can genotype patterns change over time?
TRANSCRIPT
Can genotype patterns change
over time?
Dra Viviane Cunha
Space Syntax Symposium 8 –Santiago, Chile 2012
This paper relates to a PhD research Espaço e Sociedade – Apartamentos no Rio de Janeiro no século XX, 2007 (UFRJ) that investigated if and how a sample of Rio de Janeiro 95 miidle class apartments randomly collected, from 1930s to 1990s, could express society through the way spatial configurations are distributed.
Space syntax to identify and correlate repeated abstract characteristics that structure social values in space
‘genotypes’ - abstract patterns in a consistent way in a sample to express society in space
‘phenotypes’ - these abstract patterns in different geometric forms
Living rooms with wall demarcations for defined activity areas and bedrooms located close to the social zone.
examples of sample’s apartment plans of each decade
Increasingly elaborated social spaces, no cases of en-suite bathrooms and lavatories.
More spatial elaboration of the social area than in the 1940s. Bedrooms start to gain distance from social zone, with some cases of en-suite
Bedrooms, positioned as far as possible from other house rooms, and lavatories very frequent. Kitchen and social entrance access living room directly.
Main bedroom also connects to the social veranda in some cases, besides to the intimate area corridor.
some cases of en-suite bathrooms and lavatories.
Corridors made longer to separate intimate areas, and en-suite bedrooms in almost all cases. En-suite bedrooms are not only present in all cases but sometimes
for all bedrooms in some apartments. Main bedrooms are formally elaborated and en-suite bedroom for maid.
Presentation outline
1. integration values for 6 main spaces of all domestic systems2. Find main permeability aspects of the systems - Summarized Justified graph analysis3. Test correlation between Permeability and integration results 4. searching for genotypical characteristics5. Genotypes D and G6. Investigation of social characteristics in specific spatial configurations
rings, sequences, bushes and depths7. Investigation of space-types, convexity and depth 8. Spatial results correlated to studies of Brazilian social context for the period
1. Integration values for 6 main spaces of all domestic systems
T= transition space K= kitchen L= living space E= exterior B= main bedroom M= maid’s bedroom
3 sequences as more than 50%
As tendencies of domestic organizations in this society
2. Find main permeability aspects of the systems -Summarized Justified graph analysis
summarized Justified Graphs groups of related activity spaces as a single node - to turn visible the regularities in the way areas or sectors of specific activities relate to each other, covered by numerous links between spaces in full justified graphs. (Cunha, 1992 and Amorim, 1999)
Results:15 types of graphs6 types of graphs repeated 6 to 35
D, G, F, I, H, M
Types D and G -most frequent
D in 35 plans G in 20[throughout the time period]
D + G in 55 apartments
3. Test correlation between Permeability and integration results
substituted each apartment number by the type of summarized justified graph in the main integration sequences
Results:Most apartments with main integration types - are one of the main summarized access graphs.
T1 - most recurrent integration sequence –– mostly correlated to D T2 - second most common integration sequence – mostly correlated to G
Other graphs in T1, T2 and T3 – mainly one of the 6 most repeated graphs – I, M, F, H
4. searching for genotypical characteristics
Small graph combinationsmall variations in the sample that can impede the identification of genotype consistencies few actions to transform = low level,
Could be that genotypical characteristics modify in some aspects in a historical sample, as the social codes they are expressing may also have altered along the time?
Could be that few variations between access types with similarities in integration sequences were genotypical signatures, as defined by “small graph combination” (Conran Dalton and Kirsan, 2005)?
Main summarized justified graphs and examples of plans of each type
6 summarized justified graphs - up to 3 actionsResulst:
genotype signatures:
D - For D and F G - For G, H, I and M
‘genotype signature’ between them
5. Genotypes D and G
2 main abstract orders that classify most of the apartments of the sample, with variations between groups of specific periods of time.
In which:T1 and T3 correlates to genotypical signature D – as genotype DT2 and T3 correlates to genotypical signature G – as genotype G
Apartments of genotype D
Transition spaces – persistently higher integration values.
access to outside space - medium level of integration.
Living and Kitchen - kitchen is suggested to be the second most integrated and the living areas tend to be less. Change due to T3 in the 1930s:living room more integrated than kitchen; in the 1970s and 1990s both integration patterns occur.
Service cells - always directly linked to the exterior (both genotypes), but in genotype D kitchen connects to exterior.
BANHEIRO
SALAHALL
COZINHA
┴R
EA
DE
SE
RV
I╟O
VARANDA
QUARTO
QUARTO
QUARTO
BE
CIR
CU
LA╟
├O
D
Social zone - directly linked to outside, but not very integrated.
Intimate cells – Accessed not through social spaces, but corridors distant from the exterior.
Main bedroom - high segregation level Change due to F in the 1980s and 1990s: an optional direct link to the social zone.
Maid’s bedroom - the most isolated key room in the houses.QUARTO
BAN
HE
IRO
VARANDA
SALA
DEP
COPA
COZINHA
BE
QUARTO
QUARTO
F
Apartments of genotype G
living areas - most used space in most decades, but 40s to 60s, when corridors are mostly integrated.
Corridors - not present in all cases (as after 1950s)Change due to T3, M, H and I, from 1940s to 1960s : as present and very integrated
Kitchens – less integrated than in D, due to both T2 and T3
Service spaces- closer to the outside
VARANDA
CIRCULA╟├O
BAN
HEI
RO
QUARTO
SALA
COZINHA
QUARTO
BANHO
QUARTO
BE
BANHEIROCIRCULACAO
SALA
CO
ZIN
HA
QUARTO
HALL
WC
DEPOSITO
AREA DE
SERVICO
G
M
Service spaces- closer to the outside
Exterior - as in D, middle level of integration
Intimate spaces - consistent low integration values.Change due to T3 and I, In the 1940s pass through transition space to reach rest of house, In the 50s and 90s(due to T3 and H ) route is through both social and corridor spaces, and between these decades (due also to M) through social spaces.
maid’s bedroom - as in genotype D, the most isolated key room.
QUARTO
VARANDA
SALA
VARANDA
QUARTO
BANH
EIR
O
BANHEIRO
QUARTO
QUARTO
VARANDA
COZINHA
SALAQUARTO
LAVA
BO
BE
SALA
AREA DESERVICO
EM
PREG
AD
AQ
to
VARANDA
SALA
┴REA DE SERVI╟O
BAN
HEI
RO
QUARTO QUARTO
BE
VEST═BULO
COZINHA
CIRCULA╟├O
QUARTO
DEP
╙SI
TO
H
I
6. Investigation of social characteristics in specific spatial configurationsrings, sequences, bushes and depths
Starting by ordering in a single table as many spatial characteristics as possible, from spatial results of Space Syntax study of historical sample, grouped in a chronological sequence - to construct several combinations of aspects correlations, visually clear through Cartesian graph representation – calling this way of ordering data as Descriptive Tabulation
RINGS Inform about decrease of spatial control for option of route external rings Decrease much in genotype G along the time
BE
AR E AD E
S E R VIC O
Qto
EMPR
EGA
DA
AN E L
EXTER N O
C O ZIN H A
C IR C U L A╟├O
QU AR T O
Q U AR T O
VAR AN D A
Q U AR TO
BAN H EIR O
S AL A
VAR AN D A
S AL A
VAR AN D A
AN E L
IN TE R N O
SEQUENCESpotential for control of accessmainly for service spaces in both genotypesmore in genotype G than in D. in D, concentrated in the last decades
CO
PA
/CO
ZIN
HA
BE
BANHEIRO
BANHEIRO
BA
NH
EIR
O
VARANDA
QUARTO QUARTO
SALA
LAVABO
HALL QUARTO
CO
PA
/CO
ZIN
HA
JARDIM
VA
RA
ND
A
BUSHESstrategy for symmetrical control spaces accesses by a previous oneintimate cells more frequent in genotype G than in Din G – along the sample and is intensified over time.
QUARTO
CIR
CU
LAC
AO
BEBE
BANHEIRO
VARANDAVARANDA
JAR
DIM
JAR
DIM
BANHEIROBANHEIRO
QUARTO
QUARTOQUARTO
ASAS BE
B
V J
Q
B
Q
Ci
Ci
AREA DE
VARANDAVARANDA
JARDIMJARDIM
SALASALA
VESTIBULO
CO
PA
/CO
ZIN
HA
SALA JANTAR
LAVABOLAVABO
BEBE
VV
SS
Ves
Co/C
ASAS
Co/CCo/C
ExSJ
Ci
QEQE
La
BE
QE
AREA DE
SERVICO
7. Investigation of space-types, convexity and depth
Space-type a occupancy cells controlled by spaces previous to them, where they are accessed from.decrease much in genotype D, almost not in G
Space-type bcontrol the way to spaces they are in the way to.Increase for both genotypes, mainly in G
Space-type cdecrease control in relation to spaces that take part in single ring with.Decrease more in genotype G than in D
Space-type ddecrease control in relation to spaces that take part in miltiple ring with.Increases in genotype D and do not exist after 1950s in G
DEPHTarticulates segregation of spaces in relation to the system, as turn them distant from others and exterior as they go deeper.both genotypes present increase of depth for both main and maids bedroom.. More in D than in G
QUARTO
VARANDA
QUARTO
BA
NH
O
CIR
CU
LAC
AO
QUARTO
BANHEIRO
QUARTO
VARANDA
SALA
VARANDA
CO
PA
/CO
ZIN
HA
LAVABO
SALA JANTAR
BE
CIR
CU
LAC
AO
AREA DE
SERVICO
EM
PR
EG
AD
A
Qto
8. Spatial results correlated to studies of Brazilian social context for the period
• Social rooms in both genotypes grow to deep positions in the houses, in both D and G, except for the 60s, while they also start to open directly to the exterior from the 70s.
• In D the connection to outside tend to be part of ring, expanding knowledge of
Social spaces
• In D the connection to outside tend to be part of ring, expanding knowledge of domestic realm for who is using these spaces. External rings are frequent, including the living and outside, and reaching deep areas of the house – generate fluidity, interaction and knowledge close to the free plan for the social area, which seems to relate to a tendency for a continuous permeability as found in contemporary houses (Morley, 2000)
• Not in G, where it is preferable to elaborate patterns to separate activity areas, with less internal rings, few verandas and no space-type c or d, but b – which relates to control and hierarchy, to where the disciplinar society is going to (Deleuze, 1997), as paralell to individualism, disciplinarians mechanisms generate and control people (Figueira, 1987)
Service rooms grow as long sequential distribution, with kitchens going to directly linked to exterior along the time, more in D than in G – which seem to express different models of isolating these cellls and their probable user – servants.
“ideological exclusion of maid from the inhabitants
Service Rooms
“ideological exclusion of maid from the inhabitants universe” (Almeida, 1987)
The door from kitchen to the corridor or living room tend to be the only bridge to connect this sector of the house, in most cases, as hierarchy found in Colonial houses in Brasil (Freire, 1980) or new social manifestations, as the decrease of the uso of these spaces, as services start to also be done outside the house – food and laundry and cleaner instead of maid.
Intimate cells
• Intimate cells go from proximity to other rooms in the first decades, mainly the main bedroom, to grow into isolated positions in bushy distribution in both genotypes, which seems to relate to changes in inhabitant relations(Prost, 1981).
• Main bedrooms, which were the most integrated in pre-modernist houses (Trigueiro, 1994), turns to bush distribution from the 40s/ 50s, appearing mainly in the 70s, but also in the next decades, while going deeper in the systems. For the same period, parents relations to their sons and daughters tend to be less hierarchical, educational system takes over some of the teaching of social rules, in a context of growing individualism (Rosemberg, 1995, Salem, 1980, Velho, 1981, Singly, 1999) – simetry and privacy - not in individualism (Rosemberg, 1995, Salem, 1980, Velho, 1981, Singly, 1999) – simetry and privacy - not in contrast to public outside the house, but as interior fragmentation of the system.
• It is defined by Singly (2000) that it is in the bedroom , as domestic territory with its autonomous rules, that family members learn to be individualized since childhood, while also keep other traces of dependence. In D there are cases of optional routes for the bedrooms privacy, in the last decades. while in G not much, and if happen they are in quite small circular routes.
• These seems to relate also to changes in the definition of locality, close and far since the digital revolution, that tend to lead people to be connected not just spacially but virtually
• mainly in D appears the flexiblity of ringy situation in the end of the century, coinciding with the overall intention of this genotype to expand the fluidity in the system.
It seems that the possibility that aspects of genotypes had changed in some specific periods of time, for some areas – as mainly bedrooms in the middle to the end of the century in this sample - allowed the identification of some social transformations which could not had been recognized if these components of the abstract consistencies expressed in space were not considered.
D apeared as an answer to the social tendency for mobility and fluidity, expanding the social environmnet until the bedroom, while isolated service rooms by spatial resources and social service rooms by spatial resources and social codes.While G confirms the social celebration by the mantainance of hirarchical patterns intentions, continuing tradicional codes in some way
