bruno barreto - sinalização de rotundas

7/23/2019 Bruno Barreto - Sinalizao de Rotundas

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\ckobczod gh Udtukgos OIUOGHLCJHKWD\

OIUOGHLCJHKWD\

Oiroghd o tdgds ds quh, gh ujo `drjo du dutro, jh ofugoroj o tdrkor hsto gcsshrtod

pdssvhb.

Hj hsphlcob6

]rd`hssdro Gdutdro Oko Jorco Lsor Eostds \cbvo, drchktogdro gd troeobad quh sh

oprhshkto, phbo suihstd gd thjo gd prhshkth troeobad, phbd shu hjphkad, opdcd h ghgclod

kd ghldrrhr ghsths jhshs.

Ods jhus pocs h rhstokth `ojbco, phbo ldk`coko prhstogo h lufd opdcd thj scgd ldkstokth od

bdkid gds jhus okds gh hstugd.

Ods jhus ojcids h kojdrogo, phbo ldjprhhksd h phbos adros ldklhgcgos, hstokgd od jhu

bogd kds jhbadrhs h kds pcdrhs jdjhktds, ldktrceuckgd poro quh hsth prdfhltd lahiossh od

`cj.

Erukd Hjokuhb gh Objhcgo Eorrhtd c


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\ckobczod gh Udtukgos UH\XJD

UH\XJD

D rhlursd logo vhz jocs `rhquhkth gh rdtukgos ldjd `drjo gh rhiubod h`cloz gd trksctd

quhr hj jhcds ureokds quhr ckthr-ureokds, tdrko logo vhz jocs prhjhkth o khlhsscgogh gh

]drtuiob gcspdr gh kdrjos gh sckobczod quh opdchj h supdrthj gh `drjo ukc`drjh h

oghquogo ds ldrrhspdkghkths prdfhltds gh hxhlud. Ko vhrgogh, os rdtukgos oprhshktoj

ckjhros voktoihks kdjhogojhkth quokgd ldjporogos ldj dutros sdbuhs trogclcdkocs gh

kvhb, ghscikogojhkth `olh ods lruzojhktds prcdrctrcds, ldksuestoklcogos otrovs go rhgud

quhr go `rhquklco gds olcghkths quhr go suo irovcgogh.

Hstos voktoihks, ossdlcogos od shu eocxd lustd, tj scgd shktcgos quhr phbd pdghr pdbctcld

bdlob quhr tlkcld d quh thj fustc`clogd o suo hxpoksd uj pduld o tdgd d pos, jhsjd o

bdlocs pduld oghquogds. Hssos bdlobczohs tj oehrtd phrsphltcvos ogdpd gh hsquhjos

gh sckobczod gh pr-ovcsd h gh rhiubod, hxtrhjojhkth ahthrdikhds h `rhquhkthjhkth ldj

lboros vcdbohs s rhiros h kdrjos ihrocs hj vcidr, ghscikogojhkth od Uhiubojhktd gh

\ckobczod h Wroksctd - U\W, Lgcid go Hstrogo (LH) h Kdrjos gh sckobczod go oktcio

Fukto Outkdjo gos Hstrogos (FOH).

Hsto sctuod, thj fustc`clogd shjhbaoko gd quh dldrrh hj gcvhrsds poshs hstrokihcrds, o

gh`ckcd gh hsquhjos gh sckobczod hsphl`clds opbclvhcs o hsth tcpd gh ckthrshld, thkgd o

Kdto Wlkclo go Gcrhld Ihrob gh Pcod hj 5==7, ldkstctugd ujo old pdsctcvo khsth

shktcgd. Ldktugd, hsth gdlujhktd pdr s cklcgcr gh `drjo erhvh h ckldjpbhto, sderh o

sckobczod vhrtclob, ghcxo hj oehrtd os rhstokths ldjpdkhkths go sckobczod, oerckgd osscj

ujo fokhbo gh dpdrtukcgogh poro quh obiuj troeobad ldjpbhjhktor pdsso shr `hctd khsto

jotrco.

Khsto bckao gh old, hsto thsh gh gcsshrtod prdluror gh`ckcr gh `drjo biclo h protclvhb

hsquhjos gh sckobczod hsphlc`clojhkth ldklhecgds poro opbclod hj rdtukgos, thkgd pdr

eosh kd s d hkquogrojhktd bhiob h kdrjotcvd kolcdkob jos sderhtugd d bhvoktojhktd

ghtobaogd gds troeobads quh sh tj ghshkvdbvcgd khsto rho o kvhb hstrokihcrd. Hsphro-sh quh

ldj hsth troeobad pdssoj shr gh`ckcgds prcklpcds h rhbohs louso-h`hctd quh fustc`cquhj o

gh`ckcd gh kdrjos tlkclos `ukgojhktogos, bokokgd os eoshs poro quh os outdrcgoghs

ldjphthkths gcspdkaoj gh jocs uj ldktrceutd h ovoklhj poro o gh`ckcd gh gdlujhktodkdrjotcvo hsphl`clo ko rho go sckobczod gh rdtukgos.

Erukd Hjokuhb gh Objhcgo Eorrhtd cc


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\ckobczod gh Udtukgos OE\WUOLW

OE\WUOLW

Wah wcghsprhog rhsdurlh td rdukgoeduts os ok h``hltcvh woy d` rhiubotcki tro``cl, eh ct ck

ureok dr ckthrureok orhos, eucbgs up tah khhg `dr ]drtuiob td aovh scikobcsotcdk rubhs wacla

suppdrt ck ok oghquoth okg ukc`chg woy tah ldrrhspdkgcki prdfhlts ck hxhlutcdk. Ck rhobcty,

rdukgoeduts prhshkt kujhrdus ogvoktoihs ck ldjporcsdk td dtahr trogctcdkob sdbutcdks, sula

os prcdrcty fukltcdks, guh td tah rhgultcdk d` tah kujehr d` ollcghkts dr tahcr irovcty.

Wahsh ogvoktoihs, ossdlcothg td tahcr bdw ldst, aovh ehhk ukghrstddg ey tah pdbctclob okg

thlakclob bdlob outadrctchs, wacla aos fustc`chg tahcr wcghsprhog tarduia tah wadbh lduktry,

hvhk ck bhss oghquoth pbolhs. Wahsh bdlotcdks aovh ehhk bhogcki tah woy td tah ogdptcdk d`

prh-workcki okg rhiubotcki scikobcsotcdk slahjhs, hxtrhjhby ahthrdihkhdus okg wacla

`rhquhktby vcdboth tah rubhs okg ihkhrob kdrjs ck vcidur, sula os tah Uhiubojhktd gh

\ckobczod h Wrksctd - U\W, Lgcid go Hstrogo (LH) okg tah Kdrjos gh sckobczod go

oktcio Fukto Outkdjo gos Hstrogos (FOH).

Wacs sctuotcdk aos bhg, scjcborby td waot dllurs ck shvhrob `drhcik lduktrchs, td tah gh`ckctcdk

d` sphlc`cl scikobcsotcdk slahjhs wacla orh oppbcloebh td tacs nckg d` ckthrshltcdk, ck o woy

taot tah Kdto Wlkclo go Gcrhld Ihrob gh Pcod ck 5==7 ldkscghrhg ct td eh o pdsctcvh

oltcdk ck tacs shksh. Adwhvhr, os tacs gdlujhkt dkby `dlushs, ck o bciat okg ckldjpbhth woy,

dk vhrtclob scikobcsotcdk, ct bhovhs dut tah rhjockcki scikobcsotcdk ldjpdkhkts. Ahklh, ct icvhs

woy td ldjpbhjhktory wdrn dk tah suefhlt.

Ck tacs bckh d` oltcdk, tacs gcsshrtotcdk wcbb shhn td gh`ckh ck o bdiclob okg proltclob woyscikobcsotcdk slahjhs hsphlcobby ldklhcvhg td oppby ck rdukgoeduts. Wah irdukg dk wacla ct cs

sht tonhs cktd ldkscghrotcdk kdt dkby tah bhiob okg kdrjotcvh kotcdkob `rojhwdrn eut obsd tah

ghtocbhg eolnirdukg dk tah wdrn taot aos ehhk ghvhbdphg ck tacs orho ot o `drhcik bhvhb. Ct cs

hxphlthg taot prcklcpbhs okg o loush-h``hlt ossdlcotcdk wcbb fustc`y tah gh`ckctcdk d` irdukg

thlakclob kdrjs, wacla wcbb obsd boy tah `dukgotcdk `dr tah ldjphthkt outadrctchs td olqucrh

okdtahr ush`ub ldktrceutcdk okg jdrh `drworg td tah gh`ckctcdk d` sphlc`cl kdrjotcvh

gdlujhktotcdk ck tah `chbg d` rdukgoedut scikobcsotcdk.

Erukd Hjokuhb gh Objhcgo Eorrhtd ccc


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\ckobczod gh Udtukgos KGCLH

KGCLH

?

CKWUDGXD............................................................................................................................................?

?.?

HK_XOGUOJHKWD OD WHJO........................................................ .............................................................. ??.5 DEFHLWCPD\ GD WUOEOBAD ......................................................... .............................................................. 5

?.


5/81

\ckobczod gh Udtukgos KGCLH

7.


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\ckobczod gh Udtukgos KGCLH GH @CIXUO\

KGCLHGH@CIXUO\

@ciuro 5.?- ]dktds gh ldk`bctd hj Lruzojhktds ]rcdrctrcds /Udtukgos ..................................0

@ciuro 5.5 Ldjpdrtojhktds ckoprdprcogds .........................................................................3

@ciuro 5.


7/81

\ckobczod gh Udtukgos KGCLH GH @CIXUO\

@ciuro


8/81

\ckobczod gh Udtukgos KGCLH GH WOEHBO\

KGCLH GH WOEHBO\

Woehbo 5.? - Wcpdbdicos gh olcghkths (ogoptogd gh @AYO, 5===)..........................................?=

Woehbo 5.5 - Wcpdbdicos gh olcghkths(ogoptogd gh @AYO, 5===)...........................................??

Woehbo


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\ckobczod gh Udtukgos ? CKWUDGXD

? Cktrdgud

?.? Hkquogrojhktd od thjo

O ckthirod gh ujo rdtukgo kuj hcxd vcrcd drcicko aoectuobjhkth lboros jhbadrcos gos

ldkgchs gh `bucghz h gh shiuroko, jocs hsphlc`clojhkth quokgd ldjporogos ldj dutros

ckthrshlhs trogclcdkocs gh kvhb. O hbos sh ossdlcoj hbhvogds kvhcs gh `bucghz h ghlopolcgogh, jos sderhtugd, kvhcs hbhvogds gh shiuroko, shkgd aoectuob hkldktror rh`hrklcos

o hstugds sderh sckcstrobcgogh quh opdktoj poro o rhgud gh 7= o 0=% gds olcghkths h jocs

gh 38% gds olcghkths ldj jdrtds, quokgd uj lruzojhktd prcdrctrcd troks`drjogd kujo

rdtukgo (@AYO, 5===).

Ophsor gd hxlhbhkth ghshjphkad osshiurogd phbos rdtukgos, ko rhobcgogh ldktckuoj o hxcstcr

obiuks prdebhjos gh ùklcdkojhktd rhbolcdkogds ldj d ldjpdrtojhktd ogdptogd phbds

ldkgutdrhs h, hj portclubor, ldj os trofhltrcos ogdptogos pdr porth ghsths ghsgh d jdjhktd

quh rhobczoj o oprdxcjod ot od jdjhktd ldrrhspdkghkth suo sogo. Hsths prdebhjos gh

lokobczod tj thkgklco o shr jocs irovhs h `rhquhkths ghphkghkgd gd kjhrd gh vcos gh

hktrogo h gh lcrlubod kd okhb.

]dr dutrd bogd h ophsor gds kvhcs gh sckcstrobcgogh shrhj eocxds, o tcpdbdico gds olcghkths

jocs ldjuks thkgh o shr ko jocdrco gds poshs okobcsogds, d hjeoth fuktd bckao gh lhgklco

gh possoihj h d ghsldktrdbd kos cjhgcohs go hktrogo, d quh rhbhvo quh d ldkgutdr khj

shjprh sh ophrlheh othjpogojhkth go hxcstklco go ckthrshld h ogopto, hj ldk`drjcgogh, d

shu ldjpdrtojhktd.

Hj irokgh porth, quobquhr uj gds prdebhjos hkuklcogds pdgh hstor rhbolcdkogd ldj o òbto

gh sckobczod du ldj o suo ckoghquod òlh sctuod hj hstugd. D prcjhcrd tcpd gh

prdebhjos rhbolcdko-sh ùkgojhktobjhkth ldjo òbto gh sckobczod adrczdktob oghquogo,

ghscikogojhkth gh ghbcjctod gh vcos h gh lokobczod od bdkid go oprdxcjod h hktrogo,

hjedro ossujo oquc ciuobjhkth uj pophb ùkgojhktob o khlhsscgogh gh sh gcspdr gh rhiros

prdlhssuocs gh ldjpdrtojhktd hj rdtukgos poro opdcd od ldkgutdr kos jokderos gh hktrogo,

khidlcod h sogo go rdtukgo. D shiukgd tcpd, rhbolcdko-sh, hktrh dutrds òltdrhs, ldj tdgd dhsquhjo gh pr-sckobczod d quob ghvhr ldktrceucr gh `drjo ckhquvdlo poro obhrtor d

Erukd Hjokuhb gh Objhcgo Eorrhtd ?


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ldkgutdr poro o hxcstklco go ghsldktckucgogh gd troogd h ldkshquhkth khlhsscgogh gh obthror

d shu ldjpdrtojhktd.

Hktrh dutrds, hsths gdcs prdebhjos sd ldjuks hj ]drtuiob, shkgd aoectuob hkldktror

ckthrshlhs cjpboktogos `dro gds hspods ureokds, ghsprdvcgds gh quobquhr gcspdsctcvd gh

sckobczod. Wojej o òbto gh ukc`drjcgogh gds hsquhjos gh sckobczod ogdptogds jhrhlh

oquc rhicstd. Ghsgh o tcpdbdico gds sckocs ogdptogds, possokgd phbds hsquhjos gh

cjpboktod, ot vorcoecbcgogh gh ghshkads ossdlcogds od jhsjd sckob, borio o iojo gh

prdebhjos o rhicstor o hsth kvhb.

Ko eosh gh tdgds hsths prdebhjos, kd obahcd d òltd gh kd hxcstcr, hj ]drtuiob, quobquhrkdrjo, gcspdschs tlkclos du gdlujhktds rhldjhkgotcvds khsto jotrco. Gh òltd h ophsor

go cjpboktod gh rdtukgos hj ]drtuiob, oslhkghr od cklcd gd slubd QQ, hjedro ldj

utcbczod josscvo o portcr go glogo gh 1=, vhrc`clo-sh quh ds prdfhltds gh hxhlud

ldktckuoj o shr hxhlutogds jorihj gh quobquhr gdlujhktd quh opdch thlkclojhkth quhr o

ldjpdkhkth gh ldklhpd ihdjtrclo quhr gh sckobczod.

D cjpolth quh o sckobczod (du o òbto ghbo) ossujh sderh ds kvhcs gh shiuroko rhocs h

ckguzcgds kd ldkgutdr, `hz ldj quh hssh thjo `dssh hbhctd kd jectd ghsto gcsshrtod.Cjpdrto òlh quhbh quh d hkquogrojhktd bhiob kolcdkob, ovobcor o opbclod gh hsquhjos gh

sckobczod scjpbhs h protclvhcs shfo hj ojechkth ureokd shfo ckthr-ureokd.

Khsso bckao gh old, o prhshkth gcsshrtod prdluro gh`ckcr gh `drjo biclo h protclvhb

hsquhjos gh sckobczod hsphlc`clojhkth ldklhecgds poro opbclod hj rdtukgos, thkgd pdr

eosh kd s d hkquogrojhktd bhiob h kdrjotcvd kolcdkob jos sderhtugd d bhvoktojhktd

ghtobaogd gds troeobads quh sh tj ghshkvdbvcgd khsto rho o kvhb hstrokihcrd. Otrovs go

okbcsh ghtobaogo gos gc`hrhkths kdrjos hj vcidr hj gcvhrsds poshs, prdluro-sh cghktc`clor ds

prcklpcds h os rhbohs louso-h`hctd quh fustc`cloroj o gh`ckcd o ogdpd ghsshs gc`hrhkths

gcspdsctcvds du hsquhjos gh sckobczod, prdlurokgd, shjprh quh porhlhu pdssvhb h

oghquogd, trokspdr poro d ldkthxtd kolcdkob, o ogdpd gh obiuks ghsshs ldklhctds.

?.5 Defhltcvds gd troeobad

O ckhxcstklco gh drchktohs tlkclos gh opdcd sckobczod gh rdtukgos oerh phrsphltcvos gh

ckvhstciod khsto jotrco. Khsso ptclo, hsto thsh gh gcsshrtod lhktro-sh ko gh`ckcd gh

hsquhjos biclds h protclvhcs gh sckobczod (vhrtclob h adrczdktob) hsphlc`clojhkthldklhecgds poro opbclod hj rdtukgos, gh `lcb opbclod h ldjprhhksd pdr porth go

ldjukcgogh tlkclo h, quh ldktrceuoj poro o ukc`drjczod go sckobczod ghsth tcpd gh

Erukd Hjokuhb gh Objhcgo Eorrhtd 5


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lruzojhktds, thkgd pdr eosh kd s d hkquogrojhktd bhiob h kdrjotcvd kolcdkob jos

sderhtugd d bhvoktojhktd ghtobaogd gds troeobads quh sh tj ghshkvdbvcgd khsto rho o kvhb

ckthrkolcdkob.

]rdluro-sh ockgo od bdkid gd thxtd suebckaor obiuks prcklpcds h rhbohs louso-h`hctd quh

fustc`cloj d ldjpdrtojhktd gd ldkgutdr h quh ldktrceuoj poro o gh`ckcd gh kdrjos

tlkclos ùkgojhktogos, bokokgd os eoshs poro quh os outdrcgoghs ldjphthkths gcspdkaoj

gh jocs uj ldktrceutd h ovoklhj poro o gh`ckcd gh gdlujhktod kdrjotcvo hsphlc`clo ko

rho go sckobczod gh rdtukgos h rhvhr d hkquogrojhktd bhiob vcihkth.

?.< Jhtdgdbdi co ogdptogo

Ds troeobads ghshkvdbvcgds eoshcoj-sh ùkgojhktobjhkth kujo rhldbao oboriogo h ghtobaogogh ecebcdiro`co h rh`hrklcos go hsphlcobcgogh hstrokihcros h kolcdkocs.

Hsso rhldbao ecebcdir`clo quh cklcgcu sderh jokuocs h/du kdrjos gh sckobczod hstrokihcrds

ldklhecgds hsphlc`clojhkth poro o opbclod hj rdtukgos, phrjctcu prcjhcrojhkth oltuobczor

d hstogd ko orth kd quh gcz rhsphctd sckobczod gh rdtukgos, oerokihkgd gdjkcds quh

cklcghj sderh tcpdbdicos gh sckobczod, suos lorolthrstclos rhbhvokths, osphltds

gcjhkscdkocs, possokgd ockgo phbo ovobcod gds h`hctds prhvcsvhcs.

Kujo shiukgo òsh o phsqucso cklcgcu ùkgojhktobjhkth ko prdluro gh sdbuhs f

cjpbhjhktogos kdutrds poshs h ko ovobcod gds shus h`hctds prdlurokgd phrlhehr, o `drjoldjd logo hsquhjo oltuo sderh d ldjpdrtojhktd gd ldkgutdr h ds rhsubtogds detcgds. Hsso

okbcsh ecebcdir`clo opdktdu poro sdbuhs f opbclogos kdutrds poshs h quh rhsubtoroj hj

hbhvogds kvhcs gh ghshjphkad, phbd quh ds troeobads prdsshiucroj kd shktcgd gh ovobcor o

oghquod h ogoptoecbcgogh ghsshs hsquhjos du sdbuhs od quogrd bhicsbotcvd kolcdkob h

hurdphu.

O thrlhcro òsh go gcsshrtod rhsubtdu go ldkfuiod ckthirogo gos ldklbushs rhtcrogos gos

guos òshs okthrcdrhs, prdlurokgd, gh `drjo hjprclo, hstoehbhlhr rhbohs louso - h`hctd quh

phrjctcsshj prdpdr, gh `drjo susthktogo, sdbuhs pogrd gh sckobczod, ldjpotvhcs ldj os

hxciklcos ùklcdkocs gh ujo rdtukgo h gcspdschs bhiocs vcihkths. Hj ldkshquklco, h kujoòsh pdsthrcdr, vhrc`clogo o khlhsscgogh gh shrhj prdpdstos obthrohs ods gdlujhktds bhiocs

vcihkths (U\W, LH), ds quocs sh hkldktroj oltuobjhkth hj òsh gh rhvcsd.

?.7 Hstruturo go thsh

O gcsshrtod hkldktro-sh hstruturogo hj 7 loptubds. D loptubd ? hxph ujo cktrdgud od

thjo rhobokgd o cjpdrtklco h pdthklcobcgoghs sckobczod gh rdtukgos kd shu ghshjphkad

ihrob. \d oprhshktogds ds prcklcpocs defhltcvds gd troeobad, o jhtdgdbdico ogdptogo h ohstruturo gd gdlujhktd.

Erukd Hjokuhb gh Objhcgo Eorrhtd


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Kd loptubd 5, cghktc`cloj-sh os prcklcpocs pdthklcobcgoghs gos rdtukgos, gokgd-sh portclubor

k`osh ods shus prdebhjos gh `uklcdkojhktd. \d oprhshktogds obiuks kjhrds rhbotcvds

sckcstrobcgogh hj rdtukgos, cghktc`clokgd-sh o tcpdbdico gds olcghkths jocs `rhquhkths.

Ldjpbhjhktorjhkth, sd okobcsogos os ldkgclcdkokths quhr o kvhb ckthrkolcdkob (otrovs go

okbcsh go ldkvhkd gh Pchko gh ?301) quhr o kvhb kolcdkob (Uhiubojhktd gh \ckobczod

gh Wrksctd h Lgcid go Hstrogo).

Kd loptubd


13/81

\ckobczod gh Udtukgos 5 LOUOLWHUCVOD IHUOB GO\ UDWXKGO\ H \HX JDGD

GH @XKLCDKOJHKWD

5 Lorolthrczod ihrob gos rdtukgos h shu jdgd gh`uklcdkojhktd

5.? Cktrdgud

aoectuob hkldktror hj ecebcdiro`co go hsphlcobcgogh rh`hrhklco ods hxlhbhkths kvhcs gh

ghshjphkad ihrob gos rdtukgos f quh, ods eocxds kvhcs gh ckvhstcjhktd ckclcob h ghldkshrvod go sdbud sh ossdlcoj eocxds kvhcs gh sckcstrobcgogh h hbhvogds kvhcs gh

lopolcgogh.

Ko rhobcgogh, vhrc`clo-sh quh hsshs kvhcs gh ghshjphkad, hjedro gh `drjo ihrob hbhvogds,

sd hxtrhjojhkth vorcvhcs h ghphkghj, hktrh dutrds, gh pos poro pos, gos ldkgchs gh

ckshrd go rdtukgo h gos lorolthrstclos gds ldkgutdrhs, gds kvhcs gh prdluro, htl.

Khsso ptclo hsth loptubd cklcgh sderh o lorolthrczod gd jdgd gh `uklcdkojhktd gos

rdtukgos, opdktokgd-sh obiujos gds ehkh`lcds quh bah sd lorolthrstclos, jos sderhtugd

prdlurokgd cghktc`clor ds prdebhjos quh bah hstd ossdlcogds.

5.5 Gh`ck cd gh Udtukgo

Hkthkgh-sh pdr Ckthrshld Icrotrco (du rdtukgo) uj drghkojhktd ihdjtrcld lorolthrczogd

phbo ldkvhriklco gh gcvhrsds rojds gh shktcgd kcld du gupbd, kujo proo lhktrob gh `drjo

ihrobjhkth lcrlubor h cktrokspdkvhb, hj tdrkd go quob hstoehbhlcgd uj shktcgd kcld ghlcrlubod (hxlhptd hj sdbuhs hxlhplcdkocs), ossujcgd ldjd prcdrctrcd hj rhbod ods

`buxds gh lahiogo (Eostds \cbvo h \hld, 5==7).

\hiukgd d ortcid k? gd Lgcid go Hstrogo (GB k. ??7/37 gh < gh Jocd, obthrogd phbds GB

k. 5/31, gh < gh Fokhcrd, GB k.508-O/5==?, gh 51 gh \hthjerd h GB k. 77/5==8, gh 5< gh

\hthjerd), cghktc`clo-sh ujo rdtukgo ldjd shkgd ujo proo `drjogo pdr lruzojhktd du

hktrdklojhktd, dkgh d trksctd sh prdlhsso hj shktcgd icrotrcd h sckobczogo ldjd tob>.



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GH @XKLCDKOJHKWD

5.< ]rcklcpocs Lorolthrstclos gh @uklcdkojhktd h pdthklcobcgoghs gos

rdtukgos

Ds kvhcs hbhvogds gh shiuroko lorolthrstclds gos rdtukgos tj scgd boriojhkth

gdlujhktogds hj rh`hrklcos go hsphlcobcgogh, opdktokgd-sh `rhquhkthjhkth obiuks gds

shiuckths òltdrhs ldjd prcklcpocs lousos gcjckucd gds olcghkths h go suo irovcgogh

(Wohnrotdn, ?331> Eostds \cbvo, 5==7)6

- gcjckucd gd kjhrd gh pdktds gh ldk`bctd>

- hbcjckod gds olcghkths rhbolcdkogds ldj ds jdvcjhktds gh vcroihj hsquhrgo,rhspdksvhcs phbo jocdrco gds olcghkths irovhs hj ckthrshlhs gh kvhb>

- scjpbclcgogh gd prdlhssd gh tdjogo gh ghlcsd fuktd hktrogo>

- ogdpd gh vhbdlcgoghs jdghrogos ko rho gh ldk`bctd>

- prdthld gds phhs otrovs go jothrcobczod gds cbaus shporogdrhs.

Gh òltd, d hbhvogd kvhb gh shiuroko rhsubto gh gdcs `hkjhkds hsshklcocs6 gcjckucd gd

kjhrd gh pdktds gh ldk`bctd h rhgud h adjdihkhczod gds hsphltrds gh vhbdlcgogh. Orhgud scikc`clotcvo gd kjhrd gh pdktds gh ldk`bctd ghvh-sh ùkgojhktobjhkth

driokczod gds `buxds gh tr`hid kuj shktcgd kcld gh lcrlubod (vhr @ciuro 5.?).

@ciuro 5.?- ]dktds gh ldk`bctd hj Lruzojhktds ]rcdrctrcds /Udtukgos

(Eostds \cbvo h \hld, 5==7)

Gh òltd, o troks`drjod gh uj lruzojhktd prcdrctrcd hj rdtukgo rhguz ds aoectuocs


15/81


GH @XKLCDKOJHKWD

]dr dutrd bogd, os rdtukgos oprhshktoj lorolthrstclos h tcpds gh ùklcdkojhktd lborojhkth

gc`hrhkths, quokgd ldjporogos ldj dutrds tcpds gh lruzojhktds trogclcdkocs gh kvhb, shkgd

quh o derciotdrchgogh gh lhgklco gh possoihj hktrogo h gh ldktdrkd go cbao lhktrob, rhsubtokujo olhktuogo rhgud h adjdihkhczod gds hsphltrds gh vhbdlcgogh. O rhgud h

adjdihkhczod gos vhbdlcgoghs protclogos gurokth o khidlcod h otrovhssojhktd go

ckthrshld ckguz prtclo gh ldkguhs ldrgcocs h aorjdkcdsos s quocs hstd ossdlcogos

jhkdrhs toxos gh sckcstrobcgogh h rhguhs grstclos go irovcgogh gds olcghkths (\tuwh, ?33?>

Aobb h \urb, ?31?> Eostds \cbvo h \hld, 5==7).

Hj ldkshquklco, gcvhrsds hstugds hstrokihcrds ossdlcoj o troks`drjod gh uj lruzojhktd

prcdrctrcd gh kvhb kujo rdtukgo, o ujo lboro gcjckucd gd kjhrd gh olcghkths hhbcjckod gds ldk`bctds shlokths. Hsso rhgud ockgo jocs scikc`clotcvo quokgd rhbolcdkogo

ldj ds olcghkths ldj `hrcgds, otckickgd hj jgco lhrlo gh 9=%, hkquoktd quh ds olcghkths

ldj jdrtds sd protclojhkth hbcjckogds ko suo tdtobcgogh, ubtropossokgd ds 3=% (Iojeorg,

?311).

Os rdtukgos sd ockgo aoectuobjhkth lorolthrczogos pdr uj oujhktd suestoklcob go

lopolcgogh h jhbadrco gos ldkgchs gh `bucghz. Ldj h`hctd o prtclo gh vhbdlcgoghs

rhguzcgos gurokth o hktrogo h otrovhssojhktd gos rdtukgos ossdlcogo scjpbc`clod gdspdktds gh ldk`bctd rhsubtoj aoectuobjhkth ko olhctod gh ckthrvobds lrtclds gh jhkdr

gurod d quh sh troguz kuj oujhktd gcrhltd go lopolcgogh h ko gcjckucd gds thjpds gh

hsphro (Eostds \cbvo h \hld, 5==7).

5.7 Gdjkcd gh opbclod gos rdtukgos

Os rdtukgos sd hxlhbhkths sdbuhs toktd hj zdkos ureokosldjd ckthr-ureokos, shkgd pdr

cssd `rhquhkthjhkth utcbczogos poro hkòtczod gh zdkos gh trokscd, kdjhogojhkth ko

hktrogo gh zdkos ureokos du gh zdkos rhscghklcocs, dkgh os trokschs hxcfoj obthrohseruslos gd ldjpdrtojhktd gds ldkgutdrhs.

Hj zdkos ureokos ogoptoj-sh portcluborjhkth ehj hktrh vcos dkgh prhvobhlh o ùkd gh

olhssd. Ldkstctuhj sdbuhs ciuobjhkth vbcgos hktrh vcos dkgh prhvobhlh o ùkd gh

lcrlubod hjedro, h hj ùkd gos lorolthrstclos bdlocs, pdsso tdrkor-sh portcluborjhkth

h`cloz o ogdpd gh sdbuhs ghskcvhbogos. D ghshjphkad ihrob go rdtukgo ghphkgh

`drthjhkth gos lorolthrstclos gds `buxds o`buhkths rhsubtokgd aoectuobjhkth hj jhbadrhs

sdbuhs shjprh quh os lorolthrstclos gos vcos ckthrshltogos shfoj scjcborhs, rhldjhkgokgd-sh o opbclod gos rdtukgos prh`hrhklcobjhkth hj ckthrshlhs hktrh vcos ldj prxcjo

lbossc`clod achrrquclo.



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GH @XKLCDKOJHKWD

Hjzdkos ckthr-ureokos, kdjhogojhkth hktrh vcos go rhgh rdgdvcrco kolcdkob dkgh d troogd

gos vcos ckthrshltogos phrjcto o prtclo gh hbhvogos vhbdlcgoghs, o ogdpd gh rdtukgos gh

kvhb ghvh shr hklorogo ldj prhloud. Ldj h`hctd, phbo rhgud gd kvhb gh shrvcd quh bah ckhrhkth, os rdtukgos gh kvhb ghvhj prh`hrhklcobjhkth bcjctor-sh o ckthrshlhs hktrh

hstrogos gh jhkdr cjpdrtklco. Ldkscghro-sh kd hktoktd phr`hctojhkth olhctvhb h hj juctds

losds jhsjd ghshfvhb, d rhlursd o rdtukgos ghskcvhbogos ossdlcogos s irokghs vcos

kolcdkocs(Eostds \cbvo h \hld, 5==7).

\hiukgd d G`W (?33


17/81


GH @XKLCDKOJHKWD

Kd hktoktd, od oprdxcjor-sh gh ujo rdtukgo ldj vrcos vcos, d ldkgutdr hk`rhktor uj bhquh

juctd jocs ldjpbhxd gh ghlcshs, rhbolcdkogos ldj d pdsclcdkojhktd ko vco, tocs ldjd6

\hbhld go vco poro oprdxcjod h hktrogo ko rdtukgo Kd okhb, d bdlob oprdprcogd poro jugor gh vco \hbhld go vco poro oeokgdkor o rdtukgo

Ldktrostokgd ldj os dutros sdbuhs trogclcdkocs gh kvhb, o rdtukgo oprhshkto ujo srch gh

ghlcshs quh thrd quh shr tdjogos phbd ldkgutdr hkquoktd lcrlubo. Ds vrcds pdktds gh

ghlcsd/ldk`bctd prdjdvhj kd ldkgutdr o khlhsscgogh gh tdjor ghlcshs cjpdrtokths quh

pdghj rhsubtor kujo jugoko gh vco gh ubtcjo adro h oloeor kujo ldbcsd (NCKVHB L. \.,5==


18/81


GH @XKLCDKOJHKWD

Od ldktrrcd gh dutrds poshs, hj ]drtuiob hxcsth ockgo uj irokgh g`clct bhicsbotcvd

hkquogrogdr gds prcklpcds gh rhiubod, gd ldjpdrtojhktd h prdlhgcjhktds o tdjor òlh

prhshko gh ujo rdtukgo. Hsth jdtcvd bhvo o quh juctds gds ldkgutdrhs pdrtuiuhshs kdhsthfoj òjcbcorczogds go jhbadr jokhcro poro lcrluborhj kujo rdtukgo jubtc-vcos, kd

soehkgd quob o vco jocs oghquogo poro lcrlubor quokgd sh prhthkgh rhobczor uj ghthrjckogd

jdvcjhktd.

]dr hxhjpbd, Ckibothrro h Oustrbco, f cklbuhj kds shus Lgcids h Kdrjos, loptubds dkgh sh

rhiubojhktoj h ckstctulcdkobczoj ds gc`hrhkths prdlhgcjhktds o tdjor gurokth o

oprdxcjod, otrovhssojhktd h sogo gos ckthrshlhs icrotrcos, gcrcicgds h ogoptogds ods

gc`hrhkths utcbczogdrhs go vco peclo, kdjhogojhkth ods outdjdecbcstos, lclbcstos h phhs(Eostds \cbvo h \hld, 5==7).

5.8.5 \ckcstrobcgogh hj Udtukgos

Ds ckgclogdrhs gh sckcstrobcgogh vorcoj ldkscghrovhbjhkth hktrh poshs, shkgd quh o

hxphrcklco hj thrjds gh ghshjphkad ghsth tcpd gh sdbuhs ciuobjhkth gcstckto jos

ldjporvhb hj thrjds rhbotcvds. O ckhxcstklco gh hstotstclos o kvhb kolcdkob bhvo o quh s

sh pdssoj oprhshktor vobdrhs hstrokihcrds. Ophsor gos gc`hrhkos hkldktrogos kds rhicstds gh

sckcstrobcgogh gds gc`hrhkths poshs, vhrc`clo-sh quh o cjpdrtklco rhbotcvo ossujcgo phbdsgc`hrhkths olcghkths , gh ujo `drjo ihrob, joktcgo.

O okbcsh ghtobaogo go tcpdbdico gos ldbcshs jocs `rhquhkths hj rdtukgos, ldkstctuc ujo

`drjo gh gcoikstcld gds shus prcklcpocs prdebhjos gh ùklcdkojhktd, vhrc`clokgd-sh otrovs

go Woehbo 5.? quh ds olcghkths od kvhb go hktrogo sd ds quh ossujhj jocdr cjpdrtklco

(Eostds \cbvo, 5==7> @AYO, 5===)

Woehbo 5.? - Wcpdbdicos gh olcghkths (ogoptogd gh @AYO, 5===)

WC]D GH OLCGHKWH]OC\ WC]DOLCGHKWH

WC]DBDICO GO\DBXD

HKWUOGO/OKHB (%) @UHKWH-WUO\HCUO(%)

C\DBOGD (%)

OX\WUBCO IBDEOB IBDEOB 8? 55 ?1

\XO IBDEOB IBDEOB 70 ?<


19/81


GH @XKLCDKOJHKWD

]dr suo vhz o Woehbo 5.5 oprhshkto ujo skthsh gds prcklcpocs tcpds gh olcghkths

lorolthrstclds gos rdtukgos.

Woehbo 5.5 - Wcpdbdicos gh olcghkths(ogoptogd gh @AYO, 5===)

WC]D LDK@BCWD @UOKO OX\WUBCO X.N \XLCO

(%)OLCGHKWH\

?. Uhluso gh lhgklco gh possoihj hktrogo


20/81


GH @XKLCDKOJHKWD

Ds ldk`bctds hktrh vhlubds kos cjhgcohs go sogos, kdjhogojhkth hktrh vhlubds hj

lcrlubod h ds quh prhthkghj oeokgdkor d okhb ophkos ossujhj phsds rhprhshktotcvds (0%)

hj obiuks poshs tocs ldjd o @roko h o Oustrbco(Eostds \cbvo, 5==7).

5.8.< O rhobcgogh kolcdkob

D rhlursd logo vhz jocs `rhquhkth ldkstrud gh rdtukgos h o gh`ckcd gh kdvos rhiros gh

lcrlubod khstos ckthrshlhs, hj ?338, ghthrjckoroj o khlhsscgogh gh sh prdlhghr

hboedrod gh hsquhjo gh sckobczod opbclvhcs o hsth tcpd gh ckthrshld. Hj 5==


21/81


GH @XKLCDKOJHKWD

Wojej od kvhb go hktrogo ldjuj hkldktror hsquhjos gh sckobczod gc`hrhklcogds

possokgd phbo ckhxcstklco gh quobquhr sckob du jorlo ot o uj hxlhssd hvcghkth gh

gcspdsctcvds. Os gc`hrhkths bdlobczohs hkldktrogos poro os possoihks gh phhs h oldrrhspdkghkth sckobczod, tojej jhrhlhj oquc rh`hrklco (vhr @ciuro 5.8).

@ciuro 5.8 Gc`hrhkths hsquhjos gh sckobczod opbclogds o ]drtuiob

(Os jocs ehbos rdtukgosM5==1)

Hsth bhvoktojhktd skthsh, hjedro shj prhthkghr shr ldjpbhtd, jdstro quh pdssvhb

hkldktror ko rhgh rdgdvcrco kolcdkob gc`hrhkths hsquhjos h `drjos gh sckobczor h obhrtor d

ldkgutdr poro o hxcstklco gh ujo rdtukgo, shkgd quh ckghphkghkthjhkth gd hsquhjo

ogdptogd sh prhthkgh quh d ldkgutdr sh ldjpdrth shjprh go jhsjo `drjo6 lhghr d gcrhctd gh

possoihj okths gh hktror kd okhb gh lcrlubod h ghpdcs gh d otckicr, lcrlubh, phbo gcrhcto h gh`drjo icrotrco hj tdrkd go ldrrhspdkghkth cbao lhktrob.

Hsto òbto gh ukc`drjcgogh gds gcspdsctcvds gh sckobczod thkgh koturobjhkth o gc`clubtor o

phrlhpd h ckthrcdrczod go tcpdbdico go ckthrshld hj louso, ihrokgd ahsctohs h

ldkshquhkthjhkth obthrohs ldjpdrtojhktocs ods ldkgutdrhs quh sh thkghj o rh`bhltcr ko

phrgo gh shiuroko rhob h ckguzcgo kds ldkgutdrhs. Hsths osphltds hkòtczoj o khlhsscgogh gh

sh prdlhghr ukc`drjczod gh hsquhjos gh sckobczod, shjhbaoko gd quh ldj d U\W,

hj ?331, `dc pdssvhb òzhr rhbotcvojhkth s gc`hrhkths tcpdbdicos gh sckocs.

5.8.7 Os ldkgclcdkokths bhicsbotcvos

O Ldkvhkd gh Pchko gh ?301 (DKX, ?338) ldktj d thxtd jocs oloeogd hj jotrco gh

lcrlubod rdgdvcrco, ghkdtokgd ujo prhdlupod gh hxoustd, h ldj o portcluborcgogh gh,

shkgd d ckstrujhktd ckthrkolcdkob ogdptogd phbo ihkhrobcgogh gds poshs hurdphus, ldkthr uj

ldjokgd gcrcicgd ods Hstogds ldktrotokths h oghrhkths kd shktcgd gh ldk`drjorhj ds gcrhctds

ckthrkds ldj d thxtd go ldkvhkd. Oltuobjhkth ldkto ldj o oghsd gh 09 poshs, hktrh ds

quocs ]drtuiob.

Erukd Hjokuhb gh Objhcgo Eorrhtd ?


22/81


GH @XKLCDKOJHKWD

Ophsor ghsth gdlujhktd prdluror ldktrceucr poro o ukc`drjczod gds hsquhjos gh

sckobczod hktrh ds gcvhrsds poshs oghrhkths, h ghsto `drjo òlcbctor o suo ckthrprhtod pdr

porth gds gc`hrhkths ldkgutdrhs, jhsjd hj thrrctrcd hstrokihcrd, o suo hxcstklco oloeo pdr shtdrkor ujo ldkgclcdkokth hxtrhjojhkth gc`lcb gh ldktdrkor, f quh o suo rhvcsd ghvhr

koturobjhkth hxcicr o ldkldrgklco gh tdgds ds poshs oghrhkths. Wobvhz pdr cssd d gdlujhktd

sh jokthkao hj vcidr d gdlujhktd ossckogd hj ?301.

Ldjd hktrovhs, rh`cro-sh poro d hxhjpbd quh o Ldkvhkd gh Pchko h pdr ldkshquklco d

Lgcid go Hstrogo rh`hrhj quh o utcbczod gh shtos gh shbhld ko hktrogo gh rdtukgos ghvh

shr ghlcgcgo ldj hxtrhjd lucgogd, pdcs pdgh bhvor ldkùsd ldj uj hktrdklojhktd du

lruzojhktd, ckthrshlhs quh tj scsthjotclojhkth hsth tcpd gh jorlos rdgdvcrcos.

Obiujos ghstos shtos (shtos gh shbhld gh vcroihj hsquhrgo) sd jhsjd prdcecgos pdcs

poro obj gh pdghrhj ldkùkgcr ds ldkgutdrhs, sd ldktrogctrcos ldj o sckobczod vhrtclob

utcbczogo, pdcs troksjcthj o derciotdrchgogh gh vcroihj hsquhrgo quokgd d shktcgd

derciotrcd gh lcrlubor phbo gcrhcto.

Hj ldkshquklco, ]drtuiob osscj ldjd gcvhrsds dutrds poshs oghrhkths v-sh cjphgcgd gh

ckthiror kds shus rhiubojhktds h gdlujhktds kdrjotcvds o utcbczod ghsth tcpd gh

gcspdsctcvd, ophsor gh hj thrjds ldjpdrtojhktocs h gh shiuroko, o suo utcbczod sh rhvhbor

hxtrhjojhkth h`clchkth.

]oro tdgds ds h`hctds cjpdrto rhthr quh quobquhr gcspdsctcvd gh sckobczod ghvhr hstor

ldkldrgokth ldj ds rhiubojhktds h gdlujhktds kdrjotcvds kolcdkocs, ds quocs pdr suo vhz

ghvhrd rhsphctor d kdrjotcvd ckthrkolcdkob ghscikogd pdr Ldkvhkd gh Pchko.

Erukd Hjokuhb gh Objhcgo Eorrhtd ?7


23/81

\ckobczod gh Udtukgos < O ]UWCLO CKWHUKOLCDKOB

< O prtclo ckthrkolcdkob


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@ciuro


25/81


o quh, kds losds hj quh a jocs quh ujo vco gh tr`hid, ds ldkgutdrhs go vco jocs gcrhcto

ldkscioj deshrvor ds vhlubds quh lcrluboj kd okhb, shj shrhj destrugds phbds vhlubds quh

utcbczoj os vcos jocs hsquhrgo.

Jorlohs gh oprdx cjod

Hsth jokuob gh`hkgh quh o shporod gos vcos gh hktrogo ossdlcogos o shtos gh shbhld hj

rdtukgos jubtc-vcos iorokth uj oujhktd go lopolcgogh h go shiuroko. O `ciuro


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27/81


hktrhlruzojhktd hktrh ds jdvcjhktds gh hktrogo h sogo, kd otrceuhj prcdrcgoghs rhbotcvos

hktrh ds vhlubds.

Hj rdtukgos gh irokghs gcjhkshs, ghvh shr osshiurogo o ldktckucgogh hktrh sulhsscvos

jorlohs ldklktrclos ckthrrdjpcgos h d kjhrd gh vcos ghvh shr joktcgd gh `drjo o

jckcjczor o ldk`usd pdr porth gds ldkgutdrhs.

@ciuro


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@ciuro


29/81


vhlubd quh dpth phbo vco go gcrhcto ko oprdxcjod h hktrogo pdsso, f ghktrd gd okhb, ldrrcicr

o suo trofhltrco h ghsto `drjo vcror hsquhrgo. Ophsor gh `olubtor jocdr `bhxcecbcgogh od

ldkgutdr, rh`bhlth-sh ko ihrod gh hktrhlruzojhktds h ghsto `drjo kujo gcjckucd gd kvhb

gh shiuroko>

- O thrlhcro dpd (@ciuro


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K

H

Y

\

@ciuro


31/81



32/81


@ciuro


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Hsths hsquhjos pdghrd rhvhbor-sh portcluborjhkth ckthrhssokths poro ldbdlod hj rdtukgos

hxtrhjojhkth crrhiuborhs h osscjtrclos, dkgh os lorolthrstclos gh logo hktrogo h sogo

gc`hrhj ldkscghrovhbjhkth hktrh sc. d losd gh ]drtuiob, dkgh o ckhxcstklco gh kdrjo gh

ldklhpd ihdjtrclo sh rh`bhlth ko lrcod gh sdbuhs hxtrhjojhkth ahthrdikhos h dkgh

os rhiros jocs esclos gh ldklhpd sd scsthjotclojhkth vcdbogos, ckguzckgd dldrrklco gh

olcghkths `rhquhkths kos cjhgcohs gos hktrogos h sogos, `rutd gds scsthjtclds

hktrhlruzojhktds kd okhb. Uh`cro-sh o ttubd gh hxhjpbd o sdbud go `ciuro


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@ciuro

(cv) jorlohs hj hspcrob.

Os jorlohs ldklktrclos(vhr @ciuro


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@ciuro


37/81


Ds sckocs kdrjobjhkth ghscikogds ldjd gh lgcid sd ds sckocs ldkstctugds pdr ujo s

pbolo, oerokihkgd ds sckocs gh phrcid, gh rhiubojhktod, ldj hxlhpd gds sckocs gh

shbhld h gh o`hltod gh vcos, h ockgo ds sckocs gh ck`drjod gh phquhkos gcjhkshs.

Ds sckocs utcbczogds ko sckobczod gh rdtukgos sd ds sckocs gh lgcid, ds sckocs

ldjpbhjhktorhs (eocos gcrhllcdkocs h eobczos gh pdscd) h ockgo ds sckocs gd scsthjo

ck`drjotcvd, phbd quh ds sckocs oedrgogds khsth loptubd sd hxlbuscvojhkth hsths.


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@ciuro


39/81


pdgh shr utcbczogd uj gcoirojo scjcbor ldjd sh hxhjpbc`clo ko @ciuro


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41/81


\ckob gh Ldktdrkd gh Destlubd

\ckocs gh ldktdrkd gh destlubds ghvhj shr utcbczogds kd hxtrhjd jdktokth gh tdgds ds cbaus

shporogdrhs (vhr @ciuro


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@ciuro


43/81


@ciuro


44/81


]r-Ovcsds Ir`clds

Hsths pockcs ghvhj shr utcbczogds hj zdkos rurocs h ureokos du zdkos sueureokos, sh `dr losd

gcssd.

D sckob pdgh cghktc`clor ds ghstckds utcbczokgd ckslrchs du gcoirojos. \ckocs ldj gcoirojos

sd prh`hrvhcs pdrquh rhprhshktoj uj gcoirojo hsquhjtcld gd lruzojhktd h cghktc`cloj ds

prcklcpocs ghstckds ossdlcogds o logo sogo (vhr @ciuro


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shr gcsphksvhcs. Kd hktoktd, ghvhrd shr prhvcstds sckocs gh gcrhld gh `drjo o drchktor os

sogos otrovs gds kdjhs gos ruos. Dutro ldkscghrod hj zdkos ureokos o utcbczod gh uj

jkcjd gh sckobczod gh `drjo o scjpbc`clor o bhcturo h ldjprhhksd phbd ldkgutdr. O `ciuro


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48/81


@ciuro


49/81



50/81


Wdgos os kdrjos ldksubtogos kd jectd gd prhshkth hstugd gh`hkghj quh os bckaos

troksvhrsocs gh lhgklco gh possoihj ghvhj hxcstcr h shrhj porobhbos bckao ghbcjctogdro gd

okhb gh lcrlubod, gh jdgd o quh uks vhlubds porogds fuktd bckao, kd phrturehj o

vcscecbcgogh gds rhstokths vhlubds. O jocdrco gds jokuocs gh`hkgh o ogdpd gh bckaos

ckthrrdjpcgos h gh borio hsphssuro gh jdgd o shrhj ehj vcsvhcs o portcr go oprdxcjod,

shkgd quh obiuks jokuocs (ghscikogojhkth d Ojhrclokd) olhcto quh hj obthrkotcvo gh dpth

pdr bckaos gc`hrhkths (tocs ldjd os saorn thhta).

Wdgds ds jokuocs ldksubtogds suebckaoj tojej o cjpdrtklco gh sh opdstor ko ghbcjctod

gos gc`hrhkths vcos ko oprdxcjod h hktrogo, gh`hkghkgd quh hsth tcpd gh bckaos ossujh

rhbhvklco quhr hj thrjds gh shiuroko quhr gh lopolcgogh go rdtukgo.

Wojej o ghbcjctod gos vcos kd okhb gh lcrlubod sh o`ciuro ldkshksuob. Ophsor gcssd ds

gc`hrhkths jokuocs opdktoj poro gc`hrhkths tcpds gh jorlod rdgdvcrco, hjedro os

jorlohs ldklktrcld-hspcrocs sd os kclos quh oprhshktoj ldkshksd. D jokuob Oustrobcokd

gh`ckh quh os bckaos bdkictugckocs gh ghbcjctod gos vcos kd okhb gh lcrlubod shfoj

jorlohs ldklktrclos ckthrrdjpcgos du, hj obthrkotcvo, jorlohs ldklktrcld-hspcrocs,

tojej ldkahlcgos ldjd jtdgd Obehrto gh jorlod rdgdvcrco. O Kdrjo Ojhrclokoh

Khdzhbokghso gh`hkghj o utcbczod gh jorlohs ldklktrcld-hspcrocs h jorlohs hj

hspcrob. O Kdrjo Ckibhso o quh oprhshkto uj jocdr kjhrd gh ldk`ciurohs esclos gh

jorlod rdgdvcrco ldj opbclod ko vco lcrlubotrco go rdtukgo6 jorlohs ldklktrclos,jorlohs ldklktrclos ckthrrdjpcgos, jorlohs ldklktrcld-hspcrocs h jorlohs hj

hspcrob.

Wojej d rhlursd o shtos gh shbhld gh`hkgcgd pdr tdgds ds jokuocs, rhldjhkgokgd o suo

opbclod hj tdgos os rdtukgos jubtc-vcos (quokgd d kjhrd gh vcos h gh ghstckds khlhssctoj

gh ujo shbhld prvco).

]dr suo vhz, d quogrd


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\ckocs gh ]hrcid Dkgh o prhshko gh rdtukgos pdgh

shr ckhsphrogo h dkgh kd shfooprhshktogd uj sckob vhrtclob gh

drchktod.

\ckob gh lruzojhktd lcrlubor, sckob

gh vhbdlcgogh rhldjhkgogo, sckob ghoprdxcjod gh rdtukgo, sckob gh

ovcsd gh lhgklco gh possoihj hpossoihj gh phhs.

Q

\ckocs gh Drchktod Q Q Q

Wdgds ds jokuocs gh`hkghj quh, ophsor gh rhgukgokth rhbotcvojhkth s rhiros esclos gh

ldkgud hj rdtukgos, ds sckocs gh lhgklco gh possoihj ghvhj shr ldbdlogds hj tdgos os

oprdxcjohs, td phrtd quoktd pdssvhb go bckao gh lhgklco gh possoihj, hktrogo gh logo

rdtukgo.

Ds jokuocs Oustrobcokd h Khdzhbokgs gh`hkghj quh ds sckocs gh phrcid sd utcbczogds dkgh

o prhshko gh rdtukgos pdgh shr ckhsphrogo, dkgh kd shfo oprhshktogd uj sckob vhrtclob gh

drchktod du dkgh os vhbdlcgoghs gh oprdxcjod sd hbhvogos h dkgh o gcstklco pdssvhb

poro o ldbdlod gh sckobczod shfo rhguzcgo. D jokuob ojhrclokd thj ujo oedrgoihj jocs

ghslrctcvo gd quh ds okthrcdrhs, `ozhkgd rh`hrklco o tdgds ds sckocs gh phrcid utcbczogds ko

prdxcjcgogh gh ujo rdtukgo6 sckob gh lruzojhktd lcrlubor, sckob gh vhbdlcgogh rhldjhkgogo,

sckob gh oprdxcjod gh rdtukgo, sckob gh ovcsd gh lhgklco gh possoihj h possoihj gh

phhs.

Wdgds ds jokuocs sd cgktclds ko oedrgoihj quh `ozhj ods \ckocs gh Drchktod, gcvcgckgd-

ds hj ]r-Ovcsds Ir`clds, \ckocs gh Gcrhld h \ckocs gh Ldk`crjod.

D quogrd


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O Kdrjo Oustrobcoko ho Kdrjo Khdzhbokghsogh`hkghj o utcbczod gh eocos gcrhllcdkocs

poro hk`otczor o gh`bhxd gd jdvcjhktd, portcluborjhkth hj rhos dkgh o vhbdlcgogh gh

lcrlubod hbhvogo.

Ds rhstokths jokuocs tojej utcbczoj hsth tcpd gh sckobczod hj ldjpbhjhktd gd sckob gh

shktcgd kcld poro hk`otczor o gcrhld gh lcrlubod ghktrd go rdtukgo. Wdgos os kdrjos

gh`hkghj os eobczos gh pdscd poro o sckobczod gh destlubds.



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\ckobczod gh Udtukgos 7 ]UD]D\WO GH \CKOBCVOD GH UDWXKGO\

7 ]rdpdsto gh sckobczod gh rdtukgos

7.? Cktrdgud

O prdpdsto gh sckobczod cklcgh, gh ujo `drjo sckttclo, sderh ds gc`hrhkths hqucpojhktds gh

sckobczod opbclvhcs o rdtukgos, thkgd-sh dptogd pdr shiucr ldjd eosh ds gdlujhktds

\ckobczod gh Udtukgos (Objhcgo Udquh, 5==7) h Gcjhkscdkojhktd gh Udtukgos

Kdrjo Ghtobaogo (Eostds \cbvo h \hld, 5==7) prdlurokgd ldjpbhjhkto-bds òlh

hxphrchklco ckthrkolcdkob khsto jotrco. ]oro d h`hctd, cjpdrto rh`hrcr quh ds hsquhjos

oprhshktogds ldrrhspdkghj, gh `drjo ihkrclo, s sdbuhs pothkths koquhbhs gdcs

gdlujhktds, thkgd-sh shbhllcdkogd obiuks osphltds hsphl`clds, quh pdr sh fubiorhj

rhbhvokths, jhrhlhroj oquc uj trotojhktd h prdpdsto portclubor.

Gogd d prozd thjpdrob bcjctogd poro ghshkvdbvcjhktd ghsth troeobad h os ldkgclcdkokths

cjpdstos hxthksd gd gdlujhktd, dptdu-sh pdr gor portclubor kòsh o 7 osphltds hsshklcocs6

utcbczod gh shtos gh shbhld> utcbczod gh iucos hj zdkos ldj posshcds> jorlod gd okhb

gh lcrlubod h sckocs gh shbhld gh vcos/pr-ovcsd gh rdtukgo.

D hstugd cklcgcu portcluborjhkth ko gh`ckcd gh hsquhjos ihrocs gh sckobczod, rhjhthkgd

poro troeobads ùturds os pdrjhkdrczohs h osphltds gcjhkscdkocs jocs rhbhvokths. Ds

hsquhjos prdpdstds sd, gh `drjo ihrob, ldkldrgokths ldj o bhc vcihkth, kdjhogojhkth ldj

d Uhiubojhktd gh \ckobczod gh Wrksctd (U\W) (Ghlrhtd Uhiubojhktor k55-O/31), ldj d

Lgcid go Hstrogo (LH) h ldj os ghjocs Kdrjos opbclvhcs. \hjprh quh ds jhsjds sd

vcdbogds laojogo o othkd poro o khlhsscgogh ghsshs kdvds ldklhctds shrhj ckthirogds kds

kdvds rhiubojhktds h gdlujhktds bhicsbotcvds oquokgd go suo rhvcsd.

O prdpdsto oquc oprhshktogo cklcgh sderh os trs ldjpdkhkths ùkgojhktocs gh sckobczod, o

soehr6

- o sckobczod vhrtclob>

- o jorlod rdgdvcrco>

- d hqucpojhktd gh iucojhktd h eobczoihj.



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O sckobczod vhrtclob ldkstctugo pdr sckocs du pockcs gh sckobczod quh troksjcthj ujo

jhksoihj vcsuob, iroos suo bdlobczod, suo `drjo, suo ldr du od shu tcpd h ockgo

otrovs gh sjedbds h/du lorolthrhs obòkujrclds.

D scsthjo gh sckobczod vhrtclob o ldbdlor kos vcos pebclos ldjprhhkgh sckocs gh phrcid,

sckocs gh rhiubojhktod, sckocs gh ckgclod, sckobczod gh jhksoihj vorcvhb h sckobczod

turstcld-lubturob.

Ds sckocs utcbczogds ko sckobczod gh rdtukgos sd ds sckocs gh phrcid, gh rhiubojhktod,

ldj hxlhpd gds sckocs gh shbhld h gh o`hltod gh vcos, h ockgo ds sckocs gh ck`drjod

gh phquhkos gcjhkshs, ds sckocs ldjpbhjhktorhs (eocos gcrhllcdkocs h eobczos gh pdscd) hockgo ds sckocs gd scsthjo ck`drjotcvd.

Ldjd sh vcu, o jorlod rdgdvcrco prhthkgh `drkhlhr uj iucojhktd ods uthkths , troksjctcr-bahs ghthrjckogos prhslrchs h ockgo ofug-bds hj ghthrjckogos jokderos portcluborhs.

Os jorlos utcbczogos sd prcklcpobjhkth os bckaos ghbcjctogdros gh vcos gh tr`hid h os bckaos

gh lhgklco gh possoihj, ehj ldjd os rocos debquos ghbcjctogos pdr bckaos ldktkuos, os

iucos, pdr vhzhs, os eokgos lrdjtclos h jorlos drchktogdros gh shktcgds gh trksctd.

7.5 Hsquhjos gh sckobczod adrczdktob

O sckobczod adrczdktob ghstcko-sh ùkgojhktobjhkth o drchktor h lokobczor d tr`hid, hjedro

pdsso ossujcr ciuobjhkth ùkhs gh rhiubod, ogvhrtklco h drchktod.

\hiukgd o Kdrjo gh Jorlos Udgdvcrcos go FOH (FOH, ?338), sd gh`ckcgos gc`hrhkths

rhbohs trod/hspod h boriuros gh trod poro opbclod hj jorlohs bdkictugckocs hj

ùkd gos vhbdlcgoghs poro logo losd. Os rhbohs eoshcoj-sh hj jbtcpbds du suejbtcpbdsgh ?7. Ldktugd h pdr rozhs bciogos bcjctod go hxthksd ghsth gdlujhktd, hsto quhstd

kd oquc oedrgogo gh `drjo scsthjtclo khj oprdùkgogo.

7.5.? Hktrogo h \ogo

7.5.?.? ]rdpdsto ihrob

Ldjd `drjo gh ldjpbhjhktor o sckobczod vhrtclob, ldkscghro-sh ckgcsphksvhb quh tdgos os

hktrogos ghvoj shr prdvcgos gh ujo bckao troksvhrsob gh lhgklco gh possoihj (BEW) ldjrhbod ldjprcjhktd/hspoojhktd ldkldrgokths ldj os kdrjos tlkclos hj vcidr (J3 h J3o



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gd U\W) ossdlcogo o sjedbds trcokiuborhs jorlogds kd povcjhktd. Hsto bckao ossujh uj

pophb ùkgojhktob ko lokobczod gds vhlubds fuktd hktrogo, gh`ckckgd ockgo d bdlob

oprdprcogd poro hvhktuocs poroihks gds vhlubds, okths gh hktrorhj kd okhb gh lcrlubod.

]oro phr`cs ldkstctugds pdr ujo kclo òcxo gh rdgoihjldj guos vcos, os jorlos o utcbczor

ghvhj shr (Eostds \cbvo h \hld, 5==7)6

- bckao ldktkuo (BEL) o prhlhghr d cbau shporogdr, ldj ldjprcjhktd gh`ckcgd hj ùkd

gos ldkgchs bdlocs h quh shr ldrrhspdkghkth gcstklco phrldrrcgo pdr uj vhlubd gurokth

uj shiukgd vhbdlcgogh ldkscghrogo khssos ldkgchs>

- bckao ghsldktkuo gh ovcsd (BEWo) ossdlcogo o shtos gh ghsvcd (gd tcpd 5 shiukgd d U\W) o

prhlhghr o bckao ldktkuo (BEL). D ldjprcjhktd, rhbod trod/hspod h boriuro ghvhj shr

ghthrjckogds hj ùkd go vhbdlcgogh gh tr`hid ko vco ldrrhspdkghkth (@ciuro 7.?).

- bckao oxcob ghsldktkuo quh sh prdbdkio ot prxcjo ghsldktckucgogh>

@ciuro 7.?- Bckao gh ovcsd ossdlcogo o shtos gh ghsvcd (Objhcgo Udquh, 5==7)

- iucos (I) ko ghbcjctod gos ehrjos, shkgd o suo boriuro gh`ckcgo hj ùkd go vhbdlcgogh

ldkscghrogo khssos ldkgchs. Hj zdko ckthr-ureoko, os iucos sd ockgo utcbczogos kdldktdrkd gds cbaus shporogdrhs gokgd ldktckucgogh s bckaos ldktkuos (BEL) ghbcjctogdros

gh rocos debquos (vhr @ciuro 7.5). Hj zdko ureoko (ldj jothrcobczod gh posshcds), os iucos

shiukgd obiuks hsphlcobcstos kd ghvhj shr utcbczogos. Hsth osphltd, pdr sh ldkscghror

rhbhvokth, trotogd hj pdrjhkdr ogcokth òlh hxphrchklco ckthrkolcdkob khsto jotrco.

- rocos debquos, o jdktokth gds cbaus shporogdrhs gh shktcgds, ghbcjctogos pdr bckaos

ldktkuos (BEL) hvhktuobjhkth ossdlcogos o jorlogdrhs rhtrdrrh`bhltdrhs opbclogds kd

povcjhktd.



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@ciuro 7.5 - Cbau shporogdr, iucos h jorlogdrhs (Objhcgo Udquh, 5==7)

]hrokth hktrogos ldj jbtcpbos vcosgh hktrogo6

- o ghbcjctod gos gc`hrhkths vcos ghvh shr h`hltuogo kds thrjds ghslrctds poro o bckao oxcob

gh uj rojd gh ujo hstrogo ldj guos vcos, rhtcrokgd-sh koturobjhkth d rhlursd o shtos gh

ghsvcd>

- o ghbcjctod gos vcos ogclcdkocs gh hktrogo (`drjod gd bhquhs) ghvh shr `hcto rhldrrhkgd o

bckaos ldktkuos (BEL) ossdlcogos, shjprh quh d ldjprcjhktd d fustc`cquh, o bckaos

ghsldktkuos gh ovcsd (BEWo). O lrcod gh vcos gh hktrogo ogclcdkocs, ghvh shr `drjobjhkth

osshiurogo o portcr go shld dkgh sh ldkscio gcspdkcecbczor ujo boriuro jkcjo gh 5,8

jhtrds pdr vco, olhctokgd-sh o boriuro gh 5,= jhtrds hj zdkos ureokos. Fuktd bckao gh

lhgklco gh possoihj, ghvh shr osshiurogo o boriuro jkcjo gh

- o utcbczod gh shtos gh shbhld ko hktrogo gh rdtukgos ghvh shr ghlcgcgo ldj hxtrhjd

lucgogd, pdcs, ldjd sh vcu kd loptubd okthrcdr rhvhsth-sh gh obiujo ldktrdvrsco, shkgd quh

juctds poshs dptoroj pdr kd os ogdptor phbd òltd ghsth tcpd gh opbclod vcdbor d

gdlujhktd ldkvhkd gh Pchko. Ldktugd h phbd òltd gos jhsjos sh rhbhvorhj hsshklcocs

lokobczod gds ldkgutdrhs, ossujckgd ockgo uj ldktrceutd scikc`clotcvd òjcbcorczod

ghsths ldj d ùklcdkojhktd go rdtukgo, cjpdrto gh`ckcr jhgcgos obthrkotcvos suo utcbczod.

O cjpdrtklco ossujcgo pdr hsto quhstd fustc`cldu o suo okbcsh pdrjhkdrczogo h quh shoprhshkto o shiucr.



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- iucos (I) ko ghbcjctod gos ehrjos h gds shporogdrhs lhktrocs, kds thrjds oprhshktogds

poro phr`cs ldj 5 vcos>

- rocos debquos, o jdktokth gds cbaus shporogdrhs gh shktcgds (h hvhktuobjhkth o ldktdrkor

ds jhsjds cbaus), kds thrjds oprhshktogds poro phr`cs ldj 5 vcos.

Uhbotcvojhkth s jorlos opbclvhcs kos sogos go rdtukgo6

- o ghbcjctod go sogo hj rhbod od okhb gh lcrlubod ghvh shr prh`hrhklcobjhkth cshkto gh

quobquhr pckturo>

- O ghbcjctod gos gc`hrhkths vcos gh sogo ghvh ckclcor-sh fuktd ghbcjctod gd okhb gh

lcrlubod rhldrrhkgd jhsjo bckao ghbcjctogdro gh vcos utcbczogo hktrogo.

Ldktugd o gh`ckcd gh jbtcpbos vcos s sh fustc`clo hj sogos ldj boriuro suphrcdr o 0,=

jhtrds h ghsgh quh o vco ogclcdkob sh ghshkvdbvo kuj ldjprcjhktd suphrcdr o 7= jhtrds.

7.5.?.5 \hbhld gh vcos ko oprdxcjod rdtukgo

\hiukgd o ldkvhkd gh Pchko o ogdpd gh shtos gh shbhld ko oprdxcjod rdtukgo,

pdgh bhvor ldk`usd ldj uj hktrdklojhktd du lruzojhktd, ckthrshlhs quh tj

scsthjotclojhkth hsth tcpd gh jorlos rdgdvcrcos, kdjhogojhkth hj zdko rurob. O ghslrcd

gd U\W rhbotcvojhkth utcbczod ghsth tcpd gh shtos kd cklbuc os rdtukgos, d quh ldkstctuc o

prtclo ko hboedrod ghsth rhiubojhktd quokgd kd sh quhrco hkibdeor hsth tcpd gh

ckthrshld gh kvhb.

\hiukgd d hkthkgcjhktd gds hsphlcobcstos kolcdkocs khsto jotrco, os shtos gh shbhld J?8oh J?8l (`ciuro 7.


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@ciuro 7.


59/81


@ciuro 7.7 Ldk`ciurod`csaaddnporo os shtos gh shbhld (Vucg AdbbokgM5==1)

7.5.?.< Xtcbczod gh Iucos (I) ossdlcogos o posshcds

Wojej o utcbczod gh iucos (I) ossdlcogos o boklcs thj ihrogd pdbjclo hj ]drtuiob.

\hiukgd ds hsphlcobcstos kolcdkocs khsto jotrco gh`hkgh-sh quh o iuco kd ihrobjhkth

khlhssrco, f quh d h`hctd gh lokobczod h eobczoihj pdgh shr ldkshiucgd gcrhltojhkth phbd

boklcb. Wojej d òltd gh sh dptor pdr ehrjos gh rhguzcgo gcjhksd vhj rh`dror o gcsphkso

ghsth tcpd gh bckaos. Ldktugd vdzhs gcssdkokths gh`hkghj quh d boklcb , s pdr sc, uj

destlubd kdrjob lcrlubod phgdkob, jhrhlhkgd pdr cssd shr sckobczogd, shjhbaoko gd

quh, gh `drjo ldkshksuob, sh gh`hkgh poro o ghbcjctod gds cbaus shporogdrhs h shporogdrhslhktrocs.

Whkgd pdr eosh oquhbo quh o prtclo h hxphrcklco hstrokihcro khsto jotrco, ldkscghro-sh

quh o utcbczod gh iucos, pdgh rhvhbor-sh hxtrhjojhkth h`cloz od kvhb gd iucojhktd,

portcluborjhkth gurokth o kdcth. \hrvh ockgo ldjd eobczoihj gd destlubd ihrogd ko

hxcstklco gd boklcb, phbd quh pdr vhzhs ldjuj, ghscikogojhkth hj @roko, rhldrrhr-sh

gcrhltojhkth pckturo gd prprcd boklcb. Wojej kds Hstogds Xkcgds prtclo ldrrhkth,

ldjd `drjo gh hvctor hvhktuocs hjeoths kd boklcb, rhldrrhr o boklcs gh ldr lboro h ossdlcogds o

vobhtos gh phquhko prdùkgcgogh, gh `drjo o hkòtczor o prhshko gd destlubd. Ophsor gcssd

ockgo ldjuj rhldrrhr-sh od usd gh iucos quh rh`droj o prhshko gd destlubd h hklojckaoj

ds ldkgutdrhs poro o ldrrhspdkghkth hktrogo (vhr @ciuro 7.8).

Erukd Hjokuhb gh Objhcgo Eorrhtd 8?


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@ciuro 7.8 utcbczod gh iucos ossdlcogos o boklcs (LWUWM5==1)

Gh òltd, ldkscghro-sh quh o utcbczod gh iucos ko oprdxcjod hktrogo pdgh hvctor hjeoths

kd boklcb gd posshcd oujhktokgd o vcscecbcgogh h prdhjckklco go hktrogo, portcluborjhkth

òlh o ldkgchs otjds`rclos ogvhrsos du gh pdulo cbujckod go òcxo gh rdgoihj, phbd quh

ciuobjhkth dpckcd gd outdr gh quh os jhsjos ghvhj shr utcbczogos. Ldkscghro-sh ockgo quh

hsth tcpd gh bckao ossujh uj pophb ùkgojhktob hj jhcd phrc-ureokd, shjprh quh ds posshcds

surfoj gh `drjo jothrcobczogo ko oprdxcjod rdtukgo, ossujckgd uj pophb ùkgojhktob

ko sckobczod go trokscd ehrjo/posshcd.

Hsto quhstd, phbo suo cjpdrtklco, ciuobjhkth gh`hkgcgo phbd jokuob ckibs gh ldklhpdihdjtrclo gh rdtukgos G`W, ?33< (vhr @ciuros 7.0). \hiukgd hsth gdlujhktd o trokscd gd

posshcd poro ehrjo ko oprdxcjod os hktrogos ghvh shr hklorogo ldj d jxcjd gh

prhloud gh `drjo o hvctor hjeoths, pdr porth gds outdjdecbcstos quh thkghj o utcbczor o

ehrjo ldjd vco gh lcrlubod. Wojej thkghklcobjhkth ds cgdsds, ldj gc`clubgoghs gh

vcsd, thkghj o iobior o ehrjo ldj d rdgogd gcrhctd shrvckgd-sh go iuco ldjd hbhjhktd gh

lokobczod. Cjpdrto osscj quh d boklcb surfo suovhjhkth h ghvcgojhkth ghbcjctogd pdr ujo

iuco jorlogo kd povcjhktd o quob sh ghvh jokthr ot bckao gh lhgklco gh possoihj.

@ciuro 7.0- Iucos ossdlcogos o posshcds (G`W, ?33


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Ldkscghro-sh osscj quh shjhbaoko gos shtos gh shbhld defhltd gh gcslussd kd pdktd

okthrcdr tojej o utcbczod gh iucos od kvhb go hktrogo ghvh shr `djhktogo hkquoktd

jhgcgo gh opdcd shiuroko gds utcbczogdrhs go rdtukgo hj ihrob.

7.5.5 Okhb gh Lcrlubod

7.5.5.? ]rdpdsto ihrob

Os jorlos o opbclor kd okhb gh lcrlubod sd6

- bckaos bdkictugckocs ko ghbcjctod gos jbtcpbos vcos gh lcrlubod kd okhb. @olh

gcvhrscgogh gh sdbuhs pdssvhcs, h o cjpdrtklco quh os jhsjos ossujhj od kvhb golopolcgogh h shiuroko go ckthrshld, hsth osphltd shr trotogd hj pdrjhkdr o shiucr.

- iucos (I) ko ghbcjctod gds bcjcths ckthrcdr h hxthrcdr go `ocxo gh lcrlubod gd okhb. Whkgd

pdr eosh o gcslussd oprhshktogo hj 7.5.?.


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@cldu lbord quh o jorlod gh okcs ldklktrclds thkgh o gh`ckcr vcos gh lcrlubod ldjpbhtos

ckguzckgd ods jdvcjhktds icrotrcds h, pdr ldkshquklco, o otrceucr o prcdrcgogh gh lcrlubod

ods vhlubds quh lcrluboj phbo vco hxthrcdr. Hsso ckthrprhtod ossujh ldkshquklcos

scikc`clotcvos portcluborjhkth hj thrjds furgclds ko otrceucd gh lubpo `olh o olcghkths.

Khsso phrsphltcvo, ldkscghro-sh, ghsgh f, olhctvhb o ogdpd gos shiuckths guos sdbuhs hj

]drtuiob6

- bckaos bdkictugckocs ko ghbcjctod gos jbtcpbos vcos gh lcrlubod, bcjctokgd-sh o suo

hxthksd od ldjprcjhktd gds cbaus shporogdrhs, tojej ldkahlcgos ldjd Jorlohs

Ldklktrclos Ckthrrdjpcgos (vhr @ciuro


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7.< Hsquhjos gh sckobczod vhrtclob

D scsthjo gh sckobczod vhrtclob quh ghvh shr ldbdlogd ko prdxcjcgogh gh ujo rdtukgo ghvh

ldkthr sckocs gh phrcid, gh rhiubojhktod h gh drchktod. shjhbaoko go prdpdsto ihrob gh sckobczod adrczdktob oprhshktogo okthrcdrjhkth, tojej

ds hsquhjos gh sckobczod vhrtclob gh eoshcoj `drthjhkth kos prdpdstos hboedrogos pdr

Objhcgo Udquh (5==7) h Eostds \cbvo h \hld (5==7 hkquoktd sdbud gh eosh ihrob, thkgd-sh

shbhllcdkogd poro gcslussd h pdsthrcdr prdpdsto, ds pockcs gh pr-ovcsd h shbhld gh vco

ckthirokths gd scsthjo ck`drjotcvd opbclogd s rdtukgos.

7.


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L?< gd U\W). Hsth sckob ghvh shr utcbczogd hj zdkos ckthr-ureokos du hj bdlocs dkgh sh

protcquhj vhbdlcgoghs gh lcrlubod suphrcdrhs o 8= nj/a>

- \ckob L? (shktcgd prdcecgd) kds cbaus shporogdrhs, hj logo ujo gos hktrogos, vdbtogd

poro d shktcgd ldktrrcd od go jorlao. Uhldjhkgo-sh o suo opbclod shjprh quh o gcjhksd

gds cbaus shporogdrhs d prdpdrlcdkor>

- Eocos gcrhllcdkocs jbtcpbos (sckob D0e gd U\W) ossdlcogos o sckocs gh shktcgd derciotrcd

(sckob G?o gd U\W) lufo ldbdlod ghvhr shr `hcto ko cbao lhktrob hj pdscd `rdktob

hktrogo ko rdtukgo. Hsths sckocs pdghrd shr gcsphksogds poro rdtukgos quh gcspdkcecbczhj

cbaos lhktrocs lufos gcjhkshs ckthr`croj ldj ds kdrjocs kvhcs gh vcscecbcgogh ghktrd gd okhbgh lcrlubod>

- \ckob gh derciod G

- \ckob A9 (]ossoihks gh phhs) ko prdxcjcgogh cjhgcoto go bckao gh poroihj quh okthlhgh

logo trovhssco phgdkob. Kd sh fustc`clo o ldbdlod gd sckob gh phrcid O?0o (Wrovhssco gh

phhs), ghvcgd rhstokth sckobtclo f vcr o obhrtor d ldkgutdr poro o khlhsscgogh gh obthror o

suo ldkguto.

@ciuro 7.1- Hxhjpbd gh sckobczod vhrtclob gh rhiubojhktod (Eostds \cbvo h \hld, 5==7)



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7.


66/81


Hj ckthrshlhs gh kvhb ckthirogos ko rhgh shlukgrco gh orruojhktds (vcos gcstrceucgdros

bdlocs h vcos gh olhssd bdlob) hsth hsquhjo pdgh shr scjpbc`clogd. ]dghr bcjctor-sh od sckob gh

pr-ovcsd ir`cld (C5e), h ods sckocs gh gcrhld gh jectd ureokd (F< gd U\W), shkgd quh

jhsjd d pr-ovcsd pdghr shr gcsphksogd ldksdokth os lcrlukstklcos.

Hjedro tdgds ds sckocs ossujoj ujo ùkd rhbhvokth kd hsquhjo gh sckobczod gh

drchktod, vhrc`clo-sh quh d sckob gh shbhld gh vcos, ossujh uj pophb ùkgojhktob òlh o

hktrogos ldj jbtcpbos vcos. Hsth sckob, pdghr ldjpbhjhktorjhkth od hsquhjo prdpdstd poro

o jorlod adrczdktob gh shtos gh `csaaddn ldktrceucr poro òlcbctor ods prdlhgcjhktds gh

ldkgud kos rdtukgos, ck`drjokgd quob gos vcos d ldkgutdr ghvh ogdptor hj ùkd gd

ghstckd prhthkgcgd.

Gh shiucgo `hcto ujo oprhshktod skthsh gh tdgds ds sckocs ldkthjpbogds kd hsquhjo,

hjedro h phbo suo cjpdrtklco sh thkao gogo portclubor ghtobah ods sckocs gh shbhld gh vcos.

7.


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@ciuro 7.?=- Hxhjpbd gh uj pockhb gh pr-ovcsd ir`cld

(ogoptogd gh Objhcgo Udquh, 5==7)

7.


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jectd ureokd (orruojhktds ureokds). Ds sckocs pdghj oprhshktor uj du gdcs ghstckds logo

(@ciuro 7.?5).

@ciuro 7.?5- \ckocs gh gcrhld (o) shto gh gcrhld / (e) sckocs gh ckgclod gh jectd

ureokd (U\W)

Ds sckocs gh gcrhld poro logo rojd gh sogo ghvhj shr ldbdlogds kds rhsphltcvds cbausshporogdrhs (quokgd `csclojhkth jothrcobczogds) du, ko suo ousklco, kd bogd hsquhrgd go

ldrrhspdkghkth `ocxo gh rdgoihj, kd shkgd ogjcssvhb o suo ldbdlod ko cbao lhktrob

(@ciuro 7.?


69/81


Hj thrjds gh ldbdlod vhrtclob, cjpdrto quh hsths sckocs kd ckthr`croj ldj o kdrjob

vcscecbcgogh gds ldkgutdrhs khj ldj o kdrjob lcrlubod gds phhs (o gcstklco hktrh d

povcjhktd h o `olh ck`hrcdr gds sckocs kuklo ghvh shr ck`hrcdr o 5.5= jhtrds).

7.


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rhsdbvhr hsso quhstd, d jhsjd outdr opdkto poro dutro pdssvhb ldk`ciurod (vhr @ciuro

7.?8Tl), gh `drjo o prdpdrlcdkor ujo jocdr gcstckd vcsuob hktrh os guos vcos h obthrokgd o

cbao lhktrob.

o) e) l)

@ciuro 7 ?8 Ldk`ciurod `csaaddn poro sckocs gh shbhld gh vco (Nckzhb, 5==


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7.


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gd ldkgutdr. Os ldk`ciurohs gd tcpd `csaaddn rhprhshktoj ujo ogoptod scjpbhs od

hsquhjo escld oprhshktogd ko Kdrjo gh \ckobczod Phrtclob gh Drchktod (FOH, ?335)

phrjctckgd rh`dror o koturhzo lcrlubor go rdtukgo h cghktc`clokgd o prhshko go destrud

ldrrhspdkghkth cbao lhktrob.


73/81

\ckobczod gh Udtukgos 8 ]UCKLC]OC\ LDKLBX\H\ H WUOEOBAD\ @XWXUD\

8 ]rcklcpocs ldklbushs h troeobads ùturds

Os rdtukgos tj, od bdkid gos btcjos trs glogos, vckgd o ossujcr ujo logo vhz jocdr

rhbhvklco hkquoktd ckstrujhktd gh rhiubod gh tr`hid, `rutd go suo h`clcklco obcogo od shu

eocxd lustd. D shu oboriogd gdjkcd gh opbclod h o suo scjpbclcgogh ùklcdkob troguzhj-sh

kuj kvhb lrhslhkth gh utcbczod, shkgd aoectuob hkldktror hsth tcpd gh ckthrshld quhr hj

hspod ureokd quhr ckthr-ureokd.

Ophsor gd shu hbhvogd kvhb gh ghshjphkad, vhrc`clo-sh quh hsth tcpd gh sdbud hkvdbvh

ockgo obiuks prdebhjos gh ùklcdkojhktd. Lcthj-sh ds olcghkths obcogds o hktrhlruzojhktds

kd okhb gh lcrlubod h fuktd s sogos go rdtukgo, ds quocs h hjedro kd hxcstoj gogds

d`clcocs sderh o jotrco, fustc`cloj uj kjhrd scikc`clotcvd gh olcghkths hj rdtukgos. Hsths

olcghkths hjedro kd hkvdbvoj kdrjobjhkth `hrcgds irovhs, thkghj ldktugd o shr `rhquhkths

h o hkvdbvhr gokds jothrcocs.

O rhsdbud ghsth tcpd gh prdebhjos posso ckhvctovhbjhkth phbo gh`ckcd gh rhiros hprdlhgcjhktds ldjpdrtojhktocs poro opdcd ldkguto gds ldkgutdrhs gurokth o òsh gh

oprdxcjod, khidlcod, otrovhssojhktd h sogo go rdtukgo h phbd shu hkquogrojhktd bhiob

h ckstctulcdkob. ]orobhbojhkth tojej o gh`ckcd gh jokuocs tlkclds h gh edos prtclos gh

opdcd ldklhpd gh rdtukgos sh rhvhbo ckgcsphksvhb, ghscikogojhkth hbcjckod gh uj

ldkfuktd ldkscghrvhb gh rcslds. Wojej d rhlursd o sckobczod rdgdvcrco, hkquoktd

prdfhltd gh hsphlcobcgogh, sh o`ciuro ldj pdthklcob poro hbcjckod, du phbd jhkds,

othkuod, gds prdebhjos lctogds.

Gh òltd o jocdrco gds prdebhjos ldjpdrtojhktocs rhbolcdkoj-sh ldj o òbto gh

òjcbcorczod gds ldkgutdrhs ldj hsth tcpd gh ckthrshld, shkgd quh hsths prdebhjos

thkghj o shr toktd jocs `rhquhkths h irovhs quoktd jocdr `dr d kjhrd gh vcos hkvdbvcgos ko

rdtukgo. Wdgd hsth lhkrcd portcluborjhkth oirovogd phbo òbto gh drchktohs tlkclos h

furgclos gcrhltojhkth ossdlcogos o hsth tcpd gh ckthrshld.

Khsto bckao gh old, hsto thsh prdluro ovobcor os pdthklcobcgoghs go sckobczod rdgdvcrco

opbclogo s rdtukgos ko rhsdbud gh obiuks gds prdebhjos gh ùklcdkojhktd ghsth tcpd ghckthrshld, prdlurokgd ockgo ldktrceucr poro o gh`ckcd gh hsquhjos biclds h protclvhcs gh

sckobczod hsphlc`clojhkth ldklhecgds poro opbclod hj rdtukgos. ]rdluro-sh opdstor ko



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gh`ckcd gh hsquhjos gh `lcb opbclod h ldjprhhksd pdr porth go ldjukcgogh tlkclo,

ldktrceuckgd ockgo poro o ukc`drjczod go sckobczod opbclogo o hsth tcpd gh lruzojhktds h

quh ghsto `drjo pdssoj ldktrceucr poro d rhldkahlcjhktd othjpogd go ckthrshld.

]oro d h`hctd, dptdu-sh pdr shbhllcdkor h ovobcor o oghquod gds hsquhjos gh sckobczod

oprhshktogds pdr uj ldkfuktd gh jokuocs hstrokihcrds, thkgd-sh poro d h`hctd shbhllcdkogd 7

gds jokuocs jocs ldklhctuogds khsto jotrco.

Ghsso okbcsh `dc pdssvhb ldklbucr quh, hjedro ds hsquhjos oprhshktogds ghphkgoj

scikc`clotcvojhkth gd tcpd gh sckocs opbclvhcs, ds quocs rhspdkghj gcrhltojhkth s

hsphlc`clcgoghs gds rhiubojhktds h gdlujhktds kdrjotcvds bdlocs, ds jhsjds sd gh `drjoihrob juctd ldkshksuocs hktrh sc, cghktc`clokgd khlhsscgoghs h `drjos gh os ubtropossor

eostokth scjcborhs. Wob ldklbusd phrjctcu susthktor prdpdstos ldklrhtos gh hsquhjos gh

sckobczod ldj pdthklcobcgoghs gh ogoptod s ldkgchs gh lcrlubod kolcdkob h s

hxciklcos gd U\W.

]oro d h`hctd, dptdu-sh pdr eoshor `drthjhkth o prdpdsto gh sckobczod kds gdlujhktds

tlkclds hxcsthkths hj ]drtuiob, ds quocs, h hjedro kd pdssuoj vobdr kdrjotcvd, ldkstctuhj

ds gdlujhktds gh rh`hrhklco tlkclo shiucgds hj ]drtuiob sderh hsto jotrco.

D lruzojhktd ghsths gdlujhktds ldj o oquhbo quh o protclo ldrrhkth o kvhb ckthrkolcdkob

phrjctcu cghktc`clor 7 osphltds quh jhrhlhroj ujo okbcsh ghtobaogo h o gh`ckcd gh

prdpdstos ldklrhtos gh obthrod.

O khlhsscgogh gh opdstor kd iucojhktd gurokth o `osh gh oprdxcjod hktrogo, ossujh

portclubor rhbhvklco, thkgd-sh ldklbugd quh shjhbaoko gd protclogd hj gcvhrsds poshs, d

boklcb, ghsgh quh ossdlcogd o ldrhs lboros h ldktrostokths ldj d povcjhktd, pdgh ldktrceucrscikc`clotcvojhkth o hssh kvhb. Ophsor ghssh ldktrceutd, `dc ockgo pdssvhb ldklbucr quh d

jhsjd pdghr shr ossdlcogd o ujo iuco ghbcjctogdro, shkgd quh o suo ogdpd toktd jocs

rhbhvokth quoktd jocdr `dr o vhbdlcgogh gh oprdxcjod hktrogo. Hsto iuco thkgh ockgo o

hklojckaor ghvcgojhkth d ldkgutdr poro o hktrogo ko rdtukgo, hvctokgd o prdeoecbcgogh gh

hjeoth kd ldrrhspdkghkth boklcb.

@cldu lbord ciuobjhkth quh cjpdrto lrcor uj tcpd gh shto gh shbhld hsphlc`clojhkth gcrcicgo

s rdtukgos, quh phrjcto drchktor ds ldkgutdrhs, bdid o portcr go oprdxcjod, lokobczokgd-dporo o vco oghquogo kos cjhgcohs go hktrogo, jckcjczokgd ghsto `drjo ds hktrhlruzojhktds

kd okhb gh lcrlubod h fuktd sogo. Khsto bckao gh old sd oprhshktogos obiujos



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tcpdbdicos gh shtos f ogdptogos kdutrds poshs h ldj rhsubtogds pdsctcvds od kvhb go

shiuroko.

Wojej o gcspdscd gos bckaos bdkictugckocs od kvhb gd okhb, ossujh rh`bhxds rhbhvokths od

kvhb go shiuroko, ossujckgd ockgo cjpbclohs ko rhsdbud furgclo hj losd gh olcghkths

pdr hktrhlruzojhktds kd okhb. O `drjo hbcpsdcgob (ogdptogo ko Oustrbco, Kdvo Vhbkgco h

Hstogds Xkcgds go Ojrclo) o`ciuro-sh ldjd oquhbo quh jhbadr phrjcth rhsdbvhr ds

prdebhjos gh hktrhlruzojhktds kd okhb. Kd hktoktd h hj poshs dkgh d kvhb gh

òjcbcorczod gds ldkgutdrhs ldj os rdtukgos hxtrhjojhkth eocxd, ldjd d losd gh

]drtuiob, `rutd, juctos gos vhzhs, go òbto gh prdlhgcjhktds bhiocs gh opdcd gh`ckcd

ldrrhlto go ldkguto o ogdptor, hsth tcpd gh gcspdscd gh bckaos thkgh o rhsubtor hj kvhcs gh

h`cllco eostokth eocxds. ]dr hsso rozd h kd jectd ghsto gcsshrtod ldkscghrdu-sh rhbhvokthopdstor ko scjpbclcgogh gos sdbuhs, rhldjhkgokgd o opbclod gh bckaos bdkictugckocs,

bcjctogos hj thrjds gh hxthksd od ldjprcjhktd gd cbau shporogdr, gh jdgd o kd otrceucr

prcdrcgoghs rhbotcvos o khkauj gds ldkgutdrhs.

@ckobjhkth h hj ldjpbhjhktd o tdgds hsths osphltds, ldkscghrdu-sh quh tojej ds pockcs

gh shbhld gh vco pdghrcoj ldktrceucr gh `drjo scikc`clotcvo poro o drchktod gds

ldkgutdrhs rhbotcvojhkth vco o ogdptorhj ko oprdxcjod h otrovhssojhktd go rdtukgo.

prdpdsto ujo tcpdbdico gh pockhb scikc`clotcvojhkth gc`hrhkth go oltuobjhkth prhvcsto kdU\W, o quob prdluro suebckaor d h`hctd lcrlubor go rdtukgo, lborc`clokgd od ldkgutdr quh o

vcroihj hsquhrgo sh ossdlco khlhssorcojhkth od ldktdrkd go cbao lhktrob. Hsth pockhb

phrjcth ockgo ck`drjor d ldkgutdr sderh quocs ds ghstckds pdssvhcs gh oblokor o portcr gos

gc`hrhkths vcos gcspdkcecbczogos od kvhb go oprdxcjod, ldktrceuckgd ghsto `drjo poro

jckcjczor hktrhlruzojhktds od kvhb gd okhb h gos sogos. @dc ockgo pdssvhb ldklbucr quh

ophsor gd U\W pdsscecbctor o opbclod ghsth tcpd gh sckob oprdxcjod gh rdtukgos, vhrc`clo-

sh quh o tcpdbdico gh sckob kd o jocs oghquogo gd pdktd gh vcsto go bhicecbcgogh, phbd quh

cjpdrto o hsth kvhb prhvhr kdvos `drjos h prdjdvhr o suo ckthirod ùturo kds troeobads gh

rhvcsd gd U\W hj lursd.

Ghsto skthsh `clo lbord quh o sckobczod rdgdvcrco, ossujh uj pophb lhktrob ko shiuroko

rhob h ckguzcgo kds ldkgutdrhs gurokth os suos torhòs gh khidlcod h otrovhssojhktd gh ujo

rdtukgo, ossujckgd ockgo uj ldktrceutd scikc`clotcvd ko hbulcgod sderh os rhiros

ldjpdrtojhktocs quh ds ldkgutdrhs ghvhj shiucr poro quh hssh otrovhssojhktd pdsso shr

h`hltuogd hj shiuroko.

O prdpdsto ghshkvdbvcgo kd prhthkgh ldkstctucr uj prdgutd oloeogd, jos phbd ldktrrcd,bokor os eoshs poro uj thjo gh gcslussd quh ossujh cjpdrtklco lhktrob ko ùklcdkobcgogh



76/81


h shiuroko gos rdtukgos hj ]drtuiob. Khsso jhgcgo prhvcsvhb quh d hstugd pdsso hvdbucr

hj gc`hrhkths rhos thjtclos.

]dr uj bogd, o khlhsscgogh gh sh opdstor ko gh`ckcd gh rhiros h gh prdlhgcjhktds

ldjpdrtojhktocs lbords poro opdcd torh`o gd ldkgutdr, gurokth d otrovhssojhktd gh ujo

rdtukgo. Hsth osphltd rhvhbo-sh hsshklcob shiuroko rdgdvcrco, gh jdgd o quh ]drtuiob,

pdsso lojckaor kd shktcgd gh ukc`drjczor ldjpdrtojhktds prtclds, osscj ldjd prdpdrlcdkor

quh logo ldkgutdr pdsso okthvhr oquhbh quh d ldjpdrtojhktd hsphrogd phbds rhstokths

ldkgutdrhs quh ldj hbh lcrluboj hj scjubtkhd.

Xj dutrd lojpd dkgh cjpdrto hvdbucr prhkgh-sh khlhssorcojhkth ldj d oujhktd go`ojcbcorczod gds ldkgutdrhs ldj o prhshko go rdtukgo. Wob h`hctd ghvhr ckhvctovhbjhkth

possor phbo prdjdd gh olhs gh `drjod driokczogos ldj d hstrhctd opdcd gos hsldbos gh

ldkgud, jos tojej gh dutros ckstctuchs bdlocs quh prdpdrlcdkhj h prdjdvoj o

rhobczod gh olhs gh shkscecbczod h `drjod rdgdvcrco.

Ghktrd gd lojpd gh old go prhshkth thsh, cjpdrto ovokor poro d gcjhkscdkojhktd

hsphl`cld h ghtobaogd gds kdvds tcpds gh jorlos (shtos gh shbhld hj rdtukgos) h sckocs

prdpdstds (pockcs gh shbhld), gh jdgd o quh ds jhsjds pdssoj shr prdpdstds porockthirod ko kdvo rhvcsd gd U\W h opdchj ds prdfhltds gh hxhlud khsto rho gh

hsphlcobcgogh.

Wojej o prdjdd gh ckvhstciod ldjpbhjhktor khsto rho ghvh shr ovobcogo. D

ghshkvdbvcjhktd gh troeobads gh ckvhstciod quh phrjctoj ovobcor d kvhb gh h`clcklco gos

gc`hrhkths gcspdschs gos bckaos bdkictugckocs kd okhb (rgcd-ldklktrclos, hbcpsdcgocs, htl.)

o`ciuro-sh hsshklcob gh`ckcd ldklrhto gos pdthklcobcgoghs h ghecbcgoghs ossdlcogos o logo

ujo gos gcspdschs oprhshktogos.



77/81

\ckobczod gh Udtukgos 0 UH@HUKLCO\ ECEBCDIU@CLO\

0 Uh`hrklcos eceb cdir`clos

OL] (5===) Udtukgos Oujhktoj o \hiuroko Udgdvcrco, Uhvcsto OL], @hv. 51-53

Obhx Ovidustcs (5==1) - UDOG JOUNCKI\ WD CKLUHO\H UDXKGOEDXW BOKH

XWCBCVOWCDK OKG \O@HWS CK LS]UX\, ]uebcl Ydrns Ghportjhkt, Jckcstry d`

Ldjjukclotcdks & Ydrns, Uhpuebcl d` Lyprus

Objhcgo Udquh, L. O (5==7) \ckobczod gh Udtukgos Whxtds gcgltclds, rhtcrogd gh6

attp6//lorbdsordquh.trcpdg.ldj/

Objhcgo Udquh, L. O (5==7) \ckobczod Phrtclob Whxtds gcgltclds, rhtcrogd gh6

attp6//lorbdsordquh.trcpdg.ldj/

OJEU]M(5==1) - Os Jocs Ehbos Udtukgos gh ]drtuiob (attp6//www.osjocsehbosrdtukgos.pt)

OX\WUDOG\ (?33 ]ort 0 - Udukgoeduts Oustrdogs Kotcdkob D``clh Hgctdr, \cgkhy-Oustrobco

OXWD ADFH (5==?) s vdbtos ldj d trksctd Os rdtukgos hkquoktd jhgcgo gh olobjco ghtr`hid. Uhvcsto Outd Adfh k0=0, pi. 51, Fukad

Eostds, O,J.L. (5==7) GH@CKCD GH XKOJHWDGDBDICO GH LDKLH]D GH LUXVOJHKWD\

ICUOWUCD\ Whsh gh gcsshrtod suejhtcgo @LWXL ldjd rhqucsctd poro dethkd gh

Irou gh Gdutdr hj Hkihkaorco Lcvcb Hgcd @LWXL, Oercb 5==7

Eostds, O.J.L.> \hld, O.F.J (5==7) GCJHK\CDKOJHKWD GH UDWXKGO\ KDUJO

GHWOBAOGO, Gdlujhktd ldj @drjotd Kdrjotcvd ghshkvdbvcgd kd jectd gd Oldrgd-

]rdirojo @LWXL/CH], ?=5 pp. - Hgcd GHL/@LWXL, Jocd

LHWXU (?311) Ldklhptcdk ghs Lorrh`durs o \hks Icrotdcrhs Cjpbokths hj Jcbchu Xreock



78/81


Lhktrh gHtughs ghs Wrokspdrts Xreocks, @roklh

LWUWM5==1 \cth d`clcob gd Lhkthr `dr Wrokspdrtotcdk Uhshorla okg Wrockcki, Noksos \tothXkcvhrscty (attp6//www.n-stoth.hgu/rdukgoeduts/ogo/padtds/autlacksdk.atj)

G`W (?33


79/81


Nhkky F. (?33=) - Wah ]uebcls ]hrlhptcdk d` Udukgoeduts. Udukgoedut okg Xkscikobcshg

Ckthrshltcdk Ydrnsadp, _uhhksbokg Xkcvhrscty d` Whlakdbdiy, Kdvhjehr ?33=.

NCKVHB L. \. (5==


80/81


WUE (5==8) - Ckthrkotcdkobby Uhldikczhg Udukgoedut \ciks - Kotcdkob Udukgoedut

Ldk`hrhklh, Pocb, Ldbdrogd, Joy 57, X\O

VXCG ADBBOKG M (5==1)

attp6//www5.zucg-adbbokg.kb/ckghx.atjb4/dkghrwhr/PhrhkPhr/WuredpbhckhkX\.atj,

Adbbokg

Ycncphgco M (5==1)

attp6//www.wcncphgco.dri, ]drtuiob

http://www2.zuid-holland.nl/index.html?/onderwer/VerenVer/TurbopleinenUS.htmhttp://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www2.zuid-holland.nl/index.html?/onderwer/VerenVer/TurbopleinenUS.htm


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Ecebcdiro`co ldjpbhjhktor6

OB]AOKG,@.>KDHBBH,X.>IXCLAHW,E.(?33?)-Udukgoeduts okg Udog \o`hty> ]rdlhhgcki d`tah Ckthrkotcdkob Ydrnsadp Ckthrshltcdks wctadut Wro``cl \cikobs CC, Edlauj-Ihrjoky,Yhrkhr Ercbdk (Hg.), pi ?=9-?58, ?1-?3 Fuby

OWL (?333) Oustrobcok Udog Uubhs, os opprdvhg ey tah Oustrobcok Wrokspdrt Lduklcb,puebcsahg ey tah Kotcdkob Udog Wrokspdrt Ldjjcsscdk, Oustrobco, Dltdehr

Eostds \cbvo, O.J.L> \hld, O.F.J. (5==5) LDJD \H GHPH LDJ]DUWOU D LDKGXWDU KDOWUOPH\\OJHKWD GH XJO UDWXKGO - GH@CKCD GH ]UDLHGCJHKWD\ H UHIUO\ 5

Ldkirhssd Udgdvcrcd ]drtuius Bcsedo, ]drtuiob, 5? o 5< gh Kdvhjerd gh 5==5

Eostds \cbvo, \hld, O.F.J, Jorquhs, ].O. (5==0) GCJHK\CDKOJHKWD GH UDWXKGO\ ]UDLHGCJHKWD\ KDUJOWCPD\ 7 Ldkirhssd Udgdvcrcd ]drtuius Hstrogo 5==0

Hstdrcb, ]drtuiob, 8 o 9 gh Oercb gh 5==0

GHWU (?333) Aciawoy Ldgh Ghportjhkt d` tah Hkvcrdkjhkt Wrokspdrt okg tah

Uhicdks X.N, Fuby

FOH (?337) -Kdrjo gh troogd FOH ] Gcvcsd gh Hstugds h ]rdfhltds go Fukto

Outkdjo gos Hstrogos, Hgcd FOH Bcsedo-]drtuiob

UWO (5==?) -Udog Xshrs Aokgeddn Bclhklcki Udogs okg Wro``cl Outadrcty, Oustrobco,

Fokuory

WUE (?331) Jdghrk Udukgoedut ]roltclh ck tah Xkcthg \toths O \yktahscs d` Aciawoy]roltclh KLAU] \yktahscs 507 , X\O

bruno barreto - sinalização de rotundas

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