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RG - P7- 1

PROGRAM 7 - TEXTBOOK

Waldyr Lima Editora

Agradecimentos ao Corpo Editorial

Aniela Improta FrançaNilson Costa Pedroso

Waldyr Lima8rian McComish

Aniela Improta França

Tania Mara Silva de LimaLenora de Oliveira WilliamsRosane Roale Guerra Caruso

Esther Stearns d'Utra e SilvaHenry Roy Davies

Murilo Marques MoutinhoLuis Carlos Mendes da Costa

Murilo Marques MoutinhoLuis Carlos Mendes da CostaJoão Carlos Meira LataCarlos Alberto Pereira da Silva

Flavio Hugo Castanho Ia Tavares

Luis Carlos Mendes da Costa

Carlos Alberto Soares Coelho

Rosane Roale Guerra Caruso

Waldyr Lima

2- RG- P7

WALDVR LIMA EDITORA

Todos os direitos reservados. Nos termos da lei de direitos autorais é proibida a reproduçãototal ou parcial, bem como a produção de apostilas desta obra, de qualquer forma ou porqualquer meio (eletrônico ou mecânico, inclusive através de processos xerográficos, defotocópia e de gravaçâo ou outros meios que vierem a ser criados), sem permissão, porescrito, da editora.

Impresso por Waldyr Lima EditoraBrasil

Quarta Edição

CCAA

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RG -r-' P7 - 3

VIDEO ENGLISH

REGULAR COURSE

PREFACE

This course is the result of the work of a team of teacherswho have been producing English materiais for Brazilian studentsin C 1966. This team has been studying and researching the latestI 'v I pments in teaching, then adapting them to suit the specific needs

of the Brazilian learner.The aim of this course is to present the English language as it is

uscd by the average American in everyday life.Consultation on the usage of Arnerican English has been with Esther

Stcarns d'Utra e Silva, a native speaking American, resident in Brazil.ducated in Boston, Massachussets, and New York University,

Ms. D'Utra e Silva has been actively engaged in the field of teachingEnglish as a foreign language for more than twenty years.

The contents of this course have been carefully planned and organizedin such a way that the learner is guided to an active assimilation of thegrammar, structures and vocabulary.

PROGRAM 7

Program 7 of Video English Regular Course is designed for teen-ageand adult students who have preliminary knowledge of the Englishlanguage. It is the seventh book of the Regular Course and is a naturalfollow-up for those who have finished Program 6.

Everyday American speech is presented with illustrated dialoguesand narratives which serve as the basis for ali classroom work. Thedialogues and narratives present teen-age and adult real !ife situationssuch as trave!ing, asking for and giving information, going to a doctor's,describing, etc.

The grammar points are inductively introduced in the lesson textsand then presented in normative grammar formo

Program 7 contains about 350 new words not previously taughtin Programs 1 through 6.

4- RG- P7

N.: Nurse

M.: Mel

Mr. S.: Mr. Simon

CHARACTERS

M.: Mike ~ S.: Sally~

Mrs. C.: Mrs. Chondriac

H.: Herb

Mr. J.: Steve Johnson

G.: Greg

R. L.: Rich Lady

Mrs. J.: MargieJohnson

7.

RG - P7- 5

LIST OF CONTENTS

UtS ON PAGE

The Charm of New York

Review of Program 6

7

74 Jumping to ConcIusions

Sequence of Tenses

19

75 At a General Practitioner's

Indirect Speech (introduction)

27

76 Snapshots I

Indirect Speech (continued)

37

77 Structural Lesson

Indirect Speech (review)

51

78 A "Dognapping"

The Present Perfect Continuous Tense

53

79 Snapshots 11

Relative Pronouns - WHO, THAT

Negative Forms - NO, NONE, NO ONE/NOBODY,

NOTHING, NOWHERE, NEITHER

61

80 On a Ranch

Irregular Gender

Irregular Plurais

73

6- RG- P7

LESSON PAGE

1 r c c i '" 1-'LC~='UII CI

RG- P7- Lesson73- 7

THE [H:=:l~flOF NEM ~:O:~:t:;

81 Public-Service Announcement - MADD

The Passive Voice (introduction)

83

82 Structural Lesson

The Passive Voice (continued)

89

83 93 Nnrrator: New York is dividedinto five sections calledboroughs: Staten Island ,Brooklyn , Quee ns, the Bronxand Manhattan.

TV Commercial "Quaker Com Bran"

Back to the Big Apple

Review of Program 7

84 97

Guide: For decades Harlem hasbeen a center of Black culture.

/

Guide: How about going into thischurch to get the spirit ofbrotherhood in some of thegospel songs?

Female tourist: That soundsinteresting.

Male tourist: Which area ofManhattan are we in now?

Guide: Uptown Manhattan. Thisis Harlem.

Guide: Harlem attracts over twomillion tourists a year.

Male tourist: Is Central Park large?Guide: Large? It takes a good hour

to see ali that Central Park hasgot to offer.

8 - RG - P7 - Lesson 73

Guide: Among the features ofCentral Park are severallakes,picnic sites, a restaurant andsports facilities.

Guide: 59th Street, at thesouthern end of Central Park,is the borde r line betweenmidtown Manhattan anduptown Manhattan.

Guide: This is 14th Street, indowntown Manhattan.

Guide: Look at this vendar doinghis best to attract the shoppers'attention.

Guide ; Long before we wereborn, Greenwich Village hadalready become the ideal homefor all types of musicians andperformers.

Guide: Like thousands of others,this entertainer has come to theBig Apple hoping to make hisway to the topo

RG- P7- Lesson 73- 9

'1'0 Ii:NTERTAIN - To hold someone's attention with songs, jokes, etc.in a pleasant way.

READING TEXT

THE CHARM OF NEW YORK

New York is a city of superlatives: besides being the greatestmctropolis in America, it has the most impressive skyscrapers, the most.xtcnsive harbor, the most active airport system, the most thrilling touristuttractions, the most numerous cultural activities, ...

New York is divided into five sections called boroughs:

Staten Island - the smallest borough in population.lt offers a wholly different image ofNew York ;

Brooklyn - the most populated borough, with its Jewishcommunity;

Queens - the largest borough where we can see somepleasant residential sections;

the Bronx - a famous borough, but not always apleasant one;

Manhattan - the fifth borough. It's here that everythinghappens!

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••Guide: Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. My name's Nick

Walton, and 1'11 be your guide on this tour aroundfantastic Manhattan.What's the name of this beautiful bridge?Male tourist:

IfI /Ir, t' ,,"'''1/ IRG - P7 - Lesson 73 - 11

I li' IIIl' IlllHlIlH IIll)oklyl1 Bridge, the first stcclII 111'11 hllllllldp~' in til' world, connccting Brooklyn with

1Ii' lxhuu],Is Munhattan an island?Yes. It's separated from the other boroughs by threerivers: the East River, the Hudson River and the HarlemRiver. Many bridges and tunnels connect Manhattan withthe other boroughs and New Jersey.What are a are we in now?Uptown Manhattan. This is Harlem. For decades it hasbeen a center of Black culture. Harlem attracts over twomillion tourists a year.

I've always heard Harlem is a poor area, but these housesdon't look so poor.True, but a great part of Harlem's population is verypoor. Just look around you.How about going into this church to get the spirit ofbrotherhood in some of the gospel songs?

That sounds interesting!Another major attraction in uptown Manhattan is CentralPark, the heart of the city.

Is Central Park large?Large? It takes a good hour to see alI that Central Parkhas got to offer. Among its features are several lakes,picnic sites, a restaurant and sports facilities.59th Street, at the southern end of Central Park, is theborde r line between uptown Manhattan and midtownManhattan.This is 14th Street, in downtown Manhattan. Look atthis vendar doing his best to attract the shoppers'attention. Now Washington Square, a gate to one of themost interesting are as of surprising Manhattan:Greenwich Village. Long before we were bom,Greenwich Village had already become the ideal homefor alI types of musicians and performers ..In Battery Park we can find other entertainers. Likethousands of others, they have come to the Big Applehoping to make their way to the topo

THERE IS MQRE ABOUT NEW YORK COMING SOON STAY WITH USo

, IUII,

/'1'/1'0/1' //1/11'1,\'/,'

( iuitlc:

Male tourist:Cuide:

Female tourist:

Cuide:

Female tourist:Cuide:

Male tourist:Cuide:

Cuide:

Cuide:

MMARREVIEW

11/ VI'; GOT/HAS GOT

li, '" T '"q"',,'ooItO HA VE. e ="EV~liA.' ,; T', equivalent 10 lIAS. ~ GO~

1II I thcse examples:

III!VI' you got any brothers or sisters?(1iI\.'SSwhat! Leslie has got a snake at home!

11. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE WITH SINCE AND FOR

SI N E indicates the starting point of an action or situation that has

(,Olltinued up to a specific time, often the present time.

Siudy the example:

We haven't seen Kevin since last Saturday.

F R indicates the duration of an action or situation.

bserve the example:

He's studied Japanese for three years.

Ill. THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE VERSUS THE PRESENTPERFECT TENSE

Use the SIMPLE PAST TENSE to indicate that an action or situation

started and ended at a specifically stated time in the past.

12 - RG - P7 - Lesson 73 RG - P7 - Lesson 73-13

Use the PRESENT PERFECT TENSE to indicate that an action arsituation started in the past and has continued ar has been true up tothe present time.

NY - FEW - A FEW

III NY, 'EW and A FEW with countable nouns.

Compare the exarnples: 11111 IIlId compare the examples:

I drove a cab for 10 years.111' li" .sn't have many friends. many

I've driven a cab for 10 years. lil'l' has few friends.

IV. AS FAR AS VERSUS UNTIL 1\11 'c has a few friends.a few = a smallnumber of; some

AS FAR ASby an action.

refers to the end Iimit of a distance, often determined

VI. MUCH - LITTLE - A LITTLEStudy this example:

They'lI travei as far asthe Rocky Mountains.

Use MUCH, LITTLE and A LITTLE with uncountable nouns.

SI udy and compare the examples:

UNTIL refers to the end Iimit of an action ar situation in time.

They'lI travei untilevening.

I don't have rnuch cash 00 me. ('RíÜc::: a01h", little cash no me. eO!~

AS FAR AS = UP TO (for distance)UNTIL = UP TO (for time)

I have a Iittle cash on me. a lillle = a smallquantity of

14 - RG - P7 - Lesson 73 RG - P7 - Lesson.73 - 15

VII. IT TAKES - IT TOOK - IT WILL TAKE

IT TAKES, IT TOOK and IT WILL TAKE are used with an expression

of time to indicate the arnount of time used to perform an action.

Compare the examples:

It takes about 20 minutes to answer this question.

It took half an hour to fix the car door.

It will take one month to train Mike for the job.

An affirmative statement is used when thespeaker expects an affirmative answer.Likewise, a negative statement is used whenthe speaker expects a negative answer.

Nllw,'ompare:

Study the structures IT T AKES, IT TOOK and IT WILL T AKE whenthe verb take is followed by an object:

" 1111 visited the Magic Kingdom yesterday, didn 't you?"

",'v~,rdid." ~3"\llitln won't return this afternoon, will he?"It takes me a week to drive to the Great Lakes.

It took Chrís 50 seconds to write a check.

It will take the architect 3 months to finish his project.

VIII. TAG QUESTIONS

"No, I1c won't." expected answer

( ucsiions with SHALL WE?

SHALL WE is used in suggestions at the endof a sentence beginning with LET'S, as aTAG QUESTION.The TAG QUESTION generally indicates that the speaker often, but

not always, expects a confirmation of his/her statement.

Observe the usage of T AG QUESTIONS:

Vou know how to ski,

don't you?

affirmativestatement

,'llldy these examples:

Lcl'~ take a picture of Chinatown, shall we?W..:.'rc really late' Let's take a cab, shall we?

IX. THE USE OF THE GERUND AFTER PREPOSITIONS

When a verb immediately follows a preposition, the GERUND form111li st be used.They haven 't shown up

yet, have they?'tlldy the example:

Always read the instructions before trying to do an exercise.

USED TO expresses an action that was habitual in the past or a situationthat existed in the past but is not habitual or 'does not exist anymore.

XI. THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

16 - RG - P7 - Lesson 73

X. USED TO

Study the example:

I used to eat a lot offudge, but now I don't

like chocolate.

RG - P7 - Lesson 73 - /7

When the first action is very dose intime to the second one, JUST is used.

'1111 " hud just turned around when he saw the accident.

lhe speaker doesn'teat a lot of fudge

anymore.

1111 i'l vc:

Bruce turned around in afew seconds. ./'

~

The accident happened.

./'

The PAST PERFECT TENSE is used for an action completed in lhepast, before -another past action.

Study and compare these examples:

I had already fallen asleep when you arrived.

\ V I'---v--Ifirst action

PAST PERFECT TENSE'

When he was bom,'---v---Isecond action

SIMPLE PASTTENSE

second action

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

I had already left lhe country.

\ v~__ -II

first action

PAST PERFECT TENSE

Notice: lhe order of clauses can change, but thisdoes not alter the use of tenses.

Caribbean Performer: Everybody hustlin' in New York City. You know,everybody on the go. Especially people comefrom different city, you know. They see us andthey're scared of uso Because people keep ontalking about New York City is bad, butNew York City is not so bad how peoplethink it is. It's a cool place, it's a nice place tocome and hang out, and spend a weekend ...you know what I mean?

Do you like it here?

111 IUI 1'7 //'1'1/11I 7/

lnterviewer:

RG - p7 - Lesson 74 - 19

, '-S-,-'-'N ''-/LC _ ='L'" ,dUl~PING TO [O/~CLU5101~5

guy called Barry Williamsphoned you an hour ago.

S.: Barry Williams?M.: Yeah, he said that you and

Helen had met him at a lodgein the Rocky Mountains.

Caribbean Performer: Yeah, I love it here. I'm from the Caribbean,from the Virgin Islands ..

lnterviewer: You're frorn the Virgin Islands?

Caribbean Performer: Yeah.

Caribbean Performer:

How long have you been here?

Well, I've been here for about, uh, two yearsnow. Yeah.

h, sure ... Barry! Quick ,tell me what he said!

M.: He said it was really ashame you weren't in.

lnterviewer:

lnterviewer: You don't plan to move, right?

Caribbean Performer: Well, I'1I tell the truth, well, I'm a entertainer,you know, and, I mean, I'm a ragamuffinentertainer, sO... you know, I've been indifferent states, you know, every weekend.

lnterviewer: I see.

Caribbean Performer: But I love New York City. New York City isthe best.

lnterviewer: Thanks.

Caribbean Performer: Yeah. You welcome, anytime.

And what else? Didn't hetell you where he was staying?

He said that he was at theKing's Inn and that hewanted to have dinner atDino's.

RG - P7 - l.esson 74 - 2/20 - RG - P7 - Lesson 74

S.: Mike! Barry wants to inviteme out for dinner!

S.: Let me call Helen. She'll begreen with envy when shehears the news.

NEWS - A report on current events in a newspaper orother periodical, or on radio or television.

M.: I bet it'll be the other wayaround. You'll be enviousof her.

M.: Actually, what Barry wantedwas to go out with Helen.

'1'0 STAND FOR

Association (equivalent to ACM<,

- To represent (used with abbreviations). CCAAstands for Centro de Cultura Anglo Americana.

Y'MCA - Young Men's Christianin Brazil).

S.: I hope you didn't give himher number.

M.: I sure did. And they'reprobably together right now.

22 - RG - P7 - Lesson 74

READING TEXT

IT'S NICE TO BE AMONG THE TOPS

Jacqueline: The Rocky Mountains!?The Rocky Mountains,Silvester?

Silvester: Yes, The Rockies,Jacqueline. Why not?

Jacqueline: Because! Well Silvester.The Rockies are far, and ...I don't know. Why don't you invite me tospend our vacation in New York? Ali my friends will be greenwith envy. The theater, the movies, good restaurants ...

Silvester: But it's just the other way arounc , honey. They'll envyyou if you tell them your husband will take you to theromantic Rockie Lodge and: that you'll stay in a room witha wonderful view.

Jacqueline: At a lodge!? At a lodge, Silvester??

Silvester: Yes, at a lodge. Why not, Jacqueline?

Jacqueline: Sophisticated people like me prefer modern hotels and bigcities. It's reaíly a shame you don't seem to understand that.

Silvester: But Jackie, , ..

Jacqueline: What else are you going to tell me? That your friends usuallygo to the mountains?

Silvester: No ... that I read that millionaire David Stonefeller, his wifeand some friends are going to spend their vacation at the

. Rockie Lodge. Actually, they probably arrived there thismorning. It's a shame you will not have the opportunity of

meeting them.

Jacqueline: But, Silvester! Haven't I always told you that you are theone that decides where we go? If you say to the mountains,to the mountains we'll go.

MMAR

IIn' 111''l'enses

RG - P7 - Lesson 74 - 23

Wh n the main verb in the sentence is in thep onl, the verbs that follow must be in the tense

qulrsd by their contexto

I 1,,'1 1,'11 be the other way around.

I huplc Present + Simple Future)

I I "1It' you didn't give Barry Helen's number.

( 1111'1 Present + Simple Past)

1'11I glud you're enjoying yourself.

(. 'lrllple Present + Present Continuous)

I' Y u telling me Ricky has been in town since Monday?

Pr iscnt Continuous + Present Perfect)

t nhcr examples:

u - no - 17- Lesson 74

When the main verb is in the pas!, lhe dependentverb (or verbs) must also be in some form ofthe pas! to show related time.

Examples:

Barry said it was a shame you weren't in.

(Simple Past + Simple Past + Simple Past)

Barry said you and Helen had met him in the Rocky Mountains.

(Simple Past + Past Perfect)

Didn't he tell you where he was staying?

(Simple Past + Past Continuous)

Other examples:

I THOUGHT YOUL1KED MY FOOD!

BUT JOHNNY' YOU SAIO:"1 WILL STOP DISTURBING

ANNIE.··

)10. DADDY!I SAIO I WOULD STOP

PLAYI)lG TODISTURB HER.

nG - P7 - Lesson 74 - 25

mpare these sentences. The first sentencech palr starts with a Present Tense; the

nd tarts with a Past Tense.

111l' .hanges in tenses:

111 Ihlnk I-Iclen will be green with envy.

••lIv Ihllllj(ht Helen would be green with envy.

\I, v I uylng that he is at the King's Inn.

\I, YWUIi sayíng that he was at the King's Inn.

"I I usklng if you have decided to invite Carla out for dinner.

I' WIIS askíng if you had decided to invite Carla out for dinner.

26 - RG - P7 - Lesson 74

•IFLASHES ON TRAme

Speed limit - 25 mph. If you speed here, you can possibly get a fine.

No parking zone! Parking permitted only where curb is painted yellow.

RG - P7 - Lesson 75 - 27

LE'-'- ,,'\' +c:="='L'" , =..Rr R GENERRL PRRCTlTlD/~E,'~'S

I 111111 down, Mrs. Chondriac.III II 'p will be with you inII 11111111 nt.

Intercom voice: Next, please!Mrs. C.: Thank heavens! Finally

it's my turno

Doctor, I'm coughing alot today and I have asare throat, toa.

Mrs. C.': I think I have the flu, Dr. H.: Open your mouth wideand say "AHHH ..

28 - RG - P7 - Lesson 75 RG - P7 - Lesson 75 - 29

Dr. H.: Now let me Iisten to yourlungs. Take a deepbreath and hold it.

Dr. H.: Breathe out.

Dr. H.: You're in great shape,Mrs. Chondriac.

N.: What did he tell you,Mrs. Chondriac?

Mrs. c.: Just imagine! He toldme I was perfectlyhealthy!

N.: Did he say when he wantedto see you again?

Mrs. c.: He said he didri't wan tto see me for anotheryear.

@

SHAPE - The f1at character ofa form or object asdefined by itscontour or outline.

IN'I'ERCOM - (abbreviation of "intercommunication system") Acommunication system by which people can talk to andlisten to other people in a near place.

IIVPOCHONDRIAC - A person suffering frorn depression caused byimaginary illnesses.

30 - RG - P7 - Lesson 75

READING TEXT

Doctor over lhe intercom: Send the next patient in , please.

Nurse: It's your turn , Mrs. Kent.

Mrs. Kent: Oh , thank you, dear.Good morning, doetor.

Dr. Welby: Morning, Mrs. Kent.More problems with your legs?

Mrs. Kent: No, doetor. You know how r amo r always doEVERYTH1NG you tell me to. So I've taken all themedieines you told me to take and now r feel m ueh bette r.

Dr.Welby: Are you taking a walk every day?

Mrs. Kent: I sure am, Ooetor Welby.

Dr. We(by: So , what brought you here today?

Mrs. Kent: I think I have the fluo I've had a sore throat and a feverfor at least five days.

Dr. Welby: You look perfeetly healthy to me, but anyway, let meexamine yOU. Open your mouth wide and say "Ahhh!"

Mrs. Kent: Ahhh!

Dr. Welby: OK. Now I'rn going to Iisten to your lungs, so pay attention:take a deep breath and hold it. Don't breathe out untilI tell you to do so.

Nurse over lhe intercom: Your wife is here. She wants to talk to youfor a moment.

Dr. Welby: I'm sorry, Mrs. Kent. You'Il have to exeu~e me for a moment.

(2 minutes later Doctor Welbyreturns ... )

Dr. Welby: Mrs. Kent's fainted!Heavens! I think I forgot to tell her to breathe out '

RG - P7 - Lesson 75 - 31

11 1·«"I' I)PEECH:

MRS. CHONORIAC SAIO.

"I THINK I HA VETHE FLU."

I! 11 lI! . exact words of a speaker are reprodueed, as in the example.1'11 I • w~· refcr to this as Direct Speech.

Quotation marks are always usedwith Oireet Speeeh.

1101111'1' example:

RG - P7 - Lesson 75 - 3(( I ['7 l,a,I,VO/l 7$

11, INDJRECT SPEECH:

MRS. CHONDRIAC SAIDSHE THOUGHT SHE

HAD THE FLU

When the words of a speaker are not reproduced exactly as spoken, asin the example above, we refer to this as Indirect Speech.

Quotation marks are not used withIndirect Speech.

Another example:

llI. INTRODUCING VERBS:

Both direct and indirect speech are introduced by a word (or words)that identifies (or identify) the speaker and a verb called the introducingverbo The person (or persons) addressed may or may not be mentioned.In direct speech, the exact words spoken are accompanied by quotationmarks and separated from the introducing words by a colon or a comma.

111111 I' II1Ipl ':

Mrs, hondriac always says, "I'm sick."

Mrs. Chondriac always says (that) she is sick.

I IIlIlhl'I" II"I"'h cxample , someoneis telling or reporting what Mrs.I 11111 III~ 1\ S says. For this reason, the I used by Mrs. ChondriacI•• 1 111111 h "

In informallanguage, that is oftenomitted.

1111111 I' iuuplcs:

MY MOTHER SAIDTHA T I WAS EITHERGOING TO HELP MY

DADWASHTHECAR OR I WAS GOINGTO CLEAN MY ROOM.

Illl{ MOTHER SAID,HHINNY! YOU'RE

I 11111 R GOING TO HELP0111{ DAD WASH THEI (>\{ YOU'RE GOINGII'AN

mJR, ()( >M."

34 - RG - P7 - Lesson 75

IV. TENSE SEQUENCE IN INDIRECT SPEECH:

A. Introducing verb in the Present Tense:

When the introducing verb is in the Present Tense, the verbs in thcreported speech remain in their original tenses. (See Lesson 74Sequence of Tenses.)

Example:

direct speech - George always says, "I have the best friends inthe world."

indirect speech - George always says he has the best friends inthe world.

Another example:

GRANDPA ALWAYSSAYS THAT A DOG IS

A MAN'S BEST FRIENDMA YBE DOGS JUSTDONT LIKE GIRLS.

B. Introducing verb in the Past Tense:

When the introducing verb is in the Past Tense , the main verbs inthe part reported must be in a past tense. (See Lesson 74 - Sequenceof Tenses.)

Example:

direct speech - Mrs. Chondriac said, "I have a sare throat."

indirect .speech - Mrs. Chondriac said she hada sore throat.

ln the example above , the have used by Mrs. Chondriac has bccornehad in indirect speech because Mrs. Chondriac's throat was sore at lhetime she spoke about it at some time in the pasto

More examples:

direct speech - The guide said, "The vendors are doing their best toattract the shoppers' attention."

indirect speech - The guide said lhe vendors were doing their best toattract the shoppers' attention.

are - Simple Present • were - Simpie Past

RG - P7 - Lesson 75 - 35

illy ald, "Helen will be green with envy when she11ar the news."

11 S illy sald Helen would be green with envy when shehl.ard the news.

11111I1 ' • would be - past form

11111'11' I'I"~ .nt • heard - Simpie Past

111 I 11I1IIg 's in the dependent verb when the introducing verbJlII I

11I(11:( ''\' SPEECH •• wrote(Simple Past)

INDIRECT SPEECH

\ rll '/writesniple Present)

Is/urc writing(I'\t' cnt ontinuous) • was/were writing

(Past Continuous)

• had written(Past Perfect)

wrote( iimple Past) - /.

has/have writt~n/(Present Perfect) • had written

(Past Perfect)

• would write(past form)

will write(Future)

WHEN THE PERSON ADDRESSED IS MENTIONED:

I" lhe examples presented so far, we didn't know whom the speakerWIIS talking to. Now observe what happens when the person addressedI mcntioned.

,\, Introducing verb in the Present:

dlrect speech - Bob always says to Sarah, "You're my best friend."

Indlrect speech - Bob always tells Sarah she's his best friend.

/ ..../.

IfI 1/(,' 1'1 t.rsso» 7S

Notlc - that when the person addressed is mentioned, says to oscnllvbccomes tells.Remember: Do not use TO immediately after TELL.

Other examples:

B. Inlroducing verb in lhe Past:

direct speech - Dr. Hypo said to Mrs. Chondriac, "You're in greatshape."·

indirect speech - Dr. Hypo told Mrs. Chondriac that she was tngreat shape.

Notice that when the person addressed to is mentioned, said tobecomes told.

The general rules for lndirect Speechapply to the cases when the personaddressed to is mentioned as well asto the cases when it is not.

More examples:

direct speech - Dr. Hypo said to Mrs. Chondriac, "I don't want tosee you again for another year."

indirect speech - Dr. Hypo told Mrs. Chondriac that.he didn't wantto see her again for another year.

direct speech - Dr. Hypo said, "You are perfectly healthy, MrS.Chondriac. "

indirect speech ~ Dr. Hypo told Mrs. Chondriac that she wasperfectly healthy.

RG - P7 - Lesson 76 - 37

LE550/~ 76I~RP5,'-{GT5 I

Terry: Say, isn't that Nancywith David? She told me lastMonday she'd broken up withDavid two days before.

lullll (; ruudma , where do weI 111111 trom?

111 1111\11111: Wcll, when your1l1111l1l11 and daddy gotlllilllll'd, a stork.

Marian: I know ali this talk aboutsexo I just asked where wecarne from - Oregon orCalifornia.

uld: Mr. Randall is on thephone.

Mrs, Cooper: Don't say I'm in.

Maid: I hate to tell Iies, butMrs. Cooper told me not tosay she's in.

38 - RG - P7 - Lesson 76

Mr. Kalm: Has the new secretarytyped those letters yet?

Florence: Mr. Kalm is ask 1\

if you've typed lholetters yet.

Man: I've told you just toscratch on the door when youwant in!

Bill: I thought it wouldhelp people tell you and yoursister apart!

'10 S 'RAT 'H - To run the fingerlil' W' nails n the skin to alleviate1\ Ii~IIt [rritation.

A I' 'mate servant.

HI'I'11:R - A machine for writing mechanicaUy.

'I'I,LLER - A person who tells or writes stories or anecdotes.

tR

==--=' =~~~-

40 - RG - P7 - Lesson 76

READING TEXT

The Remingtons are a happy family from Oregon. They have thrc .kids: Derek, who is 16; Mary, who is 10; and Judy, who is 5. The thrcckids are very nice and intelligent, but the smartest of the three is Judy,Sometimes she is even toa smart ...

Mrs. Remington: Honey, can you ... Oh! It's you, son!

Derek: Mom! Did y~u think I was Dad?

Mrs. Remington: Yeah! It's incredible! I looked at you from behind,and for a moment, I thought you were your father.Lately, when you're together, it has gotten difficultto tell you two apart.

Mary: Yeah! Derek looks a lot Iike Dad!

Judy: Mommy, why do parents and children look alike?

M rs. Remington: (clearing her throat.) Well, Judy, . . you know, thestork is a very careful bird and for each family itchooses a baby that looks like the future parents.

Judy: Ah! I see... Are you really sure the stork doesali that?

Mrs. Remington: Certainly, I'm perfectly sure.

Judy: (whispering) Derek, remember that talk about sex that you hadwith your girl friend, before you two broke up? Well, from whatI understand of that talk, the person who urgently needs ali theinformation you gave your girl friend is Mom.

!tI I li-QUI.!: TIONS

IIG - n- L 'SSOIl 76 - 11

II ti I1I 1111' h' inning of a sentence introduces a questiono11 ulv ~I\IIW til' wh-words. They are: what, where , when, which,

'1. Imw lIuw i also included in this list, although it doesn't

1111' ihosc that are introduced by a wh-word.

IItI 1111 'stions are those that require yes or no in the answer. Yes-noI I IIUIIN are not introduced by a wh-word, they are always introduced

!Iv " 111111' r an auxiliary verbo

DADDY. IF VOUWANT TO KNOWWHERE SHE BUYSTHOSE CAKES ICAN TAKE VOU

•. ,,~~- THERE.

11 "';S-NO QUESTIONS

-- ---- -~~~---~-_.. -

IlIlIpl .s:---====:::.1

42 - RG - P7 - Lesson 76

tu. INDIRECT SPEECH (continued)

A. Questions

Observe the changes that must be made when questions are changcdfrom direct speech to indirect speech.

1. Wh-questions

Compare these sentences:

direct speech - Mary asked, "Where do kids come frorn?"

indirect speech - Mary asked where kids carne from.

The question above in direct speech was introduced by a wh-word (where).So, the same wh-word was used to introduce the question in indirectspeech.

Another example:

NO, MRS. GOLO.J OIDN'T ASK YOUWHY YOU WERESTAYING IN N. Y.

J ASKEO YOU WHEREYOU WERE STAYING

IN N. Y. ,

RG - P7 - Lesson 76 - 43

\lIm

, 1111 lH'l\ :

MI, 111m i asking, "Has the new secretary typed those1I'llI:rS yct?"

Mi . alrn is asking ir (or whether) the new secretaryI\tIS 1ypcd those letters yet.

111 111111 nhuve in direct speech is of the yes-no type, that is, it's11111.11111" li 11 11 wh-word. So, ir or whether was used to introduce1I 11 •• 11 111 [udir '1 speech.

11

When expressing condition, only irmust be used.Example: I would visit Manhattan ir

(not whether) I could.

11 /(1, 1'1 1./"',111" 76

Afl '" cxamining the changes made in wh-questions and yes-no quesuouin indirect speech we can conclude that:

a. Tense sequence in questions in indirect speech follows the same rui '~as those for indirect speech in general.

b. Word order in a question in indirect speech is the same as that inan affirmative sentence, that is, interrogative word order is not usec!.

c. The introducing verb say must be changed for a verb or expressionof inquiry, e.g. ask, inquire, wonder, want to know, etc.

B. Requests

1. Affirmative sentences

Read these sentences carefully:

direct speech - Ben said to his wife "Open the door for me, please."a b c

indirect speech - Ben asked his wife to open the door for him.a b c

After examining requests in indirect speech we conclude that:

.a. The introducing verb say in direct speech becomes ask in indirectspeech.

b. The introducing verb ask in indirect speech is followed by an .indirectobject.

c. The verb that follows the introducing verb is changed to the completeinfinitive. .

Another example:

MR. JOHNSON

TOLD ME TO CLEANEVERYTHING.

111 11I1

11111111li I 111I

RG - P7 - Lesson 76 - 45

1 I' uld, "Please , Isabelle, don't invite your Frenchb c

1I {'llIls to the party."1(' , nsked Isabelle not to invite her French friends to

ti b c111 ' purty.

I 111, 111', Is 11 r .quest not to do something, the following changes

1111I IItllldlll vcrb say in direct speech becomes ask in indirect1111

1111 1IIIIIIIIIIdllg vcrb ask in indirect speech is followed by an indirect

I I

1111 I 111 111111 rollows the introducing verb is changed to a negative.111 ,\ (1I0l + infinitive)

111111111 nlllllplc:

J'VE ALREADY TOLDYOU TO ANSWERMY QUESTIONS.

46 - RG - P7 - Lesson 76

C. Orders

1. Affirmative sentences

Compare these sentences:

direct speech - Joe said to his dog, "Scratch on the door when you

awant in."

b c

indirect speech - Joe told his dog to scratch on the door when he

a b cwanted in.

directspeech - The policeman said, "Stop your car, ma'am."

a bc

indirect speech - The policeman ordered the woman to stop her car.

a b c

After analysing the sentences above we may conclude that:

a. The introducing verb say in direct speech may beco me tell, order

or command, depending on the situation presented.

b. The introducing verb teU, order or command in indirect speech is

followed immediately by an indirect object.

c. The verb that follows the introducing verb is changed to the complete

infinitive.

Another example:

direct speech - Mrs. McArthur said, "Put on your coat, Liz."

indirect speech - Mrs. McArthur told Liz to put on her coat.

1/ ; - 1'7 - IA,ISO" 76 - 1/7

li i I 111111\'

'oopcr said to the maid, "Don't say I'm in."

a b c

MI'S, 'ooper told the maid not to say she is in.

a b c

111111111'1', 111' changes made when the sentence is an order not

111111I1I ,,~, III'Clhe following:

Ilu 1IIIIIIdlldng verb say in direct speech may become tell, order or

" IIIIIUIII,<I.pcnding on the situation presented.

1111 1IIIImlu ing verb tell, order or command in indirect speech is

IItlllI\ I'd [mrnediately by anindirect object.

1111 \'('111 that follows the introducing verb is changed to a negative

hlllulllvl.',

1111111'\ .xample:

10\I 111i to his dog: "Don't scratch on the door."

liI lold his dog not to scratch on the door.

11 1 xnmine the following sentences:

I li' suid: "I will write a letter tomorrow."

wcek later) He said he would write a letter the following day.

" l'omorrow" was replaced by "the following day" because, at the time

01 lhe second sentence, "tomorrow" had already passed.

48 - RG - P7 - Lesson 76

Note the changes that takc place when converting direct speech il1lO

indirect speech:

this or these becomes that o r those

now becomes then

today becomes that day

tomorrow becomes the following day; the next day

next week becomes the following week

yesterday becomes the previous day; the day before

last night becomes the night before; the previous night

IV. SOME EXPRESSIONS WITH THE VERB TO TELL

We have already seen the difference in use between say and tell

(see L. 67). But there are some expressions with which only tell

must be used:

- to tell a Iie - to say things that are not true

Example: He's not speaking honestly; he's telling Iies.

- to tell the truth - to say things that are true

Example: She became very angry when she realized he had not told

- her the truth.

- to tell the time - to be able to read from a clock or watch; to inform,

to give the correct time

Examples: It's unusual for a ten-year-old not to know how to

tell the time.

Can you tell me the time, please?

/111 fi! I "/I,, IfI 11)

111111111111 ' II ~(ol'y

1\ h-li 111'1 111(1' son 11 story at bcdtimc.

111 di. tiu uish (again , "tell" has nothing to do with•• fi 'I,klll I," hcre)

I , 111 11I'Vl'1 11,111hc twins apart. Which one is Marcia and which

11111I MIII '?

50 - RG - P7 - Lesson 76

LIFEI lHE U.S.FlASHES 01 dOU IIUNl1NG

FULL TlMElRetail SalesColumbus Ave handcraH boullqueseeks hardwortdng responslble sales

Cerson wilh dlSPlar,abllllles. Musl berlghl &. seU moi valed. Experlence

is a plus. Conlacl Susan or RossellaHANDBLOCK

487 Columbus Ave NYC212.799·4342

HAIRDRESSERS/ASSTS/RECEPTS

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PSYCHOLOGIST11.2 days/weekl

Prestlglous mldlown consull(ng tlrmlocullng on behaviorat assessment 01sales and managemenl personnel.WIII conslder advanced docloralsludenla in an applled psychologyprogramo Submil vilae:

F 7308 TIMES1010B

TEACHERElemenlary

Immedlale openlng. Apply SouthBrunswlck Board 01 Educallon, 1Executlve Drive, Monmouth Juncllon,NJ 08852.201·297·7800.

Equal Opporlunlty Employer

MARKETING/ACCTMGMT

Oversee dally operatlons &. ma",el01 growlng service co. Entry leveElc growlh oppty. Avail Immed. r:::::::::==- ....••~::=::;;;r~;iiIo:;;;:;\1755·1225.

MEDlCAL ASST.For Wesl 141h Podlalry OHlce S7/Hr.Ca1l691·1651 Thurs or Frlday 9·12.

RG - P7 - Lesson 77 - 51L 550N 77

I, r /(w rURRL LE5501V'Ji'NmNT "BUND" OBEOIEN

Teddy: Mom told me to throw awayeverything that was useless.

IN CASE OF EMERGENCY ...

11 hu 'k~JThe motor won't start!li IIIl' salesman told me that we

11111I111 check the emergency111 I,uctions if the motor went,li II,L

Don: Did he also tell you to bringalong the manual?

EXPENSIVE INFORMA TION

11 nnis: How much are theseminiatures?

II .ct vendar: Six bucks each.

Dennis: But yesterday I asked youhow much they were and you saidthey were five.

Street vendar: Yah, I know, butthere's an extra fee for additionalquestions.

52 - RG - P7 - Lesson 77

A QUESTION OF VITAL IMPORTANCE

Mr. Jordan: Has Mr. Wright toldyou whether or not h~d be ableto see me this afternoon?

Katie: Well, he gave me strictorders. I can only set up meetingsfor important subjects.

Mr. Jordan: That's perfect. A klupfor a raise sure is a subject 01extreme importance.

HORRIBLE CREATURES

Ellen: My Joe's really studious! Hea~ked if he couldbring his biologykit home over the weekend.

Pam: That's interesting. Steve askedme the same thing, but I told himto just forget it.

Ellen: Why?Pam:. Because the 6th

experimenting withspiders and worms.

grade iscrickets ,

RG - P7 - Lesson 78 -'- 53

L 50/~ 7811 "00G/~RPPfl~G-"

H.: What's the problem, ma'am?R.L.: It's Arthur; they've taken

him. Poor baby!

1111111 you give us a111'11011 01'Arthur, ma'am?

R.L.: Let's see. He's aboutaverage: 3 feet tall, brown,very large ears. He's an Afghanhound, and was last =s statechampion.

,'11 '5 definitely a crazy lady. M.: Is someone disturbing you,ma'am?

54 - RG - P7 - Lesson 78

O.L.: It's next door. You've neverheard so much noise in alI yourlife.

H.: Your neighbor has beencomplaining about the noiseyour animais are making. Howmany dogs do you have, sir?

Man: Just a few, realIy.

H.: Could we see the animaIs, sir? Man: WelI, they're eating now,but if you insisto ..

H.: We insist.

M.: Arthur? H.: Sir, you're under arrest forkidnapping, I, er, mean"dognapping. "

IUi 1/7 I.,',WI/I 7// 55

1':Ri\(:E - The result of adding grades anddividing the total by the numberof grades.

KII;ST - To take (someone) under the authority.of the law.

N ""ER - A person who kidnaps another person or an animal.

56 - RG - P7 - Lesson 78

READING TEXT

Lucy: Helio.

Barbara: Lucy, this is Barbara.

Lucy: Oh, hi, Barbara. I'm sorry, but I can't talk to you for verylong right now. I'm waiting for a reporte r from Elm Post. She'scoming here because of the prize at the annual. ..

Barbara: Right! I've heard something about it. That's exactly why I'mcalling you, dear. Gee, it must be so exciting! The winner!

Lucy: Yeah! I'm so happy!

Barbara: It's certainly an exciting thing to happen to a girl.

Lucy: Definitely!

Barbara: How about telling me ali about it.

Lucy: Well, if you insist, but it's a long story. You know I alwaystake my Afghan for a walk after lunch. One day I met thisguy who is a famous pubJicity agent and he told me ali aboutthe annual. ..

Barbara: Oh, so that's how it happened! A publicity agent! Lucy, I'venever met a publicity agent in my !ife. What was he !ike?

Lucy: He seemed a little crazy at first, but then, after talking tohim for two whole hours he convinced me I should do it.

Barbara: That's terrific! You're very lucky! But listen, honey, the onlything that worries me is that nowadays fame may be toodangerous! I've heard that right here in Oakland they recentlyarrested a man, for kidnapping!

,., " I, \\.,// IiI ~7

1111 til IIk 11 IIholll 11 klu 11 I. 11ti 1.1 11111 I

,111' cvcn-Io t tall fri nd?

II I IIt, I \I 'V, I 'flr, tcll me more about the moment youI I \1"" 1\ 111' wlnner.

11, 111111111111, I wasn't really the winner of anything. Wehuuhln'! 1'11I' t lhat Bob is the champion!

"h J WII,,' Bob? Your agent?

"I V AI' han. He's the champion of the Annual American1 11 ,I!ow.

111,1101 11 was your dog!

(11t, I'm sorry, Barb, but you're not talking to Miss America.11111 11' you want to talk to someone really important, Mr.

l1l rican Dog is right here by my side .

MMAR

IJRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

ORMATION

h Present Perfect Continuous Tense is formed by the Present Perfect"r 111' verb to be (have - has been) plus the Present Participle( N<': form) of the main verbo

HAVE}BEEN

HAS+ ING

58 - RG - P7 - Lesson 78

As an example, let's conjugate the verb TO LIVE in the Present PerfectContinuous Tense:

AFFIRMA TIVE

I have (I've) been living ...You have (You've) been living ...He has (He's) been Iiving .She has (She's) been living .It has (It's) been Iiving...We have (We've) been Iiving .

.You have (You've) been Iiving .They have (They've) been living .

NEGATIVE

I haven't been living ...You haven't been Iiving .He hasn't been Iiving .She hasn't been Iiving .It hasn't been Iiving .We haven't been Iiving .You haven't been Iiving .They haven't been living .

INTERROGA TIVE

Have I been living ?Have you been Iiving ?Has he been Iiving ?Has she been living ?Has it been Iiving ?Have we been living ?

Have you been living ?Have they been Iiving ?

\

Other examples:

NO, THANKS. I'VE ALREADYBEEN STANDING HERE,

UNDER THIS RAIN, FOR ONEWHOLE HOUR.'

I DON·.T KNOW WHY BUTPETE HAS BEEN STUDYING

MATH ALL MORNING

IF VOU THINK THATADDING UP SCORES ON

THE VIDEO GAMES IS THESAME AS STUDYING

MATH. THEN VOU CANSA Y THA T PETE IS

REALL Y STUDIOUS.

IUi 1'7 1,"I'I/lI1 7/1 ~'I

lI. USE

The Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used to emphasize the 'ol1til1ultyof an action that started in the past and continued up to and into thepresent time, the time of speaking. It also emphasizes the continuousnature of the action.

Examples:

Oh, you finally got here. I've been waiting for hours.Your dogs have been making a terrible noise since early this morning.We've been studying English for almost four years .Peter has been watching TV since he got back from school this afternoon.

Now compare these sentences:

A. Jane has Iived in that house.for years.

B. Jane has been living in that house for years.

- What tense was used in example A?That's right. Present Perfect Tense.

- What tense was used in example B?Fine. Present Perfect Continuous Tense.

- What is the difference in meaning between example A andexample B?Very good. The sentences are synonymous. Both the Present PerfectTense and the Present Perfect Continuous Tense are used torefer to an action started in the past ani in progress up to and atthe Present. However, if a speaker or a writer wants to emphasizethe continuity of the action, he will certainly choose the Present PerfectContinuous Tense.

Other examples:

Mary has taught English since 1986. (No emphasis on the continuityis expressed.)Mary has been teaching English since 1986. (Emphasis on the continuityis expressed.)

I have lived in this city for ten years. (No emphasis on the continuityis expressed.)I have been living in this city for ten years. (Emphasis on the continuityis expressed.)

60 - RG - P7 - Lesson 78

IFE IN lHE U..FLASHES 01 PLACES TO FAT AT

Diners! II having a complete and nice but cheap meal is what you want.try a diner.

RG - 1'7 1,(',i.WlII lI) 11I

I CCC"N '0'-'-~'-'L'I I~

SNRPSHOTS 11

Little boy: Bud, beat him up.He's the guy. who stole mostof my marbles and broke myjoy stick.

Girl: I'd rather have a doll thatcould crawl and talk instead ofa brother.

Husband: Oh, you're crying.What happened?

Wife: Nothing. I was justchopping some onions.

1st woman: Which team are yourooting for? -

2nd woman: Neither. I just carneto see the referee. Isn't hecute?

62 - RG - P7 - Lesson 79

1st man: Where did you get thatstool?

2nd man: Nowhere. I made itmyself.

3rd man: Uh, that figures!

Bald man: Who told you to beton "Bald Lover," honey?

Winner: No one. I just had ahunch it would win.

Leslie: How many butterflies didyou catch?

Ray: None. I've got a cold. Andwhenever I was about to catchone, I sneezed and frightenedit away. AHCHOO!

Leslie: God bless you!

RG - P7 - Lesson 79 - 63

READING TEXT

Grandpa: Cindy! Don't beat up your brother!

Cindy: But he took my butterfly T-shirt and cJeaned Francine's mouthwith it.

Dennis: Yeah, but she stole my marbles ando ..

Grandpa: Silence! Your grandma and I are taking care of you until6, and I want you to behave until then! Now I want towatch the game. Isn't it possible for me to root for my teamaround here?

Debby: Grandpa, Granny's in the kitchen crying.

Grandpa: Crying? Ann! What happened?

Granny: Nothing. I'm just chopping some onions.

Grandpa: Debby!

(a sneeze)

Grandpa: God bless you, Liz! Playing with water again, weren't you?

64 - RG - P7 - Lesson 79

Liz:

Grandpa:

Douglas:

Grandpa:

(child crying)

Grandpa:

Douglas:

Granny:

Grandpa:

Mervin:

Grandpa:

Mervin:

Grandpa:

Mervin:

Grandpa:

Mervin:

Grandpa:

Just a little.

Now you're sneezing because your dress is alI wet. Gochange it now. You know whenever you play with wateryou catch a cold, don't you?Whew! Back to the game. Boy! The Bears are great!

WelI, Grandpa, I have a hunch the Tigers are going towin. Want to bet $1O?

I sure do.

What is it now?

Mervin fell off the stool.

Oh! My goodnesslDon't cry, Merviri. Granny's here.

What were you doing standing on that stool?

I was just trying to catch a flea that jumped off my dog.It was on the bookcase, so I had to use a stool. NowI can put it back on him. Pluto loves his fleas.

Uh, that figures!Ldon't know what I'm doing here talking about fleas.I want to watch the end of the game. I'm anxious tosee who will win.

Oh, that? The Tigers will.

How do you know?

Oh, I've already watched this game.

What do you mean?

This game you're watching is a video tape of the gameDouglas and I watched on TV yesterday.

Douglas!

-

RG - P7 - Lesson. 79 - 65

GRAMMAR

I. NEGATIVE FORMS

A. The use of ANY and NO in negative sentences.

Observe this sentence:

I didn't catch any butterflies.

Now compare it with this one:

I caught no butterflies.

As you can see, the sentences are synonymous.

When the verb is inthe negative lorm, useany; when the verbis in the allirmativelorin, use no.

Other examples:

No is slightly more emphatic than (verb in the negative) + ANY.

Look at this other example:

No students come to school on Sundays,

At the beginning of sentences only no can be used.