Download - Podridão Branca Oscar Villalta
Review management of white rot of Allium cropsA reviso das prticas de gesto para controle da podrido branca (S. cepivorum) em culturas Allium
Possible treatment Regime 1?(regime tratamento possvel uma?)
Year (ano)1 white rot identified (podrido branca identificada) sanitation measures (medidas de saneamento) hot spot treatment (tratamento hot spot)
metham sodium, Dazomet or equivalent rogue all volunteer Allium crops (remover todas asculturas Allium)
Possible treatment Regime 1?(regime tratamento possvel uma?)
Year (ano) 2 antes de plantar uma cultura hospedeira no, aplicar DADS ou alho em p, quando a temperatura do soloadequada
Year (ano) 3 antes de plantar uma cultura hospedeira no, aplicar DADS ou alho em p, quando a temperatura do soloadequada
Year (ano) 4 crescer novamente culturas de Allium (cebola ou alho) Aplicaes de fungicidas
Possible treatment Regime 2?(regime tratamento possvel uma?)
Year (ano) 1 white rot identified (podrido branca identificada)
sanitation measures (medidas de saneamento) hot spot treatment (tratamento hot spot) metham sodium, Dazomet or equivalent rogue all volunteer Allium crops (remover todas as culturas Allium)
Year (ano) 2
controle com fungicidas
Management efforts focusedOs esforos de pesquisa focado
Sanitation (saneamento) Biostimulantes DADS (90-99% effective) and garlic (alho p) powder
Chemical control (control qumico) spot soil treatment (tratamento do solo local) seed treatment (tratamento de sementes) at sowing (aplicao a la siembra) foliar application (aplicao foliar)
Outros Rotation with biofumigation? rotao biofumigao Soil solarisation? - solarizao do solo
Strategies for white rot control in AustraliaAs estratgias para controlar cebola podrido branca na Austrlia 1. saneamento 2. proteger as plantas contra a infeco com fungicidas eficazes controle biolgico mais fungicidas em stios da doena baixos
3. reduzir as populaes de esclerdios no solo DADS DADS integrado con fungicida o control biolgico
4. prticas culturais rotao de culturas adequada anulao
Contedo Histria Austrlia/NZ Epidemiologia Prticas de gesto anulao reabilitao dos solos fungicidas e biocontrols
Controle integrado Novos desafios Opes para o Brasil?
Onion growing regions of Australia
145LE
155LELockyer Valley
-30LSPerth Manjimup Adelaide Plains River Murray South East Riverina
-40LSNorth West Coast
Areas with white rot Australia
Lockyer Valley Queensland
Victoria
Northern Tasmania
Bunching onions in sandy soils Produccin region costera Victoria
bunching onions (leafy and root vegetables) sandy soil 500-600 mm rain 14-16 weeks growing cycle
Sistemas de produccin cebolla Tasmania
Onion, pyrethrum, potatoes, vegetables Red Ferrosol 600-900 mm rain
Sistemas de produccin cebolla Queensland
Onion and some garlic (sweet corn and other vegetables) Black volcanic cracking soil 400-500 mm rain
Valor bruto de la produccin(ABS 2009-10)Cultivo allium Area(ha) 40 310 120 410 5,300 Produccin (t) 270 (>800 AGP) 4 670 60 3 570 260,000 Valor $Aus m 1.9 7.8 0.6 6.1 156.0
ajo puerros cebollas (semilla) cebollinos cebolla (white & brown)
Australia average yield onions 49 t/ha ($461 692/t good years) California (Central San Joaquin Valley) garlic and onion production >48,000 acres (>$340 m) 2006, 13,000 acres with white rot (Turini presentation web)
Tempos de cultivo (Australia)Regin Perodo de siembraMar May Mar - May Aug - Oct
Cosecha
Riesgo de infeccinJun - Aug
Queensland NSW Tasmania
Sep Dec Nov - Jan Jan - April
Sep - Nov
Tempos de cultivo New Zealand
Pukekohe Matamata
Hawkes Bay
Canterbury
Pukekohe/Matamata districts (North Island): Planting May August Harvest December-February Epidemics September October + Canterbury/Timaru districts (South Island) Planting August-September Harvest February- March Epidemics January-February
Timaru
Total area about 5000 ha
Epidemiologyepidemiologia
Epidemiologia Podrido Blanca (S. cepivorum)
Sclerotia source of infection (esclerocios infeco fonte)
Conditions favourable for sclerotia germination and spreadCondies favorveis para o crescimento do patgeno e epidemias
Esclerdios sobreviven en el solo por 10-15 anos
Esclerdios germinan cuando raizes de Allium culturas emiten compuestos sulfurosos (alkyl sulphide) Esclerdios germinan entre 10 y 25 C, ptimo 1318 C El crecimiento micelial (miclio) entre 5 y 30 C, ptimo 10-20 C
Methods of spreadMtodos de propagao
Disease spread quickly prevention of spread to clean field crucial!!! Research efforts plus educational programs must be implemented
infested soil on equipment Solo infestado seed semente animals animais other plant material outros materiais vegetais water run off- guas
Strategies white rot control in AustraliaAs estratgias para controlar cebola podrido branca na Austrlia
Cultural practices (prticas culturais) avoidance (anulao) late plantings (plantaes tardias) rotation (non-hospedeiro e biofumigant culturas)
Treatment infested soil (tratamento solos infestados) soil treatments (tratamento do solo DADS, alho em p)
Management (gesto)fungicides (no sulco de plantio, aps o plantio e emergncia) biocontrols (no sulco de plantio)
Integrated control (controle integrado) DADS + fungicides and/or biocontrol
Cultural practicesprticas culturais
Typical Disease Progress Curve, subtropical, Queensland, Australia Tipica curva de progresso120 100
% plants affected
80 60 40 20 0
Crop sown 28/3/07
25/06/07
5/07/07
15/07/07
25/07/07Date
4/08/07
14/08/07
24/08/07
10cm Soil35 30 25 20 15 10 5
20cm Soil
Soil temperature oC
Jan0
June
Dec
Late planting strategy, Lockyer Valley, Queensland, Australia (plantio tardio com fungicidas)
Late sowing (May)10cm Soil35 30 25 20 15 10 5
20cm Soil
Soil temperature oC
Jan0
June
Dec
Triadimenol (Allitron)
Botrytis & Aspergillus Cyprodinil and Fludioxonil (Switch)
Typical Disease Progress curve, Tasmania, AustraliaTipica curva de progresso25 20
% plants affected
15
10
Crop sown 4/5/07
5
0 10/09/07
20/09/07
30/09/07
10/10/07
20/10/07 Date
30/10/07
9/11/07
19/11/07
29/11/07
Typical Disease Progress Curve (Untreated Pukekohe, New Zealand 2004)Tipica curva de progresso
80%
% plants affected
60%
40%
20%
0%1-Aug-04 21-Aug-04 10-Sep-04 30-Sep-04 20-Oct-04 9-Nov-04 29-Nov-04 19-Dec-04
Time
Degree Day calculator: Pukekohe New ZealandOptimum timing of sprays based on white rot degree day (WRDD) calculationMomento ideal de sprays com base no clculo de graus dia
20 years data showed that first diseased plants occur at 250 degree days after planting so post-plant sprays effective if applied 100-150 WRDD after planting
Relacin entre nmero de esclerocios en el suelo y la incidencia de podredumbre blanca80 70
Disease incidence %
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Soil samples = 5 - 6 Area sampled = 0.2 - 0.4 ha
No. sclerotia kg dry soil
Soil Test (teste do solo) Soil test used in Tasmania, Australia - Teste desolo utilizado na Tasmnia, Austrlia
Growers usually know history of farm plantadores geralmente conhece a histria da fazenda
Information becomes part of decision making - Informao torna-se parte da tomada de decises 1 composite sample per ha (20 subsamples) Uma amostra composta por ha (20 subamostras)
Hot spot (patches)
Eliminate hot spots to prevent disease spread Cost effective soil treatments (e.g. Dazomet and Metham Sodium)
Rehabilitation infested field
Technologies for Eradication/Prevention of Soilborne Pathogens1. Soil Disinfestants (Eradicants)
2. IPM and Soil Health(Prevention - Manage populations) Resistant varieties Biofumigants Biorationals (Voom or mustard oil) Solarisation +/- Redox Potential Biocontrols Organic amendments (Manures, C, N)
(Methyl bromide) Telone C35, In line Chloropicrin, Pic EC Metham and dazomet Methyl iodide Dimethyl disulphide Ethane dinitrile
3. Protection Fungicides (only protect) Biocontrol (suppression)
Steam (energy!)Solarisation (unsuitable?)
Diallyl disulphide (DADS)
Rotation with biofumigant green manure crops Rotao com biofumigant adubao verde
Caliente 199 (Yellow Mustard, USA)
Biofumigation process
Mustclean
Caliente 199
Rotation with yellow mustard (Brassica juncea) green manure crops
Isothiocyanates or ITCs released in to soil
Green manure Brassica species/varieties evaluatedBrassica adubo verde avaliadoTreatment Standard control AddagioTM (Fodder radish) NematTM Maxima-PlusTM BQ-Mulch IdaGoldTM (White mustard) AridTM NemfixTM Species/variety Fumafert Raphanus sativus Eruca sativus Brassica napus B. napus/rapa Sinapis alba Brassica juncea Brassica juncea Origin Organic Crop Protectants Pty Ltd Germany/PHPetersen/Schlatholter/Kirkegaard Biofumigant, Italy//Kirkegaard Fodder rape Kirkegaard Rape turnip, Biofumigant, NZ/Wrightson Oilseed USA/Uni Idaho/Morra//Kirkegaard Low-GSL oilseed mustard, Canada/Kirkegaard Biofumigant, Australia, Seedmark Robertson
MustcleanTMCaliente 199TM GladiatorTM
Brassica junceaBrassica juncea Brassica juncea
Grahams SeedsBiofumigant, USA Biofumigant, Australia, Jacobs
Sinigrin (2-propenyl ITC) content Brassica green manureContedo Sinigrin na parte area e tecido da raiz
120 100
Shoot tissue Root tissue
Sinigrin (2-propenylITC)Mol/g dry weight
80 60 40 20 0Nemfix Caliente 199 Mustclean BQ-Mulch Gladiator Addagio Nemat Maxima-Plus IdaGold Arid
Effect of shoot tissue on Sclerotinia minor 0.5 and 1.0 g/plate on pathogen mycelial growth mmEfeito do tecido tiro em Sclerotinia
80 70 60
0.25 g / plate 0.50 g / plate
Growth (mm)
50 40 30 20 10 0
Nemfix
Fumafert
Caliente 199
BQ-Mulch
Mustclean
Gladiator
Arid
Nemat
IdaGold
Maxima-Plus
Radish
Control (SDW)
Effect of shoot tissue on S. cepivorum 0.5 g/plate on viability esclorotiosEfeito do tecido tiro em esclerotios S. cepivorum1.2 140 Proportion viable 1.0 Sinigrin mmole/g 120 100 0.8 80 0.6 60 0.4 40 0.2 20 0 untreated BQ Mulch Mustclean Nemfix Caliente 119 Fumafert
Proportion S. cepivorum sclerotia viable
0.0
Sinigrin mmole/g DW
Effect rotation with green manures on spring onion yieldEfeito de rotao adubo verde no rendimento cebolinha
Spring onions bunches fresh weight (m2)7.0 6.0Fresh weight kg/m2
5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0
Oats
Rye-corn
BQ Mulch
Mustclean
Fallow
Faba beans
Caliente 199
Effect rotation with green manures on green bean yieldEfeito de rotao adubo verde no rendimento feijes verdes
yield t/ha10
gross margin4000 3500
8 3000
Pod tonne/ha
6
2500 2000
4
1500 1000
2 500 0 Fallow Triticale Ryegrass BQ Mulch Vetch Faba beans Caliente 0
Gross margin $/ha
Chave de condies de incorporao: macerao dos tecidos umidade do solo para a hidrlise GSL em isotiocianatos ITCs impermeabilizao do solo para impedir a fuga das ITCs
When to avoid biofumigationquando para evitar biofumigao com Brassicas
Summer (due to insect pest pressure) - Vero, devido presso de insetos Where ever clubroot disease is a problem - e onde quer que um problema de hrnia das crucferas
Choose an alternative non-brassica green manure crop
Treatment to reduce esclerotiosTratamentos para reduo de esclerdios no solo
Diallyl disulphide or DADS(disulfuro de dialilo or dialil dissulfeto)
DADS voltiles estimulan esclerocioslatentes a germinar en el suelo Alli-up & DADs (90-98% DADS) Inyeccin (shank) con agua en el suelo
2.5, 5 y 10 L/ha, 1000L de agua aplicaciones individuales y dobles
Productos de ajo (produtos de alho)
deshidratado pulverizado (120, 250 kg/ha)
incorporado con azada rotatoria extracto de ajo lquido (5, 10 L / ha) inyectado con
agua 1000 L / ha
Efecto de diferentes concentraciones de DADS y produtos alho en la germinacin de esclerocios (S. cepivorum) expmaceta70 60 Mean no. sclerotia 50 g soil 50 40 30 20 10 0 070 60 50
70 60
DADS
Mean no. 40 Sclerotia 30 50 g soil 20 10 0
50
extracto de ajo
0.003
0.015
0.03
0
0.03
0.15
0.3
diallyl disulphide g/kg soil
garlic juice ml/kg soil
Mean no. Sclerotia 50 g soil
40 30 20 10 0 0 0.15
ajo deshidratado
0.3
1.2
garlic pow der g/kg soil
Mtodos (tratamento cebolas) Before planting - antes do plantio (solo em pousio) Alli-up and Aceto DADs 2.5, 5.0 and 10 L/ha 1 vs 2 aplicao Garlic Powder (alho em p) 120, 250 kg/ha Garlic Juice (extrato de alho) 5, 10 L/ha
Aplicacin DADs (suelo arenoso) las condiciones del suelo durante la aplicacin son crticas:
temperatura del suelo humedad del suelo sellado (rodillo y riego)
Application DADS en suelo arenoso, cebollines2nd application 25 Feb 2003 1st application 6 Sep 2002
Crop sown 17/04/2003
Reduccin de esclerocios con DADS en suelo arenoso, cebollines70 60 50No sclerotia 40 kg soil 30
20 10 0 Untreated 10 L/ha 5 L/ha 10 L/ha split 5 L/ha split DADS treatment
Reduction white rot with DADS on bunching onions Reduo da doena com DADS em cebolinhas40 35 30
% plant affected
25 20 15 10 5 0 untreated DADS 10 L/ha DADS 5 L/ha DADS 10 L/ha x2 DADS 5 L/ha x2
Temperatura del suelo (volcanic soil) durante aplicacin de DADS200325
2004
2st DADS20
Soil temperature oC
15
10
1st DADS5
0
May
Jun
Jul
Air Temp 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0Crop sow n
10cm SoilCrop harvested
Rain 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Temperature oC
00 5 pr 20 30 05 M ay 20 29 05 Ju n 20 29 05 Ju 28 l 2 0 0 A ug 5 20 27 05 S ep 20 27 05 O ct 20 26 05 N ov 20 26 05 D ec 20 05
20 05
ar 2
Ja n
M
M
ar 2
00 5
30
01
31
30
A
Rainfall (mm)
Reduccin de esclerocios con DADS en suelo volcnico, cebollas100 90 80 70 No sclerotia kg soil 60 50 400% plants affected
80
60
40
20
30 20 10 0 untreated 2003 untreated 2004
untreated
10 L/ha x2
1 x DADS 2003
2 x DADS 2004
Application DADS en red ferrosol, cebollasAplicao DADS em solos ferrosol cebolas
2nd application 18 April 2007
1st application 21 Aug 2006
Crop sown 27/08/2007
Aplicacin DADs (red ferrosol)
Effect of DADS and garlic powder on esclerotios, red ferrosol soil TasmaniaEfeito da DADS e p de alho em esclerotios, solo vermelho ferrosol Tasmnia40 35
No esclerotios kg soil
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Extracto Ajo untreated Ajo pulverisado DADS 5 L/ha x2 DADS 10 L/ha DADS 10 L/ha x2 DADS 5 L/ha
Effect of DADS and garlic products on disease onions, red ferrosol TasmaniaEfeito da DADS e alho em p na produo de cebola, vermelho ferrosol Tasmnia45 40
% onion plants affected
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0untreated Extracto Ajo x1 DADS 5 L/ha x2 Ajo pulverisado x1 DADS 10 L/ha x2 DADS 5 L/ha DADS 10 L/ha
Control by DADS 1996-98, cebolas New ZealandTreatment Total Yield tonne/ha Return $/ha
(December 1996/May 1997)
DADS 10l/ha +5 l/ha + Folicur DADS 10l/ha +5 l/ha DADS 10l/ha No treatment
49.5
$24,549
50.6 39.9 30.0
$25248 $18587 $14475
DADS 1998-2000, Cebolas, New Zealand Applications: 2 Nov 1998 + 23 April 199950% 5 l/ha + 5 l/ha 5 l/ha + 10 l/ha 10 l/ha + 5 l/ha 10 l/ha + 10 l/ha control
40%% white rot
30%
20%
10%
0%13 Aug 1 Sep 16 Sep 29 Sep 13 Oct 28 Oct 10 Nov 23 Nov 9 Dec
DADS effect on white rot and garlic yield (California)Efeito da DADS na doena e alho rendimento, Califrnia90 80 70 Healthy root system Yield 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Untreated 224 kg/ha garlic powder DADS (0.5 ml/m2) Methyl bromide (98%; 2% chloropicrin) 0.9 0.8
% healthy root system
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Davis et al., 2007
yield garlic (kg/m)
Efeito do alho em p na reduo esclerdios (Oregon, USA)
Crowe et al., 2007
Onion waste compost effect on reduction sclerotia (UK) Efeito da cebola na reduo esclerdios
Coventry et al., 2007
Eficacia bio-estimulantes (Australia) DADS sinttico (91-97%) altamente eficaz em dosesbaixas (5-7 L/ha) para reduzir a esclerdios no solo
dois tratamentos melhor do que uma
concentraes de alho em p no foram eficazes (17-30%sulfides) como DADS sinttico
alho em p 125 135 lb/acre eficaz in Oregon, USA
Conclusin eficacia bio-estimulantes DADS eficcia depende dos nveis e profundidade de inculo no solo condicin del suelo crtico durante aplicacin: temperatura humedad sellado (contener voltiles)
Current status of DADS Only effective way to restore heavily infested land Slow uptake (Alli-up) in New Zealand Cost $750/ha (2005); about $US50 / L (California 2009) New manufacturer (Aceto) DADs Slow uptake in California and Canada Permit required in Australia (currently commercial trials)
Crop Protection (fungicides and biocontrols)
Control of white rot Pre-1980Fumigation with Methyl Bromide Formaldehyde Mercurous chloride on seed Benomyl
1980s 1979-80 Iprodione (Rovral) Vinclozolin (Ronilan) Seed treatment and foliar sprays (3x monthly) 1984-85 Failure of iprodione and vinclozolin Enhanced degradation Introduction of procymidone (Sumisclex) Dispersible granule at planting Foliar sprays Sumisclex mainstay of control into early 1990s then failure
1990 onwards Introduction of triazoles 1989-1990 tebuconazole (Folicur) triadimenol (Cereous, Bayfidan)
1991-92 cyproconazole (Alto) Applied as foliar sprays
Failure of tebuconazole (New Zealand) 1996-97 Loss of efficacy noticed in field trial Confirmed in subsequent years Not effective in Pukekohe area May be still effective in South Island and Hawkes Bay
Still effective in Australia
Current situation (Australia) Onion industry dependent on: tebuconazole (430 SC) and In furrow onions (Tasmania only) triadimenol (Allitron, 375 g/L; Zelam) foliar applications aim for maximum efficiency
Others: Filan (boscalid) and Switch (cyprodinil + fludioxonil) foliar have activity but used for Botrytis and others Filan foliar (off label) bunching onions
Current situation (New Zealand) Industry dependent on triadimenol and cyproconazole Aim for maximum efficiency Apply in relation to disease onset (use of degree day calculator in Pukekohe area)
Fungicidas (solos arenoso)cebolinhas (bunching onions 14-16 weeks growing cycle)
Aplicaciones de fungicidas (a la siembra - suelos arenosos) en el surco: tratamientos de semilla (procymidone, tebuconazole) tratamientos de fertilizante (procymidone, tebuconazole)
superficie del suelo remojar (procymidone, tebuconazole, boscalid)
In furrow Surface
Treated fertiliser
Treated seed
Aplicaciones de fungicidas (post siembra)v a la base del tallo y zona de la raz : remojar (boscalid, tebuconazol) foliares: triadimenol, azoxystrobinStrategic application
Control con fungicidas en suelo arenoso, cebolinhas (bunching onions), 200450Soil temperature (C)
40 30 20 10
1st spray
2nd spray harvest
Sow ing
0Jan Feb Mar April May June
Month
Control con fungicidas en suelo arenoso, cebolinhas (bunching onions), 2004
% plantas enfermas% plants infected30 25 20 15 10 5 0 untreated procymidone (soil,stem) azoxystrobin (stem,stem) triadimenol (stem,stem) boscalid (stem,stem) tebuconazole (soil) boscalid (soil,stem)
Fungicida
Control con fungicidas en suelo arenoso, cebolinhas (bunching onions)% % plants plantas enfermas infected 20
30 25 20 15 10 5 0No. ramos No marketable 10 plantas/ramo bunches
15 10 5 0untreated control tebuconazole (sow ing) boscalid (sow ing) boscalid (sow ing, stem)
Fungicida
fungisttico o fungitxico?Bayfidan (triadimenol) Folicur (tebuconazole)Ambos fungicidas fungistticos, paran el crecimiento del patgeno pero no lo matan.
Hongos capaces de crecer de nuevo normalmente cuando se extraen de las placas con fungicidas.
At sowing application (aplicacin a la siembra) (Tebuconazole, Tasmania ONLY) En 1990s, tebuconazole mezclado con lime super (1 L/125 kg) 125 kg lime super tebuconazole treated + 125 kg triple super Apply in furrow with seed Produccin lime super paro en 2007
Currently tebuconazole added to single super (1L/125 kg) Apply in furrow with seed Supplemented with 1-2 foliar triadimenol (Allitron) and Filan (boscalid) for Botrytis
La colocacin de fungicidas (por ejemplo en granulos de abono) para el control mximo de patgenos
Tamao de las partculas y el nmero afectaran la colocacin y la distribucin de fungicidas en el suelo.
triadimenol
boscalid
tebuconazole
Folicur-single super + triple super 250 kg/ha in fertiliser box
Prueba fitotoxicidadTriadimenol (Bayfidan)-bentonite moderate solubility, phytotoxic at sowing
Tebuconazole (Folicur)-bentonite low solubility, not phytotoxic
Procymidone (Sumisclex) in furrow phytotoxic (bunching onions) due to slow germination in cold temperatures
Water control
Pre and post-plant application (aplicacin despus de la siembra) Programa para prevenir la enfermedad temprana, y extender la proteccin de cultivos hasta la cosecha.
Onions - Efecto de fungicida aplicado al abono en el surcoField Trial, Forthside Research Station 2007/08 % Reject onions due to severe WR30
20
10
0 Untreated control Folicur bentonite 20kg/ha Bayfidan bentonite 20kg/ha SR Tbz 20kg/ha Folicur - single super 250kg/ha
Efecto de fungicida aplicado al abono en el surcoField Trial Onions, Kindred 2007/08 - within commercial crop% Reject Onions with severe OWR 20SR Tbz = Slow release tebuconazole
16 12 8 4 0Untreated control Folicurbentonite 20kg/ha Bayfidanbentonite 20kg/ha SR Tbz 20kg/ha SR Tbz 40kg/ha Folicursingle super 250kg/ha
Onions, Trial Tasmania (2006/07)Temperatura del suelo (soil temperature)30Soil temperature at 10 cm depth (oC)
3rd fungicide application
25 20 15 10
Crop sown 4 May
2nd fungicide application 1st fungicide application
Harvest5 0 23/05/06
20/06/06
18/07/06
15/08/06
12/09/06
10/10/06
07/11/06
05/12/06
02/01/07
Onions - efecto aplicacion despues de la siembra Pre and post-plant fungicide efficacies Forth (2006/07)25 Untreated control Filan 1000gai Folicur 430gai 20 Amistar 400gai Filan 500gai LEM 800gaiWhite rot incidence
All plots had tebuconazole in furrowUntreated control
15
Amistar 200gai Filan 1000gai+gypsum carrier Bayfidan 750gai
3rd application
10
Bayfidan 375gai 2nd application
Folicur Filan + gypsum Bayfidan low rate
5 1st application Bayfidan high rate
0 10/09/06
20/09/06
30/09/06
10/10/06
20/10/06
30/10/06
09/11/06
19/11/06
29/11/06
09/12/06
Review onion white rot research Australia and other countries
Duff et al., - Fungicide trial alho,subtropical Queensland, March October 1996
Folicur yield 4.2, 5.0, 6.9, 7.8 t/ha
Folicur yield 2.9, 6.7, 7.6, 8.6 t/ha
Alho trial Fresno County, California Shannon et al. 2003/2004.
Cultivar California Early Drip irrigation (2004-2007) not effective
Alho trial Fresno County, California Shannon et al. 2003/2004.
Alho trial Fresno County, California Shannon et al. 2003/2004.
At planting: Endura (boscalid) and Scholar or Cannoball (fludioxonil) also have reduced disease severity and increased yields
Turini et al. (web presentation) 2007-2008 alho trial California (114 sclerotia/kg soil), planted Nov 2007
At planting: 25 gallons water acre (30 psi)
Turini et al. (web presentation) 2007-2008 alho trial California
Turini et al. (web presentation) 2007-2008 alho trial California
Drip applied pumped into 1-2 inch deep drip line over 45 minDrip application not effective infection had already occurred at time first application
Melero-Vara et al., alhoc trial Spain
Dipping garlic cloves 1 ml tebuconazole (Folicur) 25% L water 5 min and/or stem base spray 10 day interval (2-3 applications)
Sumario fungicidas cebollas (a la siembra) Folicur (tebuconazole 430 g/L) eficaz 1.0L/ha, a la siembra con semente mezclado en single super y no fitotxico Actualmente (Tasmania)
Folicur mezclado con single super (1 L/125 kg)+ 125 triple super en el sulco a la siembra ~ $270/ha tebuconazole suprime e impedir a propagao da doena e podefornecer proteo de ciclo precoce e mdio, se inculo baixo.
Se inculo alta suplemento con Allitron 1.5 L/ha (triadimenol 250SC) 1-2 aplicaes foliares com irrigao para mover fungicida para razes e bulbos
Sumario fungicidas cebolas (aps a emergncia)
Allitron (triadimenol, 250 SC) and Filan(boscalid, 500 g a.i.) mais adequado para a aplicao aps a semeadura (emergncia)
Allitron muito eficaz 1.0 1.5 L/ha seguidode irrigao para mover o produto para as razes e bolbos
Filan (boscalid) eficcia depende de tipo desolo, umidade e mtodo de aplicao. Mais eficaz em solos com matria orgnica baixo
mido solo e copa reduzir a ligao em
Alho fungicidas eficciaQueensland (Duff et al.,) Pre-plant dente alho tratamento Folicur (430 g/L) 0.25-1.0 L/ha
Spain (Melero-Vara et al.,): Dente alho dipping (5 min) tebuconazole (1 ml Folicur (25% EC) / L water) plus stem base sprays Ethiopia (Zewide et al.,) Folicur (25 EC 2.1 ml kg) dipping 480 g dente alho in 1 ml
tebuconazole in 1 L water for 5 hr, plus basal spray (0.25 L ha)California (Shannon et al.,): Folicur dente alho tratamento (0.4 oz a.i./cwt) o in furrow (surco) spray 20.5 fl oz Switch, Botran, Endura, Cannonball in furrow (surco) spray banded over open furrow (surco)
Control biologico
(biocontrol)
Biological control agents with activity against podredumbre blanca Trichoderma atroviride cepa C52 (Onionmate, Lincoln University, Agrimm Tech., New Zealand) pellets (a la siembra) Trichoderma harzianum cepa Td22 (Gauntlet, Tasmania, Australia) Pellets (a la siembra) Composte Early season suppression of disease Supplementary fungicides for full season protection
Metodo T. atroviride cepa C52 (Lincoln University, Agrimm Tech. NZ)
grnulos con esporas (> 1x106 ufc / g) se aplican
con la semilla
30, 50 y 70 kg / ha (OnionMate )
proliferacin de C52 en la zona de la raz importante
Efecto Trichoderma alone and combined with DADS and fungicides40
a% plants affected30
b20
10
c d
0
untreated
Trichoderma C52
DADS
DADS + C52
50
a40
% plants affected
a30
20
b10
b c c
0 untreated Trichoderma C52 Tebuconazole Tebuconazole DADS 10L/ha DADS + C52 (furrow) + C52 x2
Compatibilidad entre las prcticas de cultivo y un agente de control biolgico (Trichoderma)Poblacin de Trichoderma necesario para el control biolgico estimado 105 cfu/g suelo
Compatible con: suelos con buenos niveles de materia orgnica mayora de los composts con bajo nitrgeno
mayoria de residuos de cosecha (hortalizas) tasas de campo de fungicidas (dicarboximide, anilide)
Incompatible con: tazas de campo de fertilizantes nitrogenados tratamientos de semillas (thiram, benlate)
Conclusin eficacia biocontrol
Trichoderma C52 no proporcion un buen control en campos con >30% incidencia de podredumbre blanca puede ser til en sitios con baja incidencia de enfermedad, C52 debe ser integrado con aplicaciones foliares de fungicidas para un mejor control de podredumbre blanca
Crop Protection (Control integrado)
Mtodos (tratamientos) Before planting Aceto Alli-up and DADs 2.5, 5.0 and 10 L/ha 1 vs 2 applicaciones Garlic Powder (polvo de ajo) 120, 250 kg/ha Garlic Juice (jugo de ajo) 5, 10 L/ha
A la siembra Onion Mate (Trichoderma C52), 50 kg/ha Fungicide (Folicur-single super + triple super) Despues de la siembra Filan (boscalid), Bayfidan (triadimenol),
Control con DADS, biocontrol y fungicidas en suelo arenoso, cebollines% plantas enfermas % plants infected50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0untreated biocontrol DADS10L/ha single DADS 5L/ha single DADS 10L/ha dual DADS 5L/ha dual DADS 5L dual+biocontrol boscalid DADS 5L dual+boscalid
Tratamiento
Ingreso bruto control con DADS y fungicidas, cebollinesTratamiento Cosecha No. ramos/ha Aumento rendimien to (%) 136.2 128.6 144.8
Ingreso bruto ha at $Aus5 per deck $52,500$71,500 $67,500 $76,000
Controlboscalid 2 x DADS 5L/ha DADS + boscalid
10,50014,300 13,500 15,200
35% disease incidence; 1 deck = 10 bunches34% incidencia de podredumbre blanca, Paragon
Ensayo Queensland (suelo volcnico)
Temperatura del suelo durante aplicacin de DADs200325
2004
2st DADS20
Soil temperature oC
15
10
1st DADS5
0
May
Jun
Jul
Air Temp 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0Crop sow n
10cm SoilCrop harvested
Rain 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Temperature oC
00 5 pr 20 30 05 M ay 20 29 05 Ju n 20 29 05 Ju 28 l 2 0 0 A ug 5 20 27 05 S ep 20 27 05 O ct 20 26 05 N ov 20 26 05 D ec 20 05
20 05
ar 2
Ja n
M
M
ar 2
00 5
30
01
31
30
A
Rainfall (mm)
Control con DADS, biocontrol y fungicidas en suelo volcnico (2005) cebollas30
Soil Temperature (oC)
200520Crop sown 1st boscalid spray 1st boscalid spray
% plantas infected % plants enfermas100 80 60 40 20 0untreated Filan
10
0 Mar April May Jun Jul
DADS, DADS, Filan Trichoderma
DADS
Folicur
Folicur, Filan
DADS, Folicur and Filan
DADS, Folicur
Tratamiento
Aumento en rendimiento con DADS, fungicidas y biocontrol suelo volcnico, cebollas (2005)Tonnes/ha
40 30 20 10 0untreated Filan DA DS, Filan DA DS DA DS, Fo licur and Filan Fo licur Fo licur, Filan DA DS, DA DS, Fo licur Tricho derma
Ingreso bruto control con DADS y fungicide, cebollasTratamiento Tonnes/ha Aumento rendimiento (%) Ingreso bruto ha at $Aus450/t
Control tebuconazole 2 x DADS 10L/ha DADS + tebuconazole
11 31 28 34
281.8 254.5 309.0
$4,950 $13,950 $12,600 $15,300
cv Early Lockyer Brown; 60% incidencia podredumbre blanca
Ensayo Tasmania (Red ferrosol)
Temperatura del suelo durante aplicacin de DADs35 30 25Soil temperature (oC)
2nd DADs applied on 18/04/07
20 15 10 5 0 9/12/06
8/01/07
7/02/07
9/03/07
8/04/07
8/05/07
7/06/07
7/07/07
30 cm 9/12/06 0 8/01/07 7/02/07 9/03/07
15 cm 8/04/07 8/05/07 7/06/07 7/07/07
40
Soil moisture tension (kPa)
80 2nd DADS applied on 18/04/07 120 dataloggers set up on 9/12/06 1st DADS applied on 21/09/06 160
200
Control con DADS y productos de ajo en un cultivo de cebollaen un campo con bajo contenido de humedad durante la aplicacin de tratamientos del suelo
nil x2 DADS 5L x1 DADS 5L50% plants with white rot
x2 DADS 2.5L LGE x1 DADS 2.5L
DGP 2x DADS 10L x1 DADS 10L
40 30
a
b 20 10 0
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
Pre-plant soil treatment
Aumento de rendimiento con DADS y productos de ajo en un cultivo de cebollaen un campo con bajo contenido de humedad durante la aplicacin de tratamientos del suelo
nil x1DADS 10L DGP7
LGE x2DADS 2.5L 2xDADS 10L
x1DADS 2.5L x1DADS 5L x2DADS 5L
Marketable onions (kg)
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
c b a bc
c
c
c
c
c
Pre-plant soil treatment
Control con DADS, biocontrol y fungicidasen un campo con bajo contenido de humedad durante la aplicacin de tratamientos del suelo
nil x1DADS 5L x1DADS 2.5L + T x1DADS 10L + T x1DADS 2.5L + F50% Plants with white rot
Trichoderma x1DADS 2.5L x1DADS 10L x1DADS 5L + F
folicur x1DADS 5L + T x1DADS 10L + F Folicur + Trichoderma
a 40 a 30 20 10 0Pre-plant soil and protectant treatments
b
b
bc
bc
bc
bc
bc
bc
bc
c
c
Aumento en rendimiento con DADS, biocontrol y fungicidasen un campo con bajo contenido de humedad durante la aplicacin de tratamientos del suelo
nil x1DADS 5L + T x1DADS 2.5L + T x1DADS 10L + T x1DADS 5L + F7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Trichoderma Trichoderma + folicur Folicur x1DADS 5L
x1DADS 2.5L x1DADS 10L + F x1DADS 10L x1DADS 2.5L + Fd
Marketable onions (kg)
c a b bc bc
c
c
c
c
cd
cd
d
Pre-plant and protectant treatments
Ensayo Queensland (suelo volcnico)
Temperature oC0
Soil temperature oC10 5 15 20 25 30 35
30 Ja n M 20 06 01 31
10
15
20
25
30
35
0
5
30 Ja n M ar 2 ar 2 00 7 00 7 M A 20 07 01 31 30
Air Temp
crop sown
30
10cm Soil
1st DADS
10cm Soil crop harvested Rain
20cm Soil
2nd DADS
pr 20 07 M ay 20 29 07 Ju n 20 07 29 Ju l2 28 00 7 A ug 20 27 07 S ep 20 27 07 O ct 20 26 07 N ov 20 26 07 D ec 20 07
ar 20 06 M ar 20 30 06 Ap r2 00 30 6 M ay 20 29 06 Ju n 20 06 29 Ju l2 00 28 6 Au g 20 27 06 Se p 20 27 06 O ct 20 26 06 N ov 20 26 06 D ec 20 06
200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0Rainfall (mm)
Control con DADS - en un campo con altos niveles de esclerocios(300/kg suelo)120 untreated control DADS 2.5 L/ha, 1 application DADS 2.5 L/ha, 2 application DADS 5 L/ha, 1 application DADS 5 L/ha, 2 application DADS 10 L/ha, 1 application DADS 10 L/ha, 2 application
100
% of plants with white rot
80
60
40
20
028/06/200 5/07/2007 1 2/07/200 1 9/07/200 26/07/200 2/08/2007 9/08/2007 1 6/08/200 23/08/200 30/08/200
Assessment date
Control con fungicidas - en un campo con altos niveles de esclerocios (300/kg suelo)
100 untreated control Bayfidan Filan Folicur
% plants with white rot
80
60
40
20
028/06/200 1 2/07/200 26/07/200 9/08/2007 23/08/200
Assessment date
Control con DADS y fungicidas - en un campo con altos nivelesde esclerocios (300/kg suelo)
100
untreated control DADS 2.5 L/ha, 1 application + Folicur DADS 2.5 L/ha, 2 application + Bayfidan
80% plants with white rot
DADS 5 L/ha, 1 application + Folicur DADS 5 L/ha, 2 application + Bayfidan
60
DADS 10 L/ha, 1 application + Folicur DADS 10 L/ha, 2 application + Bayfidan
40
20
028/06/200 12/07/200 26/07/200 9/08/2007 23/08/200
Assessment date
Resultados DADs integrado DADs preplant + fungicida (e.g. Folicur) a la siembra si inoculum alto DADS pre-plant + fungicida (Folicur) a la siembra + Allitron despues siembra si inoculum muy alto DADS + biocontrol a la siembra + Allitron si inoculum es muy bajo
Opciones para Brazil? preplant tratamentos para reduo deesclerdios DADs, produtos de alho?
Tratamentos siembra (fungicidas) Folicur (tebuconazole)?
Others
Post-plant trataments seguido de
Abordagem integrada para gerenciar podrido branca Bioestimulantes (DADS e alho em p) para reduzir as populaes esclercios Fungicidas para proteger as plantas contra a infeco semente (clove dente alho) aplicar na semeadura injeo atravs de irrigao por gotejamento?
Land rehabilitation
rotao com os no-anfitries e culturas biofumigant solarisation? fumigation?
Necesidades futuras de investigacin1. otros mtodos para aplicar DADS y fungicidas (e.g. riego por goteo y subsuelo), otros fungicidas2. eficacia de productos que contienen sulfides incluyendo DADS y DMDS en otros patgenos del suelo 3. efecto de aplicacin de productos de ajo a diferentes profundidades del suelo 4. evaluar tratamientos alternativos de suelos (por ejemplo enmiendas del suelo con isotiocianatos, etc) 5. adecuada rotacin de cultivos (enfoque holstico) incluyendo uso de cultivos biofumigantes (descanse)
AgradecimientosOthersDr Oscar Villalta Denise Wite Dr Ian J. Poter Dr Kirstin McLean Alan Duff Hung Pung Bob Furllerton (DPI Victoria) (DPI Victoria) (DPI Victoria) (Lincoln University, NZ) (DPI&F Queensland, Australia) (Peracto Ltd Pty, Tasmania, Australia) (HortResearch, NZ) Joordens Seeds/ Seedforce Caliente source Dr John Kirkegaard CSIRO
Prof. Alison Stewart (Lincoln University, NZ)
Dr Jacky Edwards - DPI Dr Caroline Donald Dr Oscar Villata Dr Scott Mattner Dr David Allen Rajendra Gounder David Riches
RefernciasVillalta et al., (2008). Optimising diallyl disulphide (DADS) for the management of white rot of onions. Horticulture Australia VN05009 Villalta et al., (2005). Stop the Rot Managing onion white rot in spring onions. Horticulture Australia VG01096 Melero-Vara et al., (2000). Comparison of physical, chemical and biological methods of controlling garlic white rot. European Journal of Plant Pathology 106, 581-588. A. A. Duff, et al., (1997). Tebuconazole (Folicur) shows potential in the control of white rot (Sclerotium cepivorum) in garlic in subtropical Queensland, Australia. Proceedings of the second International symposium on edible alliaceae pp247-250. Shannon Mueller, Kurt Hembree, and Mike Davis (2006). Garlic White Rot Trial Progress Report. Vegetable notes edition 7 (on the web) Pung et al., (2008). Development of postplant fungicide treatments for white rot control on onions. HAL project VN05007 Pung et al., (2008). Investigation on efficacy of Folicur in lime super carrier and development of alternative carriers for white rot control in onions. HAL project VN05010.
RefernciasO.N. Villalta, et al., (2011). the potential of biofumigant and green manure crops as a tool to manage soilborne diseases in vegetable production. Biofumigation Conference. Coventry et al., (2002). Soil Biochemistry 34, 1037 1045. Davis et al., (2007). Plant Disease 91, 204-208 Zewide et al., (2007). Crop Protection 26, 856-866