IRCFREPTILES&AMPHIBIANS•21(4):133–135•DEC2014

Cannibalism in the Smith Frog, Hypsiboas faber (Wied-Neuwied, 1821),

in Southern BrazilFábio Maffei1, Bruno Tayar Marinho do Nascimento1, and Paulo Sérgio Bernarde2

1DepartamentodeCiênciasBiológicas,FaculdadedeCiências,UniversidadeEstadualPaulista-UNESP,CEP17033-360,Bauru,SP,Brazil(maffei.fabio@gmail.com)

2LaboratóriodeHerpetologia,CentroMultidisciplinar,UniversidadeFederaldoAcre-UFAC,CampusFloresta,CEP69980-000,CruzeirodoSul,AC,Brazil

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IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • VOL15, NO 4 • DEC 2008 189TABLE OF CONTENTS

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

F E A T U R E A R T I C L E S

Chasing Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in Wisconsin: On the Road to Understanding the Ecology and Conservation of the Midwest’s Giant Serpent ...................... Joshua M. Kapfer 190

The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis) and Humans on Grenada: A Hypothetical Excursion ............................................................................................................................Robert W. Henderson 198

R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E S

The Texas Horned Lizard in Central and Western Texas ....................... Emily Henry, Jason Brewer, Krista Mougey, and Gad Perry 204 The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida

.............................................Brian J. Camposano, Kenneth L. Krysko, Kevin M. Enge, Ellen M. Donlan, and Michael Granatosky 212

C O N S E R V A T I O N A L E R T

World’s Mammals in Crisis ............................................................................................................................................................. 220 More Than Mammals ...................................................................................................................................................................... 223 The “Dow Jones Index” of Biodiversity ........................................................................................................................................... 225

H U S B A N D R Y

Captive Care of the Central Netted Dragon ....................................................................................................... Shannon Plummer 226

P R O F I L E

Kraig Adler: A Lifetime Promoting Herpetology ................................................................................................ Michael L. Treglia 234

C O M M E N T A R Y

The Turtles Have Been Watching Me ........................................................................................................................ Eric Gangloff 238

B O O K R E V I E W

Threatened Amphibians of the World edited by S.N. Stuart, M. Hoffmann, J.S. Chanson, N.A. Cox, R. Berridge, P. Ramani, and B.E. Young .............................................................................................................. Robert Powell 243

CONSERVATION RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Conservation Research Reports ................................. 245 NATURAL HISTORY RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Reports on Natural History ................................. 247 NEWBRIEFS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 248 EDITORIAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................................................................................... 251 FOCUS ON CONSERVATION: A Project You Can Support ............................................................................................... 252

Front Cover. Shannon Plummer.Totat et velleseque audant mo estibus inveliquo velique rerchil erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum fugiatis maionsequat eumque moditia erere nonsedis ma sectiatur ma derrovitae voluptam, as quos accullabo.

Back Cover. Michael KernTotat et velleseque audant mo

estibus inveliquo velique rerchil erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus

aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum fugiatis maionsequat eumque

moditia erere nonsedis ma sectia-tur ma derrovitae voluptam, as

IRC

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Amphibianshaveageneralizeddiet,butadultsarealwayspredators.Mostare insectivorous,but several species

feedonsmallvertebrates.Someofthelatterfeedsporadicallyonfrogs(batracophagy;Toledoetal.2006,Figueiredo-de-Andradeetal.2012).Cannibalisminanuransiswellknownintadpoles(e.g.,McDiarmidandAltig1999).Amongadultanurans,however, it israre;whenitdoeshappen,itusu-allyinvolvespreyingonyoung(Wells2007,WisemanandBettaso2007,Hobel2011,Struijketal.2014)andtendstooccurmostfrequentlyinnon-arborealspecies(Toledoetal.2006,Wells2007).Thisbehaviorisconsideredanopportu-nisticformofpredation(DuellmanandTrueb1994). TheSmithFrog(Hypsiboas faber)islarge(SVLto90mm)andverycommonalongforestedgesandinopenareasof Atlantic Forest from northern Argentina and southeastern ParaguaytonortheasternBrazil(Haddadetal.2013,Frost2014).Vocalizationresemblesthehammeringofablack-smith.Maleshaveaprepolexwithaspinesimilartoathumb,whichisusedincombatwithothermales(MaffeiandUbaid2014).Reproductioninvolvesmudnestsbuiltbythemaleattheedgeofbodiesofwater(Martins1993). Thespecies’naturalhistory iswelldocumented,and includesnumer-ousrecordsofpreyandpredators(e.g.,Martinsetal.1993,PombalJr.2007,Toledoetal.2007,FortiandBertoluci2012). On30December2013at2355h,weobservedamaleHypsiboas faberpreyingonanewlymetamorphosedindivid-ualofthesamespecies(Fig.1).Themalewasperchedongrass(Panicum maximum)about1mabovethegroundatRioClaroFarminLençóisPaulistaMunicipality,SãoPauloState,insouthernBrazil(22°46’35.47”S48°53’52.54”W,a.s.l.650m).Habitatwasriparianforestattheedgeofasemi-perma-nentbodyofwaterinatransitionareabetweentheCerradoandAtlantic Forest.The individualswere collected and

depositedintheAmphibianCollectionoftheDepartmentofZoologyatSãoPauloStateUniversity,SãoJosédoRioPretoMunicipality,SãoPauloState,Brazil(vouchernum-bers:14517and14519). Cannibalism of adults has been documented in some treefrogs(Hylidae),includingHyla cinerea(Höbel2011)andAcris crepitans(McCallumetal.2001).Thisbehaviormaybeassociatedwithsituationsofhighpopulationdensityorlowfoodresources,andcouldprovidepossibleadvantagessuchasobtainingenergywhiledecreasingintraspecificcompeti-tion.Infact,greateravailabilityoffoodperindividualhasbeenshownto increasesurvivalrates(e.g.,Crump1983,Doubledeeetal.2003).However,cannibalismbyadultsinlargecohortscanreduceorcompletelyeliminatesubsequentrecruitment for years (Whiteman andWissinger 2005).FemaleSmithFrogsareknowntodepositclutchesof1,000–2,700eggs(MartinsandHaddad1988).Thisreproductivemode(mode4,sensuHaddadandPrado2005)createssitu-ationsofhighpopulationdensities,becauselarvaequicklymetamorphosetoavoidtheriskofpoolsdryingup(Martins1993). Recorded instances of batracophagy by SmithFrogsinvolvepreyspeciesthatincludeAplastodiscus perviridis and Scinax granulatus(Soléetal.2004),Haddadus binotatus(Leiteetal.2008),Scinaxaff.perereca(MouraandFeio2010),andDendropsophus meridianus (Figueiredo-de-Andrade et al.2012).Ofthese,onlyH. binotatusisterrestrial.PredationbyH. faber is more common on other hylids due to the numer-ouspotentialpredator-preyencountersfacilitatedbyacom-monarboreal lifestyle(MouraandFeio2010,Loebmann2013).However,cannibalismbySmithFrogswaspreviouslydocumentedonlyontadpoles(BernardeandMachado1999).MetamorphosingfrogletsofH. faberareknownpreyofadultsofotherspeciesoffrogs(Leptodactyluscf.latrans;Haddadand

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Sazima1992,PombalJr.1997),butthisisthefirstrecordofcannibalism by H. faberpreyingonconspecificmetamorphs.

AcknowledgmentsTuninBernardehelpedduringfieldwork,DuratexS.A.pro-videdaccesstotheRioClaroFarmandlogisticalsupport,DeniseC.Rossa-Feresassistedwiththedepositionofspeci-mens.ThefirstauthorthanksCAPESforfellowship.

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IRCFREPTILES&AMPHIBIANS•21(4):133–135•DEC2014MAFFEIETAL.

Fig. 1.MaleSmithFrog(Hypsiboas faber)preyingonanewlymetamorphosedconspecific.(A)Whenfirstobserved;(B)removalofthemetamorphfromthemouthoftheadult;(C)thenewlymetamorphosedprey.Photographbytheseniorauthor.

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