controle democrático com garantias de direitos da pessoa idosa

7/30/2019 Controle Democrático Com Garantias De Direitos Da Pessoa Idosa

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22

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28

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}z~iz }gmb n r~bfr~nz gzcb mn zn{znxno}bàèg og hbc{g mn x~b b}~bàèg& {gix hbzibcxnc hgo}zb{nxgx mncghzâ}ihgx onhnxxâzigx/ Cbx mnqnc xn qnz hgcg gzcbx ,r~n mn

b}g xèg) mn mncghzbhib mizn}b& h~eb {ziohi{bf ~oàèg é hgo}zgfbz mnxqigx mb zn{znxno}b#

àèg& bg cnxcg }nc{g nc r~n xèg& {gz nfb& hgo}zgfbmbx/

É {gz nxxb {nzx{nh}iqb r~n xn }gzob qâfimg bzcbz r~n gx hgoxnflgx `nx}gznx xèg

cnhboixcgx& mno}zn g~}zgx& mn mncghzbhib mizn}b g~ {bz}ihi{b}iqb& r~n& {gz ~ohigob#

znc nc nx}zni}b znfbàèg ,ncjgzb oèg onhnxxbzibcno}n lbzcgoigxb) hgc cnhboixcgx

mn mncghzbhib zn{znxno}b}iqb& hgo}zij~nc {bzb b gzcbàèg n {znqbfåohib ob xghinmb#

mn jzbxifnizb mb hlbcbmb mncghzbhib xncimizn}b ‘ zn{znxno}b}iqb& g~ iomizn}b& n {bz}ihi#{b}iqb& g~ mizn}b& bg cnxcg }nc{g/

Abunc {bz}n& {gz}bo}g& mb mncghzbhib xncimizn}b& iox}i}~ãmb og Jzbxif mnxmn 29<<&

~c hgoe~o}g mn iox}z~cno}gx& mgx r~bix gx hgoxnflgx ̀ nx}gznx& {bzb nni}gx mnx}n mg#

h~cno}g& hgox}i}~nc gjen}g mn hgoximnzbàèg/

[bz}iomg mg {ziohã{ig mn r~n gx hgoxnflgx `nx}gznx xèg nfncno}gx hgox}i}~}iqgx

mn ~c {bmzèg mn mncghzbhib xncimizn}b& }gzob#xn onhnxxâzig n|{fihi}bz& o~c xn`~omg

{bxxg& g xiòihbmg mn mgix ni|gx mnoimgznx mnxxnx hgfnìbmgx ‘ b mnxhno}zbfiubàèg n

b {bz}ihi{bàèg ‘ hgcg xnzâ ni}g b xn`~iz/



2=

8vGXiòiahbmgmbMnxhno}zbfiubàègnmb[bz}ihi{bàègobHgox}i}~iàègmgxHgoxnflgx@nx}gznx

Mnxmn g cgcno}g nc r~n& og {bãx& g mixh~zxg mb mncghzbhib mizn}b }gzog~#

xn {g{~fbziubmg& b mnxhno}zbfiubàèg {bxxg~ b xnz mnnomimb n n|{nzicno}bmb

hgcg gzcb mn znm~àèg mg {gmnz hno}zbfiubmg mg Nx}bmg n {zé#znr~ixi}g mb

jgb {bz}ihi{bàèg/

Cbx xgj g cbo}g mb mnxhno}zbfiubàèg n|ix}nc g~}zgx {zghnxxgx r~n cnznhnc xnz

r~bfihbmgx/ Mno}zn nfnx& mnx}bhbc#xn5 b mnxhno}zbfiubàèg xnh~omâzib& b mnxhgohno}zb#

àèg n g nmnzbfixcg& iohf~iomg b c~oihi{bfiubàèg/

B znnzåohib ë mnxhno}zbfiubàèg xnh~omâzib mnqn#xn bg b}g mn r~n& {bzb bféc mb

mnxhno}zbfiubàèg {ziohi{bf ‘ imno}ihbmb hgc b mix}zij~iàèg mg {gmnz mg ̀ gqnzog hno#

}zbf {bzb g fghbf ‘& n|ix}n& nc bf`~ox {bãxnx& og êcji}g fghbf& ~c cgqicno}g xncnflbo#

}n {bz}iomg mg c~oihã{ig ,g~ nr~iqbfno}n) {bzb {nr~nobx âznbx hgc hnzhb mn 2; cif

lbji}bo}nx/ Nxxb cgmbfimbmn mn mnxhno}zbfiubàèg }nc {gz gjen}iqg b{zg|icbz& g câ#

|icg {gxxãqnf& n hgc cbigz znröåohib& bx go}nx mn znh~zxgx ,cb}nzibix n mn {gmnz)

mbx hgc~oimbmnx/ Xn~ hno}zg mn b}noàèg oèg xèg b{nobx gx ~x~âzigx hgc xn~x {zg#

jfncbx {bz}ih~fbznx& g~ onhnxximbmnx n mncbombx hgc~oi}âzibx& cbx b {gxxijifimbmnmn gzcbàèg mn ~cb bc{fb znmn mn xgfimbzinmbmn fghbf& mb r~bf {bz}ihi{nc minzno#

}nx b}gznx n znh~zxgx/

No}zn}bo}g& b mnxhno}zbfiubàèg oèg hgoxix}n nc ~c xic{fnx mnxfghbcno}g ̀ ng`zâ#

hg g~ }nzzi}gzibf mn znh~zxgx n mn {gmnz/ Lâ }bcjéc b mnxhno}zbfiubàèg mn ~oàþnx n

mn znx{goxbjifimbmnx mg Nx}bmg {bzb b xghinmbmn& hgcg b r~n bhgo}nhn hgc g {zg#

hnxxg mn {zgqixèg mn jnox n xnzqiàgx xghibix/ Nxxb {zgqixèg& r~n bo}nx nzb mn znx{go#

xbjifimbmn mg Nx}bmg& nx}â xnomg hbmb qnu cbix bxx~cimb {gz gz`boiubàþnx {ziqbmbx

hgc b{gig nx}b}bf/ É g r~n ghgzzn b}~bfcno}n hgc gx xnzqiàgx mn xbõmn n nm~hbàèg&

{bzb hi}bz gx cbix hgolnhimgx/

]nc#xn& bxxic& hgc b mnxhno}zbfiubàèg& ~c cgqicno}g mn hgzznàèg mn }nomåohibx

hno}zbfiubmgzbx r~n x~je~`bc& mn ~c fbmg& bx nxnzbx x~jobhigobix ,Nx}bmgx n C~oi#

hã{igx) ë obhigobf ,ôièg)& n& mn g~}zg& bx iox}i}~iàþnx mb xghinmbmn ,bcãfib& qiuiolbo#

àb& gz`boiubàþnx qgf~o}âzibx) bgx {gmnznx hgox}i}~ãmgx mg Nx}bmg/ G {ziohi{bf gjen}iqg

mnxxn cgqicno}g é b hgox}z~àèg mn ~c nx{bàg {õjfihg hgcg xioýoicg mnzn{õjfihb&

r~n qnc mg fb}ic znx {~jfihb n xiòihb ‖hgixb mn }gmgx–/Nxxnx xèg gx bx{nh}gx {gxi}iqgx mb mnxhno}zbfiubàèg {gzr~n qixbc ë bc{fibàèg mb

mncghzbhib/

Cbx& }bcjéc onxxn hbxg& oèg xn {gmn nxr~nhnz mg nfncno}g ‖hgo}zbmiàèg–& {zn#

xno}n nc }gmg g {zghnxxg {gfã}ihg/ Hgcg iox}z~cno}g bxxghibmg bg {gmnz& b mnxhno#

}zbfiubàèg nc xi oèg }nc hgog}bàèg {gxi}iqb g~ oghiqb/ Nfb ‖}bo}g {gmn xnz ~c cnhb#



2>

oixcg mn {bz}ihi{bàèg& r~n {gxxijifi}b g zn}gzog mg {gmnz ë xghinmbmn hiqif& hgcg {g#

mn nohgjziz b bhn gjxh~zb mn ~c znìcn b~}ghzâ}ihg& hbzbh}nziubomg#xn hgcg ~cb

gzcb mn zngzàg bg b{bznflg mn mgciobàèg– ,X}nio5 2990& {/1)/ [gz ixxg& b{nxbz mn xnc#

{zn lbqnz znfbàèg mizn}b no}zn hno}zbfiubàèg n b~}gzi}bzixcg& g oèg#b~}gzi}bzixcg onc

xnc{zn ic{fihb mnxhno}zbfiubàèg/ Ixxg {gmn xnz b}nx}bmg hgc b hgohn{àèg mn mnxhno#}zbfiubàèg bmg}bmb {nfgx mnnoxgznx mg mgcãoig mg cnzhbmg xgjzn g Nx}bmg og {zg#

hnxxg mn zn`~fbàèg nhgoýcihb n xghibf/ [bzb nfnx& b mnxhno}zbfiubàèg nx}â cbix znfbhig#

obmb hgc b mnxzn`~fbcno}bàèg mb nhgogcib& {bzb }gzoâ#fb cbix hgc{n}i}iqb& n hgc

b {ziqb}iubàèg cnzhbo}if mn b`åohibx n xnzqiàgx {õjfihgx& mg r~n hgc b {bz}ihi{bàèg

mg {gqg og {gmnz/

]nomg nc cno}n nxxbx mix}ioàþnx& hb cbix âhif no}nomnz g r~n& xgj g cbo}g mb

mnxhno}zbfiubàèg& qnc xnomg hlbcbmg mn mnxhgohno}zbàèg/

]zb}b#xn& b mnxhgohno}zbàèg& mn ~c {zghnxxg nciono}ncno}n bmcioix}zb}iqg& r~n&

ncjgzb }zboxzb znx{goxbjifimbmnx& hgc{n}åohibx n nohbz`gx mg hno}zg mg {gmnz {bzb

x~bx jbxnx& oèg }nc hgomiàþnx mn {zghnmnz ë mix}zij~iàèg mnxxn {gmnz/ Nc bf`~ox hb#

xgx& onc znh~zxgx ‘ cb}nzibix n obohnizgx ‘ xèg `bzbo}imgx/ Xnomg bxxic& }bf {zghnxxg

{gmn hgo}zij~iz {bzb g nozienhicno}g mn mnhixþnx n bàþnx obx jbxnx mnhixøzibx& n oèg

{bzb b x~b bz}ih~fbàèg hgc g hno}zg mn `gqnzog nc }gzog mn {zgen}gx g~ {gfã}ihbx hg#

c~ox/ Ixxg& xnc bfbz mg {nzi`g mn nfn }zboxgzcbz r~nx}þnx {gfã}ihbx nc bxx~o}gx bm#

cioix}zb}iqgx n ioqibjifiubz b bfcnebmb mnxhno}zbfiubàèg mg {gmnz/Nx}â hnz}g r~n b mnxhgohno}zbàèg& nc mn}nzciobmgx nx}âìgx mn ic{fbo}bàèg mgx

cnhboixcgx mn mncghzbhib {bz}ihi{b}iqb& {gmn {zn{bzbz g }nzznog {bzb b mnxhno}zbfi#

ubàèg& cbx& bg oèg xnz bìfcno}n x~{nzbmb& hnz}bcno}n hgox}i}~izâ ~cb jbzznizb ë mn#

cghzb}iubàèg/

Hgc g nmnzbfixcg& b mnxhno}zbfiubàèg }nc cbigznx boimbmnx& ncjgzb bx znfbàþnx

no}zn bcjgx oèg xnebc xic{fnx/ G nmnzbfixcg é cbix hgolnhimg hgcg ~cb gzcb

mn gz`boiubàèg }nzzi}gzibf nc r~n g {gmnz é miqimimg no}zn gx no}nx nmnzbmgx ,ôièg&

Nx}bmgx n c~oihã{igx)/ X~b {zg|icimbmn hgc b mnxhno}zbfiubàèg znximn og b}g mn r~n}bo}g ~c hgcg g g~}zg hbzbh}nziubc#xn {nfb oèg#hno}zbfiubàèg& ix}g é& {nfb mi~xèg mgx

{gmnznx mn `gqnzog mg hno}zg {bzb bx jbxnx/ Cbx& og hbxg nx{nhãhg mg nmnzbfixcg&

gx }zåx no}nx nmnzbmgx xèg b~}ýogcgx n mnqnc n|nzhi}bz g {gmnz xnc mnfn`bàþnx mn

hicb {bzb jbi|g/ X~b b~}gzimbmn mnziqb mg qg}g {g{~fbz/

[bzb nr~bhigobz }noxþnx n hgoai}gx r~n ionqi}bqnfcno}n n|ix}nc no}zn iox}êohibx

hgc iomn{nomåohib {bzb bìz nc x~bx znx{nh}iqbx nxnzbx {znqi~#xn b gzcbàèg mn ~c

{bh}g g~ bhgzmg no}zn nfbx& hgolnhimg hgcg {bh}g nmnzb}iqg/ É {gz cnig mnxxn bhgzmg

g~ bz}ih~fbàèg r~n b on`ghibàèg no}zn bx minzno}nx iox}êohibx é {gxxãqnf& ncjgzb nfn

oèg `bzbo}b lbzcgoib {nzcbono}n no}zn nfbx/ [gzéc& hgo}zbmi}gzibcno}n& é b znfbàèg

hgoai}~gxb mnxxbx iox}êohibx r~n {þn nc ~ohigobcno}g b onhnxximbmn mn on`ghib#

àèg {nzcbono}n no}zn nfbx& bg cnxcg }nc{g nc r~n ic{nmn g zgc{icno}g no}zn

mi~xèg n hgohno}zbàèg mn {gmnz ,Aigzi5 299>4 Bfcnimb5 2991)/



21

Og hnzon mg {bh}g nmnzb}iqg nohgo}zbc#xn gx c~oihã{igx& g~ g {zghnxxg mn c~#

oihi{bfiubàèg& xgjzn gx r~bix }åc znhbãmg c~i}bx b}noàþnx n n|{nh}b}iqbx xgjzn g xn~

{b{nf mn b`no}nx {ziqifnìbmgx mb mnxhno}zbfiubàèg/ B nxxn znx{ni}g& g mixh~zxg cbix

qnih~fbmg é mn r~n é ogx C~oihã{igx r~n }gmbx bx {nxxgbx qiqnc n gomn xèg znbfiub#

mbx bàþnx mn {zicnizb onhnxximbmn n mn io}nznxxn hg}imibog mgx himbmègx/ [gz}bo}g& émnfn r~n mnqnzèg {bz}iz gx {fni}gx {nfb mncghzb}iubàèg/

[gz nxxb {nzx{nh}iqb& b c~oihi{bfiubàèg }gzog~#xn g gjen}iqg#xão}nxn mg {zghnxxg

mn mnxhno}zbfiubàèg }nzzi}gzibf g~ io}nz`gqnzobcno}bf& {gix& {gz cnig mnfb& xnzib {gxxã#

qnf b}iqbz {zâ}ihbx {bz}ihi{b}iqbx n bxxghib}iqbx fghbix nc ogcn mb `nx}èg {õjfihb/

R~bo}g ë {bz}ihi{bàèg& eâ gi mi}g r~n nfb cbo}éc znfbàèg mizn}b hgc b mnxhno}zbfi#

ubàèg& b {go}g mn b mnxhno}zbfiubàèg xnz hgoximnzbmb xn~ {zé#znr~ixi}g& {gzr~n xø nc

~c xix}ncb mnxhno}zbfiubmg bx {nxxgbx {gmnc {bz}ihi{bz b}iqbcno}n g~ n|nzhi}bz b hi#

mbmboib b}iqb/ [gz nxxn no}nomicno}g& x~jno}nomn#xn r~n b ~xèg mb mnxhno}zbfiubàèg

hgc b {bz}ihi{bàèg é hgomiàèg onhnxxâzib mb mncghzbhib bc{fibmb/ Xn znbfiubmbx ixg#

fbmbcno}n& nfbx oèg bfhboàbzèg xn~x gjen}iqgx mncghzâ}ihgx/

No}zn}bo}g& b {bz}ihi{bàèg oèg mnqn xnz hgoximnzbmb fiqzn mn hgo}zbmiàèg& {gix hgo#

}éc nfncno}gx r~n {gmnc xnz io}nz{zn}bmgx mn cbonizbx minzno}nx& xnzqiomg bg cnx#

cg }nc{g {bzb e~x}ihbz imngfgìbx g{gx}bx/ Nxxnx nfncno}gx xèg g bo}ij~zghzb}ixcg&

g bo}ihno}zbfixcg n& {bzb bf`~ox& g bo}i{zgxxigobfixcg/

Xnomg bxxic& gx mnnoxgznx mb imngfgìb fijnzbf {gmnc ~}ifiubz b {bz}ihi{bàèg hgcg~cb øzc~fb {gfi}ihbcno}n hgoqnoino}n {bzb znm~uiz g {b{nf mg Nx}bmg nc }gmbx bx

ôimbmnx mb Anmnzbàèg/ G~& biomb& hgcg ~cb g{gz}~oimbmn {bzb g Nx}bmg bjziz cèg

mn x~bx znx{goxbjifimbmnx xghibix n mn xn~ {b{nf mn `~bzmièg mn mizni}gx& {bzb {nzci#

}iz bg cnzhbmg n ëx gz`boiubàþnx qgf~o}âzibx cbix noqgfqicno}g og b}nomicno}g mn

onhnxximbmnx xghibix/ ^c bz`~cno}g r~n b{øib nxxb g{gz}~oimbmn é g mb zn`nonzb#

àèg ,ob x~{gxiàèg mn r~n lg~qn mn`nonzbàèg) mb bxxix}åohib bcifibz& qihiobf& mn bci#

`gx {zø|icgx& noc mbx xgfimbzinmbmnx {zicâzibx r~n& ob b~xåohib mn {zg}nàèg xghibf

{õjfihb n {zgxxigobfiubmb& {bxxbc b xnz ~c õf}icg znh~zxg bxxix}nohibf/[gz x~b qnu& c~i}gx hzã}ihgx mb imngfgìb fijnzbf }bcjéc qånc hgc jgox gflgx

gx nfncno}gx bo}ij~zghzâ}ihgx& bo}ihno}zbfiubmgznx n bo}i{zgxxigobix mb {bz}ihi{bàèg&

xnc& no}zn}bo}g& hgohnmnz nx{bàg bg cnzhbmg og b}nomicno}g mn onhnxximbmnx xg#

hibix/ [bzb gh~{bz nxxn nx{bàg& x~b {znnzåohib znhbi obx gz`boiubàþnx mb xghinmbmn&

hgc g gjen}iqg mn oèg b{nobx }gzobz cbix âìf n xnoxãqnf b {zgqixèg xghibf& cbx mn zn}i#

zbz g mgcãoig mg Nx}bmg mnxxn {zghnxxg/ É& {gz}bo}g& b znxix}åohib bg {gmnz mg Nx}bmg

r~n ~on fijnzbix n oèg#fijnzbix nc }gzog mg }ncb mb {bz}ihi{bàèg/ Bcjbx bx qnz}no}nx

hgc{bz}iflbc g znhgolnhicno}g mbx qiz}~mnx mb mnxhno}zbfiubàèg& mb b~}g#be~mb& mbx

nx}z~}~zbx iogzcbix mn io}nzcnmibàèg& }bix hgcg b bcãfib n bx gz`boiubàþnx qgf~o}â#

zibx n b {bz}ihi{bàèg himbmè ogx bxx~o}gx hgc~oi}âzigx/

Mg n|{gx}g& qå#xn r~n g xiòihbmg mb mnxhno}zbfiubàèg n mb {bz}ihi{bàèg oèg é

~oigzcn n hgoxnox~bf& n nx}â x~eni}g b hgo}zbmiàþnx/ Cbx& fgo`n mn mih~f}bznc b zn#



20

bfiubàèg mb mncghzbhib& nxxbx hgo}zbmiàþnx iom~unc nc{nolgx {nfg xn~ b{nzniàgb#

cno}g& g r~n ob}~zbfcno}n qbi n|iìz {gxihigobcno}g {gfã}ihg/

G xic{fnx b}g mn gx hgoxnflgx `nx}gznx xnznc hgoximnzbmgx nx{bàgx {õjfihgx&

hgc ~oàþnx mn mnfijnzbàèg& bhgc{bolbcno}g n hgo}zgfn mn {gfã}ihbx qgf}bmbx {b#

zb io}nznxxnx i`~bfcno}n {õjfihgx& mnon b x~b imno}ihbàèg hgc gx mizni}gx mn himb#mboib xghibf& r~n oèg }åc bhgflimb obx imngfgìbx iomiqim~bfix}bx& znìmbx {nfg cnzhb#

mg/ [gz ixxg& mnnomå#fgx ic{fihb bhb}bz hgc{znnoxþnx n znx`b}bz qbfgznx r~n xn hgo#

}zb{þnc b nxxbx imngfgìbx& no}zn gx r~bix5 b {bz}ihi{bàèg mg Nx}bmg ob qimb xghibf& gx

{ziohã{igx mb i`~bfmbmn n nröimbmn bxxghibmgx ë fijnzmbmn& }nomg hgcg znnzåohib

cnx}zb b e~x}iàb xghibf/

É {gz nxxb {nzx{nh}iqb r~n& og i}nc b xn`~iz& gx hgoxnflgx `nx}gznx xnzèg }zb}bmgx/

=vHbzâ}nznNohbmnbcno}gxGz`êoihgxmgxHgoxnflgx@nx}gznx

R~bomg xn bfb mn hgoxnflgx `nx}gznx m~bx znxxbfqbx mnqnc xnz b{znxno}bmbx

{bzb bhifi}bz b hgc{znnoxèg mn xn~ hbzâ}nz n xiòihbmg/

B {zicnizb é b mn r~n& mb gzcb hgcg qnc xnomg {noxbmg n {gx}g nc

{zâ}ihb og Jzbxif& mnxmn gx bogx 29<;& nxxn }i{g mn hgfnìbmg é nn}iqbcno}n iogqbmgz/‖Gx bogx 29<; }zg~|nzbc mn qgf}b bg hnoâzig {gfã}ihg b }ncâ}ihb mgx hgoxnflgx hgc

ogqb {gfåcihb– ,@glo5 :;;2& {/0>)/ Ob x~b hgohn{àèg& oèg nx}â cbix hgo}imb b iméib

mn r~n nfnx hgox}i}~nc ~c fgh~x mn {gmnznx {bzbfnfgx& x~{nz{gx}gx& g~ mn m~{fg {g#

mnz& hgcg nzb }zbmiàèg& cbx xic g no}nomicno}g bc{fbcno}n fnì}icbmg mn r~n nfnx

xèg nx{bàgx {õjfihgx/

Xnz nx{bàg {õjfihg xiòihb xnz ~c fgh~x mn }gmgx gx io}nznxxnx& mn {bz}ihi{bàèg

hzã}ihb ob ̀ nx}èg mn bxx~o}gx hgc~ox n mn mnfijnzbàèg iomn{nomno}n mn io}zgcixxþnx

{bz}ih~fbznx/ Xiòihb xnz nx{bàg r~n xn g{þn ë nxnzb nx}b}bf& znìmb {nfb mgciobàègmg {gmnz& n ë nxnzb {ziqbmb& mnnoxgzb mn io}nznxxnx {bz}ih~fbzix}bx/

[gz nxxb {nzx{nh}iqb& g }nzcg {õjfihg onc bg cnogx imno}ihb#xn hgc g }nzcg

‖hgfn}iqg–& {gix& xn g r~n é {õjfihg {gmn xnz hgfn}iqg& onc }~mg g r~n é hgfn}iqg {gmn

xnz {õjfihg/ Ixxg é bxxic {gzr~n g hbzâ}nz mg r~n é {õjfihg oèg é mbmg {nfg }bcbolg

mgx b`zn`bmgx mn {nxxgbx& cbx {nfb ob}~znub zn{~jfihbob n himbmè mnxxn hgoe~o}g/

N|nc{fgx mnxxn xno}img zn{~jfihbog mg }nzcg ‖{õjfihg– xèg bx z~bx& bx {zbàbx& gx

xnzqiàgx xghibix ‘ hgcg b nm~hbàèg n b xbõmn ‘ r~n& {gz xnznc {õjfihgx& ix}g é& mn }g#

mgx& }åc hgcg {ziohi{bf hbzbh}nzãx}ihb b iomiqixijifimbmn& ix}g é& b ic{gxxijifimbmn mn xn#

znc zn{bz}imgx/ Nc qix}b mixxg& }gmgx }åc g cnxcg mizni}g mn ~x~z~ã#fgx {gz io}nizg n

nfnx xnc{zn mnqnc nx}bz mix{goãqnix io}n`zbfcno}n b }gmgx/

Lâ r~n xn znhgolnhnz r~n nxxb hgohn{àèg mn ‖jnc {õjfihg– nozno}b lgen nc mib

gjx}âh~fgx hgoximnzâqnix {gzr~n nfb mnx}gb mbx }nomåohibx mgciobo}nx mn gh~{bàèg



2<

mgx f~`bznx {õjfihgx {gz {nxxgbx g~ ̀ z~{gx {ziqbmgx/ Hgcg bxxiobfb M~{bx ,:;;8& {/20)&

‖lgen& bx hgz{gzbàþnx T{gz}bo}g& hnz}gx }i{gx mn gz`boiubàþnx hgfn}iqbxS b{zg{zibzbc#xn

mg nx{bàg {õjfihg n g }zboxgzcbzbc nc nx{bàg {~jfihi}âzig4 gx himbmègx r~n gx zn#

röno}bc oèg g bunc cbix hgcg himbmègx& cbx hgcg hgox~cimgznx mn iogzcbàèg/

@zbomnx bqnoimbx mn ogxxbx cn}zø{gfnx& n jgb {bz}n mn x~bx z~bx& }zboxgzcbzbc#xnnc ~c icnoxg nx{bàg mn g~}mggzx n {fbhbx mn boõohigx g~ fg`gcbzhbx–/

É hgo}zb nxxb }nomåohib r~n gx hgoxnflgx `nx}gznx xn b{znxno}bc hgcg iogqbmg#

znx g~& b}é& hgcg ~}g{ib b xnz {nzxn`~imb& cnxcg r~n& ob {zâ}ihb& g xn~ hbzâ}nz {õjfi#

hg qnolb xgznomg bx cnxcbx hgo}bciobàþnx mn io}nznxxnx {ziqbmgx r~n bhgcn}nc

b {bixb`nc ~zjbob mbx himbmnx jzbxifnizbx& iomihbmbx {gz M~{bx/

B xn`~omb znxxbfqb miu znx{ni}g bg b}g mn gx hgoxnflgx ̀ nx}gznx oèg hgox}i}~ãznc

cnhboixcg ixgfbmg n b~}g#x~hino}n mn mncghzbhib {bz}ihi{b}iqb& ncjgzb xnebc gx

cbix hgolnhimgx/ X~b n|ix}åohib oèg }nzib zbuèg mn xnz xn nfnx oèg unxxnc {bz}n mn

~cb hbmnib mn znh~zxgx iox}i}~higobix hgfghbmgx b xnzqiàg mb xghinmbmn {bzb r~n nfb

n|nzàb& mn gzcb hgoe~o}b& g hgo}zgfn mncghzâ}ihg r~n fln hgc{n}n ogx }nzcgx mb

Hgox}i}~iàèg Anmnzbf qi`no}n/

Bxxic& e~o}g hgc gx hgoxnflgx ̀ nx}gznx& mn hbzâ}nz {bzi}âzig n mnfijnzb}iqg& r~n b{zg#

qbc n xhbfiubc gx {fbogx& bx {gfã}ihbx n gx ̀ bx}gx xghibix mgx ̀ gqnzogx& bunc {bz}n mnx#

xn hgoe~o}g io}n`zbmg mn cnhboixcgx oèg#hgoqnohigobix mn {bz}ihi{bàèg {gfã}ihb5

i) bx hgonzåohibx& r~n bqbfibc b n|nh~àèg mgx {fbogx n {gfã}ihbx n znhgcnombcc~mboàbx g~ ogqbx {b~}bx mn {zigzimbmnx n fiolbx mn b}~bàèg4

ii) gx øz`ègx `nx}gznx& r~n gzc~fbc& hggzmnobc n n|nh~}bc {fbogx n {gfã}ihbx&

jnc hgcg xnzqiàgx& jnonãhigx& {zg`zbcbx n {zgen}gx4

iii) gx ~omgx nx{nhibix& r~n bfghbc n fijnzbc znh~zxgx mnx}iobmgx b obohibz b}i#

qimbmnx {znqix}bx n b{zgqbmbx& znx{nh}iqbcno}n& {nfgx øz`ègx n hgoxnflgx ̀ nx#

}gznx4

iq) bx no}imbmnx {ziqbmbx& r~n n|nh~}bc hgohgci}bo}ncno}n hgc iox}i}~iàþnx nx#

}b}bix& gx {fbogx& {gfã}ihbx& xnzqiàgx& jnonãhigx& {zg`zbcbx n {zgen}gx4q) g Cioix}ézig [õjfihg& r~n ~ohigob hgcg {bz}n fn`ã}icb ob mnnxb mn mizni}gx

iomiqim~bix n xghibix iomix{goãqnix& ix}g é& ion`ghiâqnix/

No}zbomg nc mn}bflnx& n hgc jbxn nc n|{nziåohibx znbfiubmbx mnxmn b méhbmb mn

299;& ogx hbc{gx mb xbõmn n mb bxxix}åohib xghibf& nxxb hbmnib mn cnhboixcgx `nx#

}gznx& iomihbmgzb mn ~c ogqg }i{g mn znfbàèg no}zn Nx}bmg n xghinmbmn nc }gmbx bx

^oimbmnx mb Anmnzbàèg ‘ ^oièg& Nx}bmgx& c~oihã{igx n Mix}zi}g Anmnzbf ‘ {gmn xnz bx#

xic if~x}zbmb n mnxhzi}b5



29

HGOANZÅOHIBX

Øz`ègx @nx}gznx• Hgoxnflgx @nx}gznx• A~omgx• No}mbmnx [zqbmbx

CIOIX]éZIG[õJFIHG

b haåhOb cbigzib mbx boâfixnx mix{goãqnix& bx hgonzåohibx oèg qåc cnznhnomg cbigznx

hgoximnzbàþnx& g~ xèg n|hf~ãmbx mb hbmnib mn `nx}èg mbx {gfã}ihbx {õjfihbx/ Cbx& onx#

xb hbmnib& nfbx {gxx~nc {b{nf ~ombcno}bf/

Hbzbh}nziubmbx hgcg `zbomnx øz~ox mn mixh~xxèg& hgc{gx}bx mn zn{znxno}bo}nx

g~ mnfn`bmgx mn gz`boiubàþnx `gqnzobcno}bix n {ziqbmbx n& mno}zg mnfbx& mn minzno#

}nx xn`cno}gx xghibix& bx hgonzåohibx ghgzznc `nzbfcno}n mn mgix nc mgix bogx ,og

hbxg mb {nxxgb imgxb mn }zåx nc }zåx bogx)& {bzb {noxbz n mnoiz {gfã}ihbx obx x~bx znx#

{nh}iqbx âznbx/ Nfbx bo}nhnmnc& {gix& g }zbjbflg mn nfbjgzbàèg& b{zgqbàèg n bhgc{b#

olbcno}g mbx bàþnx b xnz znbfiubmg& {nzigmihbcno}n& {nfgx øz`ègx n hgoxnflgx ̀ nx}g#

znx& bféc mn {zg{gz znhgcnombàþnx {bzb g obohibcno}g mbx {gfã}ihbx/

X~b ~oàèg znximn nc bunz ~c jbfboàg {nziømihg mb {gfã}ihb r~n fln é {bz}ih~fbz

n b{znxno}bz znhgcnombàþnx {bzb bx {zø|icbx `nx}þnx& bx r~bix& {gz ~cb r~nx}èg mn

hgc{zgcixxg é}ihg n hãqihg& bxxic hgcg mn zbhigobfimbmn ob hgom~àèg mb {gfã}ihb& mn#qnzèg xnz znx{ni}bmbx {nfgx øz`ègx `nx}gznx& hgoxnflgx& ~omgx n no}imbmnx {ziqbmbx n

bxxn`~zbmbx {nfg Cioix}ézig [õjfihg/

Xn~ hbzâ}nz& {gmn xnz }bo}g hgox~f}iqg r~bo}g mnfijnzb}iqg& bqbfib}iqg n znhgcno#

mb}iqg/ No}zn}bo}g& g xn~ {nxg nx}zb}éìhg n x~b fnì}icimbmn mnhgzznc mb {gxxijifimb#

mn mn nfbx hgox}i}~ãznc f~`bznx mn nohgo}zg mn minzno}nx zn{znxno}bàþnx n io}nznx#

xnx& bznobx mn mixh~xxèg n mn hgoxnoxgx {g{~fbznx& jnc hgcg hbobix mn qnih~fbàèg

mb qgo}bmn hgfn}iqb ‘ xnc bfbz r~n nx}èg {znqix}bx nc fni/

g ø`è `Xèg hlbcbmgx mn øz`ègx `nx}gznx bx iox}i}~iàþnx `gqnzobcno}bix obx minzno}nx

nxnzbx mb Anmnzbàèg ,ôièg& Nx}bmgx& Mix}zi}g Anmnzbf n c~oihã{igx) r~n nfbjgzbc n

hggzmnobc bx {gfã}ihbx g~ gx {fbogx b xnznc n|nh~}bmgx hgc b {bz}ihi{bàèg mn no#

}imbmnx {ziqbmbx n jbxnbmgx obx znhgcnombàþnx mb Hgonzåohib Obhigobf ‘ r~n zn#

bfiub b xão}nxn mbx znhgcnombàþnx mbx hgonzåohibx znbfiubmbx ogx Nx}bmgx n c~oihã#

{igx/ Nxxnx øz`ègx `nx}gznx xèg& ob qnzmbmn& iox}êohibx mgx {gmnznx n|nh~}iqgx ,cioix#}ézigx& xnhzn}bzibx mn Nx}bmg& mn c~oihã{ig n mg Mix}zi}g Anmnzbf) hgox}i}~ãmgx nc }gz#

og mg }ncb mb {gfã}ihb r~n fln mâ g ogcn ,Xbõmn& Nm~hbàèg& Hziboàb n Bmgfnxhno}n&

Imgxg) g~ box b nfn/

Og êcji}g nmnzbf& g øz`èg `nx}gz }nc b ~oàèg mn nfbjgzbz b {gfã}ihb obhigobf

r~n fln é hgzznx{gomno}n& x~jcn}å#fb ë b{znhibàèg n ë b{zgqbàèg {nfg hgoxnflg `nx#



:;

}gz }bcjéc obhigobf n hggzmnoâ#fb nc }gmg g {bãx& qixbomg b x~b io}n`zbàèg hgohni#

}~bf n {gfã}ihb/ G cnxcg {zghnmicno}g é bmg}bmg ogx Nx}bmgx& c~oihã{igx n Mix}zi}g

Anmnzbf r~n& hgc jbxn ob {gfã}ihb obhigobf b{zgqbmb& nfbjgzbc xn~x {fbogx mn bàèg

n gx hggzmnobc& qixbomg }bcjéc cbo}nz ob âznb mn x~b e~zixmiàèg b io}n`zbàèg hgo#

hni}~bf n {gfã}ihb mnxxnx {fbogx/B io}noàèg io}n`zbmgzb {znxno}n ogx gjen}iqgx mg øz`èg `nx}gz }nc b qnz hgc g

{ziohã{ig mg hgcbomg õoihg r~n& nc hbmb ôimbmn mb Anmnzbàèg& mnqn ogz}nbz b [g#

fã}ihb n gx {fbogx cnohigobmgx/ Nxxn {ziohã{ig ‘ b{nxbz mn bunz {bz}n mn ~cb hbmnib

mn mnhixþnx n bàþnx }bcjéc znnznohibmb ogx {ziohã{igx mb mnxhno}zbfiubàèg n {bz}ihi#

{bàèg ‘ }nc b xn`~io}n gzino}bàèg5 ̀ bzbo}iz& nc hbmb nxnzb mn ̀ gqnzog& b hgnzåohib n

b zbhigobfimbmn mbx bàþnx znbfiubmbx& xnc gx }zbmihigobix mnx{nzmãhigx mn znh~zxgx& x~#

{nz{gxiàþnx mn hgcbomgx n b}iqimbmnx& bxxic hgcg mnxqigx g~ {~fqnziubàþnx mn qnz#

jbx no}zn âznbx r~n {nz}nohnc b g~}zbx e~zixmiàþnx bmcioix}zb}iqbx n {gfã}ihbx/

g hl `[bzb n|nzhnz g hgo}zgfn mncghzâ}ihg mbx {gfã}ihbx n {fbogx nfbjgzbmgx {nfgx øz#

`ègx `nx}gznx& obx minzno}nx nxnzbx mb Anmnzbàèg& n `bzbo}iz r~n bx znhgcnombàþnx

mbx hgonzåohibx xnebc onfnx hgo}nc{fbmbx n {nzxn`~imbx& gx hgoxnflgx hgox}i}~nc

ic{gz}bo}n nfg mb hbmnib mn `nx}èg mncghzâ}ihb mb r~bf bunc {bz}n/

Znìmgx {nfg {ziohã{ig mb {bzimbmn& }bix hgoxnflgx xèg hgox}i}~ãmgx mn i`~bf oõcn#zg mn zn{znxno}bo}nx mg Nx}bmg n mb xghinmbmn& xnomg r~n hbmb ~cb mnxxbx iox}êo#

hibx hgc{gz}b minzno}nx x~j#zn{znxno}bàþnx box g~ io}nz#znfbhigobmbx bg }ncb r~n

imno}ihb g hgoxnflg/ Bxxic& {gz n|nc{fg& gx Hgoxnflgx C~oihi{bix mg Imgxg {gmnc

}nz hgcg hgc{gono}nx mb zn{znxno}bàèg mg {gmnz `gqnzobcno}bf fghbf ~c oõcn#

zg | mn xnhzn}bzibx& h~egx hbc{gx mn b}~bàèg cbo}åc boimbmnx g~ io}nzbhnx hgc

g }ncb mg imgxg/ Mb cnxcb gzcb& gx cnxcgx hgoxnflgx mnqnzèg }nz i`~bf oõcnzg

mn hgc{gono}nx r~n zn{znxno}bzèg gx cbix minzno}nx xn`cno}gx mb xghinmbmn r~n

{gxx~bc qãoh~fgx g~ imno}ihbàèg hgc g }ncb mg imgxg/ Agzcbomg ~c }gmg hgox#}i}~ãmg mn m~bx `zbomnx fiolbx mix}io}bx mn zn{znxno}bàþnx n mn qâzibx x~j#zn{znxno#

}bàþnx nc hbmb fiolb& gx hgoxnflgx `nx}gznx {zn}nomnc hgfghbz nc {é mn i`~bfmbmn&

{nfgx cnogx o~cnzihbcno}n& x~eni}gx mn {zghnmåohibx minzno}nx n {gz}bmgznx mn io#

}nznxxnx mix}io}gx {bzb& nc ogcn mg io}nznxxn {õjfihg& }gcbznc ic{gz}bo}nx n nr~i#

{bzbmbx mnhixþnx/

Aihb hfbzg& {gz}bo}g& r~n nc }nzcgx mn zn{znxno}bàèg& gx hgoxnflgx xèg hgox}i}~#

ãmgx mn iox}i}~iàþnx zn{znxno}bmbx {gz {nxxgbx r~n oèg bfbc {gz xi& cbx {nfgx x~eni#}gx hgfn}iqgx r~n zn{znxno}bc& mnqnomg& {bzb }bo}g& xghibfiubz& og êcji}g mbx x~bx znx#

{nh}iqbx iox}i}~iàþnx& r~nx}þnx }zb}bmbx ogx hgoxnflgx n mnfbx hgflnz hgo}zij~iàþnx {b#

zb bx x~bx mnhixþnx og hgfnìbmg/

Bféc mg {ziohã{ig mb {bzimbmn& gx hgoxnflgx `nx}gznx gzbc hzibmgx {bzb& bg fbmg

mg hgo}zgfn mncghzâ}ihg& }gcbz mnhixþnx znnzno}nx ëx {gfã}ihbx r~n flnx miunc znx#



:2

{ni}g/ G imnbf é r~n nxxbx mnhixþnx }nolbc hbzâ}nz mnfijnzb}iqg n oèg b{nobx hgox~f}i#

qg/ Bxxic& gx hgoxnflgx mnqnc mnfijnzbz xgjzn bx {gfã}ihbx r~n hgo}zgfbc n& {gz nxxn

cnig& }åc& nc }nxn& oèg b{nobx b~}gzimbmn& cbx gzàb fn`bf {bzb bunz qbfnz nxxn hgo#

}zgfn/ É g hbzâ}nz mnfijnzb}iqg r~n mâ x~jx}êohib ëx ~oàþnx mn bhgc{bolbcno}g n x#

hbfiubàèg mbx bàþnx `gqnzobcno}bix n {ziqbmbx mgx hgoxnflgx& znbfiubmbx ob âznb mnx~b e~zixmiàèg/

g a~ {hB hzibàèg mn ~omgx nx{nhibix {bzb hb{}bz znh~zxgx obohnizgx b xnznc b{fihbmgx nc

âznbx nx{nhãhbx mn {znx}bàèg mn jnonãhigx n xnzqiàgx xghibix gi ~cb cnmimb r~n {bx#

xg~ b xnz bc{fbcno}n bmg}bmb obx }zåx nxnzbx mb Anmnzbàèg& b {bz}iz mgx bogx 29<;/

Hgc jbxn og {ziohã{ig mb mnxhno}zbfiubàèg& g obohibcno}g mbx {gfã}ihbx {õjfihbx&

nc xn~x minzno}nx znhgz}nx& }bcjéc gi {znqix}g nc fni {bzb xnz mnxhno}zbfiubmg n jbo#

hbmg hgc znhni}bx bfghbmbx onxxnx ~omgx nx{nhibix/ ]bo}g é bxxic r~n& nc âznbx mn

{gfã}ihbx {õjfihbx eâ nx}bjnfnhimbx& ~cb mbx hgomiàþnx {bzb b }zboxnzåohib mn qnzjbx

mb nxnzb nmnzbf {bzb b nx}bm~bf n c~oihi{bf é b n|ix}åohib mn ~omg nx{nhãhg& bféc

mn {fbog mn bàèg n mn znx{nh}iqg hgoxnflg `nx}gz/ N b }zben}øzib mn zn{bxxn mn znh~z#

xgx r~n& ghibfcno}n& {bxxg~ b {znqbfnhnz ‘ xneb mb ôièg {bzb Nx}bmgx n c~oihã{igx&

xneb mn go}nx xi}~bmbx ob cnxcb ̂ oimbmn mb Anmnzbàèg ‘& gi b r~n xn }gzog~ hgoln#

himb hgcg ‖}zboxnzåohib mn ~omg {bzb ~omg–/ ]bf xix}ncâ}ihb ‖bxxn`~zb zn`zbx hfbzbx n }zbox{bzno}nx {bzb b `nx}èg mg znh~zxg {õ#

jfihg n {nzci}n cbigz bhgc{bolbcno}g n hgo}zgfn {gz {bz}n mb xghinmbmn– ,H~olb&

b{~m Jgxhln}}i5 :;;8& {/29>)& eâ r~n b `nx}èg mgx ~omgx hb b hbz`g mgx øz`ègx `nx#

}gznx& r~n }bcjéc xèg znx{goxâqnix {nfb hggzmnobàèg mb {gfã}ihb n {fbogx mn bàèg&

xgj g hgo}zgfn mgx hgoxnflgx nc }gmgx gx oãqnix mn ̀ gqnzog/ ‖Ixxg xiòihb r~n b {zg#

{gx}b n b n|nh~àèg gzàbcno}âzib ,///) mnqnc xnz x~jcn}imbx ë b{znhibàèg n b{zgqbàèg

mgx hgoxnflnizgx ̀ gqnzobcno}bix n oèg#`gqnzobcno}bix– ,Jgxhln}}i& im& ij/)& mni|bomg&

bxxic& mn xnz bxx~o}gx mn znx}zi}b mnhixèg mn `gqnzogx n mn nx{nhibfix}bx/ N cbix5 xiòi#hb r~n }gmgx gx znh~zxgx b xnznc `bx}gx hgc mn}nzciobmb {gfã}ihb nc hbmb ôimb#

mn mb Anmnzbàèg }nzèg r~n xnz bfghbmgx og znx{nh}iqg ~omg n xnznc bmcioix}zbmgx

n hgo}zgfbmgx& mn bhgzmg hgc gx {ziohã{igx mnxhno}zbfiubmgx n {bz}ihi{b}iqgx r~n nx#

}èg ob jbxn mn x~b hzibàèg/

Mn{nomnomg mb {gfã}ihb& gx znh~zxgx mgx ~omgx {gmnzèg xnz b{fihbmgx5 og {b`b#

cno}g mn jnonãhigx n xnzqiàgx4 og b{gig }éhoihg n obohnizg b {zg`zbcbx& {zgen}gx n

bàþnx ncnz`nohibix4 ob hb{bhi}bàèg mn znh~zxgx l~cbogx4 n og mnxnoqgfqicno}g mnnx}~mgx n {nxr~ixbx znnzno}nx ë âznb mb {gfã}ihb nx{nhãhb/

b {q[gz no}imbmnx {ziqbmbx no}nomn#xn ~c hgoe~o}g mn iox}i}~iàþnx hzibmbx {gz ioihib}i#

qb {bz}ih~fbz mn ̀ z~{gx mn {nxxgbx hgc g gjen}iqg mn {znx}bz xnzqiàgx b mn}nzciobmgx



::

xn`cno}gx mb {g{~fbàèg g~ mnnomnz xn~x mizni}gx/ B{nxbz mn }nznc ~c {nzf qbzibmg&

nxxbx iox}i}~iàþnx b{znxno}bc ~c mnogciobmgz hgc~c5 {gxx~nc {nzxgobfimbmn e~#

zãmihb mn mizni}g {ziqbmg ,n& {gz ixxg& hgoximnzbc#xn oèg#`gqnzobcno}bix)4 oèg }åc ox

f~hzb}iqgx4 n& ob cbigzib mbx qnunx& mnxnoqgfqnc }zbjbflgx qgf~o}âzigx/

X~b {znxnoàb ob hbmnib mn cnhboixcgx ̀ nx}gznx& mb r~bf bunc {bz}n bx hgonzåo#hibx& gx øz`ègx ̀ nx}gznx& gx hgoxnflgx& gx ~omgx nx{nhibix n g Cioix}ézig [õjfihg& e~x}i#

hb#xn {nfb znfbàèg mn {bzhnzib r~n nx}bjnfnhnc hgc g Nx}bmg nc }gmbx bx ^oimbmnx

mb Anmnzbàèg& {bzb znbfiubz bàþnx hgc g b{gig& iohf~xiqn obohnizg& mgx `gqnzogx/

[bzb }bo}g& nfbx mnqnc b{znxno}bz g xn`~io}n {nzf5

{gxx~iz obfimbmn {õjfihb& ix}g é& nx}bz qgf}bmb {bzb io}nznxxnx

`nzbix& n oèg {bz}ih~fbznx mn hgz{gzbàþnx& mizi`no}nx g~ xøhigx4

mnnomnz n hgohzn}iubz mizni}gx iomiqim~bix n xghibix4

mnxnoqgfqnz b}iqimbmnx xnc ox f~hzb}iqgx& {bzb g n|nzhãhig mbx r~bix oèg

mnqn lbqnz znc~onzbàèg g~ hgohnxxèg mn qbo}b`nox b xn~x bxxghibmgx

onc mix}zij~iàèg mn znx~f}bmgx& miqimnomgx& jgoihbàþnx& {bz}ihi{bàþnx g~

{bzhnfb mn xn~ {b}zicýoig xgj onol~cb gzcb g~ {zn}n|}g ,Abfnizgx& 2990)4

mnxnoqgfqnz bàþnx xix}ncâ}ihbx& hgo}ão~bx n {znqixãqnix& g r~n

znr~nz g xn~ ~ohigobcno}g zn`~fbz& {fbonebmg n oèg cnzbcno}n

nx{go}êong& io}~i}iqg& nx{gzâmihg g~ nciono}ncno}n ncnz`nohibf4

{b~}bz#xn {nfb {gfã}ihb g~ {fbogx mn }zbjbflg& jbxnbmgxobx znhgcnombàþnx mbx hgonzåohibx& nfbjgzbmgx {nfgx

øz`ègx `nx}gznx n b{zgqbmgx {nfgx hgoxnflgx4

oèg n|i`iz hgo}zb{bz}imbx obohnizbx g~ mn r~bfr~nz

g~}zg }i{g mgx xn~x jnonhiâzigx4

x~jcn}nz#xn bg hgo}zgfn mncghzâ}ihg& n|nzhi}bmg

{nfgx hgoxnflgx n {nfg Cioix}ézig [õjfihg/

g cé [õjhHgc b Hgox}i}~iàèg jzbxifnizb qi`no}n& g Cioix}ézig [õjfihg bxx~ci~ ogqg hbzâ}nz n

}nqn bc{fibmg xn~ zbig mn bàèg/ Mni|g~ mn xnz ~c øz`èg bh~xbmgz& hgcg nzb nc Hgox#

}i}~iàþnx bo}nzigznx& {bzb xnz mnnoxgz mn mizni}gx iomiqim~bix n xghibix obx cbix minzno#

}nx âznbx mb b}iqimbmn l~cbob& hgcg5 cnig bcjino}n& xbõmn& nm~hbàèg& mizni}gx mg

hgox~cimgz& {zg}nàèg mg {b}zicýoig {õjfihg& mbx {g{~fbàþnx iomã`nobx& mb hziboàb n

bmgfnxhno}n& mgx imgxgx& no}zn g~}zbx/

Bg hgo}zâzig mg r~n c~i}gx {noxbc& nfn oèg bu {bz}n mg [gmnz E~mihiâzig n oncmn r~bfr~nz g~}zg {gmnz mb Zn{õjfihb/ ]zb}b#xn mn iox}i}~iàèg {nzcbono}n& b~}ýog#

cb n fiqzn ~ohigobf n bmcioix}zb}iqbcno}n og xn~ {b{nf nxxnohibf mn {zgcgqnz b e~x#

}iàb n mn xnzqiz mn x~{gz}n ë ~oàèg e~zixmihigobf mg Nx}bmg/ Onxxb hgomiàèg& nfn é hgo#

ximnzbmg ~c mgx cbix bqboàbmgx mg c~omg& qix}g r~n& nc bf`~ox {bãxnx& xn~x xici#

fbznx bunc {bz}n mg [gmnz E~mihiâzig g~ mg [gmnz N|nh~}iqg/ X~bx {ziohi{bix ~oàþnx&

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ogx }nzcgx mg hb{~} mg bz}/ 2:0 mb Hgox}i}~iàèg mn 29<<& xèg5 ‖b mnnxb mb gzmnc e~#

zãmihb& mg znìcn mncghzâ}ihg n mgx io}nznxxnx xghibix n iomiqim~bix iomix{goãqnix–& ix#

}g é& ion`ghiâqnix/

Mbmb b x~b iomn{nomåohib mn r~bfr~nz {gmnz& nfn }bcjéc {gmn io}nz{gz& ogx

hbxgx {znqix}gx ob Hgox}i}~iàèg& bàèg mn iohgox}i}~higobfimbmn g~ zn{znxno}bàèg {b#zb ox mn io}nzqnoàèg mb ôièg n mgx Nx}bmgx& jnc hgcg n|nzhnz g hgo}zgfn n|}nz#

og mn {gfãhib/

É {gz {gxx~iz nxxbx hbzbh}nzãx}ihbx r~n g Cioix}ézig [õjfihg mnqn xnz {bz}n io}n`zbo#

}n mb hbmnib mn cnhboixcgx znx{goxâqnf {nfg ~ohigobcno}g mb mncghzbhib xnci#

mizn}b og {bãx& {gix é x~b ~oàèg unfbz {nfgx mizni}gx mgx himbmègx n& og hbxg {bz}ih~fbz

mbx {gfã}ihbx {õjfihbx& hgo}zij~iz {bzb b nhâhib mg hgo}zgfn mncghzâ}ihg b xnz n|nzhi#

mg {nfgx hgoxnflgx `nx}gznx/

]nomg hgcg znnzåohib bx iogzcbàþnx ̀ nzbix hgo}imbx onx}b {zicnizb {bz}n mg mg#

h~cno}g& qneb#xn ob xn`~omb {bz}n b xn`~iz& hgcg& og hbxg nx{nhãhg mgx Hgoxnflgx

mg Imgxg& nfnx {gmnc xnz hzibmgx4 hgcg mnqnc gz`boiubznc#xn n nx}z~}~zbznc#xn4 r~bf

b x~b mix}zij~iàèg }nzzi}gzibf4 r~bf g xn~ {nzf n {b{nf nx}zb}éìhg4 r~bix xn~x gjen}iqgx&

hgc{gxiàèg n hgc{n}åohibx4 r~n znx{goxbjifimbmnx n b}zij~iàþnx gx hgoxnflnizgx mn#

qnc }nz4 r~bf g {zghnxxg mn iomihbàèg mb {znximåohib n mb qihn#{znximåohib n r~bix b

ic{gz}êohib n g hgo}nõmg mg Znìcno}g Io}nzog mg Hgoxnflg/



Xn`~omb[bz}n



:1

IvOb}~znub&[nzafn[b{nfmgxHgoxnflgxmgImgxg

Gx hgoxnflgx mg Imgxg mnqnc {b~}bz#xn {nfgx cnxcgx {ziohã{igx& hzi}ézigx n zn`zbxmn ~ohigobcno}g r~n gzino}bc gx mncbix hgoxnflgx ̀ nx}gznx {znqix}gx ob Hgox}i}~i#

àèg Anmnzbf qi`no}n& b{znxno}bmgx ob {zicnizb {bz}n mnx}n mgh~cno}g/ Bxxic& hbmb

hgoxnflg& gomn r~nz r~n nx}neb xi}~bmg og êcji}g mb Anmnzbàèg& hgox}i}~i ~c øz`èg

g~ iox}êohib hgfnìbmb& mn hbzâ}nz {nzcbono}n r~n& onhnxxbzibcno}n& mnqn5

b) {gxx~iz hbzâ}nz {õjfihg n oèg {zg{zibcno}n nx}b}bf g~ {ziqbmg/ Xnomg bxxic&

nfn oèg {gmn bunz {bz}n mb nx}z~}~zb mb Xnhzn}bzib mn @gqnzog& r~n ~ohig#

obzâ hgcg øz`èg `nx}gz ‘ ncjgzb cbo}nolb& hgc nfb& qãoh~fgx ~ohigobix ‘&

onc }bc{g~hg mn iox}i}~iàþnx {bz}ih~fbznx4j) xnz iox}z~cno}g mb mncghzbhib mizn}b g~ xncimizn}b& xnc mni|bz mn znhgoln#

hnz b ic{gz}êohib mb mncghzbhib zn{znxno}b}iqb& n }nz hgc bx iox}i}~iàþnx n gx

xn~x cnhboixcgx& znfbàþnx znhã{zghbx n hgc{fncno}bznx4

h) bunz {bz}n mn ~cb hbmnib mn cnhboixcgx ̀ nx}gznx qgf}bmb {bzb b mnnxb n b}no#

micno}g mgx mizni}gx mgx imgxgx& b r~bf iohf~izâ bx hgonzåohibx& gx øz`ègx ̀ nx}g#

znx& gx ~omgx nx{nhibix {õjfihgx& bx no}imbmnx {ziqbmbx n g Cioix}ézig [õjfihg4

m) zn`nz#xn {nfgx {ziohã{igx mb {bz}ihi{bàèg n mb mnxhno}zbfiubàèg {gfã}ihb& bmci#

oix}zb}iqb n obohnizb4

n) n|nzhnz g hgo}zgfn mncghzâ}ihg mbx bàþnx `gqnzobcno}bix n {ziqbmbx4

a) unfbz {nfg hgcbomg õoihg mb [gfã}ihb mg Imgxg& nc êcji}g obhigobf& nx}bm~bf

n c~oihi{bf n mgx {fbogx mn bàèg nfbjgzbmgx nc hbmb no}n nmnzbmg& nqi}bo#

mg& bxxic& x~{nz{gxiàèg mn hgcbomgx n b}iqimbmnx4

`) {gxx~iz hbzâ}nz mnfijnzb}iqg& n oèg xø hgox~f}iqg& n hgc{gxiàèg {bzi}âzib4

l) xnz ~c øz`èg b~}ýogcg& ic~on b ioa~åohibx {gfã}ihg#{bz}imâzibx n b znfbàþnx

mn mn{nomåohib n fnbfmbmn& xneb hgc g `gqnzog& xneb hgc g xn}gz {ziqbmg/

IIvHgcgxègHzibmgxgxHgoxnflgxmgImgxg

Nc }nxn& gx Hgoxnflgx mg Imgxg& bxxic hgcg gx mncbix hgoxnflgx& mnqnzibc xnz hzib#

mgx {gz fni gzmioâzib ,b{zgqbmb {gz cbigzib xic{fnx mgx hgo`znxxix}bx {znxno}nx)& h~eg

{zgen}g xnzib nfbjgzbmg {nfg [gmnz Fnìxfb}iqg ,Hêcbzb Anmnzbf& og êcji}g mb ôièg4

bxxncjféibx fnìxfb}iqbx& ogx Nx}bmgx4 Hêcbzb Mix}zi}bf& og Mix}zi}g Anmnzbf4 n hêcbzbxmn qnznbmgznx& ogx c~oihã{igx)& {gz ioihib}iqb mn r~bfr~nz cncjzg g~ hgcixxèg mn

mn{~}bmgx& xnobmgznx g~ qnznbmgznx/ ^cb qnu b{zgqbmg og Fnìxfb}iqg& g {zgen}g mn

fni xnzib nohbciolbmg bg hlnn mg [gmnz N|nh~}iqg {bzb xnz xbohigobmg ,b{zgqbmg)



:0

g~ qn}bmg ,oèg b{zgqbmg)/ Xø mn{gix mn xbohigobmg {nfg N|nh~}iqg nmnzbf'nx}bm~bf'

c~oihi{bf'mix}zi}bf é r~n g {zgen}g xn }zboxgzcbzib nc fni n {gmnzib no}zbz nc qi`gz

ogx oãqnix mn `gqnzog r~n flnx xèg hgzznx{gomno}nx/

No}zn}bo}g& {znqbfnhn g no}nomicno}g mn r~n gx hgoxnflgx xèg øz`ègx hgfnìbmgx

qioh~fbmgx ë bmcioix}zbàèg {õjfihb n& {gz ixxg& mnqnc io}n`zbz b nx}z~}~zb mg cioix}é#zig g~ xnhzn}bzib hgc g r~bf cbo}éc qioh~fg }ncâ}ihg n ~ohigobf/ Onxxn hbxg& b ioi#

hib}iqb mb nfbjgzbàèg mg {zgen}g mn fni {bz}n mg N|nh~}iqg {bzb g Fnìxfb}iqg& mn bhgz#

mg hgc g bz}/ 12& 2µ& bfãonb ‖n– mb Hgox}i}~iàèg Anmnzbf& h~eg hgo}nõmg b{fihb#xn bgx

Nx}bmgx n c~oihã{igx {nfg {ziohã{ig mb xicn}zib/ É nxxn no}nomicno}g r~n qnc xnomg

bmg}bmg {bzb b hzibàèg mgx Hgoxnflgx mg Imgxg/

^cb bf}nzob}iqb r~n qnc xnomg bmg}bmb {bzb bìfiubz b nfbjgzbàèg mn fnix xicifbznx

n ioa~iz og xn~ hgo}nõmg é b {zn{bzbàèg {zéqib mn ~c bo}n{zgen}g mn fni {gz ̀ z~{gx mb

xghinmbmn& hgc ,g~ oèg) b {znxnoàb mn zn{znxno}bo}nx mg Nx}bmg& {bzb& {gz cnig mg

hlnn mg N|nh~}iqg& nohbciolâ#fg bg Fnìxfb}iqg/ @nzbfcno}n& nxxnx `z~{gx xèg hgox#

}i}~ãmgx mn {zgxxigobix n {nxxgbx noqgfqimgx ob âznb b xnz fnìxfbmb& mn cncjzgx mn

{bz}imgx {gfã}ihgx& mn xn}gznx mb hgc~oimbmn bhbmåcihb& mn ~ohigoâzigx mg ̀ gqnzog&

mn zn{znxno}bo}nx mn gz`boiubàþnx mn hfbxxn& no}zn g~}zgx& r~n xn ~onc n nfbjgzbc&

hgc b be~mb mn nx{nhibfix}bx& g {zgen}g r~n mnnomnc/

G~}zg {zghnmicno}g ~}ifiubmg é b imno}ihbàèg& {gz {nxxgbx g~ `z~{gx mb xghin#

mbmn& mn cncjzgx mg Fnìxfb}iqg g~ mg N|nh~}iqg& gh~{bo}nx mn ~oàþnx nx}zb}éìhbxg~ ioa~no}nx& r~n xic{b}iunc hgc b hb~xb r~n mnnomnc& {bzb xgfihi}bz b x~b hgfb#

jgzbàèg ob nfbjgzbàèg mg {zgen}g mn fni/ Nxxbx n g~}zbx ioihib}iqbx& r~n {gmnc xnz mn#

xnohbmnbmbx {gz r~bfr~nz himbmèg& hgox}i}~nc gzcbx mn {bz}ihi{bàèg mb xghinmbmn&

`bzbo}imbx {nfb fni cbigz ‘ b Hgox}i}~iàèg Anmnzbf ‘& og {zghnxxg mn nfbjgzbàèg mn fnix

n mn bhgc{bolbcno}g mn x~b }zbci}bàèg ogx {gmnznx hgc{n}no}nx/

Xèg bx fnix mn hzibàèg mgx Hgoxnflgx mg Imgxg r~n qèg gzonhnz bx fiolbx cnx}zbx

{bzb b nfbjgzbàèg mn xn~x znìcno}gx io}nzogx& gx r~bix& {gz x~b qnu& qèg mn}bflbz n'

g~ mnxmgjzbz gx i}nox jâxihgx hgox}bo}nx mnxxbx fnix& }bix hgcg5 b nx}z~}~zb& gz`boiub#àèg n ~ohigobcno}g mgx hgoxnflgx4 gx xn~x gjen}iqgx4 b x~b hgc{n}åohib& g oõcn#

zg n b {zghnmåohib mn xn~x io}n`zbo}nx4 b m~zbàèg mgx cbomb}gx mgx hgoxnflnizgx4 b

{nzigmihimbmn mbx zn~oiþnx mg hgfnìbmg4 b iox}i}~iàèg n }i{gx mn hgcixxþnx mn }zbjb#

flg4 b bf}nzoêohib mb zn{znxno}bàèg `gqnzobcno}bf n oèg#`gqnzobcno}bf ob miznàèg

mgx hgoxnflgx& }nomg xnc{zn hgcg znnzåohib gx {ziohã{igx mb {bzimbmn n mb mnfijn#

zbàèg b~}ýogcb/

^cb qnu hzibmgx {gz fni& gx Hgoxnflgx mg Imgxg {gmnc xnz iox}bfbmgx nc mb}b

cbzhbmb {nfg }i}~fbz mg øz`èg `nx}gz hgzznx{gomno}n& mnxmn r~n }gmgx gx hgoxnflni#

zgx n xn~x znx{nh}iqgx x~{fno}nx nx}nebc mnxiòbmgx/ G imnbf é r~n nxxn {zghnxxg hgz#

zb hgc b cbigz jznqimbmn {gxxãqnf& g r~n hnz}bcno}n znr~nznzâ bhgc{bolbcno}g n

hgo}zgfn {õjfihg/



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IIIvGz`boiubàègnNx}z~}~zbmgxHgoxnflgx

[bzb xn~ ~ohigobcno}g bmnr~bmg& gx Hgoxnflgx mg Imgxg mnqnc {gxx~iz ~cb nx#

}z~}~zb jâxihb r~n hgo}nc{fn bx xn`~io}nx iox}êohibx5 Cnxb Mizn}gzb& hgc{gx}b mn {zn#

ximåohib n qihn#{znximåohib& r~n mnqnzâ xnz b~|ifibmb }nhoihbcno}n {gz ~cb Xnhzn}bzibN|nh~}iqb/ Bféc mixxg& mnqnzèg xnz hgox}i}~ãmbx hgcixxþnx mn }zbjbflg ‘ {nzcbono}nx

,hgcg b mn fnìxfbàèg n ogzcbx) n }ncâ}ihbx ,r~n qbzibzèg mn bhgzmg hgc {zigzimbmnx

mgx }ncbx b xnznc }zb}bmgx) ‘ n [fnoâzig& io}n`zbmg {gz }gmgx gx hgoxnflnizgx/

G {znximno}n n g qihn#{znximno}n xèg hgoxnflnizgx nfni}gx {gz cbigzib bjxgf~}b ,cbix

mn >;. mn }gmgx gx hgc{gono}nx mg Hgoxnflg) {bzb ~c {nzãgmg ,b xnz mnoimg og

Znìcno}g Io}nzog)& {nzci}imb ~cb õoihb znhgom~àèg {gz i`~bf }nc{g& gjnmnhnomg

bg hzi}ézig mb bf}nzoêohib mn zn{znxno}bàèg mg Nx}bmg n mb xghinmbmn hiqif/ [bzb `bzbo#}iz b nhâhib mg hgo}zgfn mncghzâ}ihg& mnqn xnz qnmbmg bg }i}~fbz mg øz`èg `nx}gz bh~#

c~fbz g hbz`g mn {znximno}n mg Hgoxnflg& {gz ion|ix}iz obx fnix znnzno}nx bg imgxg b #

`~zb mg {znximno}n ob}g mnxxnx hgfnìbmgx/

B Xnhzn}bzib N|nh~}iqb mnqn xnz n|nzhimb {gz {nxxgb r~bfihbmb& {gz}bmgzb mn mi#

{fgcb mn h~zxg x~{nzigz n {gxx~imgzb mn hgolnhicno}gx xgjzn b }ncâ}ihb mg imgxg/

Bx x~bx ~oàþnx n b}iqimbmnx }bcjéc mnqnc xnz mnoimbx og Znìcno}g Io}nzog mg

Hgoxnflg g~ mnfn`bmbx {nfg [fnoâzig/

Bx hgcixxþnx ‘ {nzcbono}nx n }ncâ}ihbx ‘ xèg hgox}i}~ãmbx {bzb bobfixbz n nci}iz{bznhnz xgjzn cb}ézib mn x~b hgc{n}åohib& jnc hgcg x~jximibz b Cnxb Mizn}gzb obx

x~bx ~oàþnx n bxxnxxgzbz bx zn~oiþnx {fnoâzibx/

Nc znx{ni}g ë mncghzbhib {bz}ihi{b}iqb& }gmbx bx mnhixþnx mgx Hgoxnflgx mnqnc

xnz x~jcn}imbx ë b{znhibàèg mg [fnoâzig g~& nc hbxgx mn ~z`åohibx& }zboxci}imbx bgx

hgoxnflnizgx {bzb hgolnhicno}g n nc b}noàèg b {gxxãqnix {nmimgx mn nxhfbznhicno#

}gx n znqixþnx mn mnhixþnx }gcbmbx bm znnznom~c ,xnc hgox~f}b bg Hgfnìbmg)/ Nxxn

{zghnmicno}g znx{bfmb#xn og {ziohã{ig mb }zbox{bzåohib bmcioix}zb}iqb n og mizni}g ë

iogzcbàèg& nxxnohibix bg n|nzhãhig mb mncghzbhib {fnob/

IQvFghbfiubàèg]nzzi}gzibfmgxHgoxnflgx

Mn bhgzmg hgc g {ziohã{ig mb mnxhno}zbfiubàèg {gfã}ihg#bmcioix}zb}iqb n hgc b mn#

cghzbhib {bz}ihi{b}iqb& gx Hgoxnflgx mg Imgxg mnqnzèg nx}bz {znxno}nx nc }gmg g }nzzi#

}øzig obhigobf& ob {zg{gzàèg mn ~c {bzb hbmb ôimbmn mb Anmnzbàèg& mn bhgzmg hgc

b xn`~io}n hfbxxihbàèg5 ̂ oièg ,Hgoxnflg Obhigobf)& Nx}bmgx ,hgoxnflgx nx}bm~bix)& Mix#}zi}g Anmnzbf ,Hgoxnflg Mix}zi}bf) n c~oihã{igx ,hgoxnflgx c~oihi{bix)/

Mn bhgzmg hgc b Hgox}i}~iàèg mb Zn{õjfihb ,Anmnzbf) qi`no}n& hbmb ̂ oimbmn mb An#

mnzbàèg é b~}ýogcb nc znfbàèg ë g~}zb& {gmnomg gz`boiubz#xn n zn`nz#xn {gz hgox}i}~i#

àþnx n fnix {bz}ih~fbznx ,og hbxg mgx Nx}bmgx)& gjxnzqbmgx gx {ziohã{igx mb Hgox}i}~iàèg

mb Zn{õjfihb g~ Anmnzbf4 n {gz fnix gz`êoihbx& }bcjéc {bz}ih~fbznx ,og hbxg mgx c~oi#



:9

hã{igx)& b}nomimgx gx {ziohã{igx nx}bjnfnhimgx ob Hgox}i}~iàèg Anmnzbf n ob Hgox}i}~iàèg

mg znx{nh}iqg Nx}bmg/ R~bo}g bg Mix}zi}g Anmnzbf& hgcg nx}n oèg {gmn xnz miqimimg nc

C~oihã{igx& hgcg bhgo}nhn hgc gx Nx}bmgx#cncjzgx mb Anmnzbàèg& nfn zn`nz#xn#â {gz

fni gz`êoihb nx{nhãhb& b}nomimgx gx {ziohã{igx mb Hgox}i}~iàèg Anmnzbf/

^cb mbx iogqbàþnx mb b}~bf Hgox}i}~iàèg mb Zn{õjfihb gi nfnqbz gx c~oihã{igx ëhgomiàèg mn no}n nmnzbmg b~}ýogcg& hgc {gmnznx {bzb5 fnìxfbz xgjzn bxx~o}gx mn

io}nznxxn fghbf4 x~{fncno}bz b fnìxfbàèg nmnzbf n nx}bm~bf og r~n hg~jnz4 iox}i}~iz n

bzznhbmbz }zij~}gx mn x~b hgc{n}åohib4 b{fihbz x~bx znombx4 hzibz& gz`boiubz n x~{ziciz

mix}zi}gx4 gz`boiubz n {znx}bz& mizn}bcno}n g~ xgj znìcn mn hgohnxxèg g~ {nzcixxèg&

gx xnzqiàgx {õjfihgx mn io}nznxxn fghbf& iohf~ãmg g mn }zbox{gz}n hgfn}iqg4 cbo}nz& hgc b

hgg{nzbàèg }éhoihb n obohnizb mb ̂ oièg n mg Nx}bmg& {zg`zbcbx mn nm~hbàèg {zé#nx#

hgfbz n mn noxiog ~ombcno}bf4 {znx}bz& hgc b hgg{nzbàèg }éhoihb n obohnizb mb ̂ oièg

n mg Nx}bmg xnzqiàgx mn b}nomicno}g ë xbõmn mb {g{~fbàèg4 {zgcgqnz bmnr~bmg gz#

mnobcno}g }nzzi}gzibf fghbf n b {zg}nàèg mg {b}zicýoig lix}øzihg#h~f}~zbf c~oihi{bf/

Mnxxb b~}gogcib mnhgzzn b hgc{n}åohib mn hbmb C~oihã{ig& h~eg }g}bf& nc :;;=&

ìzbqb nc }gzog mn >/>1:& {bzb mnoiz n ic{fbo}bz x~bx {gfã}ihbx mn b}zbàèg mn ioqnx}i#

cno}gx {ziqbmgx& mn ̀ nzbàèg mn nc{zn`g n znomb& mn znm~àèg mb {gjznub& mn hzibàèg

mn b}nomicno}g b ̀ z~{gx nx{nhãhgx& mn iox}i}~iàèg mn jnonãhigx nqno}~bix ob âznb mb

bxxix}åohib n mn hgc{fncno}bàèg mn bàþnx mb bfàbmb mb ôièg n mgx Nx}bmgx/

Xbjn#xn& {gzéc& r~n og {bãx oèg n|ix}n {bmzèg lgcg`åong mn C~oihã{igx r~n{nzci}b nc }gmgx nfnx g n|nzhãhig mnxxb b~}gogcib& g r~n hnz}bcno}n mih~f}bzâ b ic#

{fbo}bàèg mn hgoxnflgx c~oihi{bix nc oãqnix nr~i{bzbmgx/ G mnxnolg mg {bh}g nmn#

zb}iqg bxx~cimg {nfb Hgox}i}~iàèg Anmnzbf qi`no}n& bxxghibmg ë {zgfinzbàèg mn ogqgx

c~oihã{igx& b {bz}iz mgx bogx 299;& {zg{ihig~ b n|ix}åohib mn mixhzn{êohibx {zg~ombx

no}zn nfnx nc }nzcgx mn znh~zxgx cb}nzibix n mn {gmnz& jnc hgcg mn {nxxgbf r~bfi#

hbmg {bzb `nziz {zgjfncbx xghibix fghbix/ C~i}gx mn{nomnc n|hf~xiqbcno}n mn }zbox#

nzåohibx mn znh~zxgx mg `gqnzog nmnzbf/ Cbx oèg xn mnqn nxr~nhnz r~n b b~}gogcib

c~oihi{bf {znqix}b ob Hgox}i}~iàèg zn{znxno}b ~c }z~og mb xghinmbmn {bzb r~n nfb{zgh~zn n|nzhnz g hgo}zgfn mncghzâ}ihg fghbf n& mno}zg mn x~bx {gxxijifimbmnx& {zgqi#

mnohin b ic{fbo}bàèg mn cnhboixcgx iox}i}~higobix hgc gzàb zn{znxno}b}iqb& mno}zn

gx r~bix g Hgoxnflg mg Imgxg/

Hgo}~mg& r~bomg xn bfb nc b~}gogcib c~oihi{bf& nx}bm~bf n nmnzbf n nc hgo}zg#

fn {õjfihg& {gz cnig mn cnhboixcgx iox}i}~higobix mn {bz}ihi{bàèg mb {g{~fbàèg ‘ hg#

cg é g hbxg mgx Hgoxnflgx ‘ oèg xn {gmn nxr~nhnz r~n nxxb b~}gogcib é hizh~oxhzi}b

hgox}i}~higobfcno}n n r~n onol~c ̀ gqnzog g~ iox}i}~iàèg ̀ gqnzobcno}bf n oèg#`g#

qnzobcno}bf {gmn ~}ifiuâ#fb mn gzcb bzji}zâzib/ Bféc mg cbix& mnqimg bg {ziohã{ig mb

xicn}zib nx}z~}~zbf& bx hgc{n}åohibx hgonzimbx {nfb Hgox}i}~iàèg mb Zn{õjfihb bgx {g#

mnznx N|nh~}iqg n Fnìxfb}iqg nmnzbix b{fihbc#xn bgx {gmnznx nr~iqbfno}nx og Nx}bmg&

C~oihã{ig n Mix}zi}g Anmnzbf& znxxbfqbmbx x~bx nx{nhãhbx âznbx mn bjzbo`åohib/



8;

QvGjen}iqgx

Gomn r~nz r~n nx}nebc xi}~bmgx& gx {ziohi{bix gjen}iqgx mgx Hgoxnflgx mg Img#

xg mnqnzèg xnz5

b) mnnomnz gx mizni}gx mb {nxxgb imgxb {znqix}gx nc fni4j) n|nzhnz g hgo}zgfn mncghzâ}ihg mbx bàþnx n gcixxþnx mg {gmnz {õjfihg n mb

xghinmbmn znnzno}nx bgx mizni}gx n jnc#nx}bz mgx imgxgx4

h) unfbz {nfg h~c{zicno}g mgx {ziohã{igx mb mnxhno}zbfiubàèg {gfã}ihg#bmcioix}zb#

}iqb n mb {bz}ihi{bàèg {g{~fbz& jnc hgcg {nfb znbfiubàèg nn}iqb mg hgcbomg

õoihg mbx bàþnx `gqnzobcno}bix n oèg#`gqnzobcno}bix& ob âznb mgx imgxgx&

nc }gmbx bx ôimbmnx mb Anmnzbàèg4

m) n|nzhnz io}nzcnmibàèg nx}zb}éìhb no}zn gx mncbix cnhboixcgx mn {bz}ihi{b#àèg mncghzâ}ihb hgc gx r~bix hgc{þn b hbmnib `nx}gzb mb {gfã}ihb n mgx {fb#

ogx mn bàèg {bzb gx imgxgx/

QIvHgc{gxiàèg

Gx Hgoxnflgx mnqnc xnz hgc{gx}gx {gz ~c mn}nzciobmg oõcnzg ,b xnz mnoi#

mg nc fni nx{nhãhb) mn hgoxnflnizgx ‘ }i}~fbznx n x~{fno}nx ‘ miqimimgx {bzi}bzibcno#

}n ,cn}bmn n cn}bmn) no}zn zn{znxno}bàèg `gqnzobcno}bf n oèg#`gqnzobcno}bf/ É

znhgcnomâqnf r~n nxxn oõcnzg oèg xneb n|hnxxiqg& {gmnomg qbzibz no}zn gi}g n mnu

cncjzgx mn hbmb zn{znxno}bàèg& {bzb nqi}bz {zgjfncbx mn `nznohibcno}g mg Hgfn#

ìbmg/ Gx hgoxnflnizgx `gqnzobcno}bix mnqnc zn{znxno}bz bx xnhzn}bzibx ,c~oihi{bix&

nx}bm~bix mg Mix}zi}g Anmnzbf) g~ cioix}ézigx ,og hbxg mb ôièg) r~n }nolbc io}nzbhn

hgc g }ncb mg Hgoxnflg/ Cbx g~}zbx iox}i}~iàþnx `gqnzobcno}bix& hgcg ~oiqnzximb#

mnx& }bcjéc {gmnc }nz zn{znxno}bàèg onxxnx hgfnìbmgx/ Gx hgoxnflnizgx oèg#`g#

qnzobcno}bix& {gz x~b qnu& hgox}i}~nc {nxxgbx e~zãmihbx r~n mnqnc zn{znxno}bz min#zno}nx nx}zb}gx iox}i}~higobix r~n hgc{þnc g ~oiqnzxg mbx gz`boiubàþnx g~ no}imb#

mnx oèg#`gqnzobcno}bix mn g~ {bzb {nxxgbx imgxbx& hgcg5 ~x~âzigx& }zbjbflbmgznx&

mizi`no}nx n fibmgx hfbxxix}bx/

@nzbfcno}n& gx zn{znxno}bo}nx `gqnzobcno}bix xèg iomihbmgx {nfg }i}~fbz mg [g#

mnz N|nh~}iqg ,{znni}g& `gqnzobmgz& {znximno}n mb Zn{õjfihb) n gx oèg#`gqnzobcno#

}bix xèg {zé#iomihbmgx {gz x~bx gz`boiubàþnx n nfni}gx nc øz~c {zø{zig hgc b {bz#

}ihi{bàèg mn }gmgx gx nx}zb}gx iox}i}~higobix n {znxnoàb mn zn{znxno}bo}n mg Cioix}é#

zig [õjfihg/ Gx ~x~âzigx& r~n ogzcbfcno}n oèg {gxx~nc gz`boiubàèg& {gmnc xnz io#mihbmgx {gz cgqicno}gx xghibix& bxxghibàþnx hgc~oi}âzibx& gz`boiubàþnx mn hfbxxn&

hf~jnx mn imgxgx/

Bx no}imbmnx {ziqbmbx {gmnc xnz x~jx}i}~ãmbx bo}nx mg }ézciog mg cbomb}g mn

xn~ zn{znxno}bo}n& b}g r~n oèg ghgzzn hgc gx øz`ègx `gqnzobcno}bix/ Onfnx& g r~n

{gmn xnz x~jx}i}~ãmg xèg bx {nxxgbx r~n gx zn{znxno}bc n oèg g øz`èg nc xi/ [bzb cn#



82

flgz mixhi{fiobz bx x~jx}i}~iàþnx mbx no}imbmnx {ziqbmbx hgoqéc {znqnz ob fni mn hzib#

àèg mg Hgoxnflg g~ og Zn`icno}g Io}nzog cg}iqgx {bzb b {nzmb mn cbomb}g mbx zn#

{znxno}bàþnx mb xghinmbmn hiqif/

B ogcnbàèg mn }gmgx gx hgoxnflnizgx mnqn xnz gzcbfiubmb {gz b}g mg [gmnz N|n#

h~}iqg/ Cbx hgcg b x~b ~oàèg& iohf~xiqn mn {znximno}n n qihn#{znximno}n& é hgoximnzbmbmn io}nznxxn {õjfihg n mn znfnqbo}n xnzqiàg {znx}bmg& nfb oèg {gmn xnz znc~onzbmb/

QIIvHgc{n}åohibxmgxHgoxnflgx

Hgc{n}n bgx Hgoxnflgx mg Imgxg5

b) hgoqghbz& gzmiobzibcno}n& b hbmb }zåx bogx& n n|}zbgzmiobzibcno}n r~bomg xn

unz onhnxxâzig& b Hgonzåohib mg Imgxg& obx znx{nh}iqbx ^oimbmnx mb Anmnzb#àèg/ B znbfiubàèg mnxxbx hgonzåohibx mnqnzâ gjnmnhnz b xn`~io}n xix}ncâ}ihb5

bx hgonzåohibx c~oihi{bix nohbciolbc {zg{gx}bx n znhgcnombàþnx {bzb bx

hgonzåohibx nx}bm~bix n nx}bx {bzb b Hgonzåohib Obhigobf& r~n xn znbfiubzâ nc

Jzbxãfib hgc b {bz}ihi{bàèg mn mnfn`bmgx mn }gmgx gx Nx}bmgx4

j) b{zgqbz& }nomg hgcg znnzåohib bx {zg{gx}bx n znhgcnombàþnx mbx hgonzåo#

hibx& b [gfã}ihb mg Imgxg g~ gx {fbogx mn bàèg nfbjgzbmgx {nfgx øz`ègx `nx}g#

znx nx}bm~bix& c~oihi{bix n mix}zi}bf4

h) b{znhibz b {zg{gx}b gzàbcno}âzib bo~bf n {f~zibo~bf n x~bx nqno}~bix bf}nzbàþnx&nfbjgzbmb {nfg øz`èg `nx}gz& unfbomg {nfb iohf~xèg mnxxb {zg{gx}b ogx gzàb#

cno}gx `gqnzobcno}bix& gjxnzqbmbx bx mizn}ziunx gzàbcno}âzibx4

m) {zg{gz& r~bomg hg~jnz& bf}nzbàèg mb {zg{gx}b gzàbcno}âzib mg øz`èg `nx}gz4

n) iomihbz {zigzimbmnx {bzb b {zg`zbcbàèg n n|nh~àèg gzàbcno}âzib n obohnizb

mg A~omg mn B{gig n Bxxix}åohib bg Imgxg4

a) gzino}bz n hgo}zgfbz b `nx}èg mg A~omg mn B{gig n Bxxix}åohib bg Imgxg4

`) hgolnhnz g n|b}g cgo}bo}n mn znh~zxgx mnx}iobmgx bg b{gig n bxxix}åohib bg

imgxg obx minzno}nx âznbx xghibix ,nm~hbàèg& xbõmn& }zbjbflg& bxxix}åohib xghibf&

}zbox{gz}n& h~f}~zb& fbunz& }~zixcg& mnx{gz}g& {fbonebcno}g ~zjbog)& bxxic hg#

cg b x~b b{fihbàèg4

l) bhgc{bolbz g {fbonebcno}g n bqbfibz b n|nh~àèg mbx {gfã}ihbx mn b{gig n bx#

xix}åohib bg Imgxg& mnxnoqgfqimbx {nfbx âznbx xghibix mixhziciobmbx ob bfãonb `4

) {zg{gz ëx znnzimbx âznbx xghibix nx}~mgx n {nxr~ixbx r~n gjen}iqnc b cnflgzib

mg b}nomicno}g mbx minznohibmbx onhnxximbmnx mb {nxxgb imgxb4

e) ogzcb}iubz bx bàþnx n zn`~fbz b {znx}bàèg mn jnonãhigx& xnzqiàgx& {zg`zbcbx n{zgen}gx mn ob}~znub {õjfihb n {ziqbmb ob âznb mg imgxg4

d) ogzcb}iubz b hnfnjzbàèg mn bhgzmgx& hgoqåoigx n xicifbznx no}zn g øz`èg `nx#

}gz n no}imbmnx {õjfihbx n {ziqbmbx mn b}nomicno}g bg imgxg& xhbfiubomg b x~b

n|nh~àèg4



8:

f) {zg{gz n iohno}iqbz b znbfiubàèg mn hbc{bolbx n g~}zbx cnmimbx mn miq~f`b#

àèg mg hgolnhicno}g b znx{ni}g mbx {bz}ih~fbzimbmnx n mgx mizni}gx mb {nxxgb

imgxb4

c) znhnjnz n nohbciolbz bgx øz`ègx hgc{n}no}nx {n}iàþnx n mnoõohibx gzc~fb#

mbx {gz r~bfr~nz {nxxgb g~ no}imbmn& mn qigfbàþnx mgx mizni}gx mg imgxg4o) xhbfiubz& mn gzcb xix}ncâ}ihb n hgo}ão~b& n mn {bz hgc g Cioix}ézig [õjfihg& qiì#

fêohib xboi}âzib n g~}zgx {znqix}gx nc fni& g h~c{zicno}g mg Nx}b}~}g mg Imgxg/

QIIIvZnx{goxbjifimbmnxnB}zij~iàþnxmgxHgoxnflnizgx

Gx hgoxnflnizgx oèg xèg xic{fnx zn{znxno}bo}nx iox}i}~higobix n onc cnzgx mnno#xgznx mgx io}nznxxnx mb iox}i}~iàèg r~n zn{znxno}bc/ Nfnx mnqnc {gxx~iz hgomiàþnx {b#

zb bxx~ciznc znx{goxbjifimbmnx hgcg {nxxgbx e~zãmihbx ioqnx}imbx mn b~}gzimbmn fn`bf

n fn`ã}icb {bzb mnnomnz gx mizni}gx mb {g{~fbàèg {bzb b r~bf b iox}i}~iàèg r~n zn{zn#

xno}bc nx}â b xnzqiàg ‘ og hbxg b {nxxgb imgxb/

Og êcji}g mgx hgoxnflgx& }gmgx gx hgoxnflnizgx }åc i`~bf x}b}~x& mizni}gx n mnqn#

znx& bxxic hgcg qgu n qg}g hgc {nxgx n ic{gz}êohib nr~i{bzbmgx/ [gz hgoxn`~io}n&

r~bfr~nz ~c mnfnx {gmn nci}iz g{ioièg& mbz {bznhnz& {nmiz qix}bx mn {zghnxxgx& xgfihi}bznxhfbznhicno}gx n nohbciolbz mncbombx nc ogcn mg io}nznxxn {õjfihg n o~ohb {nx#

xgbf n hgz{gzb}iqg/ G znhgolnhicno}g n b bmgàèg mnxxbx {znzzg`b}iqbx xèg ic{gz}bo#

}nx {bzb r~n gx hgoxnflnizgx {gxxbc bxx~ciz hgc znx{goxbjifimbmn n hgolnhicno}g

mn hb~xb bx xn`~io}nx b}zij~iàþnx5

b) {bz}ihi{bz mbx zn~oiþnx mgx hgoxnflgx n mnfijnzbz xgjzn gx bxx~o}gx }zb}bmgx4

j) znfb}bz cb}ézibx r~n fln gznc mnxiòbmbx4

h) io}n`zbz hgcixxþnx mn }zbjbflg4

m) zn{znxno}bz g Hgoxnflg nc g~}zgx øz~ox n zn~oiþnx4n) nxhgflnz& cnmibo}n g qg}g& g {znximno}n n g qihn#{znximno}n mno}zn gx hgoxn#

flnizgx4

a) nx}bz mix{goãqnf {bzb bxx~ciz b {znximåohib g~ b qihn#{znximåohib mg Hgoxnflg&

hbxg xneb nfni}g4

`) nohbciolbz mncbombx mb {g{~fbàèg imgxb bg Hgoxnflg4

l) {bz}ihi{bz mn g~}zbx b}iqimbmnx mnxiòbmbx {nfg hgfnìbmg g~ {nfb {znximåohib

mg Hgoxnflg/



88

I|v[zghnxxgmnIomihbàègn B}zij~iàþnxmg[znximno}nnQihn#[znximno}nmgxHgoxnflgx

R~bfr~nz hgoxnflnizg {gmn bxx~ciz b {znximåohib n b qihn#{znximåohib mg Hgoxn#

flg& mnxmn r~n xneb nxhgflimg {gz xn~x {bznx {gz cnig mn nfniàèg b xnz mnoimb og Zn#

ìcno}g Io}nzog/ G imnbf é r~n b nfniàèg xneb mizn}b& {bzb ~c {nzãgmg mn ~c bog& znog#

qâqnf xø {gz cbix ~c bog& n xn zneb {nfg hzi}ézig mb bf}nzoêohib mn zn{znxno}bàèg no}zn

Nx}bmg n xghinmbmn hiqif/ Bféc mixxg& }bo}g g {znximno}n r~bo}g g qihn#{znximno}n oèg

mnqnc xnz }i}~fbznx mg øz`èg `nx}gz n onc }nz hgc nfn znfbàèg mn mn{nomåohib n fnbf#

mbmn mn {noxbcno}g n mnhixèg/ Nxxnx znr~ixi}gx xèg ic{gz}bo}nx {bzb r~n g {znximno#

}n n g qihn#{znximno}n mgx Hgoxnflgx {gxxbc bxx~ciz bx b}zij~iàþnx b xn`~iz/

Mg {znximno}n5

b) h~c{ziz n unfbz {nfg h~c{zicno}g mbx mnhixþnx mg hgfnìbmg4

j) zn{znxno}bz e~mihibfcno}n n n|}zbe~mihibfcno}n g Hgoxnflg4

h) hgoqghbz& {znximiz n hggzmnobz bx zn~oiþnx gzmioâzibx n n|}zbgzmioâzibx4

m) iomihbz g xnhzn}âzig n|nh~}iqg mg Hgoxnflg& hgc b{zgqbàèg mb {fnoâzib4

n) n|nzhnz g mizni}g mn qg}g mn r~bfimbmn nc hbxg mn nc{b}n obx qg}bàþnx4

a) znr~ixi}bz n bqghbz {zghnxxgx4`) h~c{ziz n bunz h~c{ziz g Znìcno}g Io}nzog/

Mg qihn#{znximno}n5

b) x~jx}i}~iz g {znximno}n ogx xn~x ic{nmicno}gx n b~xåohibx4

j) b~|ifibz g {znximno}n og h~c{zicno}g mn x~bx b}zij~iàþnx4

h) n|nzhnz b}zij~iàþnx r~n fln gznc hgobmbx {nfg Hgfnìbmg/

|vZnh~zxgx{bzbbCbo~}noàègnA~ohigobcno}gmgxHgoxnflgx

^cb qnu hzibmgx& gx Hgoxnflgx {znhixbc xnz cbo}imgx n {gx}gx nc ~ohigobcno#

}g/ Aihb b hbz`g mg `gqnzog ,Anmnzbf& Nx}bm~bf& C~oihi{bf n Mix}zi}bf) znxnzqbz znh~zxgx

gzàbcno}âzigx {bzb nxxn c/

Xèg {nr~nobx bx mnx{nxbx hgc b iox}bfbàèg mg Hgoxnflg& {gix nfn {gmn gh~{bznx{bàgx ãxihgx mb Xnhzn}bzib mn @gqnzog& r~n ~ohigob hgcg øz`èg `nx}gz/ Gx cbig#

znx `bx}gx xnzèg hgc b cbo~}noàèg mn zg}iob mnxxnx hgfnìbmgx& r~n noqgfqn }bo}g

mnx{nxbx mn h~x}nig hgcg mn hb{i}bf/ Mno}zn bx mnx{nxbx mn h~x}nig& mnx}bhbc#xn {b#

`bcno}gx mn xnzqiàgx {znx}bmgx {gz {nxxgb ãxihb n br~ixiàþnx mn miqnzxgx cb}nzibix

mn hgox~cg& hgcg5 znbfiubàþnx mn nqno}gx& {bxxb`nox& }zniobcno}g mgx hgoxnflnizgx&



8=

zn{zgm~àþnx |nzg`zâhbx& ic{znxxgx n xnzqiàgx `zâhgx/ R~bo}g ëx mnx{nxbx mn hb{i#

}bf& bx cbix hgc~ox xèg bx znfb}iqbx ë br~ixiàèg mn nr~i{bcno}gx& fiqzgx& no}zn g~}zgx/

Ixxg n|{fihb b onhnxximbmn mn gx hgoxnflgx hgo}bznc hgc znh~zxgx b xnznc }zboxnzi#

mgx {nfg Nx}bmg hgcg ~c mgx {bzhnizgx mb {gfã}ihb {õjfihb mn b}nomicno}g bgx img#

xgx& eâ r~n b xghinmbmn& bféc mn hgo}zij~iz hgc ic{gx}gx& {znx}b& {gz cnig mn xn~x zn#{znxno}bo}nx onxxnx hgfnìbmgx znfnqbo}nx xnzqiàgx/

|IvXgjzngZnìcno}gIo}nzogmgxHgoxnflgx

Hgcg g {zø{zig ogcn nx}â miunomg& g Znìcno}g Io}nzog é ~c mgh~cno}g mn hb#

zâ}nz ogzcb}iqg r~n zn`n g~ zn`~fb b nx}z~}~zbàèg& g ~ohigobcno}g n gx {zghnmicno#

}gx io}nzogx mn hbmb hgoxnflg/ Hgox}i}~i b}g bmcioix}zb}iqg nfbjgzbmg {nfgx hgoxnflni#zgx& b{zgqbmg {nfg hgfnìbmg n {~jfihbmg {nfg [gmnz N|nh~}iqg/ X~b znnzåohib câ|i#

cb é b fni mn hzibàèg mg Hgoxnflg& h~egx fici}nx oèg mnqnc xnz ~f}zb{bxxbmgx4 ix}g é& g

Znìcno}g Io}nzog oèg {gmn hgo}nz cb}ézib oèg {znqix}b ob znnzimb fni/

Bx ogzcbx hgo}imbx onxxn Znìcno}g mnqnc xnz nfbjgzbmbx icnmib}bcno}n b{øx

b hgox}i}~iàèg mgx hgoxnflgx& {gix xèg nfbx r~n izèg mixhi{fiobz n gnznhnz xgf~àèg ëx

r~nx}þnx mg mib#b#mib mnxxn hgfnìbmg/ N r~bo}g bg {zghnxxg mn bf}nzbàèg mnxxbx ogz#

cbx nfn mnqn nx}bz {znqix}g og {zø{zig Znìcno}g/

Nxxn é g hgo}nõmg nxxnohibf znnzno}n bgx Hgoxnflgx mg Imgxg& r~n ‘ ic{fãhi}b g~n|{fihi}bcno}n ‘ mnqnzâ nx}bz {znxno}n nc }gmg g {zghnxxg mn hgox}i}~iàèg& mnxno#

qgfqicno}g n {zghnxxbcno}g mnxxnx øz`ègx hgfnìbmgx gomn r~nz r~n ~ohigonc/ G

on`fi`nohibcno}g mnxxn hgo}nõmg g~ mn {bz}n mnfn& bxxic hgcg b bf}nzbàèg bzji}zâ#

zib mn x~bx mix{gxiàþnx& zn{znxno}bzâ iobhni}âqnf bzgo}b bg {zghnxxg mn bc{fibàèg mb

mncghzbhib og {bãx& hgcg ~cb mbx cbigznx hgor~ix}bx zn{~jfihbobx/



ZnnzåohibxJijfig`zâahbx



80

BFCNIMB& Cbzib Lnzcioib ]/ Anmnzbfixcg n {gfã}ihbx xghibix/ Io5 BAAGOXG& Z~i mn Jzi}#

}g ! XIFQB& [nmzg F~iu Jbzzgx ,gz`x/)/ Mnxhno}zbfiubàèg n {gfã}ihbx xghibix/ Xèg [b~#

fg5 A~omb{& 2991/

JNONQIMNX& Cbzib Qih}øzib mn Cnxr~i}b/ B himbmboib b}iqb5 znnznomg& {fnjixhi}g n ioi#

hib}iqb {g{~fbz/ Xèg [b~fg5 Â}ihb& 2992/JGXHLN]]I& Iqbon}n X/ Bxxix}åohib xghibf og Jzbxif5 ~c mizni}g no}zn gziìobfimbmn n hgo#

xnzqbmgzixcg/ :¥ nm/ Jzbxãfib5 iqbon}n Jgxhln}}i& :;;8/

HGOX]I]ÎÀÈG MB ZN[ÕJFIHB ANMNZB]IQB MG JZBXIF/ Jzbxãfib5 Xnobmg Anmnzbf&

:;;:/

M^[BX& @ifjnz}g/ ]noxþnx hgo}nc{gzêonbx no}zn g {õjfihg n g {ziqbmg/ Xèg [b~fg5 [bu n

]nzzb& :;;8/

NX]B]^]G MG IMGXG/ Fni Anmnzbf oµ 2;/0=2& mn ;2 mn g~}~jzg mn :;;8/

ABFNIZGX& Qihno}n/ No}imbmnx mn Bxxix}åohib Xghibf/ Znfb}øzig aobf mn hgox~f}gzib bg Hgo#

xnflg Obhigobf mn Bxxix}åohib Xghibf ,HOBX) xgjzn zn`~fbcno}bàèg mgx bz}i`gx 8µ n 9µ

mb FGBX/ Jzbxãfib& 2990/

AIGZI& Egxé F~ãx/ G nmnzbfixcg mibo}n mg mnxbg mb `fgjbfiubàèg/ Io5 BAAGOXG& Z~i mn

Jzi}}g ! XIFQB& [nmzg F~iu Jbzzgx ,gz`x/)/ B nmnzbàèg nc {nzx{nh}iqb5 noxbigx xnfn#

higobmgx/ Xèg [b~fg5 A~omb{& 299>/

@GLO& Cbib mb @føzib/ Hgoxnflgx `nx}gznx n {bz}ihi{bàèg xghig{gfã}ihb/ Xèg [b~fg5 Hgz}nu&

:;;2 ,Hgfnàèg r~nx}þnx mn ogxxb é{ghb& Q/ <=)/EGLOXGO& Ogzcbo/ Nf Nx}bmg mn Jinonx}bz no }zboxihiøo5 fb }ngzib y fb {zâh}ihb mnf {f~zb#

fixcg mn jinonx}bz/ Cbmzim5 Cioix}ézig mn ]zbjbeg y Xn`~zimbm Xghibf& 299;/

[NZNIZB& [g}ybzb B/[/ B bxxix}åohib xghibf ob {nzx{nh}iqb mgx mizni}gx5 hzã}ihb bgx {bmzþnx

mgciobo}nx mn {zg}nàèg bgx {gjznx og Jzbxif/ Jzbxãfib5 ]lnxb~z~x& 2991/

/ Hno}zbfiubàèg n n|hf~xèg5 m~{fg no}zbqn ë {gfã}ihb mn bxxix}åohib xghibf/ Io5 XNZ

Xghibf & oµ 8/ Znqix}b mg [zg`zbcb mn [øx#@zbm~bàèg nc [gfã}ihb Xghibf mg Mn{bz}b#

cno}g mn Xnzqiàg Xghibf mb ôiqnzximbmn mn Jzbxãfib/ E~flg b mnuncjzg mn 299</

/ B bxxix}åohib xghibf ob {nzx{nh}iqb mgx mizni}gx5 hzã}ihb bgx {bmzþnx mgciobo}nxmn {zg}nàèg bgx {gjznx og Jzbxif5 Jzbxãfib5 ]lnxb~z~x& 2991/

/ B ogqb miqixèg xghibf mg jnc#nx}bz n g zn}gzog mg qgf~o}bzibmg/ Io5Xnzqiàg Xg#

hibf ! Xghinmbmn oµ 08/ Xèg [b~fg5 Hgz}nu& Bog \\IQ& cbzàg mn :;;8/

X]NIO& Zgxb L/ Mnxhno}zbfiubàèg n bxxix}åohib xghibf/ Io5 Hbmnzogx BJGO@& q/:;& {/ ;>#:;&

2990 ,Xézin Nx{nhibf X~jxãmigx ëx Hgonzåohibx mn Bxxix}åohib Xghibf)/

controle democrático com garantias de direitos da pessoa idosa

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