Download - TRAUMA UROGENITAL
TRAUMA UROGENITAL• Anatomi
– Ginjal– Ureter– Buli buli– Uretra
TRAUMA UROGENITAL• Anatomi
– Ginjal– Ureter– Buli buli– Uretra
Ginjal• Sepasang organ seperti kacang • Terletak retroperitonel diregio lumbal
superior• Dilapisi oleh 3 lapis jaringan penunjang:
– kapsul ginjal– kapsul adipose dan – fasia renalis
Ureter• Tubulus muscular yang
menghubungkan ginjal ke buli buli• Terletak di belakang rongga
peritoneum (retroperitoneal)• Panjang 25 – 30 cm
TRAUMA GINJALTrauma Ginjal
Sering 8-10% trauma tumpul / tajam abdomen Separuh dari kejadian trauma urogenital Di proteksi :
* Otot-otot lumbal* Iga* Vertebrae
Angka kesakitan / kematian ok trauma ginjal tergantung :
– Derajat trauma– Keterlibatan trauma organ lain– Fasilitas penanggulangan trauma
Buli-buli• Buli buli normal dapat
menampung 350 – 450 mL urine• Drainase kendung kemih
bermuara ke vena iliaca interna
Uretra• Tabung yang menyalurkan urine
ke luar dari buli-buli • Secara anatomis uretra dibagi
menjadi 2 bagian : – Uretra posterior dan – Uretra anterior
Mekanisme TraumaTrauma tumpul -> penyebab trauma Langsung, tidak langsung
Trauma tumpul langsung • KLL• Olah raga• Kecelakaan kerja• Perkelahian
Trauma tumpul tidak langsung
* Jatuh dari ketinggian* KLL
menyebabkan pergerakan ginjal tiba-tiba dlm rongga retro
peritonium Avulsi pedikel ginjal Robekan tunika
intima
Bisa juga oleh trauma iatrogenik• Pemasangan kateter di atas ureter• Pengambilan biopsi ginjal• Infeksi tidak langsung
Klasifikasi* Ada beberapa macam* Ditentukan oleh luas dan penatalaksanaan
Cedera Ginjal* Minor* Mayor* Vaskuler
Cedera Minor• 90% trauma ginjal• Kontusio ginjal• Laserasi parenkim superficial
Cedera Mayor• Laserasi korteks, medula tanpa
ekstravasasi• Laserasi korteks, medula dengan
ekstravasasi
Cedera Vaskuler• Avulsi• Trombosis
Berdasarkan AAST ( American for The Surgery of Trauma )
Berdasarkan AAST( American for The Surgery of Trauma )
Dibagi 5 derajatDerajat 1 • Kontusio ginjal /subkapsularhematom• Tidak meluas• Hematuria dengan normal imaging
Derajat 2 • Hematom perineal• Tdk meluas ke retroperitonium• Laserasi superficial ( < 1cm )• Tdk melibatkan collecting systim Derajat 3• Renal laserasi ( > 2cm )• Sub capsular hematom• Perinephric hematom• Tdk melibatkan collecting systim
Derajat 4• Laserasi yang meluas ke
collecting systim• Extravasasi• Trauma vasculer segmental
infark
Derajat 5• Shattered kidney• Devaskularisasi / oklusi / trombosis arteri / vena utama• Laserasi komplit• Extravasasi• UPJ avulsi
Pemeriksaan Radiologi
• Foto polos abdomen• IVP ( Intra Vena Pyelografi )• USG ( Ultra Sonographi )• CT Scan abdomen / Whole
abdomen• uretrocistografi
IVP* Melihat ekstravasasi urin / kontras* Tidak bisa mendeteksi trauma ginjal derajat I, II* Fungsi ginjal kontra lateral
USG* Melihat hemoperitoneum* Tdk dianjurkan utk evaluasi trauma ginjal* Dengan color doppler melihat vaskuler
CT Scan• Pemeriksaan yang sensitif dan spesifik• Menentukan derajat trauma• Tidak invasif• Dpt mengevaluasi organ lain ( hepar , lien , aorta ) kontras non kontras
Angiografi• Invasif• Delayed renal bleeding-pseudo-aneurisma
IVP normal
USG ginjal normal
CT scan ginjal normal
Gambar 1. Kidney trauma. Absent nephrogram. Abdominal radiograph after intravenous contrast administration in a patient with hypotension after a motor vehicle collision shows absent right nephrogram
Gambar 2. Kidney trauma. Grade 3 renal laceration on abdominal radiograph. Abdominal radiograph after intravenous contrast administration shows very diminished left nephrogram and no urinary contrast extravasation
Gambar 3. Kidney trauma. Grade 5 renal injury. Shattered kidney with renal vein thrombosis (incomplete). Abdominal radiograph after intravenous contrast administration shows absent right nephrogram
Gambar 4 Kidney trauma. Grade 1 renal injury, contusion. Image from a contrast-enhanced CT scan of the abdomen in a patient with hematuria after a motor vehicle collision shows ill-defined area of hypoenhancement in the medial right kidney.
Gambar. 5. Kidney trauma. Grade 1 renal injury, subcapsular hematoma. CT scan of the abdomen with intravenous contrast in a patient after a motor vehicle collision shows crescentic high-density fluid collection around the left kidney. Note the well-defined outer margin
Gambar 6. Kidney trauma. Grade 1 renal injury, subcapsular hematoma. CT scan of the abdomen with intravenous contrast in a patient after a motor vehicle collision; shows crescentic high-density fluid collection around the left kidney. Note the well-defined outer margin and the mild deformity of the renal parenchyma
Gambar 6. Kidney trauma. Grade 2 renal injury, subcapsular and perinephric hematomas. Contrast-enhanced CT scan of the abdomen on a patient with hematuria after a motor vehicle collision shows an ill-defined fluid collection in the left perinephric space. There is also a subcapsular hematoma with deformity of the renal parenchyma
Derajat II dan III
Gambar 7 Kidney trauma. Grade 2 renal injury, perinephric hematoma. Contrast-enhanced CT scan of the abdomen on a patient with hematuria after a motor vehicle collision shows an ill-defined fluid collection in the left perinephric space
Gambar 8. Kidney trauma. Grade 3 renal laceration with normal one-shot intravenous pyelogram. CT scan through the kidneys after intravenous contrast on the same patient as in Image 1 shows renal laceration and perinephric hematoma.
Gambar 9 Kidney trauma. Grade 2 renal laceration. Contrast-enhanced CT scan of the abdomen after a motor vehicle collision shows a superficial (less than 1 cm deep) renal parenchymal defect with a large perinephric hematoma
Gambar 10. Kidney trauma. Grade 2 renal laceration. Delayed image shows no urinary contrast extravasation. Contrast-enhanced CT scan of the abdomen after a motor vehicle collision shows a superficial (<1 cm deep) renal parenchymal defect with a large perinephric hematoma
Gambar 11. Kidney trauma. Grade 3 renal laceration. CT scan of the abdomen after intravenous contrast administration shows irregular nonenhancing renal parenchymal defect with extension greater than 1 cm deep to near the renal pelvis. no urinary contrast extravasation
Gambar 12. Kidney trauma. Grade 3 renal laceration. CT scan of the abdomen after intravenous contrast administration shows irregular nonenhancing renal parenchymal defect with extension greater than 1 cm deep to near the renal pelvis. This delayed image showed no urinary contrast extravasation.
Derajat IV
Gambar13 Kidney trauma. Grade 4-5 renal injury. Lacerations extending to the collecting system. Contrast-enhanced CT scan of the abdomen in a patient with hematuria after a motor vehicle collision shows deep lacerations extending into the collecting system of the right kidney. Extension into the collecting system is confirmed by urinary contrast extravasation on delayed image through the kidney in excretory phase
Gamba14. Kidney trauma. Grade 4-5 renal injury. Lacerations extending to the collecting system. Contrast-enhanced CT scan of the abdomen in a patient with hematuria after a motor vehicle collision shows deep lacerations extending into the collecting system of the right kidney (Image 22). Extension into the collecting system is confirmed by urinary contrast extravasation on this delayed image through the kidney in excretory phase
Gambar 15. Kidney trauma. Grade 4 renal injury segmental infarction. Contrast-enhanced CT scan of the upper abdomen shows a segmental area of nonenhancement in the upper medial left kidney without associated renal laceration
Gambar 16. Kidney trauma. Grade 4 renal injury segmental infarction. Contrast-enhanced CT scan of the upper abdomen in another patient after a motor vehicle collision shows a segmental area of nonenhancement in the upper medial left kidney without associated renal laceration
Derajat V
Gambar 17. Kidney trauma. Grade 5 renal injury. Shattered kidney. Contrast-enhanced CT scan of the abdomen in a patient with hematuria and hypotension after a motor vehicle collision shows transection of the right kidney with a large hematoma around and between the 2 halves of the kidney. The 2 halves are both perfused because there were 2 renal arteries Delayed images show urinary contrast extravasation
Gambar 18. Kidney trauma. Grade 5 renal injury. Shattered kidney. Contrast-enhanced CT scan of the abdomen in a patient with hematuria and hypotension after a motor vehicle collision shows transection of the right kidney with a large hematoma around and between the 2 halves of the kidney. The 2 halves are both perfused because there were 2 renal arteries. Delayed images show urinary contrast extravasation
Gambar 19 Kidney trauma. Grade 5 renal injury. Shattered kidney. Contrast-enhanced CT scan of the abdomen in a patient with hematuria and hypotension after a motor vehicle collision shows transection of the right kidney with a large hematoma around and between the 2 halves of the kidney. The 2 halves are both perfused because there were 2 renal arteries Delayed images show urinary contrast extravasation
Gambar 20. Kidney trauma. Grade 5 renal injury. Shattered kidney. Contrast-enhanced CT scan of the abdomen in a patient with hematuria and hypotension after a motor vehicle collision shows transection of the right kidney with a large hematoma around and between the 2 halves of the kidney. The 2 halves are both perfused because there were 2 renal arteries. Delayed images show urinary contrast extravasation
Gambar 21. Kidney trauma. Grade 5 renal injury. Shattered kidney with renal vein thrombosis (incomplete). CT scan of the abdomen with intravenous contrast administration shattered right kidney and renal vein thrombus extending slightly into the inferior vena cava
Gambar 22. Kidney trauma. Normal ultrasound with grade 5 renal injury. Ultrasound gray-scale image of a patient involved in a motor vehicle collision shows what appears to be a normal right kidney
Gambar 23 Kidney trauma. Grade 5 renal injury. Color Doppler ultrasound of same motor vehicle collision patient as in Image 4 shows no blood flow within the right kidney.
4.Arteriografy
Gambar 24. Kidney trauma. Active vascular contrast extravasation. Catheter angiography during arterial phase on the same patient as in Image 40 shows a small pseudoaneurysm at the lower pole
gambar 25. Kidney trauma. Active vascular contrast extravasation. Catheter angiography during nephrographic phase in the same patient as in Image 41 shows a small pseudoaneurysm at the lower pole
gambar 26. Kidney trauma. Active vascular contrast extravasation. Pseudoaneurysm at the lower pole in the same patient as in Image 42 was embolized by using a coil.
Trauma UreterUreter jalur transportasi dari ginjal ke buli-buliTrauma ureter mengganggu fungsi ginjal
Trauma mengenai pinggang, punggung resiko mengenai ureterok * Lokasi terlindungi * Ukuran kecil * Mobilitas / fleksibel trauma ureter jarang
Etiologi
• Trauma Luar a. Tajamb. Tumpul
• Iatrogenik a. Ginekologisb. Pembedahan rektumc. Endoskopi
Pemeriksaan Radiologi
• IVP ( Intra Vena Pyelografi )• RPG ( Retro Grade Pyelografi )• USG ( Ultra Sono Grafi )• CT Scan Abdomen
Trauma Vesika UrinariaDisebabkan : Trauma
- Tumpul- Tajam- Iatrogenik
Didaerah pelvis / abdomen bawah/ perineum 60-85 % trauma tumpul 15-40 % trauma tajam
Ruptur vesika urinaria : ke• Ekstra peritoneum• Intra peritoneum• Keduanya
Kontusio Vesika Urinaria• Sobekan sebagian mkosa vesika urinaria• Dinding memar hematom
Pemeriksaan :• Sistografi• CT scan abdomen - pelvis
Kontusio Vesika Urinaria• Normal• Tear Drop• Mudah sembuh
Ruptur Vesika UrinariaTerlihat ekstravasasi kontras- ekstra peritonial- intra peritonialDengan CT Scan dpt juga mengevaluasi organ lain
Pear shaped appearance
TRAUMA URETRA• Uretra laki-laki lebih panjang dari wanita• Dihubungkan dgn trauma daerah pelvis
yg cukup berat
Etiologi• Trauma tumpul• Trauma tembus• Iatrogenik
Anatomi• Uretra posterior
* uretra prostatika* uretra membranosa
• Uretra anterior 3 segmen : * pars bulosa
* pars pendulans * pars glanularis
sampai ke meatus uretra externa
Diagnosa
• Berdasarkan gejala klinik• Pemeriksaan penunjang radiologi
RUG ( Retrograde Uretrografi )
Klasifikasi trauma uretra Hasil RUGKlasifikasi Gold Man yaitu :“Berdasarkan Kerusakan Anatomi “
Ada 5 tipe
Tipe 1
. Ruptur ligamentum puboprostatika
. Prostate bergeser ke posterior
. Uretra tetap intak
. Tdk ada extra vasasi zat kontras
Tipe 2
• Trauma uretra posterior & diafragma urogenital• Terlihat extravasasi kontras dlm
pelvis extra peritoneal• Zat kontras tdk ada dalam perineum
Tipe 3
• Tipe yang sering• Kerusakan meluas• Terlihat extravasasi kontras pada
rongga pelvis extra peritoneal dan perineum
Tipe 4
• Terjadi dekat buli-buli meluas ke uretra proximal
• Extravasasi kontras pada pelvis extra peritoneal & sekitar proximal uretra
• Dapat merusak sfingter uretra interna
Tipe 5
•Terjadi di uretra anterior•Terlihat extravasasi kontras
bagian inferior diafragma urogenital