e l l i s i s l a n d i m m i g r a t i o n m u s e um

8/9/2019 e l l i s i s l a n d i m m i g r a t i o n m u s e Um

1/7

l l i s I s l a n d I m m i g r a t i o n M u s e u m

by iana Pardue

iana Pardue is director of the Museum

Services

Division at the

Statue

of Liberty National

Monument and Ellis

Island,

part of the US Nat ionalPark Service. Sh e was involvedwitht he

Statueof

Liberty

and

Ellis

Islandrestorationprojects in the1980swhich createdth e

Ellis

Island

Immigration Museum.Her current duties include

overseeing

th emuseum programme and

cultural

resource

management of

th e

historicstructures, archeology, h istory and ethnography

of the sites. Sh e is also amember of /COMand ch air of the International

C ommittee

of

Architecture

andMuseum Techniques ICAMT).

N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e

The National Park Service was created in 1917 to

oversee a sys tem of f if teen nat ion al pa rks an d

twenty- one na t iona l monuments , a r eas des igna ted

of nat ional s ignif icance that had been set as ide by

the Uni ted S ta te s Gover nment to be pr ese r ved

and in te r pr e ted to the publ ic . I n 1933 an

execut ive or de r t r ans f e r r ed o the r na t iona l

m o n u m e n t s a n d p a r k s u n d e r t h e W a r D e p a r t m e n t

( including the Statue of Liber ty and many

batt lef ie lds) to the National Park Service . In 1935

the His tor ic S i tes Act was passed by Congress ,

direct ing the National Park Service to res tore ,

r econs t r u c t , r ehab i l i t a te , p r ese r ve , and ma in ta in

his tor ic and prehis tor ic s i tes , bui ldings , objects ,

and proper t ies of nat ional his tor ical and

archaeological s ignif icance and to es tabl ish and

main ta in mu seu ms in conn ec t ion the r ewi th . At

tha t t ime , h i s to r y museums lagged beh ind

museums of a r t o r na tur a l h i s to r y in many ways .

Th e Natio nal Pa rk Service s inclus ion of his tor ical

s i tes in i ts miss ion has great ly added to the source

of ideas about h i s to r y museums , pa r t i cu la r ly a s

mos t pa r k museums a r e r epr esen ted in the

ca tegor y of s i t e museums .

m U S e U T I

S S N 1 3 5 0 0 7 7 5 . n o .

2 2 3

v o l .

5 6 .

n o .

3 . 2 0 0 4 )

u b l i s h e d b y B l a c k w e l l P u b l i s h i n g . 9 6 0 0 G a r e i n g l o n R o a d , O x f o r d . 0 X 6 2 D Q U K ) a n d 3 5 0

a i n

S t r e e t . M a i d e n . M A 0 2 1 48 U S A )


2/7

E l l i s I s l a n d i m m i g r a t i o n M u s e u m

i a n a P a r d u e

T h i s y e a r t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k

S e r v i c e

i s

c e l e b r a t i n g t h e c e n t e n a r y o f t h e b e g i n n i n g o f s i t e

m u s e u m s o n N a t i o n a l P a r k

s i t e s . T h e s e

m u s e u m s

o f f e r

g r e a t e r

d e p t h t o t h e v i s i t o r

e x p e r i e n c e

a n d

h e l p e x p a n d t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e

p e o p l e

a n d

e v e n t s t h a t r e p r e s e n t t h e c o m m o n h e r i t a g e o f t h e

U n i t e d S t a t e s . T h e m u s e u m c o l l e c t i o n s i n t h e s e

s i t e s a r e a l s o e x t r a o r d i n a r y i n t h a t t h e y a r e

p r e s e r v e d w h e r e t h e y b e l o n g : i n t h e n a t i o n a l p a r k s ,

t h e a u t h e n t i c p l a c e s w h e r e i m p o r t a n t e v e n t s a n d

c u l t u r a l e x p e r i e n c e s

r e a l l y h a p p e n e d . T h i s c o n t e x t ,

t h i s d i r e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p t o p l a c e , i s u n i q u e a s m o s t

m u s e u m s a r e r e p o s i t o r i e s o f o b j e c t s f a r r e m o v e d

f r o m

t h e

p l a c e s

t h a t m a k e t h e m i m p o r t a n t . T h e

d e v e l o p m e n t o f E l l i s I s l a n d i n t o t h e E l l i s I s l a n d

I m m i g r a t i o n

M u s e u m i s o n e e x a m p l e o f t h i s d i r e c t

r e l a t i o n s h i p t o p l a c e w i t h i n t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k

S e r v i c e .

l l s

I s l a n d h i s t o r y

E l l i s

I s l a n d , a ( 1 1 . 1 4

h e c t a r e )

i s l a n d i n t h e s h a d o w

o f t h e S t a t u e o f L i b e r t y , i s

l o c a t e d

o f f t h e N e w

J e r s e y

s h o r e l i n e i n U p p e r N e w Y o r k H a r b o u r .

u r i n g

i t s t u r b u l e n t l i f e s p a n a s a n i m m i g r a t i o n

s t a t i o n , b e t w e e n 1 8 9 2 a n d 1 9 5 4 , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 2

m i l l i o n i m m i g r a n t s w e r e p r o c e s s e d t h r o u g h i t s

d o o r s . W h i l e a P o r t a l o f H o p e a n d F r e e d o m f o r

m a n y i m m i g r a n t s , i t w a s

a l s o

a n I s l a n d o f T e a r s

f o r t h e 2 p e r c e n t w h o w e r e t u r n e d a w a y w h e n t h e y

f a i l e d t o m e e t t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e v a r i o u s

U n i t e d S t a t e s i m m i g r a t i o n l a w s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s . I t s

a d m i n i s t r a t o r s a n d s t a f f p r o c e s s e d

s o m e 5 , 0 0 0

p e o p l e

d a i l y d u r i n g t h e

p e a k y e a r s

o f i m m i g r a t i o n

a n d u p t o

1 1 , 7 4 7

o n o n e r e c o r d d a y .

A p p r o x i m a t e l y t h r e e q u a r t e r s o f t h e i m m i g r a n t s

e n t e r i n g t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s d u r i n g t h e f ir s t h a l f o f

t h e t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y w e r e p r o c e s s e d a t E l l i s

I s l a n d , m a k i n g i t t h e p r i n c i p a l i m m i g r a t i o n s t a t i o n

i n t h e U n i t e d

S t a t e s .

T h e p h y s i c a l a n d s o c i a l h i s t o r y o f E l l i s

I s l a n d r e f l e c t s i m p o r t a n t t r a n s i t i o n s i n a t t i t u d e s

t o w a r d i m m i g r a t i o n i n t h e c o u n t r y . I m m i g r a t i o n

p e a k e d

i n 1 9 0 7 ; i t d e c l i n e d s h a r p l y d u r i n g t h e F i r s t

W o r l d

W a r , q u i c k l y r e v i v e d a f t e r t h e w a r , a n d t h e n

w a s a l t e r e d d r a m a t i c a l l y

w i t h

t h e

p a s s a g e

o f

r e s t r i c t i v e i m m i g r a t i o n l a w s i n t h e m i d 1 9 2 0 s . T h e s e

l a w s , w h i c h p l a c e d a c e i l i n g o n a n n u a l i m m i g r a t i o n

a n d e s t a b l i s h e d q u o t a s f o r e a c h f o r e i g n n a t i o n , a l s o

p r o v i d e d f o r t h e i n s p e c t i o n o f i m m i g r a n t s b y U n i t e d

S t a t e s

c o n s u l a r o f f i c i a l s i n t h e i m m i g r a n t s c o u n t r y

o f o r i g i n . T h e r e a f t e r , o n l y t h e i m m i g r a n t s w h o s e

p a p e r s w e r e n o t i n o r d e r o r t h o s e w h o r e q u i r e d

m e d i c a l t r e a t m e n t a t t h e P u b l i c H e a l t h S e r v i c e

h o s p i t a l f a c i l i t y w e r e

s e n t

t o E l l i s I s l a n d . T h e

f a c i l i t i e s w e r e i n c r e a s i n g l y

u s e d

f o r t h e

a s s e m b l y

a n d d e p o r t a t i o n o f a l i e n s w h o h a d e n t e r e d t h e

U n i t e d S t a t e s i l l e g a l l y , o r o f i m m i g r a n t s w h o h a d

v i o l a t e d t h e t e r m s o f t h e i r a d m i t t a n c e . T h e f a c i l i t i e s

w e r e a l s o u s e d f o r a l i e n d e t a i n m e n t p u r p o s e s d u r i n g

t h e

S e c o n d

W o r l d W a r . W h i l e t h e e a r l y h i s t o r y o f

E l l i s

I s l a n d r e f l e c t e d t h e l i b e r a l a t t i t u d e s o f t h e

U n i t e d S t a t e s t o w a r d s i m m i g r a t i o n , t h e l a t t e r h a l f o f

i t s l i f e w a s s h a p e d b y a n e w r e s t r i c t i o n i s t p o l i c y

w h i c h

s u c c e e d e d i n n a r r o w i n g t h e o p e n d o o r t o t h e

U n i t e d

S t a t e s .

T h e S t a t u e o f L i b e r t y w a s d e s i g n a t e d a

N a t i o n a l M o n u m e n t i n 1 9 2 4 a n d b e c a m e p a r t o f

t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k

S e r v i c e

i n 1 9 3 3 . E l l i s I s l a n d w a s

a d d e d

t o t h e S t a t u e o f L i b e r t y N a t i o n a l M o n u m e n t

i n 1 9 6 5 b y P r e s i d e n t i a l P r o c l a m a t i o n

w i t h

t h e

i n t e n t o f p r e s e r v i n g t h e o r i g i n a l i m m i g r a t i o n a n d

h o s p i t a l b u i l d i n g s a n d c r e a t i n g t h e E l l i s I s l a n d

I m m i g r a t i o n

M u s e u m .

m U e U T I S S N 1 3 5 0 0 7 7 5 . N O

. 2 2 3 ( V o l . 5 6 . N o 3 .

2 0 0 4 )

3


3/7

W H A T S I T E ?

5 .

A e r i a l v i e w o f E l l i s I s l a n d . 1995

P l a n n i n g t h e I m m i g r a t i o n M u s e u m

In December 1980 the National Park Service

released a plan exploring the range of possible

actions for the management and development of

the abandoned Ellis Island buildings. Anticipated

federal budget constraints forced the conclusion

that only a few of the historic structures at

Ellis Island could be preserved. The

overwhelming public response of serious concern

to the preliminary proposals indicated that more

support might be available from private fund-

raising.

A commission of corporate CEO s

spearheaded the private fund-raising effort

appointed by President Reagan and the Secretary o

the Interior. The Comm ission s ma ndate was to

supervise the fund-raising to support the

renovation and development of Ellis Island. In

view of the new fund-raising efforts, the General

Management Plan for Ellis Island, stated that

co-operation between federal and private groups

made possible a much more ambitious plan than

envisioned earlier.

The Main Building, where millions of

immigrants were processed, was identified as the

site for the new Ellis Island Immigration Museum.

The basic approa ch was to rehabilitate the building

for use as a major museum, to preserve its.

historical character and to restore key areas

P u b l i s h e d b y B l a c k w e l l P u b l i s h i n g . 9 6 0 0 G a r s i n g t o n R o a d . O x f o r d . 0 X 4 2 D Q U K ) a n d 3 5 0 M a i n S t r e e t M a i d e n . M A 0 2 1 4 8 U S A )


4/7

E l l i s I s l a n d I m m i g r a t i o n M u s e u m

D i a n a P a r d u s

i n t i m a t e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e i m m i g r a t i o n

p r o c e s s i n g t o t h e i r h i s t o r i c a l

a p p e a r a n c e s .

O t h e r

a r e a s

w o u l d b e a d a p t i v e l y c o n v e r t e d i n t o m o d e r n

f a c i l i t i e s s u c h

s

t h e t h e a t r e s . S t r u c t u r a l

m o d i f i c a t i o n s a n d t h e r e m o v a l o f h i s t o r i c f a b r i c

w e r e n o t c o m p l e t e l y p r o h i b i t e d b u t s u c h a c t i o n s

r e q u i r e d j u s t i f i c a t i o n o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e f u n c t i o n a l

r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e p r o p o s e d u s e o f t h e s p a c e

s

w e l l

s

h e a l t h a n d s a f e t y

c o n c e r n s .

I n g e n e r a l

a n y i n t e r v e n t i o n o r c o m p r o m i s i n g o f h i s t o r i c

b u i l d i n g f a b r i c w a s e v a l u a t e d o n

c a s e - b y - c a s e

b a s i s .

T h e E l l i s I s l a n d I n t e r p r e t i v e P r o s p e c t u s

w a s d e v e l o p e d t o d e f i n e t h e m a i n m u s e u m t h e m e s

a n d g u i d e d e v e l o p m e n t . T h e p r i m a r y o b j e c t i v e

o f

t h i s m u s e u m w a s t o c o n v e y t h e s i t e - s p e c i f i c s t o r y

o f E l l i s I s l a n d i n t h e b r o a d e r c o n t e x t o f

i m m i g r a t i o n h i s t o r y . T h i s p l a n o u t l i n e d c o m p l e x

b l e n d o f m e d i a i n c l u d i n g e x h i b i t s a u d i o v i s u a l

p r o g r a m m e s e d u c a t i o n a l

s e r v i c e s

a n d

p u b l i c a t i o n s . T h e c h a l l e n g e w a s t o

c r e a t e

t h e

p r o p e r

b a l a n c e

o f c r e a t i v i t y a n d i n n o v a t i o n i n

k e e p i n g w i t h t h e h i s t o r i c c h a r a c t e r o f t h i s s p e c i a l

s p a c e . T h e u l t i m a t e g o a l w a s t o m a k e E l l i s I s l a n d

a n e x c i t i n g

p l a c e

t o v i s i t w h i l e r e t a i n i n g t h e

a m b i a n c e a n d h i s t o r i c a s s o c i a t i o n o f t h e s i t e .

D e v e l o p m e n t a n d

o p e r a t i o n s

T h e M a i n B u i l d i n g w a s d e v e l o p e d

s

m a j o r s i t e

m u s e u m t h e E l l i s I s l a n d I m m i g r a t i o n M u s e u m

p r e s e r v i n g t h e h i s t o r i c c h a r a c t e r o f t h e b u i l d i n g

a n d c a p t u r i n g t h e i m p r e s s i o n s o f t h e p r o f o u n d

h u m a n d r a m a t h a t u n f o l d e d t h e r e . I n a d d i t i o n t o

t h e i m m i g r a t i o n s t o r y E l l i s I s l a n d

i s s e e n s

s y m b o l o f

n a t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l s

w i t h

d i v e r s e

e t h n i c a n d c u l t u r a l i d e n t i t i e s a n d n a t i o n b a s e d o n

c o m m o n p r i n c i p l e s t h e m o s t c h e r i s h e d o f w h i c h i s

l i b e r t y .

T h e t h r e e m a i n t h e m e s o f t h e m u s e u m a r e :

1 .

Through America s Gate; The E l l i s I s l a n d

Story,

f o c u s i n g o n t h e i m m i g r a t i o n

p r o c e s s i n g s t o r y t h a t t o o k

p l a c e

o n E l l i s

I s l a n d a n d i l l u s t r a t i n g k e y a c t i v i t i e s

t h r o u g h

b l e n d o f e x h i b i t s o r a l h i s t o r i e s

h i s t o r i c a l f u r n i s h e d s e t t i n g s a u d i o v i s u a l

p r o g r a m m e s a n d p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e s .

2 . Peak

Immigration Years,

e x p l o r i n g t h e

b r o a d s t o r y o f i m m i g r a t i o n i n t h e U n i t e d

S t a t e s

s h i s t o r i c a l a n d c o n t e m p o r a r y

p h e n o m e n o n

f r o m

b o t h

l o c a l a n d g l o b a l

p e r s p e c t i v e a n d l o o k i n g a t t h e d i v e r s e

f o r c e s

t h a t p u s h e d a n d p u l l e d i m m i g r a n t s

t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s t h r o u g h e x h i b i t s o r a l

h i s t o r i e s a u d i o v i s u a l p r o g r a m m e s a n d

p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e s .

3 . The Peopling of America, e x a m i n i n g t h e

a m b i g u i t y o f n a t i o n a l i d e n t i t y t h r o u g h

e l e m e n t s o f e t h n i c r e t e n t i o n a n d

c r o s s -

c u l t u r a l

i n t e r a c t i o n . T h e c o m m o n

e l e m e n t s o f U n i t e d S t a t e s c u l t u r e a n d t h e

p e r s i s t e n c e o f e t h n i c i t y a r e e x p l o r e d s

w e l l

s

t h e n a t i o n a l t r a n s i t i o n

f r o m

l a b o u r - d e f i c i e n t n a t i o n i n i t s e a r l y y e a r s

i l l u s t r a t e d b y t h e f o r c e d m i g r a t i o n

o f

s l a v e s a n d i n d e n t u r e d s e r v a n t s t o m o r e

b a l a n c e d e c o n o m y w i t h r e s t r i c t i v e

i m m i g r a t i o n p o l i c y i n t h e t w e n t i e t h

c e n t u r y .

I n c o n t r a s t t o t h e n a t i o n a l i s t i c a p p r o a c h

u s e d i n t h e A m e r i c a n M u s e u m o f I m m i g r a t i o n

o n c e l o c a t e d i n t h e b a s e o f t h e S t a t u e o f L i b e r t y

m m

I S S N

1350 0775.

N o .

223

V o l . 5 6 N o . 3

20m \5


5/7


6/7

I t l l i s i s l a n d I m m i g r a t i o n M u s e u m

D i a n a

P a r d u e

p o l i c i e s o f l a b o u r u n i o n s a n d A m e r i c a n r a c i s m a r e

d i s p l a y e d . T h e

Peopling of merica

e x h i b i t p l a c e s

i m m i g r a t i o n

t o t h e U n i t e d

S t a t e s

i n t h e l a r g e r

c o n t e x t o f 4 0 0

y e a r s

o f w o r l d w i d e p o p u l a t i o n

m o v e m e n t s . I t i n c l u d e s t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l c h a r t s

a n d

g r a p h s

t o p o r t r a y t h e r i s i n g p r o p o r t i o n o f

f e m a l e t o m a l e i m m i g r a n t s

s o u r c e s

o f i m m i g r a t i o n

t o

t h e U n i t e d

S t a t e s

f r o m E u r o p e t h e A m e r i c a s

A s i a a n d A f r i c a n u m b e r s o f

p e o p l e

a r r i v i n g a n d

d e p a r t i n g f r o m t h e U n i t e d

S t a t e s

f o r

s p e c i f i c

y e a r s

a n d w h e r e g r o u p s o f d i f f e r e n t e t h n i c a n c e s t r y h a v e

c l u s t e r e d i n t h e U n i t e d

S t a t e s

t o d a y .

T h e m u s e u m t h r o u g h i t s e x h i b i t s a n d

p r o g r a m m e s c l e a r l y s h o w s t h e d i f f e r e n c e s a m o n g

i m m i g r a n t g r o u p s a n d r e v e a l s t h e d i v e r s e

r e a s o n s

f o r i m m i g r a t i o n . I t p r e s e n t s t h e i m m i g r a n t s w h o

c a m e t h r o u g h E l l i s I s l a n d

as

d e c i s i o n m a k e r s a n d

a c t o r s

r a t h e r t h a n

p a s s i v e

v i c t i m s b u f f e t e d b y a l i e n

f o r c e s .

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