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[F@RK^Q@GMG GK M^WKQ, A@KFA@MQ P AEC[F@AMA@ÑFBmauitmg gk Mrtk, Mrqu`tkaturm y G`skýeAmrrkrm gk Mrtks R`sumiks y Betehrmbãm
IM N[^EA^MA@M GKI M^WK: IM ^KIMA@ÑF KFW^KIM GEA[CKFWMA@ÑF P KI QK^.
\reykate gk Wãtuie pmrm eptmr mi Hrmge Mamgàc`ae gk I`akfa`mturm kf Mrtks R`sumiksy Betehrmbãm y mi Wãtuie \rebks`efmi Mrt`stm R`sumi y Betñhrmbe
\rebkser Huãm4 ^mcñf Amst`iie @festrezmCktegñiehe4 Ouhe Hmraãm Hmrr`ge
Kstug`mftkNkfdmcãf Mfgràs Nmrrkrm Mr`ms
@faiuyk vkrs`ñf g`h`tmi4 AG-^EC
Qmft`mhe gk Ao`ik, Cmrze gk >
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Ki g`piecm s`rvk seimckftk pmrm aefst`tu`r ufm kspka`k gk vmier ckramft`i gki smnkr.
Kste pkrc`tk tmcn`àf quk ies fe peskkgerks gk g`piecms arkmf fe tkfkr ki
gkrkaoe gk smnkr e fe skr ampmaks gk smnkr. Wegms ims pkrsefms quk mgqu`krkf uf
g`piecm gknkf smnkr quk ài, gk fmgm iks s`rvk, fe t`kfk aeftkf`ge, ks vmaãe.
Kf aeftrmpmrt`gm, ies quk fe t`kfkf g`piecm, iks gmf uf skft`ge pikfe.
Arke quk ki g`piecm buk okaoe prka`smckftk pmrm ies quk fe ie t`kfkf.
C. Beuamuit, ^mg`esaep`m
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk >
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Kf ckcer`m
Gk Hu`iikrc`fm, c` mcmgm cmgrk, c` kdkcpie gk bukrzm,
gk ^mcñf, c` mcmge pmgrk, c` rkbkrkfa`m gk iuaom,
gk c` qukr`ge Cmure, c` cegkie gk mikhrãm y gkNmfg`ge, c` b`hurm gk ikmitmg.
M c`s prebkserks, per su pma`kfa`m y gkg`ama`ñf, m Mfgrkm Dòsao, ^esm Cuýez, Dui`ktm
Dmrm y Gmf`kim ]u`rez, per su prebks`efmi`sce y senrk tege, su mc`stmg. M c`s
aecpmýkres, Cmfuki, Amrei`fm, Brmfaksam y kf kspka`mi m Desà, per su smn`gurãm y
ikmitmg, per kstmr s`kcprk g`spukste m myugmr.
M c` bmc`i`m, c`s tãms y c`s pr`ces, m tãm c` Dumf` y m ^unàf, per kstmr s`kcprk m c` imge.
Cmtokus, Amrei y Gknermo, per ckzaimr pkrbkatmckftk im mc`stmg y mcer.
M Mfgrkm, per skr pmrt`a`pk gk kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf s`kcprk mpertmfge, pkre pr`fa`pmickftk y
senrktege, per skr c` hrmf mpeye y c` pukrte skhure gurmftk tege kstk preakse.
Kspka`mickftk y senrk tege m Nrufm,
c` mcer `faefg`a`efmi, c` cet`ve gk bki`a`gmg y im rmzñf per skhu`r iuaomfge gãm m gãm.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 1
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@fg`ak
=. ^ksuckf ........................................................................................................................ ;
>. @ftreguaa`ñf .................................................................................................................... 21. Cktegeiehãm .................................................................................................................. =<
7. Amp`tuie =. Ims ksaukims gk mrtks ................................................................................. ==
=.= Ims pr`ckrms ksaukims gk mrtk kf Ao`ik .................................................... =>
=.> Im ksaukim gk mrtk gk [f`maa .................................................................... =2
;. Amp`tuie >. Ims rkima`efks kfterfe mi geauckfte ......................................................... >>
>.= Ki geauckfte aece endkte ........................................................................ >1
>.> Ki geauckfte kf su makpa`ñf hrmcmt`ami .................................................. >?
>.1 Ki geauckfte aece ’Qkr– .......................................................................... 1=
2. Amp`tuie 1. Ki ’skr– mrt`stm ............................................................................................. 11
1.= Ki mrt`stm kckrhkftk kf Ao`ik .................................................................... 17
8. Amp`tuie 7. Mrt`stms rkbkrkftks ....................................................................................... 7<
7.= Demf Beftaunkrtm ...................................................................................... 7=
7.> Pmsucmsm Cer`curm ................................................................................. 7;
7.1 Wec Br`kgcmf ........................................................................................... ;<
7.7 Wok Pks Ckf ............................................................................................. ;;
?. Amp`tuie ;. \reguaa`ñf gk enrm ..................................................................................... 2<
;.= Wmxefecãm ................................................................................................. 2=
;.> Wrmguaa`ñf y rk`ftkrprktma`ñf .................................................................... 28
;.1 \ruknms, krrerks y rkpkt`a`ñf .................................................................... 81
0. Aefaius`ñf .................................................................................................................... 88
=
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^ksuckf
Ki prkskftk preykate gk tãtuie, aerrkspefgk m ufm `fvkst`hma`ñf senrk im nurearma`m gkimrtk, kspkaãb`amckftk kf im ksaukim gk mrtks. [fm nôsqukgm kftrk geauckftes
pkrsefmiks, preteaeies y ufm skr`k gk akrt`b`amges, quk prktkfgk nusamr, rkima`efks kftrk
ies geauckftes ut`i`zmges m ie imrhe gki preakse gk tks`s y im `gkm gki ’Qkr– aece tkrakrm
pkrsefm, y gk ksk cege, arkmr uf rkimte aeokrkftk senrk ies preakses nurearít`aes
fkaksmr`es pmrm aefst`tu`r kstk fukve ’Qkr–, mrt`stm.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ;
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skft`ge mnsurge gk mqukiie quk prktkfgk vkr`b`amr, im preakgkfa`m gki skr m trmvàs gk uf
geauckfte bãs`ae (mrao`ves `cprkses) rkkcpimzmge per mrao`ves g`h`tmiks.
M pmrt`r gk ksm `gkm, sk gksmrreiim ufm `fvkst`hma`ñf kf ufm skr`k gk geauckftespkrsefmiks, kfaeftrmfge rkima`efks i`fhùãst`ams, tkrr`ter`e quk ki mrt`stm sk mprevkaom pmrm
aukst`efmr teges ies kikckftes, sea`miks, auiturmiks, peiãt`aes, rki`h`eses, sus preakses
nurearít`aes, sus bercms y ckg`es, aumi`gmgks quk ki mrt`stm mprevkaom, pmrm aefvkrt`ries
kf p`kzms gk mrtãst`ams aef ki b`f gk `ftregua`r kstms prenikcít`ams mi cufge gki mrtk.
Wmcn`àf aukst`efm im nurearma`m uf`vkrs`tmr`m, im nurearma`m gki ckg`e mrtãst`ae y su
rkima`ñf aef ki preakse pkrsefmi, pkfsmfge kf tege ceckfte ’ie uf`vkrs`tmr`e– aece im
`fst`tua`ñf quk eterhmrm uf rei prebks`efmi m su kx`stkfa`m, kxtrmým b`hurm pmrm qu`kf
prktkfgk aefvkrt`rsk kf mrt`stm v`sumi per im markg`tma`ñf gki geauckfte vkr`b`amger,
gkb`f`kfge ki geauckfte aece im akrt`b`ama`ñf gk ufm kxpkr`kfa`m gk quk mihe om kx`st`ge
e aecprenma`ñf gk ufm rkmi`gmg. Aukst`efmc`kfte quk moefgm kf im aefg`a`ñf gki skr
mrt`stm v`sumi.
Kf nmsk m kstes fukves aukst`efmc`kftes, ies `ftkrksk gki mrt`stm sk omf
gksmrreiimge oma`m ki ikfhumdk y m im preguaa`ñf gk `aefes, tecmfge ims kxpkr`kfa`ms gk
pàrg`gms quk ki mrt`stm tuve quk v`v`r, moerm ims prenikcmt`zmrims trmfsbercífgeims kf
geauckftes aece nmsk pmrm pregua`r sus prep`ms pàrg`gms, per ckg`e gk mrtkbmates
tkafeiñh`aes aet`g`mfes trmtmfge gk kv`gkfa`mr im pàrg`gm gk ies geauckftes ’bãs`aes–,
rkkcpimzmges per mrao`ves g`h`tmiks. Gksgk kstk pufte gk pmrt`gm, sk `fvkst`hm senrk ki
ikfhumdk gk kstes bercmtes kf aefg`a`ñf gk ar`s`s, im bercm aef quk sef ut`i`zmges pmrm
aecuf`amr y tmcn`àf senrk im nurearma`m quk refgm kf kstes c`sces.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 8
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M pmrt`r gk im rkaep`ima`ñf gk añg`hes, nusamrm arkmr ufm kstruaturm gk skýmiks
pmrm uf g`íiehe quk skm aecprkfs`nik. Im cet`vma`ñf pmrm pregua`r skýmiks quk sk
pukgmf kftkfgkr y arkmr ufm aecuf`ama`ñf, pmrt`rãm gksgk ufm skr`k gk tríc`tks ikhmiks,
rkaep`ima`ñf gk geauckftes, y trmguaa`ñf pmrm im vkftm gk uf gkpmrtmckfte kf im a`ugmggk Qáe \muie. Ksm nôsqukgm per uf ikfhumdk aecôf t`kfk rkima`ñf aef im kxpkr`kfa`m gki
amcn`e, kf kstk amse, ki amcn`e `cpi`amrãm, im rkmgmptma`ñf m etre s`stkcm, etrm g`miàat`am,
etres s`hfes, etrms bercms, etre ikfhumdk.
Maecpmýmfge su preguaa`ñf, su trmnmde `aefeaimstm sk preguak kf nmsk m im
rki`h`ñf amtñi`am, nusamfge etrms epa`efks m pmrtk gk im rki`h`ñf, ym quk trmnmdmr aef im
`gkm gk trmnmdmr aef ies `aefes amtñi`aes, ki mrt`stm sk i`c`tmnm m uf gktkrc`fmge kspma`e
gk trmnmde, msã, kxpmfgk ies aukst`efmc`kftes senrk im preguaa`ñf gk `aefes m uf kspma`e
cís mcpi`e, `faerpermfge ims cmrams y puni`a`gmgks quk fes regkmf y mamnmf
trmfsbercífgesk kf `aefes aeftkcperífkes. M pmrt`r gk kse, sk bufgmckftm ki trmnmde kf
ufm preguaa`ñf betehríb`am y endktumi, oma`kfge msã, ufm mprex`cma`ñf m im puni`a`gmg,
aukst`efmfge su preguaa`ñf cms`vm k `fvms`vm.
Im fea`ñf gki vkrne prepukste per im N`ni`m, im `gkm gki skr, sk rkima`efm
g`rkatmckftk aef kstk trmnmde y aef uf tkcm `gkft`tír`e, preguate gki v`mdk y gki amcn`e gk
pmãs, ym quk m pmrt`r gk kstk trmsimge gk Nrms`i m Ao`ik, ki mrt`stm amcn`mge gk g`rkaa`ñf, gk
mc`hes, gk bmc`i`m, gk aet`g`mfe, `g`ecm y `faiuse su fecnrk, ym quk kf Qáe \muie,
gurmftk =; mýes, buk aefea`ge aece ’Nkfdmcãf Mr`ms–, usmfge ki fecnrk cmtkrfe per im
prex`c`gmg gk im bmc`i`m, y iikhmfge mquã, sôn`tmckftk tuve quk mgeptmr ki fecnrk pmtkrfe
aece b`rcm.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ?
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M pmrt`r gk tmi nôsqukgm sk prepefk ki aukst`efmc`kfte senrk im rkmi`gmg `fstmimgm
kf ies c`sces geauckftes y su rkima`ñf aef ki aeftkxte sea`e auiturmi ao`ikfe.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 0
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Cktegeiehãm
Ki càtege pmrm im preguaa`ñf gk fukvms rkmi`gmgks
Kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf, aefs`gkrmrí ufm cktegeiehãm nmsmgm kf im pksqu`sm kf terfe m ufm
skr`k gk geauckftes, i`nres, mrao`ves, tkxtes b`iesñb`aes y mftrepeiñh`aes, pmrm m pmrt`r gk
kse, cmgurmr ufm o`pñtks`s, tkf`kfge kf aukftm kikckftes gk kstms g`bkrkftks írkms, pmrm
hkfkrmr aruaks aef g`fíc`ams gk preguaa`ñf mrtãst`am, auic`fmfge aef bufgmckftma`ñf y
prkskftma`ñf gk ufm enrm `fàg`tm, preguate gk kstes rkimtes.
Im tks`s, t`kfk uf amríatkr gksar`pt`ve kf im aumi sk `fgmhmrí senrk im vmi`gkz gki
akrt`b`amge gk tãtuie, aece cktíberm gk im nurearma`m gki mrtk, gksgk su aefst`tua`ñf,
aecprenma`ñf gk vkrma`gmg y aece im c`scm sk rkima`efm kf ki mrtk tkf`kfge kf aukftm im
preguaa`ñf gk fukvms rkmi`gmgks.
Gk kstm bercm, kstm tks`s, `faerpermrí kf su preakse, okrrmc`kftms y cktegeiehãms
quk nusamf kfr`qukakr im preguaa`ñf mrtãst`am, trmfsbercmfge rkimtes o`stñr`aes, ut`i`zmfge
geauckftes y mprep`ífgesk gk sãcneies pmrm hkfkrmr msã, ufm p`kzm gk mrtk, cmgurm y
aeokrkftk aef ki preakse quk kstm kxpkr`ckftmrí.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk =
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Ims ksaukims gk mrtks
Kf kstk ampãtuie sk omak uf nrkvk rkaerr`ge o`stñr`ae makram ims ksaukims gk mrtks kfAo`ik, m b`f gk aeftkxtumi`zmr ki preakse gk kfskýmfzm y mprkfg`zmdk gki mrtk y gk ksm
cmfkrm s`tumr im aefstruaa`ñf gki ’mrt`stm– g`piecmge, o`stñr`amckftk aefg`a`efmge,
mfmi`zmfge su kfterfe auiturmi y sus cktegeiehãms. \mrm kse, sk rkv`sm ki `f`a`e gk im
kfskýmfzm mrtãst`am kf Ao`ik, y sk omak uf mfíi`s`s gk im ksaukim gk mrtks gk [F@MAA.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ==
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Amp`tuie =.=
Ims pr`ckrms ksaukims gk mrtks
Kf Ao`ik, ies erãhkfks gk im kguama`ñf mrtãst`am ksaeimr, t`kfkf bkaom m ies b`fmiks gki s`hie
_R@@@, aumfge, kf ki rka`àf bufgmge, @fst`tute Qmf Iu`s, sk kfskýmrm g`nude, beckftmfge im
arkma`ñf gk mrtksmfes. Gurmftk ki s`hie s`hu`kftk, sk bercñ im Ksaukim gk Mrtks y Eb`a`es
(quk pestkr`erckftk pmsmrãm m skr im [f`vkrs̀ gmg gk Qmft`mhe gk Ao`ik, [QMAO), ki gãm 2
gk dui`e gki mýe =?70 y tmcn`àf ims Ksaukims Fercmiks gk Ao`ik, kf ki mýe 7>, ksaukims
quk kf ksk kftefaks, tkfãmf aece pr`fa`pmi kfbequk, im kfskýmfzm y ampma`tma`ñf gk
cmfumi`gmgks, prmat`ams quk, sk aefs`gkrmnmf kskfa`miks pmrm ki gksmrreiie kaefñc`ae
gki pmãs, msã skýmim Dui`e Dmr`kz, pr`ckr g`rkater gk im Ksaukim gk Mrtks y Eb`a`es, kf su
g`saurse prehrks`stm kf ki mýe =?;>4
D. Dmr`kz, Ksaukim gk Mrtks y Eb`a`es, =?;>.
Kf uf pmãs gefgk tecmf tmfte `farkckfte ims `gkms gk prehrkse, ` quk
aumfge kstms sk aefv`krtkf kf ufm fkaks`gmg pmrm sus omn`tmftks, im
`fstruaa`ñf, ki aefea`c`kfte gk ims mrtks ` ims a`kfa`ms, sef ies ôf`aeskikckftes quk gknkf aefgua`r mi b`f.
Kf ki c`sce mýe gk =?70, tmcn`àf sk `fmuhurñ kf Qmft`mhe, im Mamgkc`m gk
\`fturm, ksaukim quk skr`m im pr`ckrm m prkskftmr uf prehrmcm gk bercma`ñf prebks`efmi
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk =>
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tkf`kfge ims mrtks aece kfbequk pr`fa`pmi, msã, gk bercm `fàg`tm, sk kftrkhmnm im
bercma`ñf gk dñvkfks p`fterks, m uf hrupe gk prebkserks kspka`mi`zmges, aef ufm cmiim
aurr`auimr y prehrmcms pkfsmges pmrm ept`c`zmr ksk preakse. G`kz mýes cís tmrgk, im
Mamgkc`m, pmsmrãm m bercmr pmrtk gk im iimcmgm ’Qkaa`ñf [f`vkrs`tmr`m gk Nkiims Mrtksgefgk im kfskýmfzm gk im p`fturm, g`v`gãm kspma`e, aef imkfskýmfzm gk etrms g`sa`pi`fms,
aece im ksauiturm y im mrqu`tkaturm.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk =1
@cmhkf =. ^kh`stre betehrí ae gk aimsk gk ksauiturm kf im Qkaa`ñf [f`vkrs`tmr`m gk NkiimsMrtks, Mýe =?70
Bukftk4 www.mrtks.uao`ik.ai
http://www.artes.uchile.cl/http://www.artes.uchile.cl/http://www.artes.uchile.cl/
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Kf ksk ceckfte, ims bercms y ies g`saurses, c`rmnmf oma`m tkcms rki`h`eses,
`c`tmfge ims kstàt`ams brmfaksms, ie quk sk vk rkbikdmge kf im mrqu`tkaturm gk iuhmrks aece
ki Cuske Fma`efmi gk Nkiims Mrtks, ki \mrquk Berkstmi, im Kstma`ñf Cmpeaoe y tmcn`àf kf
ki s`hu`kftk kxtrmate gki fuckre >=, gk im ^kv`stm Qmft`mhe, gk =?70, quk sk rkb`krk
dustmckftk m im `fmuhurma`ñf gk im Mamgkc`m gk \`fturm4
B. Bkrfmfgkz ^egkiim, ^kv`stm Qmft`mhe, =?70
Kf kstk s`hie `fg`bkrkftk, m qu`kf im bk pmrkak mnmfgefmr, µfe sef tegmvãm
ies msuftes rki`h`eses ies quk cís fes cukvkf5 Omak mpkfms uf mýe quk
im cuaokgucnrk ív`gm sk mheipmnm kf ims hmikrãms gkiIeuvrk pmrm mgc`rmr
ufm enrm cegkrfm ` gki tege ar`st`mfm. \mràakck tegmvãm vkr ksk
cmrmv`iiese aumgre gk Mry Qaokbbkr, quk fe ck amfsmnm gk aeftkcpimr...
(p.182)
Gurmftk ki mýe gk =0
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`ftregua`gm per ies g`rkaterks kurepkes, aeftrmtmges per ki hen`krfe ao`ikfe kf ies
pr`fa`p`es gk Mamgkc`m gk \`fturm, muf sk vkf cmramges kf im cmyerãm gk ims ksaukims gk
mrtk, quk kfbeamf im bercma`ñf gki mrt`stm, nmde cmiims aurr`auimrks quk v`smf ufm
kspka`mi`gmg, gk a`krtm bercm, rktecmfge im `gkm gki mrtk aece eb`a`e.
Ksms prmat̀ ams sef bía`ickftk rkaefea`gms kf uf nrkvk rkaerr`ge per ims s`t`e wkn
gk ims ksaukims gk mrtks, aece ks ki amse gk im [f`vkrs`gmg gk Ao`ik, gefgk skhôf su
s`t`e (ottp4//www.uao`ik.ai/amrrkrms/7018/mrtks-pimst`ams), hrmge mamgàc`ae eterhmge, ks gk
I`akfa`mge kf Mrtks, aef ckfa`ñf kf Mrtks \iíst`ams, ym im [f`vkrs`gmg B`f`s Wkrrmk,
prkskftm 2 Iãfkms gk bercma`ñf gk im kspka`mi`gmg gk Mrtks R`sumiks y 1 Iãfkms gk
bercma`ñf trmfsvkrsmi kf su pmh`fm wkn (ottp4//www.b`f`stkrrmk.ai/amrrkrmUmrtks/cmiim.pop),
gefgk, ksms 2 iãfkms, prkskftmf cmyerckftk kspka`mi`gmgks prevkf`kftks gk ims ’nkiims
mrtks– aece, g`nude, ksauiturm, hrmnmge y p`fturm ksk bkfñckfe tmcn`àf sk enskrvm kf im
[f`vkrs`gmg Amtñi`am gk Ao`ik (gsrg.ua.ai/gmrm/amrrkrm/CMIIMQ/mrtkUasea/cUmrtkF.otci),
y ks s`c`imr kf ims etrms ksaukims gk mrtks.
Im [f`vkrs`gmg [f`maa, im amsm gk kstug`e gefgk sk iikvm m amne kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf,
ouyk gk ksk bercmte, tkf`kfge ufm g`fíc`am cís akramfm mi cegkie fertkmckr`amfe gk
kguama`ñf, gefgk ki mprkfg`zmdk sk beckftm per im kxpkr`ckftma`ñf kf vmr`ms g`sa`pi`fms,
bercmfge uf mrt`stm ampmz gk trmnmdmr kf g`bkrkftks írkms, s`f prebufg`zmrsk kf im
kfskýmfzm gk gktkrc`fmgms tàaf`ams.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk =;
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Amp`tuie =.>
Im ksaukim gk mrtks gk im [f`vkrs`gmg [F@MAA
Gksar`n`r ki ckg`e gefgk sk rkmi`zm kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf, myugm m kftkfgkr kf quk aeftkxte
sk prkskftmf ies aukst`efmc`kftes pimftkmges. Im [f`maa, [f`vkrs`gmg gk Mrtks, A`kfa`ms
y Aecuf`ama`efks, bufgmgm kf ki mýe gk =0?=, t`kfk aece pr`fa`pmi kfbequk im
preguaa`ñf v`sumi gk sus butures mrt`stms, s`kcprk c`rmfge oma`m im ut`i`zma`ñf gk im
tkafeiehãm y ies ckg`es aeftkcperífkes. Ks aefvkf`kftk pmrm kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf,
gksar`n`r im Ksaukim gk Mrtks gk im [f`maa, ym quk, per tkfkr im cmiim aurr`auimr ckfes
aefvkfa`efmi, skhôf ie a`tmge kf ki amp`tuie mftkr`er, rkbikdmfge etre pufte gk v`stm senrk
im kfskýmfzm gk ims mrtks.
Im kfskýmfzm kf ies ceigks fertkmckr`amfes, hmfm bukrzm, kf ki mýe >
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Dòsao, M. Kf www.uf`maa.ai/prkhrmge/mrtks-v`sumiks, >
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Im preguaa`ñf gk ’mrt`stms kspka`mi`stms–, ks okrkfa`m gk ims mamgkc`ms kurepkms,
y gk ims ksaukims gk mrtks y eb`a`es gk c`tmg gki s`hie _@_, quk, aece mftkr`erckftk
a`tmge, mpuftmnm m im preguaa`ñf gk mrtksmfãms quk, kf ksk ceckfte, krmf gk sucm
`cpertmfa`m pmrm ki arka`c`kfte kaefñc`ae gki pmãs. Ksm fea`ñf, sk om pkrg`ge dufte migksmrreiie gk ims mrtks, quk m ie imrhe gk im o`ster`m, gkdm im preguaa`ñf ckrmckftk v`sumi
omstm iikhmr m uf kstmge, cev`ge per ki gksmrreiie gki pkfsmc`kfte arãt`ae y im hkfkrma`ñf
gk g`saurses peiãt`aes y sea`miks. Im kfskýmfzm gk ims mrtks, maecpmým kstk preakse y
gkdm gk iimcmrsk ’Mrtks \iíst`ams– y rka`kftkckftk sk trmfsbercm kf ’Mrtks R`sumiks–,
`faerpermfge fukvms g`sa`pi`fms, aece im betehrmbãm y ims mrtks ckg`miks.
Kf kstm ksaukim, fe ks g`bkrkftk, im kfskýmfzm sk gkstmam dustmckftk, per ki
gksprkfg`c`kfte gk ims g`aoms ’nkiims mrtks–, aef ufm prepukstm quk nusam hkfkrmr
fukves g`saurses aeftkcperífkes, mprevkaomfgesk gki sepertk tàaf`ae aef ki aumi
aukftm im `fst`tua`ñf. Duste \mster Ckiimge, kf su tkxte ’\krspkat`vms gk im Kfskýmfzm gk
Mrtk.– gki mýe >
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Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ><
@cmhkf >. Cmiim aurr`auimr gk Mrtks R`sumiks, [F@MAA (>
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Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk >=
@cmhkf 1. Cmiim aurr`auimr gk Mrtks R`sumiks, [F@MAA (>
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Ims rkima`efks kf terfe mi geauckfte
Kf kstk skhufge ampãtuie, sk mfmi`zm ki geauckfte gksgk ges puftes rkikvmftks pmrmkstm `fvkst`hma`ñf y kf skhu`gm, sk prkskftm uf aruak kftrk mcnes puftes, aef ki b`f gk
kv`gkfa`mr prenikcít`ams rkaurrkftks kf trmnmdes mftkr`erks gki muter, quk s`rvkf aece
pufte gk pmrt`gm pmrm kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf.
Ki geauckfte, aece kikckfte v`sumi, y ki geauckfte, aece kikckfte iàx`ae, sef
mfmi`zmges y ut`i`zmges pmrm bufgmckftmr im enrm quk maecpmým kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk >>
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Gurmftk im `fvkst`hma`ñf im rkima`ñf kftrk im geauckftma`ñf y im betehrmbãm, hmfñ
rkikvmfa`m aumfge g`e kspma`e, m ufm `ftkrprktma`ñf cís miií gk ie kstàt`ae, y s`, arkmfge
pmrmikies kftrk ies geauckftes y im betehrmbãm, y kfbeamfge im c`rmgm kf im betehrmbãm
aece uf geauckfte sea`mi. Msã aece im `cmhkf betehríb`am, kf kstk trmnmde, imgeauckftma`ñf mgqu`krk uf amríatkr p`atñr`ae, mprep`mfgesk gk s`hfes y bercms.
Gksgk ims p`fturms rupkstrks cís mft`hums, ki oecnrk s`kcprk ut`i`ze im `cmhkf y
su rkprkskftmt`v`gmg aece ufm bercm gk geauckftmr ie quk pmsmnm kf su mirkgkger, ksm
príat`am buk rkaurrkftk kf im p`fturm y pestkr`erckftk kf im betehrmbãm, quk gkr`vmrm gk im
c`scm. Ki surh`c`kfte gk im betehrmbãm pkr`egãst`am, kftrk ki mýe =??< y =?0=, gkn`ge mi
gksmrreiie gk im `cprkftm y gk im tàaf`am betehríb`am, aumfge buk puni`amgm im pr`ckrm bete
kf uf pkr`ñg`ae, ki Gm`iy Hrmpo`a gk Fukvm Perj kf ki mýe gk =??7
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H. Brkufg, Im betehrmbãm aece geauckfte sea`mi, >
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Kf kstk preakse, sk pmrtk per ki skft`ge `fvkrse, fe ut`i`zmfge im betehrmbãm aece
akrt`b`amge gk ie rkmi, y sã, trmsimgmfge ki geauckfte, m uf amríatkr p`atñr`ae, betehríb`ae, y
m pmrt`r gk ufm skr`k gk geauckftes arkmr ufm kspka`k gk íinuc bmc`i`mr trmnmdmge kf
kstk preakg`c`kfte, quk sk prebufg`zmrí kf ki amp`tuie ;.=.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk >8
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Amp`tuie >.>
Ki geauckfte kf su makpa`ñf hrmcmt`ami
Aece mftkr`erckftk rkv`smces ki geauckfte gk su pufte gk v`stm p`atñr`ae y aefakptumi,
kf kstk amp`tuie, sk pimftkmrí ufm rkv`s`ñf gksgk ki pufte gk v`stm hrmcmt`ami, ks gka`r, sk
prepefk ufm rkv`s`ñf gk aeftkf`ge, gksgk su s`hf`b`amge prkskftk kf ki g`aa`efmr`e,
mftkr`erckftk a`tmge, omstm ims b`hurms gk ikfhumdk quk aecpefkf ki aeftkf`ge gk amgm
geauckfte.
[fm gk ims gkb`f`a`efks prkskftks kf ki g`aa`efmr`e pmrm im pmimnrm ’geauckfte– ks4
’G`piecm, amrtm, rkima`ñf u etre ksar`te quk `iustrm makram gk mihôf okaoe, pr`fa`pmickftk
gk ies o`stñr`aes–. Gkb`f`a`ñf quk `fstmimnm im gugm senrk ki kstmge gki mrt`stm kf rkima`ñf m
im kftrkhm gki g`piecm, ym quk, skhôf ki c`sce g`aa`efmr`e, ’mrt`stm ks mquki quk kdkautm
mihufm mrtk nkiim, pkrsefm quk preguak mrtk–. Wkf`kfge kf aukftm ie c`sce, sk `f`a`m uf
mfíi`s`s senrk ims b`hurms gk ikfhumdk kfaeftrmgms kf ies geauckftes quk aecpefkf ki
mrao`ve bmc`i`mr, a`tmge kf ki amp`tuie mftkr`er.
Kstk mrao`ve bmc`i`mr, sk bercm kf su cmyer pmrtk per geauckftes rkbkrkftks m uf
trmsimge gk pmãs, kf kstk amse, gksgk Nrms`i oma`m Ao`ik, per geauckftes gk amcn`e gk
pegkr y tmcn`àf per akrt`b`amges gk gkbufa`ñf gk ies pmgrks gki mrt`stm, arkmfge uf aukrpe
bmc`i`mr ym muskftk, per ksk cet`ve, ki preakse gk mfíi`s`s hrmcmt`ami gk ies geauckftes,
krm maecpmýmge per uf preakg`c`kfte gk trmguaa`ñf y mgmptma`ñf, quk m ksk ceckfte,
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk >?
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Wegmvãm `fvkst`hmfge senrk ki vkrne, kstm fukvm bercm gk vkrie, aece endkte
gktkrc`fmftk pmrm im kx`stkfa`m gk mihe, fukvmckftk kf uf dukhe gk pmimnrms, sk
rkima`efñ ki vkrne, aef im b`hurm rki`h`esm, quk kstuv`krm prkskftk kf ki gksmrreiie gk hrmf
pmrtk gk ims enrms gki mrt`stm. Moã, gk fukve, ki vkrne sk rkima`efm aef im `gkm gkkx`stkfa`m, kf kstk amse, aef ki hàfks`s, pmimnrm quk kf hr`khe, s`hf`b`am er`hkf.
Dumf =4=-;, N`ni`m gk Kstug`e gk im R`gm \ikfm, =001
Ki mpñstei Dumf aeftkcpiñ im arkma`ñf y ksar`n`ñ nmde im `fsp`rma`ñf gki
Kspãr`tu Qmfte, "Kf ki pr`fa`p`e ym kx`stãm ki Rkrne, y ki Rkrne kstmnm aef
G`es, y ki Rkrne krm G`es. Ài kstmnm aef G`es kf ki pr`fa`p`e. \er ckg`e gk
ài tegms ims aesms bukref arkmgms: s`f ài, fmgm gk ie arkmge iikhñ m kx`st`r.
Kf ài kstmnm im v`gm, y im v`gm krm im iuz gk im oucmf`gmg. Kstm iuz
rkspimfgkak kf ims t`f`knims, y ims t`f`knims fe omf peg`ge kxt`fhu`rim"
(p.=77?)
Kf ksk pufte, iikhmces mi kstmge quk sk rkb`krk mi akrt`b`amge aece vkrne, y m pmrt`r
gk kse, sk rkterfm mi aukst`efmc`kfte nmsk gk kstm tks`s, im aeftrmg`aa`ñf kftrk ki mrt`stm
quk preguak mrtk s`f akrt`b`amge y ki akrt`b`amge s`f mrt`stm.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 1
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Amp`tuie >.1
Ki geauckfte aece ’Qkr–
Wmfte ki gksmrreiie iàx`ae, aumfte ki gksmrreiie kstàt`ae y aefakptumi, mpuftmnmf oma`m ki
c`sce imge, im gugm kf terfe mi endkte ’akrt`b`amge–.
Im sea`kgmg t`kfk `farustmgm kf s` im fkaks`gmg gk aims`b`ama`ñf, dust`b`ama`ñf y
aecprenma`ñf gk im rkmi`gmg, kf kses tàrc`fes, ki akrt`b`amge gk tãtuie, s`rvk pmrm
aecprenmr ki tàrc`fe gk uf preakse, pkre, mi aeftrmr`e quk kf etrms amrrkrms, kstk, fe
fkaksmr`mckftk, akrt`b`am ami`gmg, ym quk, im kfskýmfzm gk ims mrtks, ks mihe cuaoe cís
sundkt`ve quk, g`bkrkftks amrrkrms, aece per kdkcpie, `fhkf`krãm y ckg`a`fm, gefgk ims
cmiims aurr`auimrks cmft`kfkf im c`scm nmsk, gefgk im ami`gmg, ks vmr`mnik gk maukrge m
im `fst`tua`ñf.
Msã, ki akrt`b`amge gk tãtuie, `fgkpkfg`kftk gk im amrrkrm, bufa`efm pmrm hkfkrmr
aims`b`ama`efks, g`bkrkftks rmfhes kf ki ckramge imnermi, ie quk ks aukst`efmnik, kf kstk
amse, aef ims mrtks v`sumiks, gefgk, im ami`gmg, hkfkrmickftk, sk aecpruknm per ckg`e gk
im preguaa`ñf mrtãst`am gk amgm mrt`stm.
Kstm aims`b`ama`ñf, rkbukrzm im `gkm prkskftmgm kf ki pr`ckr ampãtuie gk kstm
`fvkst`hma`ñf, gefgk, sk prepefk ufm g`bkrkfa`ma`ñf kftrk ksaukims, per im bercm aef quk
sk mnergm im kguama`ñf mrtãst`am. Kf nmsk m kse, pegkces mb`rcmr, quk oey, ki mrtk
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 1=
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aeftkcperífke, kxpkr`ckftm uf gksmrreiie gk g`sa`pi`fms, quk omak aef quk ki ksm
aims`b`ama`ñf skm mpkfms ufm c`rmgm supkrb`a`mi senrk brkftks mrtãst`ams, kst`ies y bercms
gk preguaa`ñf.
Ki akrt`b`amge gk tãtuie, rkbikdm kf ki g`piecm, im `gkm gk uf endkte, ufm b`hurm ams`
bkt`ao`stm quk rkspefgk m kxpkatmt`vms er`h`fmges per im sea`kgmg y per okrkfa`ms
o`stñr`ams.
M pmrt`r gk kstk endkte bkt`ao`stm, sk pukgk enskrvmr im b`hurm gki akrt`b`amge aece
ufm kspka`k gk ’`gkft`gmg rkimt`vm–, aefakpte usmge gk bercm cktmbñr`am, kf mius`ñf m ie
a`tmge per ki mftrepñiehe brmfaàs, Cmra Muhà.
C. Muhà, G`es aece endkte, >
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Ki ’skr– mrt`stm
Kf ki prkskftk ampãtuie, sk rkbikx`efm kfterfe m im aefg`a`ñf gki mrt`stm kckrhkftk kf kickramge ao`ikfe y aece ki c`sce, sk kfbrkftm m uf ’cufge gk mrtk– nmstmftk akrrmge.
Wmcn`àf sk gksar`nk y sk mfmi`zmf ges `fstmfa`ms `cpertmftks kf im amrrkrm gk uf
devkf mrt`stm kf Ao`ik. Ks ki amse gk ges aefaurses gk mrtk, ki aefaurse ’Amnkzm gk rmtñf–
quk sk iikvm m amne kf ki Cuske gk Mrtks R`sumiks (CMR@) y tmcn`àf ki ’Mrtk kf v`ve– quk
trmg`a`efmickftk sk gksmrreiim kf ki Cuske Fma`efmi gk Nkiims Mrtks.
Kstk mnergmdk, t`kfk aece endkt`ve, rkberzmr aefakptes prepukstes kf ampãtuies
mftkr`erks y gkcmramr ki aeftkxte gefgk sk preguakf ies aukst`efmc`kftes prkskftks kf
kstm tks`s.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 11
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Amp`tuie 1
Ki mrt`stm kckrhkftk kf Ao`ik
Ki mrt`stm kf Ao`ik, ks uf pkrsefmdk quk, mi tkrc`fmr su pkr`ege uf`vkrs`tmr`e, sk kfaukftrm
aef uf ckramge gki mrtk, peae gksmrreiimge y m im vkz, smturmge, gkn`ge m im hrmf amft`gmg
gk mrt`stms, quk gkmcnuimf per uf ’cufge gki mrtk– s`f kfaeftrmr kspma`e gefgk
kfamdmrsk.
Ki ckramge gki mrtk kf Ao`ik, ks uf rkbikde gk im sea`kgmg ao`ikfm, ufm sea`kgmg
quk, kf ki s`hie __@, preykatm uf arka`c`kfte kaefñc`ae mýe trms mýe, pkre mi c`sce
t`kcpe, t`kfk `cprkhfmge, vmierks aefskrvmgerks, trmspmsmges per hkfkrma`efks.
Msã `fg`am Mrture Beftm`fk Wmimvkrm, kfsmy`stm ao`ikfe, kf kftrkv`stm m Q`iv`m
Oepkfomyf, puni`amge per ki g`mr`e ’Im Fma`ñf–, ki gãm >; gk kfkre gk >
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Aece bercm gk hkfkrmr `fstmfa`ms kf ims aumiks, ies mrt`stms kckrhkftks tkfhmf im
epertuf`gmg gk prkskftmr sus enrms k `fskrtmrsk kf uf a`rau`te gk kxo`n`a`ñf, kx`stkf
mihufes aefaurses gk mrtk aeftkcperífke, gefgk, sk gkstmamf ki aefaurse ’Mrtk kf v`ve–
per im g`fíc`am quk prepefk, y ki aefaurse ’Amnkzm gk ^mtñf–, per im `cpertmfa`m gkikspma`e, gefgk kstk sk iikvm m amne, ki CMR@.
Ki pr`ckre, sk rkmi`zm gksgk ki mýe gk =0?0, y sk amrmatkr`zm per skr uf aefaurse-
tmiikr pmrm miucfes gk aumrte mýe gk ims amrrkrms uf`vkrs`tmr`ms gk mrtks v`sumiks. Gurmftk
ufm skcmfm, rkprkskftmftks gk ims ksaukims gk mrtks gk tege ki pmãs, sk rkôfkf kf ki omii
pr`fa`pmi gki Cuske Fma`efmi gk Nkiims Mrtks, kf ki aumi, trmnmdmf s`f cures, aef ki
endkt`ve gk prkskftmr ufm enrm mi b`fmi gk ksm skcmfm.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 1;
@cmhkf 2. Aefaurse-Wmiikr Mrtk kf R`ve (>
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Mi mfmi`zmr kstk aefaurse y sus hmfmgerks kf kg`a`efks mftkr`erks, pegkces
gktkatmr amrmatkrãst`ams quk mýmgkf mftkakgkftks pmrm kstk gksmrreiie. Im g`v`s`ñf gk
amtkherãms gk ies aefaursmftks, ks ufm gk ksms amrmatkrãst`ams, ym quk, msã, sk rk`tkrm im
pkrakpa`ñf gki mrt`stm kspka`mi`stm kf uf eb`a`e. Mi g`v`g`r ies mrt`stms kftrk p`fterks k`fstmimgerks, kf sus kspma`es prkgktkrc`fmges, sk i`c`tm im preguaa`ñf gk ies mrt`stms.
Ies aefaursmftks, trmnmdmfge kf ki omii gki cuske, trmfsc`tk ufm skfsma`ñf
uitrmpmsmgm gki mrt`stm aece uf `fg`v`gue getmge gk ufm ami`gmg kspka`mi. Mi rkv`smr ims
enrms hmfmgerks gk ies ôit`ces mýes, sk pukgk aefstmtmr quk im amtkherãm ’`fstmima`ñf–,
sk gkstmamf enrms gk amríatkr ksauitñr`ae, ie quk fukvmckftk rkc`tk, mi aefskrvmger`sce
a`tmge mi pr`fa`p`e gki ampãtuie.
Ie c`sce suakgk kf ki aefaurse ’Amnkzm gk ^mtñf–, gefgk kf ki mýe gk >
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Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 1?
@cmhkf 0. Wkrakr iuhmrFkhma`ñf gk im cukrtk, gk Bkrfmfge Hñckz (>
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Im mb`rcma`ñf gk Hkrmrge Cesqukrm, kf ki i`nre ’Aep`mfge ki Kgàf4 Mrtk rka`kftk
kf Ao`ik–, `fg`am quk aece im kfskýmfzm gk ims mrtks, kdkrak `fbiukfa`m kf kstm ksakfm,
trmg`a`efmi`stm.
H. Cesqukrm, Aep`mfge ki Kgàf4 Mrtk rka`kftk kf Ao`ik, >
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Mrt`stms rkbkrkftks
Kstk ampãtuie, mfmi`zm g`bkrkftks enrms gk g`st`ftes mrt`stms, t`kfk ki prepñs`te arkmr ufcmpm aefakptumi, gefgk ks pes`nik `gkft`b`amr a`krtms prenikcít`ams quk sk omf iikvmge m
amne kf kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf. Mi c`sce t`kcpe, sk prktkfgkf skýmimr g`bkrkftks preakses gk
preguaa`ñf quk s`rvkf aece rkbkrkfa`m mi gksmrreiie gk kstk preakse. P b`fmickftk,
kxpefkr i`fkms aefakptumiks, s`c`i`tugks y g`bkrkfa`ms kftrk ies trmnmdes prkskftks kf kstk
ampãtuie y ki aukrpe gk enrm prkskftmge.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 7
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7.= Demf Beftaunkrtm
Mrt`stm/betñhrmbe kspmýei, Demf Beftaunkrtm, fma`ñ kf =0;; y oey, g`v`gk su t`kcpe kftrk
sus trmnmdes aece geakftk, kfsmy`stm y arãt`ae gk mrtk kspka`mi`zmge kf betehrmbãm. Kf ki
pkrãege kftrk ies mýes gk =0?; y >
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gugms, quk sef arua`miks kf ki gksmrreiie gki trmnmde gki mrt`stm, µqu`kf ks ksk pkrsefmdk5:
µquà betehrmbãm ks rkmi5, µperquà eauitmr uf pkrsefmdk5 Ki pkrsefmdk kf aukst`ñf, sk trmtm
gki prep`e Demf Beftaunkrtm, ki aumi, mpmrkak trmvkst`ge aece uf aescefmutm.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 7>
@cmhkf =
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M pmrt`r gk ksk kxtrmýe pretmhef`stm, Beftaunkrtm gksmrreiim ufm `fvkst`hma`ñf/
kfsmye senrk ki pkrsefmdk, prkskftmfge ufm skr`k gk betehrmbãms aef amrmatkrãst`ams
nmstmftk aet`g`mfms, rkima`efmfgesk aef etrms pkrsefms, kf iuhmrks pôni`aes, pmrm gkb`f`r
n`kf, im rkima`ñf gki c`sce aef ki ckg`e gefgk sk s`tôm (@cmhkf =>).
Kf Bmufm (rkmi`zmge kf ki mýe =0?8), Beftaunkrtm fes prkskftm ufm skr`k gk
omiimzhes kxtrmýes, ufm bmufm gksaefea`gm, `cprks`efmfge per im amft`gmg gk gktmiiks
quk kftrkhm kf tmi puni`ama`ñf. Kf im s`hu`kftk `cmhkf, pegkces enskrvmr ufm pkrsefm,
tecmfge gk ims cmfes uf skr, c`tmg kqu`fe, c`tmg cefe, aef pesturm oucmfm y im p`ki
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 71
@cmhkf =>. Demf Beftaunkrtm, Kis fkfs maimckf mi aescefmutm mi'ksaeim =??, m Ikf`fhrmg.
Qputf`j (=008)
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aun`krtm gk pkies, quk rkaukrgmf m skrks c`teiñh`aes (@cmhkf =1). Amriks Hukrrm mb`rcm
kf su tkxte ’µ]uà ks cís rkmi, im `cmhkf e im cmf`puima`ñf gk im `cmhkf5–, ’Qkr`k trms
skr`k, Beftaunkrtm om kres`efmge im arkg`n`i`gmg gk im betehrmbãm–.
Im gugm kf su trmnmde, dukhm aef ki amríatkr tkeiñh`ae quk im betehrmbãm om
mgqu`r`ge, ks gka`r, mufquk teges smnkces quk im `cmhkf ks kg`tmnik y matumickftk kiim
FE akrt`b`am quk ie rkprkskftmge skm rkmi, kiim tegmvãm hkfkrm ufm kspka`k gk aefb`mfzm
senrk im c`scm, aece skýmim Hukrrm kf im s`hu`kftk mb`rcma`ñf, ’M pksmr gk kiie, s`kcprk
omnrí uf ceckfte kf quk gkskmrkces arkkrfes sus o`ster`ms–, fukvmckftk kf su tkxte
’µ]uà ks cís rkmi, im `cmhkf e im cmf`puima`ñf gk im `cmhkf5– .
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 77
@cmhkf =1. Demf Beftaunkrtm, Akftmurus Fkmfgkrtmikfs`sBmufm (=008)
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7.>. Pmsucmsm Cer`curm
Kstk mrt`stm dmpefàs, fmak kf Esmjm kf ki mýe gk =0;=, peaes mýes gkspuàs gki b`f gk imskhufgm hukrrm cufg`mi (kf ki mýe gk =07;), ie quk pregude amcn`es rkikvmftks kf ims
rkima`efks kftrk ies pmãsks er`kftmiks (cís kspkaãb`amckftk Dmpñf) y ies pmãsks
eaa`gkftmiks, ie quk tkrc`fmrãm `fbiukfa`mfge gk bercm `ftkfsm, im kguama`ñf gk Cer`curm,
y mýes gkspuàs su enrm. Gurmftk ies mýes ?
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Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 72
@cmhkf =7. Pmsucmsm Cer`curm, Rmf Heho (=0?;)@cmhkf =;. Rmf Heho, X`to \`pk (=??0)
@cmhkf =2. Pmsucmsm Cer`curm, Br`gm kf c` (>
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Kf ims `cíhkfks, enskrvmces ims kxprks`efks cuy pmrka`gms, mufquk ies edes
rmshmges prkskftks kf ims enrms gki mrt`stm, amcn`mf ki tefe gk im `cmhkf, im muskfa`m gk
nmrnm gki fukve Rmf Heho, y ki aomi Ieu`s R`ttef (cmram brmfaksm) gk im fukvm Br`gm
Jmoie, amusmf kxtrmýkzm y tmcn`àf, ufm quk etrm r`sm.
Qus `ftkrprktma`efks `rrkvkrkftks, vmf cís miií gki ao`stk, im Br`gm trmvkst`gm gk
hk`som `fg`am aece kstm ’trmguaa`ñf v`sumi– quk kdkautm ki mrt`stm, gkdm su oukiim auiturmi,
ks gka`r, ims okrkfa`ms gk aumiqu`kr auiturm, kstmrãmf `cprksms kf ufm maa`ñf aece im gk
Cer`curm.
’Ki `ftkràs sk akftrm kf im prkskfa`m aefstmftk gk su restre aece kstmfgmrtk gk su
auiturm– aece skýmim \`imr Hefzmie kf ki i`nre O`ster`m gki Mrtk, puni`amge per im bufgma`ñf
Wkikbñf`am, amtíiehe gk im kxpes`a`ñf gki betñhrmbe dmpefàs kf ki c`sce kspma`e.
Ims enrms ut`i`zmgms, t`kfkf uf bukrtk s`hf`b`amge, ym quk sk trmtmf gk `aefes gk im
auiturm eaa`gkftmi, gk ksm bercm, im mprep`ma`ñf gk ies c`sces, hkfkrm fukvms
`ftkrprktma`efks, quk sk petkfa`mf m ckg`gm quk ki muter preguak skr`ks aef tmiks `aefes.
Ies restres quk pkrtkfkakf mi `faefsa`kftk aeikat`ve (kf ki eaa`gkftk), mgqu`krkf uf
s`hf`b`amge geauckftmi, sef okrkfa`ms gk ie quk pmsmrm kf etrms hkfkrma`efks y per ie
tmfte, fes trmsc`tk ufm skr`k gk sãcneies y añg`hes quk iukhe skríf rk`ftkrprktmges aef
ksms pkqukýms g`bkrkfa`ms, preveamf `fqu`ktugks, `faeceges, quk bufa`efmf aece ki
pufte gk pmrt`gm kf im enrm gk Cer`curm.
\mrm kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf, ks `cpertmftk gkstmamr ksk trmspmse, quk kdkautm ki mrt`stm,
gki eaa`gkftk mi er`kftk, quk bufa`efm aece ufm a`krtm ’trmguaa`ñf v`sumi–, ksk fukve
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 78
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aefakpte, sk rkima`efm aef ki gksmrreiie gk kstk preakse, aece cktíberm gk ies amcn`es
auiturmiks `cpukstes per ies trmsimges y trmspmses.Aece kf uf geauckfte ksar`te, ims
`cíhkfks, tmcn`àf subrkf ’pàrg`gms– gk a`krtes gktmiiks, s`hf`b`amges, aece pegkces
enskrvmr kf im s`hu`kftks betes. Im aiís`am bete gk Aok Hukvmrm ks uf hrmf kdkcpie gkkse.
Im betehrmbãm mftkr`er, buk tecmgm kf ki mýe gk =022 gk cmye gk >
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Mi skr pestkr`zmgm per H`mfh`maece Bkitr`fkii` (@cmhkf >
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7.1. Wec Br`kgcmf
Fmak kf Qt. Ieu`s, Kstmges [f`ges, kf ki mýe =02; y gksmrreiim su trmnmde kf ki amcpe gkim ksauiturm, ut`i`zmfge cmtkr`miks gk use aet`g`mfe, aece aunes gk mzôamr,
ksamrnmg`kftks y amdms gk akrkmiks. \mrm kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf ks pkrt`fkftk kfbeamrfes kf 1
enrms gk Br`kgcmf kf ims aumiks pkra`n`ces im bercm aefakptumi aef im aumi gksmrreiim
sus enrms gk mrtk.Kf ims s`hu`kftks enrms, pegkces enskrvmr aece ki mrt`stm, ut`i`zm im
`cmhkf, cís n`kf, im muskfa`m gk im `cmhkf, aece mrt`b`a`e pmrm arkmr ufm `faeceg`gmg,
ufm `fakrt`gucnrk, quk nmtmiim aef ies tãtuies gk ims enrms, pef`kfge kf gugm su trmnmde y
msã, g`saut`kfge im arkg`n`i`gmg gki mrt`stm v`sumi.
Kf ki mýe =00>, rkmi`zm ufe gk sus trmnmdes cís aefea`ges, ’Krmskg ’\imyney"
akftkrbeig –, trmnmde kf ki aumi, prkskftmnm im píh`fm akftrmi gk im rkv`stm pimyney
aecpiktmckftk nerrmgm. [fm oedm nimfam, aef mihufms cmfaoms gk aeier, `cpes`niks gk
gksa`brmr ie quk aeftkfãmf mftks gk im maa`ñf gki mrt`stm s` fe bukrm per ki tãtuie gksar`pt`ve
quk `ft`tuim im enrm (@cmhkf >=).
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ;
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Mi Nerrmr im píh`fm akftrmi gk im rkv`stm ’\imyney –, Br`kgcmf gksmpmrkak aef
aumiqu`kr vkst`h`e gk im `cmhkf y gksmarkg`tm im cãst`am gk im pr`fa`pmi píh`fm gk ufm gk
ims rkv`stms cís `cpertmftks kf im o`ster`m fertk-mckr`amfm.
Mi c`sce t`kcpe, ki mrt`stm `fstmurm ufm `cpertmftk `ftkrrehmt`vm pmrm ki gksmrreiie
gk kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf, kf ie quk g`ak rkspkate m im arkg`n`i`gmg gki mrt`stm. µ^kmickftk
Wec Br`kgcmf nerre cmfumickftk im pertmgm5
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ;=
@cmhkf >=. Wec Br`kgcmf, Krmskg "\imyney" Akftkrbeig. (=00>)
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Ksk aukst`efmc`kfte senrk im arkg`n`i`gmg gki mrt`stm sk rkp`tk kf im enrm ’=
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Im oedm nimfam gki mrt`stm, rkcktk m im `gkm gk hmikrãm, tkf`kfge im oedm gk pmpki kf
nimfae, aece ki pr`ckr f`vki gk uf preakse gk arkma`ñf, ksk nimfae `fcmauimge quk
trmfsa`kfgk ki mrt`stm m etre f`vki kf rkima`ñf mi kspkatmger, msã, ki mrt`stm ep`fm senrk im
enrm, mb`rcmfge, ’Pe arke quk kx`de bk kf c` arkg`n`i`gmg. – kf aefvkrsma`ñf aef DeofXmtkrs pmrm im rkv`stm \mrjktt Mrt kf ki mýe gk >, gefgk Wec Br`kgcmf prkskftm
uf pkgkstmi nimfae, aef ufm pkqukým pkietm fkhrm gk 1).
Ki mrt`stm, mi ’skr– mrt`stm, mgqu`krk etrm aeffetma`ñf msã aece tege ie quk ki omak,
aece `fg`am Br`kgcmf mi aims`b`amr ki pkgmze gk sus kxarkckftes aece ufm p`kzm ôf`am.
Ck pmrkak rkikvmftk im enrm gk Wec Br`kgcmf mi prenikcmt`zmr im arkg`n`i`gmg gki mrt`stm y
im `refãm kf gkb`f`r ki mrt`stm aece uf preguater gk enrms, gk bercm fmturmi. M pmrt`r gk ksm
gkb`f`a`ñf sk preguakf aruaks kftrk im prepukstm gki mrt`stm aef im `gkm mnergmgm kf kstm
`fvkst`hma`ñf, rkterfmfge mi aukst`efmc`kfte ’µMquã omy mrtk5– gksmrreiimge kf ies
akrt`b`amges y geauckftes ut`i`zmges kf kstk preakse.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ;1
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Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ;7
@cmhkf >1. Wec Br`kgcmf, [ft`tikg (Bkaks ef m \kgkstmi). (=00>)
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7.7 Wok Pks Ckf
Ies ’Pks Ckf– sef uf gupim gk mat`v`stms, bercmge per Mfgy N`aoinmuc y C`jk Neffmfe, ymute `ft`tuimf su trmnmde aece ufm ’aerrkaa`ñf gk `gkft`gmg–, gefgk im gupim preguak
aep`ms gk s`t`es wkn aece ckg`e gk `fskrtmrsk kf uf ckg`e, pmsmfgesk per
rkprkskftmftks gk hrmfgks aerperma`efks e kcprksms cuit`fma`efmiks, m qu`kfks
’mpuftmf sus mtmquks –, aef ki b`f gk rkvkimr tege ki kftrmcmge gk `ftkrksks peiãt`aes y
kaefñc`aes. \mrm ki gksmrreiie gk kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf, ks rkikvmftk kfbeamr geauckftmi
’Wok Pks Ckf b`x tok werig – aece rkbkrkfa`m kf aumfte m ies preakg`c`kftes mgeptmges
pmrm hkfkrmr sus maa`efks.
Mfgy N`aoinmuc y C`jk Neffmfe sef pmrtk gk ies bufgmgerks gk uf aeikat`ve
mrtãst`ae y mat`v`stm iimcmge ^WCmrj, ki aumi t`kfk aece trmnmde cís aefea`ge ki
`ftkramcn`e gk ims amdms gk vez gk 1
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Mi omakr aep`ms gk ims pmh`fms wkn, ki aeikat`ve aenrm ufm rkmi`gmg per im
skckdmfzm kftrk ies s`t`es. Q`f omajkmr e aumiqu`kr t`pe gk mat`v`gmg `ikhmi, usmf ki ckg`e
v`rtumi pmrm c`ckt`zmrsk, kxpiermfge im `cmhkf y im arkg`n`i`gmg gk etres. Gurmftk im
pkiãauim, enskrvmces aece bufa`efm ksk ’cegus epkrmft` –, gefgk im mprep`ma`ñf gk imamrm v`s`nik gk ims kcprksms, ies akrt`b`am aece rkmi`gmg. Im pr`ckrm maa`ñf rkh`strmgm kf
’Wok Pks Ckf b`x tok Xerig – cukstrm aece Mfgy N`aoinmuc, `fvkftm uf pkrsefmdk, y omak
uf g`saurse senrk im fukvm pes`a`ñf gk im aícmrm gk aeckra`e fertk-mckr`amfm senrk ki
mpeye mi preteaeie gk Jyete, pkrbercmfak quk r`fgk ufm kv`gkfa`m (y ufm aefbus`ñf) kf
ies ckg`es gk aecuf`ama`ñf kstmgeuf`gkfsks.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ;2
@cmhkf >7. Wok Pks Ckf, Wok Pks Ckf b`x tok Xerig (ampturm gk pmftmiim gk impkiãauim). (>
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im a`ugmg gk Noepmi, kf @fg`m. Moerm, ki aeikat`ve rkspefgk uf iimcmge gk im amgkfm gk
fet`a`msNNA pmrm mfufa`mr ki fukve pes`a`efmc`kfte gk im kcprksm kf aumfte msuc`r imrkspefsmn`i`gmg gk im trmhkg`m y senrk ki rksmra`c`kfte m ies bmc`i`mrks gk ims vãat`cms.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ;?
@cmhkf >2. Wok Pks Ckf, Wok Pks Ckf b`x tok Xerig (ampturm gk pmftmiim gk impkiãauim). (>
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Ki aefakpte gk ’aerrkaa`ñf gk `gkft`gmg –, usmge per ies c`sces mat`v`stms pmrm
gkb`f`r su trmnmde, sk petkfa`m per im pmrmgedm quk t`kfk kf terfe, ym quk, tmi aerrkaa`ñf,
pmsm per im mprep`ma`ñf gk im `gkft`gmg gk ims c`scmsvãat`cms .
@fskrtmrsk kf uf ckg`e, usmfge ki c`sce pmrm kse, ks ufm `gkm sucmckftk `cpertmftk
pmrm ki gksmrreiie gk kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf, im aep`m aece okrrmc`kftm gk `ftkhrma`ñf mi
c`sce t`kcpe, bufa`efm pmrm ’ pefkr kf dkquk – im arkg`n`i`gmg, kf kstk amse, im arkg`n`i`gmg
gki c`sce ckg`e, mihe quk sk kv`gkfa`m aef im uit`cm `ftkrvkfa`ñf gki aeikat`ve, kf ki
aumi, preguakf aep`ms gki `cpertmftk g`mr`eWok Fkw Perj W`cks . Kf kstm `ftkrvkfa`ñf, ki
gôe, preguak ufm skr`k gk g`mr`es, aef im bkaom gk 2 cksks m buture, gefgk tegms ims
fet`a`ms `cprksms, krmf fet`a`ms utñp`ams gk im hrmf cmyerãm gk ies a`ugmgmfes fertk
mckr`amfes.
\reguaa`ñf gk enrm
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ;0
@cmhkf >?. Wok Pks Ckf, Wok Pks Ckf b`x tok Xerig (ampturm gk pmftmiim gkim pkiãauim). (>
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Kf ki prkskftk amp`tuie, sk omak uf rkimte senrk ki gksmrreiie gk im enrm gki mrt`stm,
tkf`kfge kf aukftm kv`gkfa`mr a`krtms `fqu`ktugks pkrsefmiks y kstrmtkh`ms v`sumiksrkikvmftks quk auic`fmf kf im rkmi`zma`ñf gk kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf. M aeft`fuma`ñf, sk
gksar`nk ufm skr`k gk enrms rkmi`zmgms m ie imrhe gk ies ôit`ces ; mýes, pmrm b`fmickftk
s`tumr im prkskftk `fvkst`hma`ñf y enrm kf uf t`kcpe y kspma`e, gkb`f`kfge ims ktmpms gk
kstk preakse.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 2
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;.=. Wmxefecãm
Kf kstk preakse, sk gkstmam im tmxefecãm kdkautmgm aef a`krtes geauckftes ies aumiksper b`f, vkfgrãmf m aefst`tu`r uf aukrpe y ufm iãfkm gk trmnmde rkikvmftk, gkcmramfge
bmsks mrtãst`ams y pkrsefmiks. Kf kstk aeftkxte, sk usm ki tàrc`fe ’tmxefecãm– pmrm
gkfec`fmr im erhmf`zma`ñf y aims`b`ama`ñf gk geauckftes, mrcmfge ufm kspka`k gk
mrao`ve, aef ki b`f gk micmakfmr y kstug`mr geauckftes gk okaoes y preakses eaurr`ges
kf uf ícn`te pkrsefmi gki mrt`stm.
’Gkbufa`ñf–, gksmrreiimge kf ki mýe gk >
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Ki gkshmstk gk ies akrt`b`amges gk gkbufa`ñf, kv`gkfa`mf ufm pàrg`gm fe seimckftkbmc`i`mr, pkre tmcn`àf ufm pàrg`gm gki geauckfte bãs`ae, ks gka`r, ki tkxte `cprkse kf
pmpki, s`kfge rkkcpimzmge per ies mrao`ves g`h`tmiks. Im pàrg`gm gkftre gki fôaike
bmc`i`mr, qukgm kf skhufge pimfe, eaupmfge uf kspma`e s`ikfa`ese, gec`fmge per ies
vmaães hkfkrmges, kst`cuimfge ki kspkatmger m nusamr im `fbercma`ñf akrt`b`amgm kf
rks`gues ams` `cpkrakpt`niks. Ki gktkr`ere, ies s`ikfa`es y ki hrmf bercmte, hkfkrmf ufm
b`hurm mtrmat`vm, quk dukhm aef im aur`es`gmg gki kspkatmger, quk mftk ufm enrm aef peam
`fbercma`ñf v`sumi, nusam kf ims cmfaoms rkstmftks kf ki geauckfte, amc`fes pmrm iikhmr
m im vkrma`gmg, quk ksaefgk ki geauckfte.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 2>
@cíhkfks >0, 1< y 1=. ’Gkbufa`ñf– (preakse gk gkshmstk). (>
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Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 21
@cmhkf 1>. ’Gkbufa`ñf– (Akrt`b`amge Cmgrk). (>
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Kf ki mýe >
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gk a`krtm bercm, trmfsbercmf m uf tkrakr `fg`v`gue, kf etrm pkrsefm, ym quk, mi aefakgkrik
maa`efks quk mftkr`erckftk fe mckr`tmnm, ki c`sce, mgqu`krk uf fukve rei, `faerpermfge
pegkrks pkrtkfka`kftks m etrm pkrsefm. Ki mfíi`s`s hrmcmt`ami gk kstes pegkrks, hkfkrñ
uf aukst`efmc`kfte kf terfe m im rkima`ñf kftrk ki ikfhumdk prkskftk kf ies geauckftes yki geauckfte aece endkte.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 2;
@cmhkf 1;. Kxtrmate gk geauckfte (@cmhkf gk preakse). (>
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M pmrt`r gk kstk fukve pimftkmc`kfte, sk gkb`fk ki geauckfte aece endkte quk gm
bk y aecpruknm im vkrma`gmg gk uf okaoe, gkb`f`a`ñf nmsk gki akrt`b`amge, pkre quk muf fe
oun`krm s`ge pimftkmgm gksgk ksk pufte gk v`stm. Kf ksk kftefaks, ki akrt`b`amge sk
trmfsbercmrm kf ufm maa`ñf, y im rkpreguaa`ñf gk kstms, moerm maa`efks, trmfspertmnm imenrm m etre ícn`te, hkfkrmfge aukst`efmc`kftes quk s`rvkf aece nmsk pmrm kstm
`fvkst`hma`ñf. \kfsmfge ki geauckfte, aece ufm cktíberm gki ’skr–, surhk ufm fukvm
amtkherãm kf ki preakse tmxefece, quk skrãm aecpukstm per tegm im nurearma`m rkqukr`gm
kf ki preakse gk khrkse y t`tuima`ñf kf im uf`vkrs`gmg [F@MAA.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 22
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;.>.Wrmguaa`ñf y rk`ftkrprktma`ñf
Aece sk pukgk enskrvmr tmfte kf ki amp`tuie mftkr`er, aece kf ies rkbkrkftksprkskftmges, im `cmhkf y su bercm gk rkprkskftmr im vkrgmg, s`kcprk surhkf aece ufm
`fqu`ktug. Kf kstk pufte gk im `fvkst`hma`ñf, sk aruzmf ges iãfkms gk trmnmde quk omstm
kftefaks pmrka`krmf fe tkfkr cuaom rkima`ñf. [fm skr`k gk trmnmdes `aefeaimstms, hmfmf
skft`ge mi omakr ufm rkikaturm gk ies c`sces, moerm enskrvmges aef edes cís cmgures
quk etrerm. Q` kf uf aec`kfze, im ut`i`zma`ñf gk `cíhkfks rki`h`esms, gkskftefmnm gk im
kstàt`am v`sumi v`stm kf trmnmdes cís skrkfes aece ks im enrm ’Gkbufa`ñf –, gki pufte gk
v`stm aefakptumi, sk pukgkf trmzmr `ftkrksmftks puftes kf aecôf.
Im enrm ’\utrkbmaa`ñf – gki skhufge skckstrk gki mýe >
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Mi mprep`mrsk gk `cíhkfks k `aefes rkaefea`ges y amcn`mries gk su aeftkxte
aecôf, sk preguakf fukvms ikaturms senrk im `cmhkf, kf kstk amse, ies arua`b`des gkdmf gk
skr endktes rki`h`ese, y rkc`tkf m ufm skr`k gk etres s`hfes. Ksm c`scm maa`ñf sk pukgk
enskrvmr kf enrms mftkr`erks. Kf ki mýe gk >
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\reakse s`c`imr, pegkces enskrvmr kf im enrm ’^esmr`e/Mugãbefes–, quk aece g`ak
su fecnrk, sk trmtm gk uf endkte, ufm p`kzm ksauitñr`am quk fmak gk im ckzaim gk ges
mrtãauies gk aãrauies nmstmftk g`bkrkftks. Ki pr`ckr endkte, v`kfk gk im ksbkrm rki`h`esm, uf
resmr`e, quk sk c`ckt`zm aef uf endkte tkafeiñh`ae aecôf y aerr`kftk aece uf pmr gk
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 8<
@cmhkf 7=. ’Q`f W`tuie– (^kh`stre). (>
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mugãbefes. Ki aruak kftrk kses ges endktes, prepefk ufm rkikaturm gk ies c`sces,
ut`i`zmfge ki s`cnei`sce ym kx`stkftk kf kiies, pmrm kv`gkfa`mr fukvms prenikcít`ams. Mquã,
ki endkte prepefk ufm c`rmgm cís aeckra`mi senrk im rki`h`ñf, y sus b`hurms, m pmrt`r
gk im rk`fvkfa`ñf gk sus mrtãauies usmfge im tkafeiehãm pmrm arkmr uf kfbequk císaeckra`mi mi endkte.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 8=
@cmhkf 7>. ’^esmr`e/Mugãbefes– (^kh`stre). (>
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Kstm enrm bufa`efm aece uf hrmf kdkcpie senrk ie quk sk pimftkm kf kstk amp`tuie,
ym quk im enrm sk rk`fvkftm hrma`ms m im amrhm auiturmi quk kx`st`krm mftkr`erckftk.
Enskrvmces aece im `cmhkf pukgk skr trmnmdmgm pmrm arkmr y cmf`puimr fukvms
rkmi`gmgks, aece kf ki trmnmde gk Beftaunkrtm y Cer`curm, kstm ks pmrtk v`tmi gk kstm`fvkst`hma`ñf, ym quk fes myugm m kdkautmr a`krtes kdkra`a`es preaksumiks y m kftkfgkr
a`krtms kstrmtkh`ms v`sumiks `cpertmftks kf ki gksmrreiie gk kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf y im enrm
quk im maecpmým.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 8>
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;.1. \ruknms, krrerks y rkpkt`a`ñf .
Gkspuàs gk rkv`smr ies ampãtuies mftkr`erks, tkf`kfge aimres ies preakses gk tmxefecãm,n`kf gkb`f`ges ies aefakptes y kstrmtkh`ms v`sumiks aef quk sk kfbeamrãm im `fvkst`hma`ñf,
iikhmces mi pufte kf quk im uit`cm amtkherãm arkmgm kf ki preakse tmxefece gk im enrm,
kcpkzmrãm m tecmr bercm. [f preakse imrhe k `ftkfse, gefgk ki krrer ks pmrtãa`pk
aeimnermfge pmrm im kveiua`ñf kstàt`am gk im enrm. Kf skhu`gm m im rkaeikaa`ñf gk
geauckftes, krm oerm gk gkb`f`r oma`m quk nimfae mpuftmrãm im preguaa`ñf mrtãst`am,
hkfkrmr ies ckg`es k `gkmi`zmr ki b`f.
Ki nimfae kikh`ge buk im nurearma`m prkskftk kf ki kfterfe uf`vkrs`tmr`e, cís
kspkaãb`amckftk, ki preakse gk khrkse y t`tuima`ñf, pkfsmfge kf quk kstk, skr`m ki ôit`ce
y gka`ger preakse, akrrmfge uf a`aie y eterhmfge mi kstug`mftk, ki fma`c`kfte y
arka`c`kfte gk uf fukve ’skr–, tkf`kfge kf aukftm, kf quk sk ik mgdug`am im prebks`ñf quk
ie maecpmýmrm per ki rkste gk su v`gm.
Iukhe, krm fkaksmr`e arkmr, uf biude gk trmnmde quk pug`krm cmftkfkr im preguaa`ñf
gki mrt`stm, ks msã quk, im tmxefecãm quk omnãm s`ge arkmgm, hmfm sunamtkherãms,
g`v`g`kfge ies geauckftes kf kxtrmates v`sumiks, tmiks aece b`rcms, t`cnrks, t`pehrmbãms,
pmrm rkh`strmr, kstug`mr y rkpregua`r, gk bercm aeftãfum, aef ki b`f gk prmat`amr pmrm
hkfkrmr aep`ms cuy s`c`imrks m ies kxtrmates er`h`fmiks. Msã, m ie imrhe gki mýe gk >
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Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 87
@cmhkf 71. ’Q`f W`tuie– (ampturm gk pmftmiim). (>
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Aefaius`ñf
Wkf`kfge kf aukftm ies mftkakgkftks prkskftmges kf kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf, ki mrt`stm a`krrmkstm bmsk, prkskftmfge ki gksmrreiie aefakptumi gk im enrm aef im aumi auic`fm kstk
preakse, v`fauimfge ims enrms rkmi`zmgms mftkr`erckftk aef ies aefakptes y
preakg`c`kftes m ie imrhe gk kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf, y gk c`scm cmfkrm, `faerpermfge bercms
y okrrmc`kftms gksaun`krtms y pkrbkaa`efmges gurmftk kstes ges mýes gk preguaa`ñf.
Kf ki pr`ckr amp`tuie, sk prkskftm uf nrkvk rkaerr`ge o`stñr`ae gksgk ki er`hkf gk
ims ksaukims gk mrtks kf Ao`ik omstm ies gãms gk oey, y per b`f, sk kstmnikakf, m trmvàs gki
mfíi`s`s gk o`tes enskrvmges kf ki pkr`ege o`stñr`ae kstug`mge, aefakptes quk aeftr`nuykf
pmrm `gkft`b`amr y pimftkmr, kdkra`a`es pmrm ki gksmrreiie gk kstm enrm.
Kf ki amp`tuie s`hu`kftk, sk preguak ki c`sce preakse mfmiãt`ae, kstm vkz
kfr`quka`ge aef kikckftes kftrkhmges kf ki amp`tuie quk ie mftkakg`krm, rkv`smfge tkxtes
y fea`efks kf terfe mi endkte nmsk gk kstm preguaa`ñf, ki geauckfte, ki akrt`b`amge gk
tãtuie.
Kf skhu`gm, sk prkskftm uf nrkvk mfíi`s`s gki ckg`e gki mrtk, gefgk, kfbeamfge tmi
kstug`e kf ges aefaurses gk mrtks v`sumiks, quk s`rvkf aece ufm pukrtm gk kftrmgm gki
mrt`stm v`sumi mi ckg`e mrtãst`ae ao`ikfe.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 88
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Aef kses prkakgkftks, ies ampãtuies s`hu`kftks, mfmi`zmf enrms rkmi`zmgms per ki
mrt`stm y rkbkrkftks quk mhrkhmf y rkbukrzmf ims `gkms, bercmfge uf fukve aukrpe gk
enrm, nusamfge aeokrkfa`m kf ies kdkra`a`es, cmgurmfge ki preakse.
Gk ksm bercm, ki mrt`stm pimftkm, ufm c`rmgm aefakptumi oma`m ies preakses per ki
v`v`ges, gefgk su kfskýmfzm uf`vkrs`tmr`m, sk p`kfsm y rkp`kfsm, s`kfge aecpmrmgm aef
rkbkrkfa`ms o`stñr`ams y mprka`ma`efks senrk preakses skckdmftks.
Kf nmsk m kstm cktegeiehãm gk `fvkst`hma`ñf, sk pukgk aefstmtmr, quk m ie imrhe
gki t`kcpe, im kfskýmfzm gk ims mrtks kf Ao`ik, gk cmfkrm hkfkrmi, fe om maecpmýmge ki
gksmrreiie gk ims mrtks v`sumiks, msã, ki ckramge gk ims mrtks, sk cmft`kfk kstmfamge,
s`kfge gec`fmge, per mrt`stms quk ym aukftmf aef uf rkaerr`ge kf su bmver, g`b`auitmfge im
`fskra`ñf gk ies mrt`stms kckrhkftks.
Kf ki mýe gk >
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Kstm fe eni`hmter`kgmg, mpeym im aefaius`ñf gk kstm `fvkst`hma`ñf, gkdmfge aimrm im
gksvmier`zma`ñf gk im kfskýmfzm mrtãst`am, ym kf sus `f`a`es, tkf`kfge kf aukftm im
`cpertmfa`m gki aeikh`e kf im bercma`ñf gk uf kstug`mftk, ym quk ksk kspma`e aefst`tuyk
ufm `fstmfa`m gk sea`mi`zma`ñf aef ki aefea`c`kfte y im bercma`ñf gk vmierks gk uf`fg`v`gôe, kse mb`rcm Amries \eniktk Imhes, aeerg`fmger mamgàc`ae gk im Ksaukim gk
\esthrmge Bmauitmg Mrtks [f`vkrs`gmg gk Ao`ik kf tkxte puni`amge kf im píh`fm wkn ’Ki
]u`fte \egkr–(kiqu`ftepegkr.ai).
Gk c`scm bercm, im kfskýmfzm uf`vkrs`tmr`m gk ims mrtks, sk om cmftkf`ge mtrís gk
im kveiua`ñf gk ims mrtks, ym quk ki ckramge gki mrtk, ki a`rau`te gki mrtk ao`ikfe, sk
sustkftm kf nmsk m ims iimcmgms ’nkiims mrtks–, gkn`ge mi bufa`efmc`kfte gk sus hmikrãms y
gk sus cuskes.
Kstm aefaius`ñf, ks aeokrkftk aef ies tkcms trmtmges kf terfe mi akrt`b`amge gk
tãtuie, ym quk, kf kstk ckg`e, mi aeftrmr`e gk ie quk suakgk aef su kfskýmfzm, ki
akrt`b`amge gk tãtuie gki mrt`stm v`sumi, ks uf kikckfte senrkvmiermge per ki c`sce c`are
s`stkcm gki mrtk, quk mi b`f gk aukftms, rkspefgk mi trmg`a`efmi`sce gk ufm sea`kgmg.
Kf nmsk m ims fea`efks gk aims`b`ama`ñf kfaeftrmgms kf ies akrt`b`amges gk t`tuie, ki
mrt`stm prepefk aece kdkra`a`e b`fmi gk kstm preguaa`ñf mrtãst`am, im `fvkfa`ñf gk ufm
fukvm rkmi`gmg, ut`i`zmfge kikckftes ym kx`stkftks, ks gka`r, ut`i`zmfge im `gkm gk quk ki
geauckfte gm bk gk ufm rkmi`gmg, ki mrt`stm kimnerm su prep`e akrt`b`amge gk t`tuie, mftks
gki kxmckf gk hrmge, msuc`kfge su amríatkr gk ’mrt`stm v`sumi– per ki s`cpiks okaoe gk
pregua`r mrtk.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk 80
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Kf kstm preguaa`ñf, ki mrt`stm prepefk ki amc`fe `fvkrse m im aims`b`ama`ñf gki
geauckfte, ks gka`r, kf kstm uit`cm `fstmfa`m gk preguaa`ñf gk enrm kf im [f`vkrs`gmg
[F@MAA, ki mrt`stm sk ksampm gk ies bercmtes kspkrmges, ies bercmtes quk amrmatkr`zmf im
kfskýmfzm gk kstm `fst`tua`ñf, msã, gkdmfge gk imge, kikckftes aece im betehrmbãm y imut`i`zma`ñf gk fukves ckg`es, pmrm prkskftmr ufm p`kzm quk sk kfamdm kf ies bercmtes gk
im mamgkc`m aiís`am, ufm p`fturm, aef tàaf`ams prevkf`kftks gk im x`iehrmbãm.
Mi ut`i`zmr kstes kikckftes pmrm im preguaa`ñf gk im enrm, ki mrt`stm, hkfkrm ufm
a`krtm `refãm, quk ks maergk m im rkbikx`ñf senrk ki vmier gki akrt`b`amge, ki kstmge gki mrtk,
aefaiuykfge msã, quk kf im bercma`ñf, gk kstk fukve `fg`v`gue, im preguaa`ñf mrtãst`am ks
ki kikckfte kskfa`mi pmrm im aefst`tua`ñf gk ki ’skr– mrt`stm v`sumi.
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ?
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Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ?=
@cmhkf 72. ’Q`f W`tuie– (`cmhkf gk preakse). (>)
@cmhkf 78. ’Q`f W`tuie– (`cmhkf gk preakse). (>)
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Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ?>
Hmikrãm gk MrtkKsaukim gk Mrtks R`sumiks & Betehrmbãm[F@MAA
@cmhkf 7?. \imfes kspma`e gk ceftmdk (Hmikrãm gk Mrtk [F@MAA). (>)
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Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ?1
@cmhkf 70. \imfes kspma`e gk ceftmdk 1G (Hmikrãm gk Mrtk [F@MAA). (>)
@cmhkf ;)
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N`ni`ehrmbãm
Mrtmug, M. (>
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Brkufg, H. (>
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^kbkrkfa`ms wkn
Mrtki.ai (>
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Kf ottp4//www.`mgk.erh.mr/ceguiks/fet`a`ms/mrt`aik.pop5stery`g3;00 Entkf`ge ki =?
gk g`a`kcnrk gk >=?18>/per-uf-cmf`b`kste-pesbetehrmb`ae
.otc i Entkf`ge kf >< gk mheste gk >1&@tkc`g3>?
Entkf`ge ki =? gk g`a`kcnrk gk >
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[f`vkrs`gmg gk Ao`ik (>= gk g`a`kcnrk gk >= gk g`a`kcnrk gk >> gk g`a`kcnrk gk >/bUbmmgUugpU>.pgb Entkf`ge kf >> gk
g`a`kcnrk gk >
[f`vkrs`gmg B`f`s Wkrrmk (>= gk g`a`kcnrk gk >
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\reteaeie gk Muter`zma`ñf
Ki e ies miucfes mnmde b`rcmftks, bmauitmf m [f`vkrs`gmg [F@MAA,pmrm ut`i`zmr \reykate gk tãtuie, aef b`fks gk g`bus`ñf y/e
mprkfg`zmdk.
Fecnrks gk ies @ftkhrmftks B`rcms
=.- Nkfdmcãf Mfgràs Nmrrkrm Mr`ms
>.-
1.-
7.-
;.-
2.-
Im Nurearma`m gki Mrtk ?0