou a execução do VIII Workshop of the Blue Carbon Scientific Working

Group (BCSWG), promovendo o debate científico e integração de cientistas internacionais e

brasileiros sob o tema de sequestro de carbono em áreas úmidas. O evento foi promovido pela

organização internacional The Blue Cabon Iniciative, com o apoio do Instituto de Oceanografia da

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – FURG, entre os dias 20 à 23 de Outubro de 2014. O evento

reuniu a comunidade científica internacional e pesquisadores líderes nacionais para discutir o status

dos sistemas costeiros vegetados brasileiros, identificar as lacunas do conhecimento e oportunidades

para pesquisas futuras. Os convidados brasileiros tiveram uma participação ativa no desenvolvimento

de uma rede regional de especialistas no estudo do carbono costeiro, identificando os temas e

projetos que devem ser prioritários, considerando as características regionais, geográficas,

geomorfológicas, climáticas, econômicas e sociais do Brasil e América Latina.

2.1. Objetivos específicos

-‐ Divulgar resultados dos membros do Blue Carbon Scientific Working Group Working Group

e atualizar o estado da arte sobre os estoques, fluxos e emissões de carbono dos ecossistemas

costeiros vegetados;

-‐ Discutir as consequências das mudanças climáticas sobre o estoque e a dinâmica de carbono

nos ecossistemas costeiros vegetados no Brasil e América Latina;

-‐ Divulgar e discutir as metodologias de estudo propostas pelo Blue Carbon Scientific Working

Group Working Group para adaptar e sistematizar métodos nos trabalhos futuros e em

andamento no Brasil. Estas metodologias terão como foco o mapeamento e estimativa dos

estoques de carbono;

-‐ Planificar um projeto de conservação e/ou restauração de ecossistemas costeiros vegetados ao

longo da costa brasileira. Este projeto deve quantificar e demonstrar os estoques e capacidade

de sequestro de carbono frente aos impactos antrópicos e resiliência dos ecossistemas

(incluindo o âmbito da restauração).

-‐ Alavancar a pesquisa brasileira dentro do tema do carbono costeiro, fomentando a formação

de um grupo de pesquisa ou rede temática no âmbito da Rede de Monitoramento dos Habitats


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Bentônicos Brasileiros (ReBentos) e Rede Clima.

-‐ Formar recursos humanos na temática através de inclusão e/ou nucleação da temática dentro

de Programas de Pós-Graduação no país.

3. Resultados

O Workshop se caracterizou por um intenso debate científico e a articulação de grupos de pesquisa

que promoveram o estudo integrado e multidisciplinar sobre o carbono costeiro na América Latina

(particularmente Brasil) e Sudeste Asiático (Indonésia). Estas regiões detém as maiores extensões de

ecossistemas costeiros vegetados do planeta, muitos dos quais ainda não foram quantificados,

mapeados ou nem mesmo registrados.

Durante os quatro dias de evento, o grupo discutiu aspectos científicos e técnicos sobre a ciência do

carbono costeiro, incluindo metodologias de estudo, atualizações de inventários, mapeamentos,

dinâmica de fluxos, impactos das mudanças climáticas, além de aspectos sócio-econômicos e

políticos.

O evento contou com a participação de cerca de quase 60 pesquisadores, incluindo cerca de 30

convidados internacionais com comprovada experiência técnica, científica, educacional e

administrativa no assunto. Dentre os convidados, destaca-se o grupo de cerca de 15 pesquisadores

brasileiros, de diversas instituições e regiões do país.

Dia 1 – 20 outubro

O primeiro dia foi dedicado a apresentações introdutórias sobre o assunto carbono costeiro e sobre a

atuação do Blue Carbon Scientific Working Group, com palestras de coordenadores do The Blue

Carbon Iniciative. A abertura do workshop contou com a presença de autoridades representativas da

cidade de Rio Grande, tais como: Dr. Leonardo Maurano - Superintendente Interino do Porto de Rio

Grande; Sra. Miriam Balestro - Secretária do Meio Ambiente da Cidade de Rio Grande; Prof. Msc.

Ednei Primel – Pró-Reitor de Pesquisa e Graduação da FURG; Prof. Dr. José Henrique Muelbert –


6

Diretor do Instituto de Oceanografia da FURG.

O maior destaque do primeiro dia foi o lançamento do livro sobre métodos de estudo dos estoques de

carbono e emissões associadas (Coastal Blue Carbon – Methods for Assessing Carbon Stocks and

Emission in Mangroves, Tidal Salt Marshes and Seagrass Meadows). O livro é produto do Blue

Carbon Working Group, desenvolvido nos últimos três anos, contendo cerca de 20 autores. Mais de

100 cópias foram trazidas e distribuídas entre os convidados e participantes do evento.

Capa do livro Coastal Blue Carbon – Methods for Assessing Carbon Stocks and Emission in Mangroves, Tidal Salt Marshes and Seagrass Meadows.

Abertura do evento e recepção dos convidados e participantes, com a presença de autoridades locais da FURG e da cidade de Rio Grande. Dra. Emily Pidgeon ministrando a palestra de abertura do evento.


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Dia 2 – 21 de outubro

O segundo dia se caracterizou por duas sessões principais de apresentações de trabalhos. A primeira

sessão focou em apresentações e discussão sobre os estudos brasileiros, onde foram ressaltadas as

características regionais, geográficas, geomorfológicas, climáticas, econômicas e sociais. A segunda

sessão foi focada em apresentações dos estudos realizados nos ambientes do sudeste asiático,

principalmente na Indonésia. Um terceira sessão de apresentações foi focada em aspectos sociais,

econômicos e resultados de projetos demonstrativos.

Sessão de apresentações no primeiro dia do evento. Prof. Cesar Costa palestrando sobre as marismas da América do Sul.


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A formação e atuação de dois Grupos de Trabalho (Brasil e Indonésia) foi um dos destaques do

evento. Os grupos se reunião na manhã do terceiro dia, para a elaboração de recomendações

específicas, delineamento de produtos (artigos científicos, relatórios, material divulgacional e

educativo) e para discutir futuros projetos demonstrativos. Foram traçadas recomendações para o

avanço da ciência do carbono costeiro, assim como ações prioritárias e estratégias para que o assunto

alcance relevância social e econômica, e seja incluindo dentro dos planos e políticas nacionais de

mudanças climáticas.

Grupo de Trabalho sobre ecossistemas costeiros vegetados e estoques de carbono da Indonésia.


O último dia do evento foi dedicado para saída de campo no Estuário da Lagoa dos Patos, incluindo

ilhas, marismas, além de banhados da região. Foi realizado uma vista ao EcoMuseu da Ilha da

Pólvora e as marismas desta ilha, com explicações e aulas sobre a dinâmica do ambiente estuarino e

dos habitats vegetados da região. Na Ecomuseu foi realizada uma exposição de painéis, com

apresentações de estudos e projetos locais. Deslocando-se com barcos de pescadores, os participantes

se dirigiram ao Porto Rei, uma comunidade tradicional de pescadores e agricultores locai na Ilha dos

Marinheiros. Após o almoço na Ilha os Marinheiros e apreciação dos seus ambientes aquáticos, nos

deslocamos em comboio (carros tracionados, kombis e van) para as marismas e banhados ao norte do

estuário.


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Saída de Campo para marismas, áreas alagadas e praia no município de Rio Grande. Visita guiada e amostragens.


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4. Discussão

Detendo taxas históricas e elevadas de desmatamento, o Brasil ocupa a quarta posição no rank

mundial de emissões de gases estufa, portanto contribuindo significativamente com o aquecimento

global do planeta. Neste aspecto, o país emergiu como uma influência importante dentro dos planos e

políticas globais para mudanças climáticas, emergindo como um líder na modulação de esforços para

mitigação das mudanças climáticas. Grande parte destes esforços tem sido focados em ecossistemas

terrestres, devido a extensão e significância da floresta Amazônica, que está contida na maior parte

no território brasileiro. Isto tem impulsionado a nação a encontrar maneiras sustentáveis de manejar e

monetarizar o green carbon. Entretanto, como muitos outros países detentores de extensas linhas de

costa (e.g. Austrália, Indonésia, EUA), o Brasil continua perdendo a oportunidade de valorar e

proteger os ecossistemas costeiros vegetados (Copertino 2011).

Com 9 mil km de extensão (12 mil se contornarmos baías e recortes), a costa brasileira é coberta por

ecossistemas ricos em carbono azul: possui a segunda maior área de manguezais do mundo (1 milhão

de hectares), além de extensas pradarias concentradas no entorno de recifes tropicais e lagunas

costeiras (de área ainda desconhecida). Portanto um hot spot em potencial para estudos e projetos

demonstrativos dentro do tema blue carbon. Entretanto, assim como para muitas outras regiões do

globo, há uma enorme carência ou indisponibilidade de informações básicas, dificultando a

realização imediata de um inventário nacional de emissões da zona costeira. Além disto, o rápido

desenvolvimento da zona costeira ameaça drasticamente o restante da área existente e o papel destes

ecossistemas.

A despeito de possuir 200 áreas protegidas ao longo da linha de costa, estas cobrem apenas 20% de

todo o território costeiro, representando somente um quarto da área reconhecida como sendo

prioritária para a conservação (MMA 2010). Considerando a história da colonização e intensa

ocupação territorial da zona costeira (25% da população brasileira vive na região litorânea) e o

desenvolvimento acelerado das últimas décadas, podemos afirmar que os manguezais, marismas e

pradarias do país encontram-se gravemente ameaçados. Estes estão sob uma crescente pressão de

impactos diversos como técnicas de pesca predatória, carcinicultura, eutrofização, urbanização

intensa, poluição por resíduos sólidos, agriculturas e esgoto não tratado.

Degradação e destruição destes ecossistemas resultariam em emissões de carbono, imediatas e


11

continuadas no tempo. Estudos recentes mostram que as emissões associadas a destruição deste

ambientes resultariam em até 900 milhões de toneladas de CO2 por ano (Pendentlon et al. 2012), o

que é aproximadamente igual as emissões de toda a Alemanha por consumo de energia e indústria.

Estes valores correspondem a 10%-20% das emissões globais causadas por desflorestamento ou

ainda a cerca de 2% de todas as emissões de GHC antropogênico.

O conceito “blue carbon” – carbono capturado e estocado pelas áreas costeiras vegetadas – fornece

uma nova ênfase ao estudo e conservação das áreas úmidas vegetadas, propondo mudanças nos

incentivos econômicos e novos mecanismos de valoração destes ecossistemas. Assim como no

mecanismo REED (Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation), o pagamento pelo

“blue carbon” possui um grande potencial para proteger a biodiversidade e os serviços ecossistêmicos

destas áreas tão ameaçadas, em escala local e regional. Entretanto, precisamos ainda de pesquisas

científicas coordenadas e focadas, assim como coleta de dados, para embasar a construção deste

mecanismo financeiro, tão importante na redução dos gases estufa. O sucesso depende também, de

um rearranjo que não tenha impactos negativos para a sobrevivência das populações locais, as quais

dependem dos recursos destes ecossistemas.

Portanto, diversas razões justificam a escolha do Brasil para a realização do VIII Workshop, dentre as

quais podemos ressaltar:

• a importância de consolidar uma ciência do carbono costeiro no Brasil e o seu potencial para

conservação dos ecossistemas costeiros

• o crescente interesse da comunidade científica e necessidade de formação de recursos

humanos no Brasil

• a extensão de linha da costa coberta por ecossistemas ricos em carbono azul

• a extensa amplitude latitudinal, cobrindo desde o equador até 33o S

• a alta diversidade geomorfológica da linha de costa, proporcionando diferentes tipos de

sedimento, taxas de sedimentação/erosão e diferenças na ciclagem de nutrientes

• o estado de conservação dos ecossistemas costeiros brasileiros

Desta maneira, a realização do Workshop of the International Blue Carbon Scientific Working Group

foi fundamental para impulsionar as pesquisas sobre os estoques e fluxos de carbono costeiro ao

longo do litoral brasileiro. Além disto, a formação do um grupo de pesquisa “Brazilian Blue Carbon”,


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irá promover impactos positivos sobre projetos coordenados e executados pela equipe proponente,

dentre os quais podemos citar:

- Sub-rede zonas Costeiras do INCT para Mudanças Climáticas e da Rede Clima.

- Rede de Monitoramento dos Habitats Bentônicos Costeiros – ReBentos (

- Brazilian Seagrasses Meadows.

- Dinâmica de carbono nos manguezais Neotropicais.

- Dinâmica da Vegetação Aquática Submersa – DiVAS

- Sedimentos de manguezais como sumidouros de carbono: quantificando o enterramento de

carbono e sua relação com a ecologia do bentos estuarino.

- Índices de qualidade bentônicos para estuários capixabas: criando ferramentas para a gestão

ambiental e estudos de longa duração.

- “Small grazers, multiple stressors, and the proliferation of fungal disease in marine plant

ecosystems”.

-

5. Conclusões

O evento alcançou plenamente seus objetivos propostos, sendo de grande relevância para a criação e

fortalecimento de parcerias e intercâmbio nacionais e internacionais, e para a formação de recursos

humanos de pós graduação. O workshop propiciou o início de alguns projetos integrados, nacionais e

internacionais, além do estímulo de um grupo de pesquisa brasileiro interdisciplinar para o estudo do

carbono costeiro, onde se objetiva integrar ciência e conservação dos ecossistemas úmidos, com seus

serviços ecossistêmicos e o mercado do carbono.

A realização do Workshop foi em plena consonância com os anseios e política de pós-graduação das

universidades envolvidas e com formação de recursos humanos no Brasil. A equipe de pesquisadores

brasileiros representaram sete Universidades Federais e outras instituições de pesquisa e conservação

de Norte a Sul do Brasil que participam no desenvolvimento e pesquisa nas áreas de Ecologia,

Oceanografia e Geociências. Estes pesquisadores representam 10 programas de pós-graduaçao, os


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quais são: Oceanografia Biológica da FURG; Oceanografia Química, Física e Geológica da FURG;

Aquicultura da FURG; Geografia da UFSC; Oceanografia da UFSC; Zoologia da UFSC; Ecologia e

Evolução da UERJ; Meio Ambiente da UERJ; Oceanografia da UFES e Agronomia da ESALQ-

USP.

Mais de 30 especialistas internacionais com comprovada experiência técnica, científica, educacional

e administrativa no tema Carbono Costeiro, estiveram presentes no evento. A realização deste evento

foi extremamente relevante para a criação e fortalecimento de parcerias, intercâmbio de estudantes e

pesquisadores, e formação de recursos humanos. O workshop permitiu o início de projetos integrados

nacionais e internacionais no tema, com potencial de estímulo de um amplo grupo de pesquisa

brasileiro e formação de estudantes capazes de integrar a conservação de ecossistemas úmidos com

serviços ecossistêmicos e mercado do carbono, capacidades na linha de fronteira do conhecimento

em ecologia costeira.

Portanto, a realização do Workshop no Brasil foi estratégica para a conservação dos ecossistemas

costeiros do Brasil, para promover ações de mitigação das mudanças climáticas e para o avanço das

pesquisas no Brasil, em temas que estão atualmente na fronteira do conhecimento.


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2- Comentários adicionais: (publicações, teses, dissertações, artigos científicos, citações,

congressos, patentes, outros):

Os principais produtos científicos gerados pelo workshop foram a produção de artigos no tema, por

membros do Working Group. Dentre estes destacam-se revisões sobre o carbono costeiro do Brasil e

da Indonésia. A revisão brasileira será multinstitucional e interdisciplinar, tendo a participação de

pesquisadores de todo o país e também da comunidade. O manuscrito desta revisão objetiva sintetizar

e integrar o conhecimento sobre os ecossistemas costeiros vegetados do Brasil, baseado em estudos

publicados e informações não publicadas. O estudo a distribuição e extensão dos habitats vegetados,

suas biomassas e estoques de carbono, taxas de sequestro de carbono, assim como as principais

ameaças sofridas por estes ecossistemas. O estudo descreverá os habitats de manguezais, marismas,

pradarias de gramas marinhas, além de áreas de apicum. O papel dos ecossistemas costeiros

vegetados na miticaçao das mudnaças climáticas será analisado, tendo em consideraçao a sua

capacidade intrínseca de sequestro de carbono atmosférico, assim como o potencial de emissões,

causadas pela destruiçao dos habitats and mudanças no uso da terra. O estudo deverá também

sintetizar as apresentações da sessão brasileira. O manuscrito concluirá com questões científicas,

hipóteses and recomendações para fazedores de politíca públicas. O outline do manuscrito que está

sendo produzido pelo grupo brasileiro é o seguinte:

Preliminary title: Coastal Vegetation from Brazil: the role on carbon sequestration and mitigation of climate changes Lead Authors: Margareth Copertino, Tiago O. Ferreira, Paulo Pagliosa, Cesar Costa Overall BC concept and importance, global context, biogeochemistry and geomorphological constrains, directions: Local data & information inputs, literature review and information: Alessandra Fonseca (UFSC, Brazil); André Scalartte Rovai (UFSC, Brazil); Angelo Bernadino (UFES, Brazil); Cesar S. B. Costa (FURG, Brazil); Gabriel Nuto Nóbrega (USP, Brazil); Gill Reuss (UESC, Brazil); Joel Creed (UERJ, Brazil); Juliano Marangoni (FURG, Brazil); Marc Simard (NOAA, USA); Margareth Copertino (FURG, Brazil); Matteo Fumi (ICMBio Brazil); Paulina Martinetto (Universidad Mar del Plata, Argentina); Paulo Pagliosa (UFSC, Brazil); Raymond Ward (University of Brighton, UK); Tiago Osório Ferreira (USP, Brazil)


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Aim: This study aimed to review, synthesize and integrate the knowledge about Brazilian blue carbon systems - mangroves, salt marshes and seagrass meadows - based on data about their distribution and areal extensions, biomass and carbon stocks, carbon sequestration rates and major threats. Based on published studies and unpublished data (authors own results), the data was integrated to analyze the potential role of Brazilian blue carbon systems on global climate mitigation, taking into account their intrinsic CO2 sequestration capacity, and the potential for carbon emissions arising from deforestation and land use changes. I. Introduction: The Blue Carbon Context II. Global Context: Blue Carbon Ecosystems of Brazil (i) Area: Mangroves Salt Marshes Seagrasses (ii) Stocks (below and above in one figure) Biomass: Mangroves Salt marshes Seagrasses Soils: Mangroves Salt marshes Seagrasses (iii) Sequestration rates III. Adaptation/Conversation IV. ONGOING THREATS (i) Land use change and emissions impacts Shrimp, harvesting, development (ii) Sea level rise impacts Mangroves Salt Marshes Seagrasses V. Valuation VI. Future Directions Focus: Review (from published data) or Synthesis (from unpublished data) Figures:


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1.Carbon stocks (ABG and Soil) 2. Land use and emissions 3. Map protected areas 3. Comparison to Upland Forests Supplementary Information Methods used Publicações lançadas no evento: Howard, J., Hoyt, S., Isensee, K., Pidgeon, E., Telszewski, M. (eds.) (2014). Coastal Blue Carbon: Methods for assessing carbon stocks and emissions factors in mangroves, tidal salt marshes, and seagrass meadows. Conservation International, Intergovernmental, Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, International Union for Conservation of Nature. Arlington, Virginia, USA.

Divulgação científica:

Copertino, M. S. 2015. Blue carbon ecosystems from South America: The role on carbon

sequestration and mitigation of climate changes. In 3rd International Symposium on "Effects of

climate change on the Word's Oceans". March 22-27. Santos, Brazil. Disponível em

https://www.pices.int/publications/presentations/2015-Climate-Change/S5/2015-Brazil-S5.aspx

International Blue Carbon Scientific Working Group. Rio Grande Meeting. Workshop Report. 2015.

http://thebluecarboninitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/Brazil-Meeting-Report.pdf

International Blue Carbon Scientific Working Group. October 20-23, 2014. Agenda.

http://thebluecarboninitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/Agenda-10-16-14.pdf

Copertino, M. & Costa, C. S. B. A Field Trip to Rio Grande Wetlands. International Blue Carbon

Scientific Working Group. Rio Grande Meeting.

International Blue Carbon Scientific Working Group. Brazilian Brochure (Anexado aos documentos)

VIII International Blue Carbon Scientific Working Group. Folder em português (Anexado aos

documentos)


17

Website do evento: http://thebluecarboninitiative.org/brazil-october-2014/

International Blue Carbon Scientific Working Group. Rio Grande Meeting, October 20-23, 2015.

Presentations. http://thebluecarboninitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/Brazil-Meeting-Report.pdf


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Lista completa de participantes Coordenadores Margareth Copertino – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Pidgeon, Emily – Moore Center for Science and Oceans, Conservation International Howard, Jennifer – Moore Center for Science and Oceans, Conservation International Membros do Blue Carbon Scientific Working Group Alongi, Daniel – Australian Institute of Marine Science Cifuentes, Miguel – Tropical Agriculture Research and Higher Education Center Crooks, Stephen – Phillip Williams & Associates, LTD Fourqurean, Jim – Florida International University Giri, Chandra – United States Geological Survey Hutahaean, Andreas – Agency for Research and Development of Marine and Fisheries, Indonesia Kairo, James – Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) Kauffman, Boone – Oregon State University Kennedy, Hilary – University of Bangor Lovelock, Catherine – University of Queensland Marbà, Nuria – Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados Megonigal, Patrick – Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Morris, Jim – University of South Carolina Murdiyarso, Daniel – Center for International Forestry Research Quesada, Marco – Conservation International Rahman, Faiz – University of Indiana Ralph, Peter – University of Technology Sydney Saintilan, Neil – Dept of Environment, Climate Change and Water, New South Wales Convidados Bergamo, Thais – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Bernadino, Angelo – Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo Bissoli, Lorena – Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo Correa, Amapola – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Costa, Cesar – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Creed Joel – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro D’Almas, Leandra – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Da Rosa, Vanessa – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Dutra, Guilherme – Conservation International Estrada, Gustavo Calderucio Duque – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Fernandez, Viviane – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Ferreira, Tiago O. – Universidade de São Paulo Fonseca, Alessandra – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Fumi, Matteo – Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade Glass, Leah – Blue Ventures Ik Kyo Chung – Pusang University


19

Lanari, Marianna – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Landis, Emily – The Nature Conservancy Marangoni, Juliano – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Martinetto, Paulina – Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata Nobrega, Gabriel – Universidade de São Paulo Pagliosa, Paulo – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Pereira, Renata – Conservation International Ramos, Luis – USAID Reuss, Gil - Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz Roy Chowdhury, Rinku – Indiana University Steigleder, Karin – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Sunhyung, Rhu – Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries Ward, Raymond – University of Brighton.

Participantes do International Blue Carbon Scientific Workshop, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil. October 22, 2013. Photo courtesy of CI.


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3- Justificativa (justificar as alterações à proposta original realizadas durante a execução do presente financiamento, se houver)

Não houveram alterações à proposta original. O financiamento foi investido totalmente para a execução do Workshop, conforme especificado na prestação de contas. O evento alcançou todos os objetivos propostos e o programa foi cumprido, de acordo com o especificado neste relatório e nos documentos anexados ao processo (Final Agenda, Workshop Report, etc).

O BENEFICIÁRIO PODERÁ UTILIZAR OUTROS FORMULÁRIOS OU TEXTOS DESCRITIVOS, DESDE QUE CONTENHAM AS INFORMAÇÕES BÁSICAS NECESSÁRIAS

CONSTANTES DESSE DOCUMENTO

Rio Grande, 20 de abril de 2015

Local/Data

Assinatura/Carimbo do Beneficiário do AUXPE

International Blue Carbon Scientific Working Group

October 20 - 23, 2014 RIO GRANDE, BRAZIL

WORKSHOP REPORT

Coordinating Organizations:

Funding and Support Organizations:

FURG

Workshop Overview

The Universidade Federal do Rio Grande hosted the seventh International Blue Carbon Initiative’s Scientific Working Group meeting, in Rio Grande, Brazil. This three-day meeting brought together the working group and members of the local research community within Brazil to assess the current state of the knowledge surrounding blue carbon ecosystems and to identify knowledge gaps and opportunities for collaborations that will accelerate research in the future. Specific focus was placed not only on Brazil but also on Indonesia. Indonesia has been making strides in blue carbon ecosystem research, conservation, and policy and this meeting provided an opportunity to contemplate next steps and share lessons learned. Brazil’s coastline is the 16th longest in the world with over a million hectares of mangrove forests1 and more than 20,000 hectares of seagrass meadows2. Warming seawaters and habitat destruction are already threatening Brazil’s coastal ecosystems and marine biodiversity. Additionally, the emissions released through coastal ecosystem conversion are significant sources of greenhouse gases. Thus, effective management and conservation of coastal wetlands is now a critical priority for Brazil, especially in regions where people are highly dependent on these ecosystems for critical services. The International Blue Carbon Initiative The Blue Carbon Initiative is an integrated program focused on mitigating climate change by conserving and restoring coastal marine ecosystems globally. The Initiative is led by Conservation International (CI), the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, and works with partners from national governments, research institutions, nongovernmental organizations, coastal communities, inter-governmental and international bodies and other relevant stakeholders. For more information see www.thebluecarboninitiative.org. Meeting Goals Meeting attendees took an active role in developing a regional network of blue carbon experts

and identifying priority geographies, projects and needs.

The four primary goals for the meeting: 1. Increase awareness of the importance of coastal wetlands for critical ecosystems

services specifically including carbon sequestration and storage and the potential for increased emissions when these systems are degraded.

2. Assess the coastal carbon distribution in Brazil and Indonesia, including compiling existing data and analysis.

3. Identify priority regions for science, management and pilot project development. Identify opportunities and challenges to achieving this in the region.

1 Almeida and Barreto, 2010 2 Copertino, 2011

http://www.thebluecarboninitiative.org/

4. Explore ways to increase capacity through development of blue carbon networks and identifying possible regional Blue Carbon focal points.

Meeting Outcomes

1. Over 20 Brazilian and other regional experts in mangrove, saltmarsh, and seagrass ecology and geochemistry came together to share their data and collaborate on future work.

2. Separate breakout groups (one for Brazil and one for Indonesia) spent a day exchanging information and discussing next steps for science and policy in their respective countries. Both groups plan to publish a journal article that will describe the current state of the knowledge for blue carbon in their country as well as outline future research priorities and provide policy recommendations.

3. Margareth Copertino, the Brazilian representative to the Blue Carbon Initiative, has begun an informal community of practice for the region as a direct result of this meeting. Experts from Indonesia identified funding opportunities as well as science and policy priorities. They have already been very influential in integrating blue carbon into coastal marine management and to a greater extent popularizing the concept of blue carbon as a viable tool for climate mitigation and adaptation. Blue Carbon Initiative Scientific Working Group members continue to promote blue carbon at conferences all over the world.

4. Blue Carbon Initiative Scientific Working Group members identified Africa as a location that has immense potential for blue carbon work and as a location where the group has yet to focus. Specifically Liberia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique. Efforts are underway to hold the next Scientific Working Group meeting in one of these countries with James Kario, Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, as the in country host. The meeting will focus on the needs and challenges of implementing blue carbon demonstration projects and building capacity with a focus on the specific needs in Southern Africa.

Attendees

Coordinators Margareth Copertino – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Pidgeon, Emily – Moore Center for Science and Oceans, Conservation International Howard, Jennifer – Moore Center for Science and Oceans, Conservation International

Working Group Members Alongi, Daniel – Australian Institute of Marine Science Cifuentes, Miguel – Tropical Agriculture Research and Higher Education Center Crooks, Stephen – Phillip Williams & Associates, LTD Fourqurean, Jim – Florida International University Giri, Chandra – United States Geological Survey Hutahaean, Andreas – Agency for Research and Development of Marine and Fisheries,

Indonesia Kairo, James – Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) Kauffman, Boone – Oregon State University Kennedy, Hilary – University of Bangor Lovelock, Catherine – University of Queensland Marbà, Nuria – Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados Megonigal, Patrick – Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Morris, Jim – University of South Carolina Murdiyarso, Daniel – Center for International Forestry Research Quesada, Marco – Conservation International Rahman, Faiz – University of Indiana Ralph, Peter – University of Technology Sydney Saintilan, Neil – Dept of Environment, Climate Change and Water, New South Wales

Guests Azevedo, Adriana – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Bergamo, Thais – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Bernadino, Angelo – Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo Bissoli, Lorena – Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo Correa, Amapola – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Costa, Cesar – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Creed Joel – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro D’Almas, Leandra – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Da Rosa, Vanessa – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Dutra, Guilherme – Conservation International Estrada, Gustavo Calderucio Duque – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Fernandez, Viviane – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Ferreira, Tiago O. – Universidade de São Paulo Fonseca, Alessandra – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina

Fumi, Matteo – Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade Glass, Leah – Blue Ventures Ik Kyo Chung – Pusang University Lanari, Marianna – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Landis, Emily – The Nature Conservancy Marangoni, Juliano – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Martinetto, Paulina – Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata Nobrega, Gabriel – Universidade de São Paulo Pagliosa, Paulo – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Pereira, Renata – Conservation International Ramos, Luis – USAID Reuss, Gil - Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz Roy Chowdhury, Rinku – Indiana University Soares, Mario – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Steigleder, Karin – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Sunhyung, Rhu – Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries Walfir Souza-Filho, Pedro - Universidade Federal do Pará Ward, Raymond – University of Brighton

The International Blue Carbon Scientific Workshop participants at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande,

Brazil. October 22, 2013. Photo courtesy of CI

DAY 1 – October 20th, 2014 (afternoon only) Welcome Margareth Copertino, Institute of Oceanography, FURG, Brazil Lauro Barcelos, Director of Oceanographic Museum, FURG, Brazil José Henrique Muelbert, Director of Institute of Oceanography, FURG, Brazil

Introduction Introduction to Blue Carbon Initiative: Review of Recent Work of the Scientific Working Group and Blue Carbon Science Emily Pidgeon, Conservation International, USA Blue Carbon in International Policy: Achievements and Future Perspectives Steve Crooks, Environmental Science Associates, USA Workshop agenda and expected outcomes Jennifer Howard, Conservation International, USA

Day 2 – October 21st, 2014 (all day) Session 1 – Brazil: Wetlands and Carbon Science Moderated by Margareth Copertino, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Brazil

The Distribution, Abundance and Conservation Status of Seagrass Meadows along the Brazilian Coast Joel Creed, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Brazil boasts five species of seagrass (two of which are represented on Brazilian Real bank notes) and this presentation outlines the importance of seagrass meadows along the Brazilian coast. Mapping of seagrass meadows to-date has been limited and is biased towards locations surrounding research institutions. Thus, more comprehensive mapping is needed throughout the Brazilian coast. In addition, most studies of seagrass in Brazil have been short term, but there are 1-2 that are looking at seagrasses over time, with the biggest program in Rio Grande lasting 34 years. Dr. Creed is now exploring opportunities to further mapping efforts with the help of Google Earth. Dr. Creed ended his talk with a list of priorities including increased research on the impacts of climate change on seagrass extent and productivity and the need for novel approaches to mapping seagrasses at the global scale.

State of the Science: Salt Marshes in South America Cesar Costa, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Brazil

The total extension of tropical salt marshes along the Atlantic coast of South America is yet unknown. However, from 29º to 55º S, about 2190 km² of salt marshes occur. Area and average net aerial primary production data of dominant plants point out to an annual carbon fixation of 1,157,280 C ton per year. Most of these subtropical-temperate salt marshes are occupied by highly dense populations of the crab Neohelice granulata, which affect the entire C budget by burrowing (through bioturbation), feeding of deposited detritus and direct consumption of shoots and roots of marsh plants. Coastal erosion, marsh conversion and anthropogenic activities threaten the C stocks and sequestration by salt marshes.

Brazilian Initiative for Conservancy and Sustainable Exploitation of Mangroves: strategic actions, results and challenges Matteo Fumi, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade

Dr. Fumi’s presentation focused on the overall framework for the management and conservation of mangroves in Brazil. This included the creation of a national plan that calls for new protected areas, biodiversity programs, value chain analysis, and livelihood assessments. The national plan includes the creation of three additional protected areas to create a large connected protected region. The national plan is also the first of its kind in Brazil, where the plan is not strictly focused on a single species but instead on an entire ecosystem.

Global patterns of aboveground carbon stock and sequestration of mangroves Gustavo Duque Estrada, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Carbon sequestration in mangroves could potentially offset 10% of global greenhouse gas emissions, due to their increased capacity for carbon storage and sequestration (higher than most forest types). Despite having the second largest area of mangroves in the world, data on carbon stock and sequestration for this ecosystem are still scarce in Brazil. This

Cartagena Bay

(Colômbia, 10º N)

Brasil

Argentina

Uruguay

Equador

Venezuela

Colombia

Peru

Guiana Francesa

Suriname

Guiana

Bolivia

Chile

Paraguay

Tropical

Temperate

30° S

10° N

0°

10° S

5° S

20° S

10° N

0°

55° S55° S

Salt marshes of the Atlantic South America

Magallanes Region

(Chile, 55º S)

Southern limit of mangrovesLaguna (28° 28' S)

presentation details the climatic parameters influencing mangrove carbon sequestration. Dr. Estrada has determined that aboveground carbon stocks increase with temperature, especially in the colder periods; temperature annual range decreases; and annual precipitation increases.

Geophysical and climate drivers in mangrove aboveground biomass across American Coast Paulo Pagliosa, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil

Dr. Pagliosa’s presentation describes influential relationships between geophysical parameters (tides, river discharge, and wave energy), climate drivers (temperature and precipitation) and above ground mangrove biomass. The main challenges are the general lack of data and how to convert forest structure data into aboveground biomass data. Using modeling techniques and data from 1011 sites throughout the Neotropics Dr. Pagliosa was able to create a model (with a 0.72 correlation) showing that temperature, precipitation, and tides influence biomass while waves and river discharge are not significant.

Coastal wetland soils: pedogenetic processes and its environmental implications Tiago Osório Ferreira, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil

Dr. Ferreira gave a detailed overview of current soil science, the pedogenic processes and sequestration of carbon in coastal wetland soils. Despite its recognized importance, coastal wetland soils remain poorly studied by soil scientists. Dr. Ferreira demonstrated how the carbon stock is affected by oxygen, iron, and sulfur processes and the presence of a large crab population (which aerate the soils) may play a role in decreasing soil carbon stocks. He also emphasized the importance of a multidisciplinary approach towards understanding the dynamic processes occurring in coastal wetland soils.

Session 2 – Indonesia: Wetlands and Carbon Science Moderated by Daniel Alongi, Australian Institute for Marine Science, Australia Mangrove Monitoring Andreas Hutahaean, Agency for Research and Development of Marine Fisheries, Indonesia

Indonesia has a total area of 3.11 million ha of mangroves, the largest on Earth, comprising 23% of global mangroves. It also has at least 30,000 km2 of seagrass ecosystems. This presentation outlines a demonstration project in the Derawan Islands, a marine protected are (1.27m ha.) of high biodiversity, with the goal of influencing coastal and marine blue carbon policy through scientific findings. Research activities include the establishment of four permanent research stations, as well as the creation of marine and coastal blue carbon research teams.

Dynamics of Carbon Stocks and Land Use in Indonesian Mangroves Boone Kauffman, Oregon State University, USA

Dr. Kaufman provided background information on the current rate of mangrove loss and put that into the context of lost carbon sequestration and emission rates. Indonesia alone contains almost 23% of the world’s mangroves or about 2.6 Mha. There are more mangroves in Indonesia than in any of the Earth’s continents with an average carbon stock of 1084 Mg/ha (range of 425 to 2208 Mg/ha). In the past three decades Indonesia has lost 40% of its mangroves, mainly due to aquaculture and infrastructure development. The resulting emissions from mangrove loss are 0.13 Pg CO2-eq yr-1 or 19% of annual land-based emissions. This is equivalent to 12% of annual national emissions in Indonesia from all sources. Dr. Kaufman uses sequestration rates to determine that the carbon lost to shrimp pond development in Indonesia took just under 200 years to accumulate.

Murdiyarso et al. (in review)

Estimates of Seagrass Carbon Storage Jim Fourqurean, Florida International University, USA

With seagrasses being lost at over 2% a year, perhaps higher in countries such as Indonesia, it is essential to understand seagrass carbon storage. This presentation highlights the benefits of seagrasses, such as water purification, carbon storage, and the relationship between seagrass and coral reef health. Knowledge gaps identified by Dr. Fourqurean included mapping to determine global extent, carbon stocks related to seagrasses, environmental controls of carbon sequestration, and the fate of sequestered carbon after the ecosystem is disturbed.

Mangrove ecosystem services: broadening blue carbon agenda Daniel Murdiyarso, CIFOR, Indonesia

Dr. Murdiyarso’s presentation covered the climate change policy process in Indonesia, which is complicated but heading to the right direction. He emphasized that science can generate new knowledge to inform public policy making, especially in light of using the new “2013 Wetlands Supplement” and the importance of integrating adaptation into mitigation strategies. In Indonesia his group has been doing a lot of outreach to the policy community and the stakeholders that have been very successful, and in September 2014 the president mentioned blue carbon as an area to do more work and the new REDD+ group keen to incorporate mangroves into their work. He concluded by discussing ecosystem based adaptation (EbA) and promoted using EbA approaches to manage tropical wetlands and their co-benefits.

Indonesian Government Blue Carbon Priorities Tonny Wagey, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Indonesia

Detailing the high level of political commitment, this presentation illustrates the Indonesian government’s policies and priorities concerning blue carbon, particularly towards mitigation efforts. The government is committed to significantly reducing its GHG emissions by 2020, and to shift its economy onto a green development path. Blue carbon is listed as a supporting activity by the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fishers, and highlights blue carbon’s ability to support coastal livelihoods, linking coastal ecosystem conservation and management efforts with ensuring sustained benefits from ecosystem services.

Session 3 – Coastal Ecosystem Mapping Moderated by Emily Pidgeon, Conservation International, USA Seagrass mapping in TX and Mangrove mapping in Indonesia Faiz Rahman, University of Texas Pan American, USA

This presentation details existing seagrass mapping efforts. Pioneering a novel sonar technique Dr. Rahman looks for areas of seagrass loss. He notes that where seagrass is lost green algae will often fill in. This algae is indistinguishable using reflected light remote sensing, but with sonar this is not the case. Key points include mapping techniques, such as tow fish sonar, methodologies, as well as identifying mapping gaps and filling them using Google Earth to be shared and analyzed globally.

Seagrass Mapping in the Philippines: Perception Survey to Satellite Imagery Miguel Fortes, University of the Philippines, Philippines

This presentation discussed the current status of seagrass mapping in the Philippines and to

show how results of seagrass mapping using PS2SI, (etc.) can be integrated in long-term

studies, both retrospective & predictive. The methodology implemented involved using

DIDSON (23 indicators but not in all sites due to financial limitations) in combination with

community participation and resulted in an estimate of 27,376.25 km2 of seagrass. Results

highlighted the role of personal perspective & scientific preconditioning in forming concepts

of seagrass health and raised the question of the role that “experts” should be playing in

formulating those concepts.

“We are exploring the potency of ourBlue Carbon Ecosystems as carbon sink. This could support the global effort to maintain the temperature increase below 2 degree Celsius”

Statement by Prof. Dr. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, President of the Republic

of Indonesia at the UN Climate Summit, New York, 23 Sept. 2014

High-Level Political Commitment

Day 3 – October 22nd, 2014 Brazil Break Out Group Moderated by Margareth Copertino, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG)

Group Members Margareth Copertino, Daniel Alongi, Miguel Cifuentes, Chandra Giri, Hilary Kennedy, Nuria Marbà, Patrick Megonigal, Jim Morris, Daniel Murdiyarso, Marco Quesada, Peter Ralph and Neil Saintilan

Goal Explore the current state of the science and policy in the context of Brazilian coastal geography, coastal ecosystems diversity and occupancy, conservation issues and political demands. What do we know? The group identified areas of future research, policy and communication needs, and concerns that are particular to each region. The discussions were highly productive, and we had people prepare to contribute with ideas, sharing data, and expressing their concerns. Based on the science presented on the previous day, we focused on how to utilize the significant amount of information available on Brazilian blue carbon ecosystems to enhance communication, outreach, and policy. Within this, the group asked important questions to better guide the session, which we can summarize as:

• What data is currently available and what can we do with it? • What are the ongoing projects and the expected outcomes? • Maps of blue carbon ecosystem locations and extensions? • Where no maps exist, what are the priorities? • Can we take the data available and estimate a carbon budget at the national or local

level? • What are the opportunities to increase our outreach and encourage national level

policy?

Guided by these questions, some ideas for funding proposals and outreach strategies emerged, as the formation of Brazilian Blue Carbon Group (BBC). But the dominant topic on the session was the production of a paper. Priorities The proposed paper aimed to synthesize and integrate the knowledge about Brazilian blue carbon systems - mangroves, salt marshes and seagrass meadows - based on published and unpublished data, focusing on the distribution and areal extensions, biomass and carbon stocks, carbon sequestration rates and major threats. By integrating those data, the study will analyze

the potential role of Brazilian blue carbon systems on global climate mitigation, taking into account their intrinsic CO2 sequestration capacity, and the potential for carbon emissions arising from deforestation and land use changes. The study will describe and compare the 3 or 4 habitats (mangroves, salt marshes, seagrasses and perhaps the fresh/brackish wetlands). It can also include a synthesis of the presentations from the Brazilian session. As many researchers would be concerned about using unpublished data, the main data to be explored will be the published ones, or at least in the way (in press or submitted). At the final, the manuscript will ending up formulating scientific questions, hypothesis and give guides to policy makers. In addition, the manuscript will give space to opinions, guesses and recommendations. At the end of the break out session, the group delivered a paper outline and a list of committed lead authors and co-authors, deadlines, delivered task and proposed the journals. In addition, a series of “brain storming” topics and ideas were raised, based on conversations during meeting preparations, on the science presented during talking sessions and the break out-group conversations. They can be organized into: 1) topics and information needs for the review paper, based on what we already have; 2) using/enhancing existing knowledge for outreach and policy; 3) ideas for Future Research and 4) guidelines for a demonstration project. Knowledge Gaps

• The quantity and type of existing data for each habitat are very distinct.There is the need to describe the quantity, the type of data per each habitat (mangrove, salt marsh, sea grass meadows, fresh-brackish marsh)

• The majority of biological parameters available: what do we have most? Below and above ground biomass to estimate carbon stock.

• Type of abiotic and environmental parameters available: OM, C, sediment type, granulometry, density, average salinity, nutrients inputs, impacts, associated to biotic data (site specific)

• How much organic matter data and what and where are the gaps? • How much carbon data and where? • How much other nutrient (e.g. N, P, S) data and where? Is it site specific information or

not? • How many areas are mapped? How many well mapped, averaged, badly or no

information? • How the global estimates and models can be used to infer Brazilian carbon stocks, if

they can? Where are Brazilian values, within the global range values? • Mainly basic gaps: e.g. seagrass mapping, deep cores, density values • Terminology issues, problems and how to “tune” it • What can be conclude about dynamics: flows, hydrological and geophysical drivers

(contribuition from Pagliosa et al.) • Goals, division of tasks and time frames

Using/enhancing existing knowledge for outreach and policy:

• Map of blue carbon: mangroves (Giri et al. 2011 + ground true data,), salt marshes (satelinte + ground true data) and seagrass areas (Google Earth + Seagrass Mapping data)

• Emphasizing carbon Hotspots for each habitat type (region, state, local), that must to be preserved.

• The priority areas for conservation. Where and Why? • Indentifying the critical threatened or vulnerable areas, that needs immediately be

protected • Impacted areas that are able to restore, where we can show up the results at

short/middle term (e.g. urban projects). • Unknown or unmapped areas, where information are needed • Priorities: conservation vs social-economics • Issue about marine/coastal soil vs sediment: how pedogenesis studies can help in

conservation and policy issues? • Successful histories from real restoration projects. Where are they and how to use

them? • Touching basis with limitations (bottleneck) imposed by cultural / social Brazilian system • Touching basis with restrictions /limitations/ delays (bottleneck) imposed by economical

/ political Brazilian system • How to voice out (education/communication medias, tools, existing networks and

platforms etc) • How to make use of existing network, research platforms and education organizations/

institute? • How to take advantages of existing law and policies? • Who will do the communication / education / outreach materials? • Settling short-term Goals

Output The proposed paper aimed to synthesize and integrate the knowledge about Brazilian blue carbon systems - mangroves, salt marshes and seagrass meadows - based on published and unpublished data, focusing on the distribution and areal extensions, biomass and carbon stocks, carbon sequestration rates and major threats.

Indonesia Break Out Group Moderated by Daniel Alongi, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Australia Group Members Ik Kyo Chung, Steve Crooks, Miguel Fortes, Jim Fourqurean, Leah Glass, Dorothee Herr, Jennifer Howard, Andreas Hutahaean, James Kairo, Boone Kauffman, Emily Landis, Catherine Lovelock, Emily Pidgeon, Faiz Rahman, Tonny Wagey

Goal Conduct an assessment and synthesis of available blue carbon data for coastal ecosystems in Indonesia, including prioritization of research and policy needs. Prepare a publication for a peer reviewed journal. What do we know? With a coastline of approximately 81,000 km in length and 17,504 islands, Indonesia is blessed with many coastal ecosystem types that provide a range of services and support species biodiversity. Mangroves and seagrasses represent an important source of natural resources for people’s livelihoods as well as protection from climate change impacts. In Indonesia, there is a long history of public use of coastal ecosystems for and by various sectors, and also often for subsistence purposes. Pressures on the coastal zone from human activities are due to various causes. Aquaculture (almost exclusively shrimp ponds) results in about 65% of the annual loss of mangroves. Agriculture (palm oil and rice) account for about 30% of the annual loss and the remaining 5% is thought to be related to other extractive processes like logging and mining. Management of the national coastline falls under the Ministry of Forestry, however once the mangroves have been removed and shrimp ponds are established the area is managed by the Ministry of Fisheries. Attempts to have these two ministries work together have been relatively unsuccessful, but the REDD+ agency may be able to bridge this gap. Seagrasses also need to be taken into consideration when managing shrimp farms and fish cages, as they may be negatively impacted. A low estimate of seagrass extent is 30,000 km2, and mapping should be priority, due to its fisheries value and global importance to carbon, though it will be very challenging. The area covered by mangroves spans between 2.6 million– 3.1 million ha and attempts are being made to map their rate of loss as well as the above and below ground carbon content. Indonesia has extensive seagrass areas but carbon data for these systems are scarce. With these areas being degraded, an estimated 200 years of carbon is also being lost. A more accurate and comprehensive understanding of blue carbon in the country is needed, with it being overstated in many cases. The relationship between carbon and other ecosystem services will be used to communicate with local communities and decision makers why these systems are valuable and the role they play in climate adaptation and mitigation. To further this effort, mapping of blue carbon hotspots, land tenure, and relative capacity is needed to understand what the worst case scenario is and restoration potential. Priorities A list of research and policy needs and a list of criteria for how to evaluate priority areas are needed. This includes maps of where research has occurred, where pristine areas are, degraded

areas, communities, and projected impacts. When providing these details, it is necessary to include a definition of what makes something significant and be consistent. Knowledge gaps

- Seagrass extent mapping and rates of loss for both seagrasses and mangroves. - Develop an estimate of the total carbon content within coastal ecosystems and annual

emission rates due to conversion - Economic comparison of shrimp pond production and value over time versus intact

mangroves. o How long are the ponds productive, and in that time how many people do they

feed and what is the annual income for the farmer. Compare that to value of mangrove ecosystem services number of people that benefit from those services.

Output The group members will produce a peer reviewed publication that summarizes our current understanding of blue carbon in the region. This paper will be used as background for future work in Indonesia. Timeline for the Paper A draft will be prepared by February 1st, 2015. Completed review by the working group by March 1st, 2015 Submit to a peer review journal by March 15th, 2015

Session 5 – Blue Carbon Science Updates Moderated by Jennifer Howard, Conservation International, USA An Overview of Blue Ventures' Mangrove Carbon Projects Leah Glass, Blue Ventures, Madagascar

Blue Ventures currently has five mangrove carbon projects, this presentation highlighted the work being done at the Velondriake and Ambro-Ambanja sites. Mangroves at these sites are largely under threat due to charcoal production and this presentation goes into detail on methodologies used for carbon monitoring and baseline assessment, as well as challenges faced by such projects. Preliminary results are in and it is planned that carbon revenues will be used to compensate communities for the opportunity cost. Next steps include completing the initial analysis and applying for a new grant to cover expansion of the work to new areas.

Introduction of Blue Carbon Resources in Korea Ik Kyo Chung, Pusang University, Korea

The sequestration of CO2 in coastal ecosystems such as seaweed beds, seagrasses, saltmarshes, and tidal flats was quantified because of its valuable role in carbon storage. This presentation relayed results from an investigation on how these ecosystems in Korea can serve as carbon sinks and estimated the amount of CO2 that might be removed through aquaculture beds, artificial reefs, and sea forests. Dr. Chung also examined the benefits of restoring degraded coastal ecosystems. He found that a total of 2.6 x 106 ha of Korean coastal ecosystems have a potential CO2 sequestration about 1.01 x 106 tons.

Blue carbon opportunities in Basra and the new MEM 4.2 Jim Morris, University of South Carolina, USA

Marsh vegetation adjusts the elevation of salt marshes through a system of feedbacks to track the rise in sea level, within limits. Marsh equilibrium theory describes this process and can be used to compute the rate of carbon sequestration. As long as sea level is rising, marshes will sequester carbon. This presentation describes this process and demonstrates the model used to make these forecasts. Also described are several opportunities for carbon sequestration in Basra, Iraq through the restoration of wetlands there. This was an area of vast marshlands that have been drained for a variety of purposes, including oil field development, navigation, and agriculture.

Update on Gulf of Nicoya & Central America Marco Quesada, Conservation International, Costa Rica Miguel Cifuentes, Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center, Costa Rica

This presentation reports on the first project in Central America to jointly perform a valuation of ecosystem services & quantify the climate change mitigation potential of mangroves. The extraction of mollusks represents an annual income of approximately $3,000 to $4,600 USD and is the main income for many of the 2,500 families in the Gulf of Nicoya living in extreme poverty. Average ecosystem carbon stocks to 3 m are 960 MgC/ha. An average 92% of that carbon was lost due to mangrove area loss since 1960; approximately $27 million in lost natural capital. The presentation ended by providing an overview of the role of blue carbon projects and a potential practitioner’s network for Central America.

Rapid losses of surface elevation following tree cutting in tropical mangroves James Kairo, Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute

The importance of mangrove forests in carbon sequestration and coastal protection has been widely acknowledged. Large-scale damage of these forests, caused by hurricanes or clear felling, can enhance vulnerability to erosion, subsidence and rapid carbon losses. However, it is unclear how small-scale logging might impact on mangrove functions and services. This presentation relayed the results of the impact of small-scale tree removal on surface elevation and carbon dynamics in a mangrove forest at Gazi bay, Kenya. Treatment induced significant, rapid subsidence (−32.1±8.4 mm yr−1 compared with surface elevation changes of +4.2±1.4 mm yr−1 in controls) likely due to collapse and decomposition of dying roots and sediment compaction. Sediment effluxes of CO2 and CH4 increased significantly suggesting enhanced organic matter decomposition. Estimates of total excess fluxes from treated compared with control plots were 25.3±7.4 tCO2 ha−1 yr−1 (using surface carbon efflux) and 35.6±76.9 tCO2 ha−1 yr−1 (using surface elevation losses and sediment properties). Whilst such losses might not be permanent (provided cut areas recover), observed rapid subsidence and enhanced decomposition of soil sediment organic matter caused by small-scale harvesting offers important lessons for mangrove management.

Fate of mangroves under changing climate in Australia: Preliminary results Neil Saintilan, New South Wales Office of Environment and Heritage, Australia Chandra Giri, US Geological Survey, USA

Few contemporary studies examine the fate of tidal wetlands under high rates of relative sea-level rise. For more than a decade, the Northern Australian coastline has experienced sea-level rise of up to 10 mm per year, close to high-end IPCC projections for the coming century. In this talk mangrove distribution change in annual time-series using the Landsat archive was examined, demonstrating overall expansion in extent. Thus, rapid sea-level rise is not a death-sentence for mangroves in sediment-driven systems and highlights the importance of sediment supply in responding to rapid sea-level rise.

Session 6 – Socio-economic Issues Involving Blue Carbon Moderated by Emily Pidgeon, Conservation International, USA

Blue Carbon research for what kind of Earth future? Socio-economical issues related to environmental science Viviane Fernandez, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Assuming that there are different forms of research on blue carbon that result in varying possible futures for the planet in the face of global climate change; what kind of blue carbon research will be needed? Dr. Fernandez’s presentation focused on the larger picture surrounding ecosystem conservation, poverty reduction, and climate change mitigation. She emphasizes that they are all central to understanding what kind of research will be needed and the socio-economic issues related to environmental science and that we can’t rush in to bad decisions but there is a ticking clock and these systems are disappearing fast.

Human dimensions of mangrove vulnerability and regional land system change Rinku Roy Chowdhury, Indiana University, USA

This presentation gives an overview of the importance of integrating social science into mangrove management, how to go about coupling natural and social science frameworks, as well as ongoing work in mangrove and non-mangrove tropical forest systems. She specifically discussed three ways to integrate social science into traditional natural science based projects: 1) decipher the drivers of land use change (e.g. population pressure, subsidies, policy impacts, market integration); 2) determine how local communities perceive their risk and exposure to climate change impacts; and 3) integrate existing community based ideals and institutions. The presentation concluded by urging the working group members to incorporate an interdisciplinary approach by designing experiments with social science as a component from the very start rather than an extension at the end.

Trip to the Field

Morning Patos Lagoon Estuary and Coastal Vegetation Ilha da Polvora: Ecomuseum, walking, views over the estuary and salt marshes

Lunch at Marinheiros Island

Afternoon Tour Mouth of Patos Lagoon Estuary and Break Waters “Banhados” (Fresh water marshes) Cassino Beach

Relatório Cientí f ico

17th to 20th March 2015

UNIFESP – Campus Baixada Santista - Unidade II – Ponta da Praia

Neste relatório apresento de forma sumária as atividades do “Global change in coastal

marine ecosystems: science, policy and sustainable development” realizados na UNIFESP –

Instituto do Mar entre 17 e 20 de março de 2015. O relatório foi organizado de forma a trazer um

resumo das atividades desenvolvidas e uma avaliação geral, seguidas dos anexos que incluem o

programa final e os produtos gerados pelos participantes.

I) Atividades desenvolvidas

O workshop foi realizado com sucesso e cumprindo totalmente o programa proposto (Anexo

I). As atividades foram coordenadas e mediadas pelos 6 tutores (Ronaldo Christofoletti, Stuart

Jenkins, Michael Burrows, Steve Hawkins, Aurea Ciotti e Alexander Turra) onde foram discutidos

diferentes tópicos dos contextos sociais, econômicos, ecológicos e de conhecimento sobre as

mudanças climáticas globais em ecossistemas costeiros.

No primeiro dia as atividades foram desenvolvidas com intuito de estimular o conhecimento

entre participantes e das possíveis áreas de interação entre eles. Assim, iniciamos com a

apresentação do workshop e das Instituições envolvidas, seguidas por sessões orais de

apresentações de até 3 minutos por participante. O objetivo desta primeira proposta foi de que os

participantes pudessem conhecer os demais presentes, suas áreas de atuação e interesses.

Estas sessões foram seguidas por uma sessão sobre oportunidade de financiamento pelas

Instituições financiadoras, apresentadas pelo Dr. Reynaldo Luiz Victoria (Coordenador do

Programa de Mudanças Climáticas Globais da FAPESP) e da Srta Aliandra Barlete (British

Council). Desta forma, os participantes tiveram a oportunidade de conhecerem as potenciais áreas

de interação entre eles e os diferentes programas e oportunidades de financiamentos bilaterais

entre Brasil e Reino Unido. Ao final deste dia, os participantes puderam interagir e conversar mais

livremente sobre seus interesses em comuns e detalhes de suas pesquisas em uma sessão

informal de apresentação de painéis com resultados de suas pesquisas.

Nos dois dias subsequentes, os participantes tiveram a oportunidade de selecionar tópicos

de interesse do grupo para o desenvolvimento de discussões e possíveis colaborações. Estas

atividades foram realizadas em diferentes sessões de trabalho, onde grupos formados por

participantes de ambos os países reuniram-se em diferentes momentos de acordo com tópicos de

interesse em comum, discutindo sobre a temática e quais as possíveis ações que poderiam

realizar. Estes tópicos versaram sobre temas como aspectos sócio-econômicos, impactos da

biodiversidade em escalas locais, regionais e globais, interação entre pesquisas sobre mudanças

climáticas, comunidade não acadêmica e tomadores de decisões, além de planos de

monitoramento. Todas as sessões de trabalho em grupo finalizavam com uma sessão plenária

para troca de informações e sugestões entre todos os participantes.

Durante estes períodos as atividades de trabalho em grupo foram alternadas por sessões

sobre temas gerais apresentados pelos tutores, além de sessões sobre técnicas inovadoras para

estudos de mudanças climáticas, apresentadas pelos próprios participantes, e reflexões sobre

desenvolvimento de carreira e da internacionalização nas perspectivas de ambos os países. No

quarto dia, os participantes puderam discutir sobre os impactos sociais e econômicos de suas

pesquisas a partir de estudos de casos apresentados por eles, além de finalizarem as sessões de

trabalho em grupo e das ações e produtos esperados para a sustentabilidade das atividades em

médio e longo e prazo. Para tal, todos os grupos formalizaram suas propostas através de planos

resumidos de atividades e metas (Anexo II).

As sessões de trabalhos em grupo foram exclusivas para os participantes selecionados para

o workshop e contaram com o tutoriamento e estímulo dos coordenadores e tutores. Além disso,

para estimular uma maior interação entre os participantes e a comunidade acadêmica da

Instituição sede e da comunidade local, as demais sessões foram abertas a todo o público, com

convite realizado em diferentes meios de comunicação. Estas atividades incluíram uma sessão de

apresentação do trabalho dos participantes no formato de pôster para os estudantes do

Bacharelado Interdisciplinar em Ciência e Tecnologia da Mar da UNIFESP.

II) Avaliação Geral

As atividades e os produtos gerados no workshop ultrapassaram as expectativas dos

coordenadores frente ao apresentado na proposta inicial. Foram detectadas várias possíveis

interações entre grupos envolvendo participantes dos dois países. Dentre todas as discussões

realizadas durante o workshop, 11 propostas concretas foram encaminhadas à coordenação, das

quais temos conhecimento da maioria já em andamento (Anexo II). Tais propostas apresentam um

potencial significativo para parcerias bilaterais e com impactos sócio-econômicos-ambientais e de

políticas públicas para ambos os países. No contexto científico, as propostas de trabalhos de

revisão e possíveis propostas para submissão de projetos em colaboração apresentam tópicos

inovadores e que certamente trarão importante aporte de conhecimento para a comunidade

científica.

Como atividades pós-workshop, os grupos de participantes estão desenvolvendo suas

atividades em comum acordo e os coordenadores (Christofoletti e Jenkins) tem mantido contato

frequente para estimular o andamento das ações e maximizar os investimentos realizados. O

workshop contou com a presença de 31 dos 34 participantes inscritos. Nas vésperas do início do

evento, 3 participantes brasileiros (Amábile Ferreira, Maria Soledad Lopez e Sergio Souza)

informaram a impossibilidade de participação por motivos de saúde. No decorrer das atividades

tivemos a ausência de uma participante britânica (Katrin Bohn) nos últimos 2 dias diagnosticada

com dengue.

ANEXO I

17th to 20th March 2015

UNIFESP – Campus Baixada Santista - Unidade II – Ponta da Praia

Workshop Program

17th March 2015 G

et to

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ach

othe

r 08:20-09:00 Auditorium Registration

09:00-10:00 Auditorium

Opening ceremony Dr. Ronaldo Christofoletti – UNIFESP (Brazilian Coordinator) Dr. Stuart Jenkins – Bangor University (UK Coordinator) Dr. Regina Célia Spadari – Director of UNIFESP Campus Baixada Santista Dr. Sergio Baxter Andreoli – Coordinator of Scientific Inovation, PROPGPQ - UNIFESP Dr. Reynaldo Luiz Victoria – Coordinator of FAPESP Global Climate Change Research Program Srta Aliandra Barlete – British Council

10:00-10:30 Room 105 Coffee Break

10:30-11:00 Auditorium Ice breaker session

11:00-11:20 Auditorium Presentation of the workshop


Speed talk presentations by early career researchers (Part I) Coleen Suckling Gustavo Dias Ana Queiros Daniel Gorman Sophie McCoy Cesar Cordeiro Miranda Jones Leopoldo Gerhardinger Bryony Townhill

12:00-14:00 Lunch


Speed talk presentations by early career researchers (Part II) Fernando Gibran Elena Garcia-Martin Debora Martins de Freitas Katrin Bohn Natalia Ghilardi-Lopes Tom potter Barbara Lage Ignacio Gabriela Torres

14:40-15:00 Auditorium Ice breaker session


Speed talk presentations by early career researchers (Part III) Jose Antonio Fernandes Luciane Alves Maranho Nova Mieszkowska Leonardo Miyashita Stefanie Broszeit Sebastian Krieger Kayleigh Wyles Maria Soledad Lopez



Speed talk presentations by early career researchers (Part IV) Leonardo Yokoyama Andrew Blight Sergio Coelho-Souza Katherine Griffith Fabiana Moreira Eleni Papathanasopoulou Isabella Bordon Peter Jones


Overview of the research base and funding opportunities Srta Aliandra Barlete (British Council) Dr. Reynaldo Luiz Victoria – Coordinator of FAPESP Global Climate Change Research Program

18:00-21:00 Room 109

Speed poster presentations and drinks Defining workshop themes

OPENSESSION

OPENSESSION

18th March 2015

Clim

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?

09:00-09:20 Auditorium Ice breaker


Modelling climate change effects on marine communities Keynote speaker: Prof. Michael Burrows - The Scottish Association for Marine Science Chair: Dr Sebastian Krieger


10:50-11:20 Auditorium Choosing topics for collaboration opportunities

11:20-12:20 Auditorium Network session 1

12:20-12:50 Auditorium Plenary

12:50-14:00 Lunch


Retrievals of biological information in the ocean by remote sensing in a changing environment

Keynote speaker: Dra Aurea Ciotti – CEBIMar/USP Chair: Dra Elena Garcia-Martin



16:30-17:15 Auditorium Plenary

17:15-18:15 Auditorium Career development in the UK and Brazil

19:30-22:00 Dinner

OPENSESSION

OPENSESSION

19th March 2015

Wor

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Making a link between planktonic and benthic processes as a means of understanding climate change in the marine environment

Keynote speaker: Dr. Stuart Jenkins – Bangor University Chair: Dr Fernando Gibran

10:00-10:30 Room 105

Coffee Break


How to form international collaborations – case studies and best practice Dra Katrin Bohn Dr Daniel Gorman Dra Nova Mieszkowska Dra Maria Soledad Lopez Dra Sophie McCoy Dra Luciane Maranho


Patterns and processes in intertidal communities: what can we learn from subtropical areas?

Keynote speaker: Dr. Ronaldo Christofoletti – UNIFESP Chair: Dr Andrew Blight

12:30-14:00 Lunch 14:00-15:30 Room 109 Tools for collaborative program

15:30-16:00 Coffee Break

16:00-17:30 Room 109

Novel research techniques 1) Subtidal approaches for climate change studies – Dr Cesar Cordeiro 2) Use of mesocosms in climate change research - Dra Coleen Suckling 3) Using environmental suitability modelling to assess climate change impacts - Dra Miranda

Jones 4) Bioinformatic and molecular ecology in climate change research – Dra Barbara Lage Ignacio 5) From natural sciences to socio-economics using models: a bio-economic perspective within an

Ecosystem Service (ES) approach – Dr Jose Fernandes

17:30-19:00 Entrance Hall

Poster session opened to UNIFESP students “Bateria Repicapau” presentation

19:30-22:00 Dinner

OPENSESSION

OPENSESSION

OPENSESSION

OPENSESSION

20th March 2015

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Responses of marine ecosystems to climate change: lessons from long-term studies for linking patterns to process

Keynote speaker: Prof. Stephen Hawkins - University of Southampton Chair: Dr Sergio Coelho-Souza

10:00-10:30 Room 105

Coffee Break


Social-economic development in an international perspective Ana Queiros Fabiana Moreira Eleni Papathanasopoulou Leopoldo Gerhardinger Miranda Jones Débora Freitas

12:30-13:30 Lunch


Global change in marine ecosystems - Challenges to link social and economic drivers, science and decision making to enhance sustainable development under multiple anthropogenic stresses

Keynote speaker: Dr Alexander Turra – IO/USP Chair: Dr Peter Jones




Workshop outputs

21:00 Workshop dinner

OPENSESSION

OPENSESSION

OPENSESSION

ANEXO II

1) A global-scale inventory of the blue carbon storage potential of coastal marine habitats Potential paper for submission to Nature?1

Departamento de Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-120 São Paulo, SP, Brasil, email: [email protected] Abstract: Coastal and Marine Ecosystems (CMEs) - such as mangroves, macroalgal forests, and seagrass meadows - mitigate the effects of climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and oceans. Although this term is gaining increasing usage, particularly in a management sense, there have been few efforts to examine the potential for CMEs to sequester carbon over local (1-10s km), regional (10-100s km) and global scales (1000s km). The capacity of CMEs to sequester human CO2 is likely to vary in response to their structural arrangement (habitat mosaics), level of background impact (resilience) and latitude (temperate vs subtropical regions). This paper provides a local, regional and latitudinal inventory of standing stock biomass and productivity for the most important CMEs (>5% of coastal areas) shared by the coasts of Brazil and the United Kingdom. This data and the derived maps will vital to as an environmental baseline and as a management tool for coastal resource managers.

Aims (TORs) 1. To estimate blue carbon production and storage within coastal systems in Brazil and UK Compile an inventory of carbon biomass for macrophytes, mangroves, saltmarshes, seagrass, phytoplankton, microphytobenthos etc. Calculate an estimate of habitat area for each system in each region, calculate g C m-2, g C m-2 yr-1 to estimate habitat-specific annual productivity Determine if trends and patterns are the same for the same system in Brazil vs the UK Compare relative productivities between different systems Develop a framework within which to propose hypotheses that can be tested via process-based experiments

2. Identify and provide literature (to be included in the intro) of the main stressors for each habitat type = then = Experimentally test threats to blue carbon production, sequestration and storage at small spatial scales to obtain quantitative data on rates and changes to rates with respect to changes in temperature, nutrients, pH etc

3. Determine if these experimental outputs can be easily scaled up or if heterogeneity or patchiness makes this difficult or impossible (hopefully not)

4. Use the experimental data to develop predictive tools to forecast future changes to carbon production and storage across spatial scales with different and multiple stressors Do these predictive tools apply to both countries and all systems

5. Produce geographical map-based estimates of carbon productivity by system and country Actions 1. Draw up Terms of Reference and circulate by email to the group 2. Interested people to reply with what aspects they want to be involved in and what information they have on existing studies of productivity 3. Identify knowledge and spatial area gaps where we will need to go and survey or generate estimates of habitat area and productivity 4. Set up a dropbox account to add data, papers and relevant info 5. Establish a timeline of initial tasks that we can start working on immediately 6. Discuss funding rounds and possibilities

Methods

Literature review and quantitative calculations of standing stock biomass and productivity for each system. Experimental design Design includes latitude (Brazil vs UK); region (3 locations); existing damage (impacted vs pristine); CMEs…. Response variables: SSB – estimates (recent year), productivity – estimates per year People and timeline

CME Brazilian partners Delivery(mo) UK partners Delivery(mo) Integratation

Phytoplankton Aurea, Leo tba

Abigail McQuatters-Gollop (SAHFOS) tba

Mike Burrows, Barbara

MPB Dan, 3-6 months Mieszkowska, Burrows, Hawkins 3-6 months

Mangroves Ronaldo, Joao 5-10 months

Mieszkowska, Burrows, Hawkins 3-6 months

Seagrass Dan, 3-6 months Mieszkowska, Burrows, Hawkins 3-6 months

Macroalgae

Gustavo, Barbara, Leo, Fernando 3-6 months

Mieszkowska, Burrows, Hawkins 3-6 months

Sediment C retention

Tom, Sophie 3-6 months Ana Queiros 3-6 months

Saltmarsh Ronaldo, Joao 3-6 months

Martin Skov (Bangor Uni) tba

Outputs:

Table 1. principal environmental stressors for CMEs (Include the highest IF literature) Fig 1. Replicated sites in Brazil and the UK… e.g (below)

Fig 2. Proportional contributions of CMEs x (a) SSB and (b) Productivity

0"

10"

20"

30"

40"

50"

60"

Phytoplankton" Microphytobentos" Mangroves" Seagrass" Macroalgae"

Brazil"(subtropical)"

UK"(temperate)"

Fig 3. Outcomes of experimental manipulations (multi-panel)

Fig 4. Present and potential future (spatial maps) ?

2) How climatic changes might affect the likelihood of spread of non-native species within and to Brazil?

Leopoldo Cavaleri Germardinger (Brazil lead)

Bryony Townhill (UK lead)

Mike Burrows, Miranda Jones, Andrew Blight ([email protected]), Gustavo Dias

Sebastian Krieger ([email protected]), Kate Griffith, Barbara Lage, Leonardo Miyashita, Sophie McCoy

Aims/Question: How might climatic changes affect the likelihood of spread of non-native species within and to Brazil?

The potential spread of non-native species is not currently considered in Brazil in impact assessments, and little is known about their spread and impacts, including the potential role of climate change. In the UK, work is being done to assess how species can spread from different areas via shipping and other vectors, to prioritise the species which may be able to spread around the UK from nearby areas in Europe, and then to model their potential future habitat suitability. These techniques could be applied to Brazil to help identify which non-native species could be monitored or prioritised for future research, or to identify which areas may be particularly vulnerable to invasions.

Approach: Brazil already has lists of potentially problem species and these can be used, along with existing risk assessment and modelling techniques and knowledge of species’ life histories to help improve knowledge of species spread in Brazil.

There are four questions which could be posed:

1. Which species are already in Brazil? 2. Which species could arrive by shipping and from which areas? 3. Which species could move by climate? 4. Which areas could become more vulnerable to invasion?

Outputs: By end May – share papers, reports and project information about existing work.

Next six months – Produce some concrete objectives based on which questions would be most useful to be answered.

Within next year – produce a proposal for funding for workshop/time to share expertise and methods, or for a project to carry out species review/modelling and risk assessment.

Social/economic impacts: Build capacity of Brazilian scientists/policy makers to assess, monitor and manage non-native species and incorporate them into research and policy.

3) Proportion of non-native/native marine species on UK and Brazilian coasts

Collaborators Gustavo Dias ([email protected]) Andrew Blight ([email protected]) Fernando Gibran ([email protected]) Kate Griffith ([email protected]) Leonardo Yokoyama ([email protected]) Katrin Bohn ([email protected]) Mentors Stuart Jenkins ([email protected]) Stephen Hawkins ([email protected]) Proposal

“An introduced, alien, exotic, non-indigenous, or non-native species, or simply an introduction, is a species living outside its native distributional range, which has arrived there by human activity, either deliberate or accidental”

Non-natives species have been identified as a global threat and a leading cause of native biodiversity loss. They are also known to alter ecosystem structure and functioning, both positively and negatively, therefore having an impact on the services these ecosystems provide to our society. Here we propose to carry out sustained observations of the proportion of non-native to native species at several locations on UK and Brazilian coasts.

Aim: • Sustained observations of the proportion of non-native to native species.

o Proportion/diversity/abundance of non-native to native species • Prepare a proposal for a large scale study/survey on the basis of the pilot

observations

Methodology: • Artifitial settlement plates

Response variables:

• Proportion of native and non-native species • Biodiversity (species richness, turnover and dominance) • Settlement rates

Other collaborators

• UK o Liz Cook (SAMS) o John Bishop (MBA)

• Brazil

4a) Knowledge Exchange

Interested collaborators: Name Country Institution Email

1. Kayleigh Wyles (Chair)

UK PML [email protected]

2. Debbie Martins de Freitas

BRA ITA [email protected]

3. Peter Jones UK Strathclyde Uni [email protected]

4. Leopoldo Gerhardinger

BRA UNICAMP [email protected]

5. Natalia Ghilardi-Lopes

BRA UFABC [email protected]

6. Coleen Suckling UK Bangor Uni [email protected]

7. Bryony Townhill UK Cefas / Uni of Exeter [email protected]

8. Miranda Jones UK UNEP / Uni of British Columbia

[email protected]

9. Alex Turra BRA USP [email protected]

10. Kate Griffith UK Bangor Uni [email protected]

11. Elena Garcia-Martin UK UEA [email protected]

12. Jose Antonio Fernandes

UK PML [email protected]

13. Cesar Cordeiro BRA Federal Uni of Sao Paulo …

14. Sophie McCoy UK PML [email protected]

Note. Greyed text indicates the lack of confirmation that they want to be actively involved. If so, include in future acknowledgements along with thanking FAPESP/British Council (Contact Ronaldo for exact wording and funding code)

Overview Conceptual Topic - knowledge exchange (interactions between science and different stakeholders, including public, managers, policy, and children). Specifically looking at asking what makes a good 2-way exchange in the relation to the topic of global change in marine & coastal environments

Environmental topic - Global change with greater emphasise on (but not limited to) climate

change

Geographical location - Global, with examples from Brazil and UK

Step 1: opinion piece / letter / think piece review

A brief overview of current experiences of knowledge exchange (more descriptive than

prescriptive) to set the scene, develop the collaboration and help direct future empirical

research that we would then propose

Step 2: research proposal (empirical research)

The opinion piece could be seen as biased as it’s only getting the scientists experiences and

reflections, we intend to submit an application to conduct empirical work on different

stakeholders on what they think are good methods of knowledge exchange. However, this

angle of research may change depending on how the paper develops, as other research

gaps may be identified.

Additional outputs - Present ideas at the conference Transformations2015, Stockholm

(deadline: 7th April; conference: October 2015; potential attendees: Leo + Miranda)

Relevance - Understanding and further fostering knowledge exchange on a changing

environment for coastal & marine ecosystems between science and stakeholders will be

relevant for:

1) economic development – as it will highlight the most cost effective ways to involve

both parties

2) social welfare for poor and vulnerable populations – will identify different methods

that are appropriate for two different cultures (UK and Brazil) and different stakeholders; as

well as give opportunities for different stakeholders (including those that represent these

populations) to influence and be directly engaged with the science.

STAKEHOLDERS SCIENCE



Timeline & allocated person: Goal Deadline Person(s)

Identify potential journals March / April 2015 Peter

Initial structure March / April 2015 Kayleigh

First draft of paper June 2015 All (see structure notes)

Conference abstract April 2015 Leo lead

Funding grant application Jan-March 2016 All

4b) Knowledge Exchange

Step 1: opinion piece / letter / review

Title – Understanding and fostering knowledge exchange on a changing environment for coastal & marine ecosystems OR knowledge exchange in coastal & marine ecosystem on a changing environment. Keywords – climate / environmental change, public engagement, stakeholder involvement... Unique selling point (USP) – Using experiences from Brazil and the UK on methods of knowledge exchange (descriptive + reflection, ending with critiques & gaps in the literature) Length – short (more publishable) Possible journals – IAIA / marine policy (v. Quick experiences) / coastal or policy

management / ecology science Structure – Introduction / conceptual background [Debbie / Leo / KW / Peter?]

• Aichi – climate change context (emphasise link) • Theoretical ways of learning

o Psychological (KW theory) o Social Learning theory (Leo) o Transformation (Leo)

• Current knowledge • Define knowledge exchange

Practical Methods [all] • Community [Lead: Kayleigh / Debbie; contributors: Peter / Natalia / Coleen / Elena]

o Citizen science [ScienceïðStakeholder] o Community initiated groups (bottom up) [ScienceïStakeholder] o Social media / virtual knowledge exchange [ScienceðStakeholder] o Newspaper / press [ScienceðStakeholder] o Society organisation – public event / engagement [ScienceðStakeholder]

• Academic [Lead: Natalia; contributors Miranda / Elena? / Bryony? / … ] o Education lectures [ScienceðStakeholder] o Of teachers – e.g. Teaching-scientist network meet 2 [ScienceðStakeholder]

• Industry / Policy (separate) / organisations [Lead: Leo (?); Contributors: Bryony / Leo / Elena / …]

o Panel networks [ScienceïðStakeholder] o Workshops [ScienceïðStakeholder]

§ E.g. MSEP – numerous stakeholders – form report card § E.g. MKEN (Marine Knowledge Environment Network) § E.g. Fisheries 2050 workshop – numerous / diverse stakeholders

o pragmatic organisation – Boundary organisation / institutions & Bridging organisation

o Local – national organisation links (combining scales) • Structure of Examplers (from both Brazil and UK)

o Organisation (objectives) o Country o Funders o describe procedure o stakeholder

o topic / focus o Reflection for that country + possibly the applicability for the other country

Discussion • Main points from review

o Knowing your target audience o Language o Appropriate platforms for appropriate cultures o …

• Future research o Evaluating the knowledge exchange (assessing) o Social network analysis o Use of PaineMar (Leo)

Allocation of tasks –

Type of knowledge exchange UK contributor

Brazil contributor

Community focused

Citizen science [ScienceïðStakeholder] Kayleigh Natalia

Community initiated groups (bottom up) [ScienceïStakeholder] … Peter (?) …

Social media / virtual knowledge exchange [ScienceðStakeholder] Coleen (?) …

Newspaper / press [ScienceðStakeholder] Coleen (?) …

Society organisation – public event / engagement [ScienceðStakeholder] Elena (?) …

Education / academic focus

Education lectures [ScienceðStakeholder] Bryony / Miranda …

Of teachers – e.g. Teaching-scientist network meetings [ScienceðStakeholder] Elena (?) Natalia

Industry / Policy (could be separate) / organisations / other stakeholders

Panel networks [ScienceïðStakeholder] Bryony / Elena Leo

Workshops [ScienceïðStakeholder] … …

5) MULTIPLE STRESSORS (includes a large number of the workshop participants)

Aim: to review the global level impact of multiple stressors on marine systems –this will identify gaps in the knowledge about multiple global stressors on marine systems.

The stressors to be included: CORE:-Temperature, pH (OA), Salinity; GENERAL- Oxygen, non-natives, LOCAL SCALE – Eutrophication, heavy metals, habitat loss/modification, fishing, micro-plastics (and sensory i.e noise, light pollution), food limitation.

Novel Approach : This desktop review Paper which looks at the impacts of 2 or more stressors (which must include one of the “core” global stressors) at different organisational levels of marine systems. Team members from UK and Brazil have been allocated different tasks to review the current literature. Collated information will be summarised through a shared Google documents folder (task allocated). Literature searching will take a systematic review approach. The details will be established and shared with all contributors (Andy Blight to lead this – 5 weeks time). We plan to relate the findings / put the review in the context of Ecosystem services and Economics and highlighting economically important species. Experiments involving heavy metals may be particularly important for Brazil in terms of understanding the impact of pollution and industrialisation on the local environments in the face of rising temperatures. Knowledge gaps can be identified and this can lead to the implementation of relevant studies across the UK & Brazil.

General structure: 1) Present and future parameters of the global oceans. 2) Local scale threats (e.g. eutrophication, food supply), 3) Responses at the organisational levels: Molecular; Cellular; Organismal; Maternal – evolutionary adaptations; Populations ; Communities; Ecosystems 4) Implications for ecosystem services (socio-economics) and governance; 5) Case studies for UK & Brazil.

Multi-stressors network: This UK, Brazil network will form collaboration, knowledge, and shared resources between the UK & Brazil.

TIMELINE OF PROJECT

1 month – 1) Coleen to initiate contact to the entire group; 2) team members confirm they are still committed to contributing to the review paper, and if a member withdraws then another members needs to take on the gap in the data collection; 3) Systematic literature search approach protocols to be developed and shared (Andy Blight); 4) Google documents account to be shared amongst members (Natalie).

Months 1- 6 – data entered into spreadsheet – habitat, stressor, scale to be entered into spreadsheet

6 months – Status/assessment of shared spreadsheet – Initiate data review in conjunction with ecosystem services and socio-economics.

6-12 months – draft review paper identifying knowledge gaps.

6) “Multi-stressors” branch off collaboration

Collaborators: Coleen Suckling (UK, BU), Leonardo Yokoyama (Brazil, UNIFESP), Kate Griffith (UK, BU), Gustavo Muniz Dias (Brazil, UFABC), Elena Garcia-Martin (UK, UEA).

Title: “Comparative responses of gastropods to multi-stressors in Brazil and the UK”

Aim: To determine: the energetic requirements of key gastropod species and grazing pressure induced on their habitual environments (e.g. energetic trophic pathways), vulnerability to predation (shell weakness), and survival (population dynamics) under forecasted climate change.

Knowledge gain: Gastropods are ecological drivers of many coastal environments which provide ecosystem services. For example dog whelks are major predators on mussel communities which provide important ecosystem services. This study will help to determine the impacts of global change on social welfare and economic development within the UK and Brazil.

Plan: One to two species of intertidal gastropods (e.g. dogwhelks) will be exposed to year 2100 forecasted pCO2 and salinity conditions using manipulative microcosms under laboratory controlled conditions. Measurements to be made will include metabolism (via oxygen uptake), somatic growth, soft & hard tissue quality (CHN, lipids, shell strength and integrity) as well as foraging behaviour (Q10 will be compared). We will link this with knowledge of gastropod abundance and distribution within the literature and with publically available temporal environmental at a local scale. This information will allow us to put the laboratory controlled experiments into an ecological context, information which could contribute towards modelling projections. These ideas will be discussed further with a plan to apply for funding from FAPESP through Brazilian institutes and the British Council. These funding applications will allow for knowledge exchange, seed funding for preliminary research and building up long term collaborative links between countries & institutes and to gain small to medium scaled funding.

Time lines:

Months 1-3 – Develop a detailed plan of the experiments and approach. A proposal will be drafted to FAPESP with consumable costs and knowledge exchange costs.

Months 4-6 – Submission of proposal. Preliminary studies around the proposed work.

Months 7-9 – If funding has succeeded then initiate knowledge exchange & start experiments.

Months 10+ complete experiments and submit manuscript to peer reviewed journal. Establishing more ideas for future long term collaboration.

7) Biological mediation of plastic debris retention in coastal ecosystems

Ana Queiros e Fabiana Moreira (Gabriela)

[email protected], [email protected]

This collaboration will address the retention of plastic pellets/microplastics by sedimentary systems. The primary aim of this work is to improve the understanding of the effect of plastic loading of coastal areas, and particularly of its impacts on productive coastal ecosystems, from which coastal populations depend, and the potential biological mediation of those impacts. Specifically, we will focus on the potential role of bioturbation (the reworking of sediments by burrowing fauna) and of community structure, on the burial and retention of plastics in intertidal soft sediment systems. The work will capitalise on the synergy between currently ongoing projects and data collection in the UK and Brasil, focused on understanding contamination of pellets in sedimentary habitats (Fabiana) and bioturbation seasonal dynamics in coastal areas (Ana). This agreement will lead to a knowledge exchange between the two researchers, aiming to generate preliminary data to support a future joint grant proposal (within the next twelve months). We hope in the interim time to seek funding to support student exchange between the two research groups to facilitate knowledge exchange. The proposal will focus on expanding these goals, looking at potentially different contributions of macrofauna communities to plastic debris burial in different types of coastal area (depositional/ export, habitat types) and region (temperate/ sub-tropical). Further engagement of ecosystem modellers at PML will be sought to support the use of this data to parameterise a particle tracing model to determine the influence of bioturbation on the retention of plastic debris at the macro-scale, considering source/sink dynamics. That development could significantly improve our current understanding of plastic loading in coastal areas, a significant problem resulting from the urbanisation of coastal zones, which has significant impacts on natural systems worldwide.

Gabriela may be involved Fabi, looking at feeding behaviour of larvae.

Mentoring: we would welcome a bilateral mentoring of this project, and would like to invite Ronaldo Christofoletti and Stuart Jenkins to meet that aim, given their interest in both types of systems, and benthic pelagic coupling.

`

8) Output of the Global-Reg-Local and Ecosystem Service network group:

Understanding the transferability of local and global marine ecosystem service trade-offs – a South American and European comparison

Ana Queiros, ,Stefanie Borzeit, Cesar Monteiro, Eleni Papathanaspolous, Fabiana Moreira, Miranda Jones and Sebastian Krieger

[email protected]

A short discussion paper will investigate the transferability of marine ecosystem service trade-offs between the UK and Brazil, in the context of the evaluation of trade-offs in human wellbeing resulting from the scaling of global change drivers (like carbon emissions) and associated local adaptation strategies (like changes in energy mixes aimed to curb emissions). Specifically, we will aim to explore a case-study illustrating how different social-economic contexts constrain the definition of this type of trade-offs, through the need to prioritise of different aspects of human wellbeing, even when the same ecosystem services undergo impacts. We will focus the discussion on topics that affect the value of ecosystem services in the UK and Brazil, as representative countries from Europe and South America, and therefore the definition of global to local trade-offs: data availability, education level, financial resources, index of development, ecological process understanding, environmental policy, data availability and public perception. A skeleton of the paper was agreed, and a formal draft will be sent to the main authors by mid-April. Contributions into allocated sections expected to be received in early July. A first complete draft will then be circulated for the end of July, aiming for a second round of comments (if needed) in mid August. Subimission is aimed for early Autumn 2015.

A different case study from the one currently proposed may be chosen to facilitate the illustration of the discussion.

Mentoring: give the topic addressed by this paper we would benefit from the contribution of Alex Turra, who’s understanding of the Brazilian research interface with society we will hope to mirror with contributions for Mel Austen (at PML).

9) Seasonal dynamics of bioturbation in intertidal systems

[email protected]/[email protected]

Ana Queiros and Leonardo Yokoyama (possibly also Andy Blight)

We will initiate a collaboration focused on paired observation of intertidal benthic processes in soft sediments. We will start a simple, paired sampling program, to start quantifying the seasonal dynamics of bioturbation in intertidal areas. The literature has demonstrated the importance of bioturbation as a key regulator of benthic pelagic fluxes in these areas, but there is almost no knowledge of its long-term and seasonal dynamics. This leads to reduced understanding of how parameters like organic coastal loading affect the health of coastal sedimentary systems, from which coastal communities depend, because bioturbation is one of the key mediators of benthic-pelagic nutrient cycling. We will choose comparable shores in Sao Paulo and Devon (possibly also in Scotland), where the two datasets will be generated. Data on biodiversity, apparent redox discontinuity depth, and bioturbation activity will be collected using simple metrics and proxies based on visual census and community structure data. We will aim to run this collaboration for one year with a six weekly sampling frequency (roughly). We hope in this way to start working towards a common goal and to stay in touch with the view to explore future funded collaborations.

10) Eleni Papathanasopoulou (PML) and Barbara Lage Ignacio (UNIFESP)

Context: Nuclear power is already contributing to the energy mix of the UK and Brazil. Intake and discharge processes as well as biofouling additives in the cooling water will have various impacts on the coastal ecosystem services.

Aim: To compare how nuclear energy systems between the two countries differ in their operation and maintenance and how the discharge of cooling water are impacting the coastal ecosystem.

Initial steps: To exchange papers of studies already undertaken by both researchers to assess to what extent information collected can be compared and ecosystem service impacts derived (to be completed by 30 April 2015).

Follow on steps: To organise a skype to further explore aims of a comparative study and how it can be used to inform policy / management (to be completed by 30 June 2015)

Possible outcome: An opinion piece on how technologies can be evaluated from an ecosystem services approach (to be completed by 30 September 2015)

11) Leonardo Yokoyama (UNIFESP), Barbara Lage Ignacio (UNIFESP), Eleni Papathanasopoulou (PML), Daniel Gorman (IOUSP), Ronaldo Christofoletti (UNIFESP)

Context: Interdisciplinarity is becoming ever more important in research to ensure holistic analyses are carried out and the context of outputs is acknowledged.

Aim: To provide an introductory talk to undergraduate students of how interdisciplinarity can be considered and used in their marine studies and research in general.

Initial steps: To set up trial video-conferencing to test whether Eleni and Dan can provide a talk using video-conferencing to undergraduate students at UNIFESP (to be completed by 30 April 2015)

Follow on steps: (i) To provide talk and answer questions within the session. (ii) To explore possible funding opportunities for Eleni and Dan to visit UNIFESP to collaborate on interdisciplinarity courses. (iii) Write a paper on interdisciplinarity approaches in Brazil and UK in the context of climate change. All aspects to be completed by December 2015.

Título do projeto: International Symposium on the Effects of Climate

Change on the World’s Oceans

Nome do Pesquisador Responsável: Alexander Turra

Instituição sede do projeto: Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São

Paulo

Resumo: O III International Symposium on the Effects of Climate Change on the World’s

Oceans foi realizado ente os dias 21 a 27 de março de 2015 no Hotel Mendez Plaza na cidade

de Santos, Estado de São Paulo. Durante o evento foram realizadas apresentações e

discussões sobre as informações mais recentes a cerca dos impactos das mudanças climáticas

sobre os oceanos. Especificamente, discutiu-se suas causas e consequências para os

processos físicos e suas interações com a dinâmica dos ambientes marinhos; para a

biodiversidade, fenologia, e ecossistemas; e para as comunidades costeiras e à sociedade em

geral, destacando-se a pesca e a governança dos oceanos e de seus recursos. A dinâmica do

simpósio também possibilitou a identificação de lacunas do conhecimento, estimulando o

desenvolvimento da nova geração de pesquisas sobre o tema. No total, o evento contou com

285 participantes de 38 países, destacando-se o aumento da participação de países Latino-

Americanos e da América do Sul. Foram realizadas 127 apresentações em forma de poster e

211 apresentações orais. A programação contou com cinco Sessões Plenárias, 12 Sessões

temáticas e seis Workshops. Como resultado, a realização do simpósio demonstrou o

engajamento e compromisso do Brasil com as recomendações da Rio +20, possibilitou a

divulgação de novas pesquisas, e a criação/consolidação de novas parcerias, incentivando a

influência do Brasil no cenário de pesquisa internacional.

1. RELATO DO EVENTO

III International Symposium on the Effects of Climate Change on the World’s Oceans

(III ECCWO)

(http://www.pices.int/meetings/international_symposia/2015/2015-Climate-Change/scope.aspx)

1.1 Escopo

O clima da Terra está mudando em um momento em que a sociedade reavalia a sua

relação com a natureza e com os serviços que os sistemas naturais fornecem para as

sociedades humanas. Os oceanos são fundamentais para o sistema climático, a reciclando

metade do oxigênio que respiramos e absorvendo metade do dióxido de carbono que emitem

através da queima de combustíveis fósseis. Oceanos acumulam 97% da água da Terra e 95%

de todo o carbono móvel, fornecendo alimentos e meios de subsistência oportunidades para

assegurar o nosso bem-estar. Discutir os efeitos das mudanças climáticas sobre os oceanos do

mundo é, portanto, fundamental para compreender o que está a mudar, como ele está

mudando e como essas mudanças vão influenciar a sociedade. Os efeitos diretos e indiretos

das mudanças climáticas sobre o ambiente marinho já são visíveis, mas outros só podem ser

projetadas com base em observações aprimoradas, experimentações e esforços de

modelagem. Nós ainda temos uma compreensão rudimentar da sensibilidade, da

vulnerabilidade e capacidade de adaptação dos naturais e gestão dos ecossistemas marinhos

para a mudança climática.

A forte ligação entre a dinâmica oceânica e as necessidades sociais, sublinhados pelo

papel da ciência, representa o pano de fundo para uma série de reuniões de mudanças

climáticas coordenado pelo Conselho Internacional para a Exploração do Mar (CIEM), a

organização de Ciências Marinhas do Pacífico Norte (PICES) e da Comissão Oceanográfica

Intergovernamental da UNESCO (IOC-UNESCO). O primeiro simpósio internacional ocorreu em

2008 (Gijón, Espanha) para responder à necessidade urgente de uma avaliação das

consequências das alterações climáticas sobre os oceanos do mundo. O segundo simpósio na

série foi convocado em 2012 (Yeosu, Coreia do Sul), e explorado em detalhes as muitas

maneiras interligadas em que as alterações climáticas afetadas ecossistemas dos oceanos e

seus recursos vivos, a partir de perspectivas ecológicas físicos, químicos, biológicos ecológicas.

Ambas as reuniões atraiu cerca de 400 cientistas de quase 50 países.

O III ECCWO realizou-se em Santos (Brasil), a convite do Instituto Oceanográfico da

Universidade de São Paulo (IOUSP) demonstrando o engajamento e compromisso do Brasil

com as recomendações da Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Desenvolvimento

Sustentável, a Rio +20. Este simpósio forneceu oportunidades para a comunidade científica

internacional para trazer as últimas informações, compreensão e avaliação dos impactos das

mudanças climáticas sobre os oceanos. Doze sessões cobrindo diferentes, mas interligadas a

temas foram selecionadas, a partir de processos físicos e sua interação com a dinâmica dos

ecossistemas, a disposição, governança dos oceanos de seus recursos. Os últimos

desenvolvimentos na previsão de mudanças na biodiversidade, a fenologia, a pesca e os

ecossistemas, bem como nos sistemas físicos que sustentam estes, informou as discussões

sobre os riscos e as oportunidades que as mudanças climáticas vão trazer para as

comunidades costeiras e à sociedade em geral. O simpósio também destacou as lacunas de

conhecimento para estimular o desenvolvimento da nova geração de ciência dos impactos das

mudanças climáticas sobre os oceanos.

1.2 Objetivos e Temas

Este simpósio proporcinou à comunidade científica internacional oportunidades de

apresentar as últimas informações, a compreensão e a avaliação dos impactos das mudanças

climáticas sobre os oceanos. Doze sessões cobrindo diferentes, porém interligados temas

foram selecionados, desde processos físicos e sua interação com a dinâmica dos

ecossistemas, à provisão de recursos e governança dos oceanos. Os últimos desenvolvimentos

na previsão de mudanças na biodiversidade, fenologia, pesca e nos ecossistemas, bem como

nos sistemas físicos que os sustentam, informarão as discussões sobre os riscos e as

oportunidades que as mudanças climáticas trarão para as comunidades costeiras e para a

sociedade em geral. O simpósio também destacou as lacunas de conhecimento para estimular

o desenvolvimento da nova geração de ciência sobre os impactos das mudanças climáticas

sobre os oceanos.

Os principais temas que abordados pelo Simpósio foram:

• O papel da advecção e mistura na biogeoquímica oceânica e nos ecossistemas

marinhos;

• A acidificação dos oceanos;

• Mudança química do oceano: desde oligoelementos e isótopos à radioquímica e

químicos orgânicos de interesse ambiental;

• Modelos regionais para previsões de impactos das mudanças climáticas: métodos,

incertezas e desafios;

• Carbono azul costeiro e outros reservatórios oceânicos de carbono;

• A mudança climática no domínio sazonal: impactos sobre a fenologia dos ecossistemas

marinhos e as suas consequências;

• Respostas evolutivas de organismos marinhos à mudança climática;

• Impacto das alterações climáticas sobre a biodiversidade marinha e resiliência;

• Impacto das mudanças climáticas sobre a capacidade de suporte dos ecossistemas

através de relocações espaciais da cadeia alimentar;

• Previsão dos impactos da mudança climática sobre as populações de peixes e sobre a

pesca;

• Os impactos sobre as comunidades costeiras;

• Associação das mudanças climáticas com os objetivos de gestão marinha.

1.3 Local do Evento

O Simpósio ocorreu no Complexo Diamante, no Hotel Mendes Plaza

(http://www.mendesplaza.com.br/en/), na cidade de Santos, Brasil. A escolha de Santos está

relacionada ao fato de que sua região abrange um complexo de paisagens naturais e artificiais,

que serão direta ou indiretamente afetadas por fenômenos relacionados ao oceano, causados

por mudanças climáticas. O Mendes Plaza é o único lugar em Santos que reúne, no mesmo

local, hospedagem e um número conveniente de quartos e local de exposição, a fim de garantir

a adequada organização do Simpósio.

1.4 Programação

1.4.1 Programação Científica

A programação do evento foi dividida em duas partes, incluindo uma sessão de

Workshops (21 e 22 de março) e o simpósio de cinco dias (23 a 27 de março). O simpósio foi

realizado a partir de:

Sessões plenárias ao longo dos 5 dias de evento na parte da manhã para introduzir os

temas das diferentes sessões que ocorriam simultaneamente;

• Sessões temáticas simultâneas todos os dias na sequência de uma sessão plenária da

manhã, com apresentações orais de 20-30 minutos, abordando diferentes estudos

dentro de cada tema;

• Sessão de apresentação de pôsteres, que também foram divididos pelos temas das

sessões.

As sessões científicas incluíram palestrantes convidados e apresentações de resumos

submetidos. Os resumos submetidos foram selecionados para apresentações orais e pôsteres.

Os pôsteres permaneceram em exposição durante todo o período do simpósio, sendo que

a sessão de apresentação de pôsteres foi realizada na terça-feira (24) juntamente com um

coquetel de recepção na área do hotel destinada à exposição dos pôsteres. Todos os coffee

breaks foram realizados nesta área para maximizar oportunidades de ver as contribuições e

para incentivar a interação entre os apresentadores.

Os Workshops foram divididos em 6 temas e também apresentaram apresentações orais e

pôsteres, além de palestras de participantes convidados. Ao final de cada workshop ocorreu um

grupo de discussão sobre os assuntos abordados durante as palestras.

Os resumos de todos os trabalhos apresentados e a programação detalhada da semana

do “Terceiro Simpósio Internacional sobre os Efeitos da Mudança Climática nos Oceanos

Mundiais” foram compilados e disponibilizados em formato PDF em pen drives entregues a

todos os participantes, juntamente com o kit do evento, que continha sacola, livro da

programação detalhada impresso, bloco de notas, caneta, mapa da região e o pen drive.

A programação foi cumprida devidamente, conforme o planejado, havendo o cancelamento

de apenas uma apresentação oral durante o evento todo, intitulada “Modelling Mediterranean

Sea ecosystem state under contemporary and future climate”, que seria apresentada por

Cosimo Solidoro na sessão 8, na sexta-feira (27) às 14h. A tabela 1 mostra a programação

resumida do evento, incluindo os dois dias de workshops.

A programação detalhada do evento se encontra no Anexo XI-a e apresenta as datas e

horários das sessões, bem como as apresentações orais e pôsteres de cada sessão com título,

nome do autor e horário de apresentação. Os resumos dos trabalhos apresentados se

encontram compilados no Anexo XI-b.

Tabela 1: Programação resumida do evento.

Os temas das sessões e workshops estão apresentados abaixo em inglês:

S1: Role of advection and mixing in ocean biogeochemistry and marine ecosystems

Convenors:

Fei Chai (University of Maine, U.S.A.)

Fangli Qiao (First Institute of Oceanography, SOA, PR China)

Plenary Speaker:

Paulo H.R. Calil (Institute of Oceanography, University Federal de Rio Grande, Brazil)

Invited Speaker:

Alexander Babanin (Swinburne University of Technology, Australia)

Both horizontal and vertical advection and mixing are among the most fundamental physical

processes for ocean biogeochemistry and marine ecosystems. Well-defined currents, upwelling,

meso- and submeso-scale eddies and mixing control the transport and budget of a wide range

of physical, biogeochemical, and biological properties (e.g., heat, nutrients, oxygen, dissolved

carbon, plankton, fish eggs, and larvae). However, these transports and budgets are often not

well understood, even under current climate conditions. Global climate change influences ocean

biogeochemistry and marine ecosystems through changes in currents, eddy characteristics,

mixing and associated wind-driven and thermohaline circulation. In particular, enhanced surface

stratification is expected to produce weaker mixing between the surface layer and depth leading

to reduction of primary production, and weakened ventilation can accelerate ocean

deoxygenation and acidification at depth. This session welcomes studies that investigate

advection, eddies and mixing in the physical fields and their implications for biogeochemistry

and marine ecosystems under current and future climate conditions.

S2: Ocean acidification

Convenors:

Nicholas Bates (Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, Bermuda/USA)

Silvana Birchenough (The Centre for the Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science

Laboratory, UK)

Plenary Speaker:

Jean Pierre Gattuso (Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, CNRS and

Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris, France)

Invited Speakers:

Ruy Kenji P. Kikuchi (Geosciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil)

Nelson Lagos (Universidad Santo Tomás, Chile)

A major change in ocean biogeochemistry is the acidification of global oceans. This change

is occurring in concert with climate change since it is mainly due to increased CO2 rather than

warming. Though persistent trends in carbon, pH, and ocean acidification exist, quantitative

knowledge is still progressing toward a complete picture of the devastating effects of

acidification on a wide range of marine organisms, particularly those that build shells and

skeletons from calcium carbonate. This session encourages submissions that discuss: (1)

historical and future trends in the marine carbon cycle, ocean acidification, and related ocean

biogeochemistry; (2) anthropogenic drivers and climate change relationships with ocean

acidification; (3) physico-biogeochemical impacts of ocean acidification on marine

biogeochemistry and ecosystems; and (4) future challenges associated with understanding the

role of climate change on the physico-biogeochemical impacts of ocean acidification, including

consideration of ocean deoxygenation and greater stagnation associated with a slowdown in

ocean circulation which may result in an acceleration of acidification.

S3: Changing ocean chemistry: From trace elements and isotopes to radiochemistry and

organic chemicals of environmental concern

Convenors:

Angelica Peña (Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada)

Geraldine Sarthou (University of Brest, France)

Plenary Speaker:

Micha Rijkenberg (Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, The Netherlands)

Invited Speaker:

Maeve Lohan (School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of

Plymouth, UK)

Ocean chemistry has changed during the Anthropocene. International efforts such as

GEOTRACES have improved scientific understanding of the marine biogeochemical cycles and

distributions of trace elements, isotopes and organic chemicals in the marine environment, and

their synergistic relationships with anthropogenic drivers and climate change. This session

invites presentations on assessments and understanding of changes in ocean chemistry

including trace elements, isotopes, radiochemistry and organic chemicals of environmental

concern. Areas of focus include: (1) historical and future trends in ocean chemistry and

synergistic relationships with marine biogeochemistry and ecosystems; (2) scientific outcomes of

recent work on the marine biogeochemical cycles of trace elements, isotopes, radiochemistry

and organic chemicals, and measurements of change in ocean chemistry (e.g., iron, mercury,

lead, organic chemicals, petroleum, and plastics); and (3) future challenges facing the study of

changes in ocean chemistry associated with anthropogenic drivers and climate change.

S4: Regional models for predictions of climate change impacts: methods, uncertainties and

challenges

Convenors:

Shoshiro Minobe (Hokkaido University, Japan)

Enrique N. Curchitser (Institute of Marine and Coastal Science, Rutgers University, USA)

Plenary Speaker:

Arne Biastoch (GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Germany)

Invited Speaker:

Shin-ichi Ito (FRA, Japan)

Predicting climate change impacts on regional ocean processes and marine ecosystems is

challenging because it (1) involves advanced and high-resolution models for the ocean and its

resources, (2) has concrete consequences in terms of regional and national management of

ecosystem services, and (3) aims to provide direct scientific support in the implementation of the

Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management. A number of practical and conceptual

challenges occurring at the regional scale will be highlighted in this session.

First, regional projections are subject to uncertainties that arise from the baseline global

climate projections, the downstream modelling tools and in combining models. Regional models

(RM), including regional air-sea coupled models or regional ocean models, are the starting

points for understanding and projecting climate change on a regional scale. While global climate

models are capable of capturing the large-scale mean climate behavior, they have limitations for

regional assessments due to their coarse spatial resolutions. We welcome papers addressing

the downscaling of global climate models to regional scale, including a variety of methods, both

statistical and dynamical, such as high-resolution regional ocean circulation models with

embedded biogeochemical models, and statistical models relating local population statistics to

climate forcing or climate indices.

Secondly, expanding the RM projections to predicting climate change impacts on regional

ecosystems in combination with other drivers such as fishing, requires the integration of

ecosystem processes and knowledge on the ecosystem functioning, though a combination of

multiple models. The use of multiple models can be three fold: (1) using several multidisciplinary

models to build end-to-end models from the physics to the high trophic levels and their

exploitation; (2) using multiple models to address uncertainty of the projections due to model

structure and processes (e.g., envelope approach, or comparative approach across models);

and (3) using multiple hybrid approaches to integrate most of available information and data

such as combination of climate statistical niche models and foodweb models. We welcome

papers addressing the challenges and uncertainties in combining multiple models for regional

global change impacts on ecosystems, and provide the opportunity for papers that combine

different modelling approaches in order to improve the projections of global change, including

climate change in combination with other stressors such as fishing and pollution.

S5: Coastal blue carbon and other ocean carbon sinks

Convenors:

Stephen Crooks (ESA Phillip Williams & Associates, USA)

Luis Valdés (Ocean Science Section, IOC-UNESCO)

Plenary Speaker:

Margareth Copertino (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Brazil)

Coastal and Marine Ecosystems (CMEs) - such as mangroves, tidal marshes, and seagrass

meadows - mitigate the effects of climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2) from

the atmosphere and oceans. CMEs also sequester carbon at significantly higher rates than

terrestrial forests and store three to five times more carbon per equivalent area than tropical

forests. Some of this excess carbon is exported and subsidises adjacent ecosystems, including

open ocean and beach ecosystems. The remaining excess production of CMEs is buried in the

sediments, where it can remain stored over millenary time scales, thereby representing a strong

natural carbon sink. In addition to burying a fraction of their own production, blue carbon sinks

reduce flow, turbulence and attenuate wave action, thereby promoting sedimentation and

reducing sediment resuspension, and providing a natural protection from storms and sea level

rise, shoreline erosion, etc. This session will combine recent results on blue carbon and other

ocean carbon sinks with a social science approach towards the prevention of CMEs degradation

caused by land-based activities.

S6: Climate change in the seasonal domain: Impacts on the phenology of marine

ecosystems and their consequences

Convenors:

Mark Payne (Technical University of Denmark, Denmark)

Rubao Ji (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA)

Plenary Speaker:

Lynda Chambers (Bureau of Meteorology, Australia)

Invited Speaker:

Sanae Chiba (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan)

The impacts of climate change on the timing of seasonal events (phenology) is well

documented in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the challenges associated with observing life in

the ocean have greatly limited our ability to understand the corresponding impacts on marine

ecosystems. Nevertheless, changes in phenology in the ocean are inevitable and can potentially

have consequences across multiple trophic levels (e.g., via the match-mismatch hypothesis).

This session will: (1) enable new results to be presented across multiple trophic levels; (2) allow

researchers to exchange methods to study phenology based on limited marine data sets; and

(3) attempt to draw together our understanding of climate change impacts in the seasonal

domain.

S7: Evolutionary response of marine organisms to climate change

Convenors:

Philip Munday (ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies/School of Marine and

Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Australia)

Plenary Speaker:

Philip Munday (ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies/School of Marine and

Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Australia)

Invited Speaker:

Robin Waples (Northwest Fisheries Science Center, USA)

Can organisms keep track with the environmental changes, and what is the evidence?

Global change is affecting marine organisms through alterations of both the biotic and abiotic

environment. Significant changes have been observed in relation to temperature, oxygen and

other biogeochemical properties, but also changes in species composition and interactions are

abundant. When organisms face altered environmental conditions they can acclimatize through

phenotypic plasticity, migrate to favorable conditions or adapt genetically to the altered selection

regime. In recent years, ecological evidence has been accumulating on changes in phenology,

behavior and distribution of marine organisms, the latter including model-based forecasting. In

contrast, there is a scarcity of genetically based evidence for evolution in response to climate

change. This holds for both quantitative and molecular genetic investigations attempting to

disentangle environmental and evolutionary effects on the observed trait changes. Insights of

the speed and magnitude of evolutionary changes in marine organisms will be of paramount

importance for understanding and predicting impacts of climate change in the sea and the

associated ecosystem services. For this session we will focus on studies of the effect of climate

change on marine organisms with evidence of evolutionary responses. We invite contributions

using either molecular genetic or quantitative genetic methods, including long-term temporal

genetic studies. Likewise, model-based predictions of species distributions, ecosystem changes

and related bio-economical services, which take evolution into account, are encouraged.

S8: Climate change impacts on marine biodiversity and resilience

Convenors:

Patricia Miloslavich (Universidad Simon Bolivar, Venezuela)

Jake Rice (Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Canada)

Plenary Speaker:

Lisa Levin (Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of

Oceanography, UC San Diego)

Invited Speaker:

Camilo Mora (University of Hawaii, USA)

Biodiversity is often viewed as an ecosystem characteristic of a healthy environment that

enables resilience to perturbations. Climate change can impact community composition resulting

in loss of habitat, timing of life cycle events, changes in species distribution that either removes

a species from the system or introduces a new species. These impacts affect the function and

structure of regional marine ecosystems on various spatial and temporal scales. Climate

variability is projected to change the magnitude and frequency of extreme events such that

marine ecosystems may be pushed to a tipping point beyond which new processes and

structures may emerge. This session encourages papers that investigate observed and

predicted impacts of climate change and variability on marine biodiversity and regional

ecosystem resilience.

S9: Impact of climate change on ecosystem carrying capacity via food-web spatial

relocations

Convenors:

Brian R. MacKenzie (Technical University of Denmark, Denmark)

Plenary Speaker:

Coleen Moloney (University of Cape Town, South Africa)

Invited Speaker:

Jason Link (NOAA Fisheries, USA)

Individual species are expected to respond to climate change effects on oceans in

regionally-distinct ways according to the limits of their life history traits. One response will be

changes in spatial extent with impacts on ecosystem structure through emigrations and

immigrations that open or fill new niches. Regional food web linkages are expected to relocate,

and trophic interactions become modified by shifts in space and time of the prey, predator, or

competitor. This session offers the opportunity to present innovative food-web linkages modeling

tools that include expected species spatial re-locations. Contributions can describe past and

forecast future changes in global or regional trophic interactions (e.g., predator-prey interactions,

competition) due to climate impacts on species biology (e.g., changes in abundances,

distributions, vulnerabilities to new abiotic conditions including pH and hypoxia). Papers

predicting where interactions might occur under future climate scenarios are encouraged.

S10: Forecasting climate change impacts on fish populations and fisheries

Convenors:

Alistair Hobday (CSIRO)

Anne Hollowed (Alaska Fisheries Science Centre, National Marine Fisheries Service, USA)

Plenary Speaker:

Patrick Lehodey (Space Oceanography Division, CLS, France)

Invited Speaker:

V. Kripa (CMFRI, India)

Elvira Poloczanska (CSIRO, Australia)

Climate change is a major driver affecting the productivity of key species in global fisheries.

This session encourages papers that focus on identifying the mechanisms and forecasting the

impact of climate change on the productivity and distribution of important marine species that

sustain global or regional fisheries. Papers identifying the mechanisms that link climate to fish

productivity or distribution will be considered. The session will focus on model projections of

regional future climate and physical oceanographic scenarios linked to fish population dynamics.

These linkages can include changes in biogeochemical processes, phytoplankton and

zooplankton communities, or ecologically important fish species. The linkages can be made by

statistical and mechanistic approaches from a range of models including mass-balance, sized-

based, individual-based and end-to-end models. Additional topics of interest include responses

of fisheries management systems, and the interaction between climate and harvest impacts on

fish populations.

S11: Impacts on coastal communities

Convenors:

Eddie Allison (School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington)

Manuel Barange (Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK)

Plenary Speaker:

Eddie Allison (School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, USA)

Invited Speaker:

Nesar Ahmed (Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh)

By their proximity to the ocean, coastal communities naturally rely on ecosystem services

provided by marine systems. The extent of this reliance, or the type of services relied on, will

vary from region to region. Climate change impacts on ecosystems will alter ecosystem

services, with both negative and positive alterations. Additionally, there will be direct climate

change impacts on coastal communities due to such factors as sea level rise, storm intensity or

frequency, wave dynamics, and coastal erosion. This session will focus on the impacts of

climate change on coastal communities due to alteration in ecosystem services or direct

physical stressors, attempting to quantify the vulnerability of coastal communities to climate

change. Papers that outline ecosystem and adaptive management for mitigation are

encouraged.

S12: Linking climate change to marine management objectives

Convenors:

Jacquelynne R. King (Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Canada)

Alexander Turra (Oceanographic Institute, São Paulo University, Brazil)

Plenary Speaker:

Laura Richards (North Pacific Marine Science Organization)

Invited Speaker:

Kao Sochivi (Fisheries Administration, Cambodia)

Marine ecosystems are subject to a number of stressors, such as pollution, resource

exploitation, coastal development, marine infrastructures and transport. Historically,

management objectives have focused on addressing individual stressors, disregarding their

often synergistic and compounding effects. The application of the ecosystem approach to

management has reversed this trend and has encouraged more holistic and cross-sectorial

management objectives. Climate change is expected to affect many of these stressors as well

as the responses of marine ecosystems to them. This session will consider single as well as

cross-sectoral management applications to address the effects of climate change on marine

ecosystems in the context of expected climate change impacts, such as changes in productivity

and seasonality of resources. The session will also consider the combined effects of climate

change with other direct stressors (such as pollution) and how they interact with fisheries and

ecosystem management scenarios.

W1: Addressing uncertainty in projecting climate change impacts in marine ecosystems

Convenors:

Manuel Barange (Plymouth Marine Labs, UK)

William Cheung (University of British Columbia, Canada)

Brian MacKenzie (Technical University of Denmark, Denmark)

Mark R. Payne (Technical University of Denmark, Denmark)

Invited Speakers:

William Cheung (University of British Columbia, Canada)

Accurate projections of the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems are a key

prerequisite for the planning of adaptation strategies. However, the biological sciences, and their

associated social and economic components, trail behind their physical counterparts in terms of

the robustness, reliability and accuracy of their projections. In this workshop we propose to

advance the current state of the art about how such projections can be made, and, to answer

the question, “how confident are we of the robustness and usefulness of projections to inform

climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies in the context of ecosystem-based

management of marine resources?”

We encourage contributions from the scientific community addressinguncertainties in future

fisheries and seafood production under climate change, with productivity, abundance, food-web

structure and distribution of marine populations, species and communities as potential case

studies. We also welcome contributions from other disciplines, particularly the physical and

social sciences, including economics, that describe how uncertainty is acknowledged and

handled, and what makes robust projections/predictions in these fields.

The primary output from the workshop will be a focused review paper synthesising the

lessons learned from the workshop. We will synthesise the most promising of these approaches

in the context of uncertainty and risk assessment to both assess the quality of impact

projections, and improve confidence in predictions. Finally, we will highlight gaps in existing

knowledge and identify future research needs to improve the projections of climate change

impacts in marine systems.

The workshop will address the various types of uncertainties common in modelling (see

below). Plenary talks are invited to, in the first instance, introduce these aspects and the

associated key questions to a general audience. They will then be followed by focused

discussions in subgroups centred on each of the uncertainty elements. A final, brief, summary

session will pull the threads back together.

We ask that potential presenters shape their contribution in relation to the fundamental

uncertainty inherent in all modelling tasks and their consequences for projecting climate change

impacts. A suggested classification of uncertainty types is included in the following table: we

encourage presenters to address at least one of these themes, although other related themes

are also welcome. We urge presenters to include specific descriptions of the uncertainties they

intend to address in their presentation, when they submit their abstracts. These themes will also

form the basis for the discussion groups: all participants in the workshop are encouraged to

come with their own ideas and opinions to contribute.

Uncertainty type Description Examples

Internal variability Variability of natural physical and ecological processes

ENSO, predator-prey dynamics, Nonstationarity in stock-recruitment relationships

Parametric Specific parameter values used in the models

Diet composition, dispersal rate

Structural

Differences in the degree of abstraction and model architecture, design and assumptions

Sized-based approach, functional-group based approach, species-based approach

Initialisation Uncertainty in the initial state of the system

Sub-decadal GCM predictions, weather forecasts

Scenario

Differences in the natural and/or anthropogenic forcing driving the model

Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP), Changes in fishing patterns

W2 & W6: Joint Brazilian Ocean Acidification Research and Surface Ocean-Lower

Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) Workshop: biogeochemical-physical interactions and feedbacks

between the ocean and atmosphere.

Convenors:

Ruy Kikuchi (Bahia Federal University, Brazil)

Leticia C. da Cunha (Rio de Janeiro State University, Brazil)

Rodrigo Kerr (Rio Grande Federal University, Brazil)

Michelle Graco (Instituto del Mar del Perú, Peru)

Invited Speakers:

Silvana Birchenough (Cefas, UK)

Rosane G. Ito (Federal University of Rio Grande, Brazil)

Arne Körtzinger (GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Germany)

Christian Vargas (Universidad de Concepción)

The Brazilian Ocean Acidification Research Group (BrOA;www.broa.furg.br) was created in

December 2012, as an action of the activities of the workshop "Studying Ocean Acidification and

its Effects on Marine Ecosystems" (Dec. 4-6, 2012, Cananéia, Brazil). BrOA operates in distinct

environments along the Brazilian coast, including coastal and estuarine ecosystems and oceanic

open waters.

The International Surface Ocean - Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) project is an international

research initiative aiming to understand the key biogeochemical-physical interactions and

feedbacks between the ocean and atmosphere. For more than ten years, SOLAS has been

fostering cutting-edge research in air-sea interactions, as well as promoting communication and

integration of different research groups all over the world.

The focus of this joint workshop is to bring together the the international community that

conducts research on sea-air CO2 fluxes and their implication to ocean biogeochemistry (e.g.

ocean acidification, changes in ocean biogeochemistry), as well as on the response of marine

organisms to ocean acidification effects (bio-assays), paleoceanography and proxies of past

ocean acidification events and carbonate system, and marine ecosystem modeling.

We encourage participation from BrOA and SOLAS researchers. The workshop will combine

invited and selected talks, along with breakout group discussions corresponding to the main

BrOA network and SOLAS topics. The general content of presentations, along with summations

of general and breakout group discussions will be included in the Third BrOA Report/SOLAS

Workshop Report. Here, participants will assess the advances in analytical methods and

reporting scientific data on sea-air gas fluxes and ocean biogeochemistry, and the regional

needs to study ocean acidification and sea-air gas fluxes, such as analytical and logistic

facilities, data access, or capacity building. Activities of emerging research groups (e.g. Latin

America, Asia, Africa) will also be reported. In addition it is anticipated that a journal manuscript

assessing the state of the art of ocean acidification studies in South America will be prepared.

W3: Effects of climate change on the biologically-driven ocean carbon pumps

Convenors:

Curtis Deutsch (University of Washington, School of Oceanography, USA)

Nianzhi Jiao (Xiamen University, State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science,

China)

Louis Legendre (Pierre & Marie Curie University, Oceanography Laboratory, France)

Uta Passow (University of California Santa Barbara, Marine Science Institute, USA)

Invited Speakers:

Thorsten Dittmar (University of Oldenburg, Germany)

Marion Gehlen (Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de L'Environnement, France)

Phoebe Lam (University of California, Santa Cruz, USA)

The transfer of atmospheric CO2 into the ocean is the largest carbon sink on Earth. The

best known mechanisms for the sequestration of marine carbon are three vertical ocean carbon

pumps, i.e. solubility, carbonate and soft-tissue or organic (“biological carbon pump”, BCP). The

latter two pumps are biologically-driven. The carbonate pump consists in the precipitation of

calcium carbonate in surface waters by calcifying organisms followed by sinking of the resulting

bio-minerals to depth. The BCP is driven by primary production in the euphotic zone, followed by

the transfer of carbon to depth by sinking of particulate organic carbon, by vertical migrations of

zooplankton, and by vertical transport of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by physical processes,

like mixing and convection. An additional biological mechanism of ocean carbon sequestration

was recently described under the name of microbial carbon pump (MCP). The vertical carbon

pumps transport carbon from surface to depth, whereas the MCP transforms short-lived DOC

into long-lived DOC. (Technically, the vertical carbon pumps maintain the gradient in total

inorganic carbon between surface and deep waters, and the MCP maintains a concentration

gradient between short- and long-lived DOC). Carbon is chemically sequestered in long-lived

DOC at any depth in the water column. The MCP consists in the microbial transformation of

labile organic carbon to refractory DOC (RDOC). In the deep ocean, the huge pool of RDOC

accounts for >90% of the total marine organic carbon, and has an average residence time of

~5000 years. As the amount of carbon existing as RDOC is equivalent to the total inventory of

atmospheric CO2, changes in some of the processes that regulate the RDOC pool may be

important factors in carbon cycling and climate change.

The quantitative roles played by the three biologically-driven ocean carbon pumps (i.e.

carbonate pump, BCP, and MCP) is a subject of active research by field oceanographers,

experimental biogeochemists, marine ecologists, and carbon-cycle modellers, but these

research communities work largely independently. Hence, they often reach conclusions that are

quite different. The proposed workshop intends to bring together specialists of field observations

(including paleoceanographers), experimentalists and modellers who work on one or more of the

three biologically-driven ocean carbon pumps. The objectives of the workshop address the

possibility that the three biologically-driven ocean carbon pumps are highly responsive to climate

change. Predicting these responses requires an understanding and quantification of the

mechanisms that control the responses to environmental forcing.

The workshop will be comprised of four sessions. Sessions 1 to 3 will be dedicated to the

three approaches (i.e. field-observational, experimental, and modelling, respectively) used to

investigate the biologically driven ocean carbon pumps. Goals within each of these sessions

include familiarizing all participants with the different perspectives, identifying the main stumbling

blocks and challenges that presently exist, reviewing new results, and discussing developments

and actions needed to make progress in coming years. Examples of processes to be discussed

include: plankton community structure, stoichiometry, particle dynamics, bacterial

remineralization, and production and removal of RDOC. Discussion periods will try to elucidate

consensus views among the different approaches on the study of biologically-driven ocean

carbon pumps. Session 4 will build on the results of the previous sessions to outline and draft a

white paper. This paper will focus on multidisciplinary developments needed to address the

responses of the biologically-driven ocean carbon pumps to climate change, and their feedbacks

to the climate. The white paper will be submitted for publication in the peer-reviewed literature.

Necessary studies to address responses and feedbacks of biologically-driven ocean carbon

pumps will be identified, relevant approaches will be described; required national and

international tools (e.g. research programs and infrastructures) will be identified; and strategies

to achieve these goals will be proposed.

W4: Upwelling Systems Under Future Climate Change

Convenors:

Kenneth Drinkwater (Institute of Marine Research, Norway)

Shoshiro Minobe (Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Japan)

Invited Speakers:

Enrique Curchitser (Rutgers University, USA)

William Sydeman (Farallon Institute for Advanced Ecosystem Research, USA)

Ocean upwelling regions contain the most productive fisheries in the world accounting for

around 25% of the global catch. This fish production results from upwelled nutrients that lead to

high primary and secondary production. Characteristically, fisheries in upwelling areas are

dominated by small and medium sized schooling pelagic fish, especially sardine and anchovy

that contribute significantly to the annual global fish production. Bakun (1990) proposed

increased winds in eastern boundary currents (EBCs) under climate change will result in

increased upwelling. While evidence for recent increased upwelling has been found in some

EBCs, other EBCs and upwelling regions have shown decreased upwelling intensity or had no

trend at all. As such it has recently been suggested that Bakun’s hypothesis was over simplified

and it is not clear that there will be increased upwelling in EBCs, at least the Pacific, in the

future. Clearly more work is needed to determine the future state of upwelling, not only in EBCs,

but in other upwelling types. Upwelling systems typically have been poorly represented in global

models owing to the small spatial scales of the upwelling relative to the horizontal resolution of

the global models. Indeed, EBCs are often associated with warm temperature biases in the

model results that strongly limit the prediction of future evolution. Also, it is not simply local

winds that affect upwelling but basin-scale physics needs to be considered to understand and

simulation regional upwelling variability. For these reasons the most recent high resolution

global model results, as well as available regional models of upwelling regions, are needed to

meet some of the challenges in developing upwelling scenarios under future climate change.

Also, any attempt to predict future fisheries yields in upwelling areas in relation to global

warming needs to consider retrospective studies of the impact of climate variability of anchovies

and sardines.

The main objective of the workshop is to investigate the potential effects of climate change

on upwelling systems. The most recent available global and regional models will be used to

determine future scenarios in the upwelling regions of the world’s oceans. These, together with

information on the present trends in upwelling, will be used to determine the likely impacts on

the primary and secondary production and further on fish and fisheries. This will be undertaken

using a combination of retrospective analyses and ecosystem modeling. Examination of several

of the major upwelling areas around the globe, e.g. within eastern and western boundary

currents, along the equator, in the Indian Ocean, in Polar Regions, etc. will allow comparisons

between regions. The workshop will also cover physical, biogeochemical, biological, fish and

fisheries dynamics. The workshop will consist of invited and contributed talks that will focus

upon (1) future climate scenarios in upwelling regions around the globe and (2) recent observed

trends in these regions. Breakout groups will discuss the likely impacts of the future upwelling

scenarios on the physics and biogeochemistry, as well as the biology, including fish and

fisheries and will identify what additional research is needed. Plenary presentations and

discussions from the breakout groups will allow interactions between disciplines and trophic

levels.

Several outputs will produced from this workshop. The workshop stems from a

CLIVAR/IMBER/SOLAS working group and a workshop report will be presented to these global

change projects. A journal paper on the recent upwelling trends in as many of the world’s

upwelling regions and on their physical and biogeochemical (e.g. oxygen) scenarios under future

climate change is also planned. The expected impact of future change on anchovies and

sardines will either be highlighted in the workshop report or in a separate paper focused only

upon this topic, a decision that will be made during the workshop. The results of the work on

anchovies and sardines will be presented at the planned joint 2016 PICES/ICES Symposium on

Drivers of Dynamics of Small Pelagic Neritic Fish Resources.”

W5: Moving Towards Climate-Ready Fishery Systems: Regional comparisons of climate

adaptation in marine fisheries

Convenors:

Roger Griffis (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA)

Alan Haynie (Alaska Fisheries Science Center, USA)

Katherine Mills (Gulf of Maine Research Institute, USA)

Gretta Pecl (University of Tasmania, Australia)

Andrew Pershing (Gulf of Maine Research Institute, USA)

Invited Speakers:

Manuel Barange (Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK)

Jason Link (NOAA Fisheries, USA)

Leif Nøttestad (Institute of Marine Research, Norway)

John Pinnegar (Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science, UK)

Éva Plagányi-Lloyd (CSIRO, Australia)

The impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems and fish populations are being

increasingly recognized and are expected to increase as warming trends, extreme warm events,

and ocean acidification become more pronounced. While these impacts have been documented

and compared across regions, much less attention has been devoted to understanding how

fisheries—particularly the fishing industry and the management and governance systems that

regulate harvesting—are responding to these changes. By comparing how responses differ

between ecosystems and governance regimes, we will develop a typology of approaches that

can be employed at multiple decision-making scales to enhance resilience to climate variability

and change.

This workshop will bring together scientists and practitioners from different regions of the

world to document and compare how marine fisheries are responding to the impacts of climate

change. We are especially interested in comparing the response of fisheries in the northwest

Atlantic, Norwegian-Barents Sea, Gulf of Alaska, and Australia, four regions that have

experienced rapid environmental changes but have very different fisheries and fishery

management systems. Within each region, we will outline the major climate impacts on fisheries

and the responses to these impacts at different scales (e.g., temporal, spatial, and

social/institutional). The rationale behind selection of specific approaches and tools for climate

adaptation will be discussed in the context of constraints and opportunities that exist within

ecological, social, and governance systems of different regions. Specific objectives of the

workshop include:

• Identifying climate adaptation measures that are being pursued in marine fisheries;

• Assessing conditions that constrain or facilitate adaptive actions;

• Comparing how adaptation responses and options vary across ecosystems, fisheries,

and management regimes.

The workshop will include a combination of invited talks that provide an overview of climate

impacts, adaptation measures, and the fisheries context in each region and breakout groups to

explore similarities and differences among regions in adaptation approaches for fisheries. A

working group session will draft a framework for comparative analysis of climate adaptation

initiatives in marine fisheries across regions and populate elements of this framework with

information from each region.These results will be published in a journal manuscript.

1.4.2 Cerimonial de Abertura

O Cerimonial de Abertura do simpósio foi realizado na segunda-feira (23) a partir das 8h45

e contou com a presença de importantes representantes das instituições organizadoras e da

academia.

Mestre de Cerimônias:

• Jacquelynne King (PICES)

Componentes da mesa:

Prof. Dr. Michel Michaelovitch de Mahiques – IOUSP;

• Laura Richards – PICES;

• Adi Kellerman (ICES);

• Robin Brown (PICES);

• Carlos Nobre (INPE-CEMADEN).

Após o Cerimonial de Abertura, ocorreu a palestra “Mapping the problem space and the

opportunity space”, do convidado Chris Field, da Carnegie Institution for Science, USA, seguida

pelo coffee-break e a primeira sessão plenária.

1.4.3 Cerimonial de Encerramento

O Cerimonial de Encerramento foi conduzido por:

• Jacquellyne King (PICES), Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada,

Canada;

• Manuel Barange (ICES), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK;

• Luis Valdés (IOC-UNESCO), Ocean Science Section.

O Cerimonial apresentou um breve levantamento estatístico de participação no evento

(descrito a seguir pelas Figuras 2, 3 e 4), um resumo geral de trabalhos e levantamento de

pontos importantes discutidos ao longo do evento e premiação de melhores trabalhos.

1.4.4 Coffee-breaks e eventos sociais

Ao todo foram realizados 13 coffee-breaks servindo de intervalos entre as apresentações

e como período de convívio e interação entre os participantes. Foram servidos café, leite, chás,

salgados e doces. Na segunda-feira (23) ocorreu a “Welcome Reception”, realizada na Point 44

Chopperia, das 19h às 22h30. Foram servidos jantar e bebidas para todos os participantes

presentes, com música ao vivo e pista de dança. Na terça-feira (24) ocorreu o coquetel de

recepção juntamente com a sessão de pôsteres, servindo salgados e bebidas, das 18h30 às

20h30. Na quarta-feira (25) ocorreu o jantar do simpósio, realizado na Churrascaria Tertulia, das

18h30 às 22h.

1.5 Participação

O III ECCWO contou com um público total de 285 participantes, representantes de 38

países. A porcentagem de pessoas em cada categoria do evento é demonstrada na Figura 1,

sendo que participaram 74 estudantes, 36 palestrantes convidados, 28 mediadores de sessões

e 137 pessoas registradas com inscrição regular. Dos participantes, 45 se registraram como

Professores e 155 como Doutores, distribuídos entre as categorias regular, palestrante

convidado e mediador. Dos 74 estudantes, todos eram pós-graduandos e 67 foram

contemplados com auxílio financeiro concedido por organizadores e patrocinadores do evento.

A Tabela 2 mostra o número esperado de participantes em cada categoria até o dia 17 de

março e o número efetivo de pessoas que participaram até o final do evento, calculado no dia

30 de março.

Figura 1: Porcentagem de cada categoria presente no simpósio.

Tabela 2: Número esperado de participantes até o dia 17 de Março e número efetivado de participantes ao dia 30 de Março em cada categoria de inscrição. A categoria “Outros” se refere a participantes que não se adequavam a nenhuma das outras categorias ou participantes que eram mediadores e palestrantes convidados ao mesmo tempo.

Categoria de inscrição 17 de Março 30 de Março

Estudantes 94 137

Palestrantes convidados 33 74

Mediadores 28 26

Regulares 160 34

Organização 13 10

Outros 4 3

Total 332 284

A Figura 2 mostra os 38 países representados e o número de participantes por país,

sendo o Brasil, Estados Unidos e Austrália os três países com maior representação no evento,

respectivamente. O infográfico mostra ainda a proporção de participantes por gênero, sendo

46% do público do sexo feminino e 54% do sexo masculino. Ao todo, foram apresentados 127

trabalhos em formato de pôster e 211 trabalhos em forma de apresentação oral. A Figura 3

compara o número de participantes e países representados nas três edições do evento,

enquanto a Figura 4 representa a participação de países e participantes da América do Sul e da

América Latina, mostrando que na terceira edição, houve uma maior representação destes

países no evento.

Figura 2: Infográfico representando o número de participantes de cada país, proporção de participantes de acordo com gênero e proporção de países participantes nos workshops.

Figura 3: Representação de número de pessoas e de países participantes entre as três edições do evento já realizadas (Espanha, Coréia e Brasil).

Figura 4: Comparação de porcentagem de países da América do Sul, países latino-americanos, participantes da América do Sul e participantes latino-americanos entre as três edições do evento já realizadas (Espanha, Coréia e Brasil).

Em relação aos participantes brasileiros, houve 51 pessoas ao todo. Destes, 22

participantes eram estudantes, 4 foram palestrantes convidados e 5 foram convidados como

mediadores das palestras. As instituições brasileiras representadas no evento são listadas na

Tabela 3, juntamente com o número de participantes que registraram a instituição em sua

inscrição.

Tabela 3: Relação de instituições brasileiras representadas no evento e número de participantes presentes de cada instituição.

Instituições representadas Número de participantes

Universidade de São Paulo (USP) 11

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG) 7

Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE) 5

Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA) 3

Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) 2

Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) 2

Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES) 2

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) 1

Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA) 1

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) 1

Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCAR) 1

Universidade CEUMA 1

CENPES/PETROBRAS 1

O evento se destacou pela representação global. A presença de um diversificado público

de 38 países é um fator importante de se notar, uma vez que um dos objetivos do evento era

fomentar discussões em nível internacional sobre os temas abordados referentes a mudanças

climáticas. É importante ressaltar, ainda, que houve uma significativa representação nacional,

contando com a presença de 13 instituições brasileiras de diferentes estados para divulgar

trabalhos realizados no Brasil dentro do tema geral do evento.

1.6 Prêmios

Inicialmente, pretendia-se premiar os 3 melhores trabalhos apresentados, segundo as

categorias “Melhor apresentação oral”, “Melhor Jovem Cientista” e “Melhor pôster”. Entretanto,

outros trabalhos se destacaram e receberam reconhecimento para prêmios, sendo anunciados

6 premiados ao todo. Os participantes premiados como melhores trabalhos estão listados

abaixo:

1) Categoria: “Best Early Career Scientist Presentation”

Nome: Rebecca G. Asch

Instituição: Princeton University, USA

Título: “Projected mismatches between the phenology of phytoplankton blooms and fish

spawning based on the GFDL Earth System Model (ESM2M)”, autoria de Rebecca G. Asch,

Charles A. Stock and Jorge L. Sarmiento.


Nome: Emily Howells

Instituição: New York University Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Título: “Adaptation of coral symbioses to extreme temperatures”, autoria de Emily Howells,

David Abrego and John Burt.


Nome: Johanna Yletyinen

Instituição: Stockholm Resilience Centre, Sweden

Título: “Understanding marine regime shifts: Detecting possible changes in structures and

functions in coastal and pelagic food webs”, autoria de Johanna Yletyinen, Örjan Bodin,

Benjamin Weigel, Marie C. Nordström, Erik Bonsdorff and Thorsten Blenckner.


Nome: Philipp Brun

Instituição: Technical University of Denmark, Denmark

Título: “The predictive potential of ecological niche models for plankton in the North

Atlantic”, autoria de Philipp Brun, Thomas Kiørboe Priscilla Licandro and Mark R. Payne.

5) Categoria: “Best Presentation”

Nome: Shin-ichi Ito

Instituição: The University of Tokyo, Japan

Título: “Importance of advection to form a climate and ecological hotspot in the western

North Pacific” autoria de Shin-ichi Ito, Taku Wagawa, Shigeho Kakehi, Takeshi Okunishi and

Daisuke Hasegawa.

6) Categoria: “Best Poster”

Nome: Coleen Suckling

Instituição: Bangor University, UK

Título: “Metabolic responses of two species of brachyuran crustaceans to ocean

acidification and reduced salinity”, autoria de Coleen Suckling, Luis Gimenez, Ian McCarthy,

Ben Ciotti, James Brown, Chris Hauton and Nia Whiteley.

1.7 Comitê Organizador

1.7.1 Comitê organizador

• Michel Michaelovitch de Mahiques (representante local) – Instituto Oceanográfico da

Universidade de São Paulo;

• Alexander Turra (representante local) - Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São

Paulo;

• Manuel Barange (ICES) – Laboratório Marinho de Plymouth, Reino Unido;

• Jacquelynne King (PICES) – Estação Biológica do Pacífico, Departamento de Pesca e

Oceanos, Canadá;

• Luis Valdés (IOC) – Seção de Ciência do Oceano, IOC-UNESCO.

1.7.2 Comitê Científico

• Nicholas Bates (IOC) – Instuto de Ciências do Mar de Bermuda, Bermuda/EUA;

• Silvana Birchenough (ICES) – Laboratório Centro para as Ciências do Meio Ambiente,

Pesca e Aquicultura (CEFAS – sigla em inglês), Reino Unido;

• Maria de Fatima Borges (ICES) – Instituto Português da Atmosfera e dos Ocenos,

Portugal;

• John Gunn (IOC) – Instituto Australiano de Ciências Marinhas, Austrália;

• Brian R. MacKenzie (ICES) – Universidade Técnica (DTU Aqua), Denmark;

• Shoshiro Minobe (PICES) – Universidade de Hokkaido, Japão;

• Angelica Peña (PICES) – Instituto de Ciências do Oceano, Departamento de Pesca e

Oceano, Canadá;

• Fangli Qiao (PICES) – Primeiro Instituto de Oceanografia, Administração Estatal

Oceânica, PR China;

• Yunne-Jai Shin (IOC) – Pesquisador Sênior, Instituto de Pesquisa para o

Desenvolvimento e Universidade da Cidade do Cabo, França/África do Sul.

1.7.3 Coordenadores do Simpósio

• Alexander Bychkov (PICES);

• Adolf Kellermann (ICES);

• Luis Valdés (IOC-UNESCO).

1.7.4 Instituições organizadoras

ICES

Conselho Internacional para a Exploração do Mar

IOC

Comissão Oceanográfica Intergovernamental da

UNESCO

PICES

Organização de Ciências Marinhas do Pacífico

Norte

1.7.5 Organizador Local e Anfitrião

IOUSP

Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São

Paulo

1.7.6 Patrocinadores da Organização

CAPES Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel

CNPq Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development

FAPESP Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo São Paulo Research Foundation

Fundespa Fundação de Estudos e Pesquisas Aquáticas

Governo Federal do Brasil

IAEA/OA-ICC International Atomic Energy Agency, Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre

IMBER Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research

ITAU

LabHidro Laboratório de Hidrometeorologia -IAG-USP Programa SIHESP/FARESP

MEC Ministério da Educação Ministry of Education, Brazil

NOAA U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NPRB North Pacific Research Board

ONR Office Naval Research / Escritório de Pesquisa Naval

SCOR Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research

SOLAS Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study

2. PONTOS FORTES E MELHORIAS

A terceira edição do ECCWO destacou-se em diferentes aspectos, concretizando a

interdisciplinaridade do tema tratado, abrangendo uma grande diversidade de países

participantes e fortalecendo o papel da ciência no entendimento dos âmbitos ambientais e

sociais que permeiam o assunto.

Eventos científicos internacionais e de grande peso são dificilmente sediados no Brasil.

Particularmente sobre essa temática, a realização do III ECCWO ressaltou o engajamento e

comprometimento do país com a problemática das mudanças climáticas e com as

consequentes recomendações da Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre o Desenvolvimento

Sustentável, enunciadas em 2012 na Rio + 20. Além disso, a realização no Brasil proporcionou

um aumento significativo do número de participantes da América Latina e do Sul, com destaque

ao número de brasileiros. Tal aumento de latino-americanos foi tido pelos participantes como

um destaque positivo dessa terceira edição, auxiliando na divulgação da produção científica dos

países da região e aumentando as oportunidades de parcerias para trabalhos futuros.

Nessa edição do simpósio, os efeitos das mudanças climáticas também foram discutidas

no contexto socioambiental, divulgando pesquisas sobre impactos e respostas em comunidades

costeiras, e sobre práticas da gestão marinha vinculadas à essa problemática ambiental. A

introdução desses temas favoreceu e efetivou a interdisciplinaridade do evento.

A incorporação das apresentações orais nos workshops e sessões temáticas proporcionou

maior destaque aos trabalhos científicos produzidos recentemente ou ainda em execução, além

de dar maior visibilidade a pesquisas realizadas por jovens cientistas (pós-graduandos). Da

mesma maneira, a união da sessão de apresentação dos pôsteres a um evento de

confraternização incentivou a integração das pesquisas apresentadas nesse formato ao

restante do evento - aspecto comumente negativo em eventos acadêmicos. De uma maneira

geral, a realização de eventos sociais pelo simpósio (e.x. coquetel de confraternização e sessão

de pôsteres) proporcionou maior interação entre os participantes, proporcionando novas

oportunidades de trabalhos e intercâmbio de conhecimento.

A qualidade dos trabalhos apresentados foi outro ponto forte do evento. Como ilustração

disso tem-se a premiação organizada pela comissão do Simpósio que, originalmente,

contemplava 3 trabalhos (“Melhor apresentação oral”, “Melhor Jovem Cientista” e “Melhor

pôster”) mas ao final do evento foi ampliada, premiando quatro pesquisas na categoria "Melhor

Jovem Cientista" ao invés de apenas uma. O auxílio financeiro dado a 67 dos 74 estudantes foi

outro ponto forte que certamente incentivou a presença de novos cientistas. Um montante de

CAD$ 62mil foram disponibilizados pelos organizadores e patrocinadores do III ECCWO para

esse fim.

Apesar de não termos uma avaliação formal do público sobre o evento, muitos deles nos

deram retornos positivos, elogiaram a organização, a qualidade das apresentações e

discussões, e o local do evento. Autoridades científicas e de organizações internacionais como

IOC/UNESCO também se mostraram satisfeitos e entusiasmados com o sucesso do evento e

com a qualidade da ciência apresentada.

De uma forma geral os participantes do evento não demonstraram insatisfações.

Entretanto, duas dificuldades logísticas podem ser mencionadas: a manutenção de alguns dos

serviços prestados pelo hotel durante o andamento do simpósio (ex. fornecimento de água,

regulagem da temperatura das salas e limpeza dos sanitários); e a falta de uma equipe

destinada exclusivamente à documentação fotográfica do evento. Mesmo não sendo um ponto

crucial para a execução do evento, esse último fez com que o registro fotográfico do evento

fosse prejudicado em termos de quantidade e qualidade.

3. DIFICULDADES ENFRENTADAS DURANTE A EXECUÇÃO DO PROJETO

Durante a execução do projeto e organização do evento, momentos que antecederam as

dificuldades pontuadas anteriormente, nenhuma questão apresentou complexidade imprevista.

4. FOTOS ILUSTRATIVAS DO EVENTO

Figura 5: Cerimônia de abertura do III ECCWO.

Figura 6: Workshps.

Figura 7: Sessões Plenárias e Temáticas.

Figura 8: Palestrantes convidados.

Figura 9: Participantes.

Figura 10: Apresentações orais de jovens cientistas.

Figura 11: Coffee-break.

Figura 12: Sessão de pôsteres.

5. RELEASES E NOTAS PRÉ-EVENTO

• USP – usp.br – Sala de imprensa http://www.usp.br/imprensa/?p=47011

6. RELEASES E NOTAS DURANTE O EVENTO

• Jornal A Tribuna – atribuna.com.br – Notícias http://www.atribuna.com.br/noticias/noticias-detalhe/porto&mar/em-santos-congresso-internacional-discute-mudancas-climaticas-nos-oceanos/?cHash=e1dc7f029fd57dac2f9f4bf178ba895d • CBN Santos (Entrevista em áudio) http://cbnsantos.com.br/professor-fala-de-simposio-que-discute-os-efeitos-climaticos-nos-oceanos/ • Jornal da USP – Jornal da USP online e impresso

http://espaber.uspnet.usp.br/jorusp/?p=40736#more-40736 • IOUSP – io.usp.br – Notícias http://www.io.usp.br/index.php/noticias/47-editoria-io/871-3-simposio-internacional-sobre-os-efeitos-das-mudancas-climaticas-sobre-os-oceanos

7. RELEASES E NOTAS PÓS-EVENTO

• Reporter Eco https://youtu.be/ixeCuessUeo?list=PLDSeaEa70Dv79QwsqwmJHnT6NXQfcGADk