avacalho e curtiÇÃo a representação do indivíduo desviante no cinema marginal belo horizonte...

8/4/2019 AVACALHO E CURTIÇÃO A representação do indivíduo desviante no Cinema Marginal Belo Horizonte Centro Universit…

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Lmaqn jm Qkxm S`q`nqm Sndyk

MRMHMJGK @ HPQYNÌÈKM q`sq`x`dymìèk ik ndinråipk i`xrnmdy` dk Hnd`em Emqlndmj

A`jk Gkqnzkdy`H`dyqk Pdnr`qxnyíqnk i` A`jk Gkqnzkdy` 'PDN%AG.

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Lmaqn`jm Qkxm S`q`nqm Sndyk

MRMHMJGK @ HPQYNÌÈKM q`sq`x`dymìèk ik ndinråipk i`xrnmdy` dk Hnd`em Emqlndmj

Yqmamjgk i` hkdhjpxèk i` hpqxk msq`x`dymik hkekq`}pnxnyk smqm kay`dìèk i` lqmp i` Amhgmq`j `eOkqdmjnxek dk H dyqk Pdnr`qxnyíqnk i` A`jk Gkqnzkdy`$

Kqn`dymikq? Sqkb¯ Ex$ Emqnm Hqnxyndm J`ny`

A`jk Gkqnzkdy`H`dyqk Pdnr`qxnyíqnk i` A`jk Gkqnzkdy` 'PDN%AG.

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Mk e`p nqeèk }p` e` `dxndkp m r`q k epdik i` kpyqm bkqem ` ms`qh`a`q }p` k i`xrnk ski` x`q k hmendgk im b`jnhnimi`$



Mk Okdg~x* endgm mj`lqnm ` hkesmdgnm$ Î xèsq` x`p maqmìk }p` e` bmz hkdyndpmq$ Mlqmi`ìk

ã endgm eè` s`jk msknk q`xnldmik ` mk e`p smn s`jm mienqmìèk xè jneny`x* èakqm d`dgpe

i`j`x hkdxnlm `dy`di`q ik }p` m s`x}pnxm m}pn è }p`xyèk yqmym$ Ã endgm mrø ` mk e`p ynk%

nqeèk%menlk Lnkrmdn* skq `dy`di`qè mx endgmx mpxïdhnmx$

@dyq` kx e`px menlkx* mlqmi`ìk sqne`nqk mk Mdiqî Dkrmnx kp Lpxymrk* }p` e` mopikp dm

`xhkjgm ik yèm ` e` msq`x`dykp kx sqne`nqkx smxxkx ik Hndèm Emqlndmj$ Î sq`hnxk

mlqmi`h`q ymeaîe ã hpqnkxnimi` xè bne ik In`lk Ekq`nqm* m ÿdnhm s`xxkm* e`xek bmz`dik

hmqm i` dkok* hmsmz i` e` kprnq bmjmq xkaq` k yèm$ Ã ykikx kx kpyqkx }p` `dy`di`qme endgmx

mpxïdhnmx dm gkqm i` ekdklqmbmq$

Ã Ymh~mdm Mqh`? <3 sílndmx i` mlqmi`hne`dyk m rkhï x`qnm skphk* hgmemq i` sqkb`xxkqm*

ymeaîe$ Kaqnlmim skq `xx`x iknx mdkx i` smhnïdhnm ` iìnhmìèk$

Mlqmi`ìk ymeaîe ã sqkb`xxkqm Hqnxyndm J`ny` }p` e` kqn`dykp d`xym `xyqmim q`sj`ym i`

i`xrnkx* emx hke skphkx s`qhmjìkx$ Mkx sqkb`xxkq`x J`k Hpdgm ` Empqnhnk Lpnjg`qe`* }p`

x` ekxyqmqme yèk mdnemikx }pmdyk `p* bq`dy m `xxm s`x}pnxm$ Kaqnlmim s`jm inxskdnanjnimi` `

k msknk }p` dèk e` i`nwmqme hq`q }p` `xymrm jkphm skq `xypimq `xx` yèm$

Skq ÿjynek mlqmi`ìk* ã Mdl`jm Emqnm* }p` e` `dxndm* ykimx ãx x`lpdimx%b`nqmx* }p` e`p

i`xrnk î }pmx` q`yk$ M I`px }p` yqkpw` kx i`xrnkx ` kx hmendgkx q`ykx$

‚Kjgm jí* }pè rè ik jmik kskxykRè xè lkxyk i` rnr`q

Kjgm jí* }pè mhgm }p` s`qi`qÎ x`q e`dkq dm rnim

Kjgm jí* }pè xèsq` }p`q rnyøqnm@ s`qi` m ljøqnm i` hgkqmq―

'Emqh`jk Hme`jk.



XPEÍQNK

NDYQKIPÌÈK$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 9

= K I@XRNK XKHNMJ @ M Q@SQ@X@DYMÌÈK DK HND@EM $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$7=$= BPDÌÈK IK HND@EM $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7=$1 HND@EM HKEK NDXYQPE@DYK I@ Q@SQ@X@DYMÌÈK XKHNMJ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 2=$1$= Hndèm hkek q`sq`x`dymìèk xkhnmj $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ >=$1$1 Hndèm hkek q`sq`x`dymìèk im ni`dynimi` hpjypqmj $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ =1=$8 I@XRNK XKHNMJ @ HKDH@SÌÈK GNXYØQNHM I@ I@XRNK $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ =9=$9 @XYPIK IK HKESKQYME@DYK I@XRNMDY@ @ YNSKX I@ I@XRNK $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ =<1 JNDLPML@E HJÍXXNHM W JNDLPML@E EMQLNDMJ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 13 1$= JNDLPML@E HND@EMYKLQÍBNHM HJÍXXNHM $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 131$=$= Hndèm ` jndlpmlè $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 131$=$1 @jè`dykx im jndlpmlè hndèmyklqíbnhm $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 13

1$=$8 M Dmqqmynrm hndèmyklqíbnhm hjíxxnhm $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ =>1$1 K HND@EM EMQLNDMJ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 181$1$= Jndlpmlè ` `xyîynhm ik Hndèm Emqlndmj $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 178 K NDINRÅIPK I@XRNMDY@ DK HND@EM EMQLNDMJ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 888$= M EMQL@E $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 888$=$= Jndlpmlè hndèmyklqíbnhm $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 888$=$1 Mdíjnx` imx s`qxkdml`dx $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 9=8$=$1$= Gkeè i` y`qdk ` lqmrmym $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 9=8$=$1$1 Sqkxynypym d`lqm $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 918$=$1$8 Jkphk $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 988$=$1$9 Jknqm$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 998$1 K AMDINIK IM JP_ R@QE@JGM $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 908$1$= Jndlpmlè hndèmyklqíbnhm $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 908$1$1 Mdíjnx` imx s`qxkdml`dx $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 9>8$1$1$= Jpz* K Amdinik im Jpz R`qe`jgm $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 038$1$1$1 O$A$ im Xnjrm $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 0= 8$1$1$8 I`j lmik Hma`ìèk $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 018$8 K I@XS@QYMQ IM A@XYM* @W% QNYPMJ IKX XÍINHKX $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 098$8$= Jndlpmlè hndèmyklqíbnhm $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 098$8$1 Mdíjnx` imx s`qxkdml`dx $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 0>8$8$1$= _î ik Hmnwèk w Okxî Ekonhm$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 23

8$8$1$1 Sxn}pnmyqm $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 2=8$8$1$8 Rnhnmikx $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 218$8$1$8$= Okrè Jknqm$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 288$8$1$8$1 Qnhm $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 288$8$1$8$8 Msq`x`dymikq i` YR $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 298$8$1$8$9 Rjmienq $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 299 HKDHJPXÈK $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 20Q@B@QÏDHNMX $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 2<MD@WKX$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 27



9

NDYQKIPÌÈK

‚@p yndgm }p` mrmhmjgmq* pe hmqm mxxne xø yndgm }p` mrmhmjgmq sqm r`q k }p` xmnm hke nxxk

ypik$ @qm k }p` `p skinm bmz`q$― Î hke `xxm bqmx` }p` k Jpz* s`qxkdmlè sqndhnsmj i` K

Amdinik im Jpz R`qe`jgm* i` =>27* opxynbnhm xpmx mynypi`$ Dk bnje` è }p`xyèk k inq`ykq

Qklîqnk Xlmdz`qjm bmz pem mimsymìèk jnrq` im gnxyøqnm ik mxxmjymdy` smpjnxym }p` qkpamrm

hmxmx pxmdik pem jmdy`qdm r`qe`jgm smqm x` lpnmq i`sknx i` i`xjnlmq ykim m `d`qlnm imx hmxmx$

K mrmhmjgk è }p`xyèk* kp xòm* k myk i` xpar`qy`q m kqiè î ymeaîe k eky` ik Hndèm

Emqlndmj$

K `xypik è }p`xyèk yè m ndy`dìèk i` `rni`dhnmq m q`sq`x`dymìèk ik ndinråipk i`xrnmdy` dk

Hndèm Emqlndmj aqmxnj`nqk$ Ndinråipk i`xrnmdy` ` Hndèm Emqlndmj x` `dyq`jmìme lqmìmx ã

pynjnzmìèk i` s`qxkdml`dx hkdxni`qmikx i`xrnmdy`x xkhnmnx* hkek amdinikx* sqkxynypymx `

e`dinlkx* s`jk ekrne`dyk hndèmyklqíbnhk è }p`xyèk* dm q`sq`x`dymìèk ` hqåynhm im

xkhnìmi` aqmxnj`nqm ik bndmj im iîhmim i` 23 ` ndnhnk im iîhmim i` <3$

Hndèm Emqlndmj î m i`dkendmìèk imim ã sqkipìèk hndèmyklqíbnhm aqmxnj`nqm }p`

hkesq``di`p kx mdkx i` =>2> m =><9$ Ski` x`q hkdxni`qmik hkek pe ekrne`dyk

hndèmyklqíbnhk dmhnkdmj }p` x` hmqmhy`qnzkp skq sqkipìèk i` amnwk kqìme`dyk*

`ws`qne`dymjnxek* ymdyk dm bkqem i` bnjemlè hkek dm yèíynhm$ M pynjnzmìèk i`

gns`qy`wypmjnimi` hke m ndiÿxyqnm hpjypqmj ymeaîe î yqmìk ik Hndèm Emqlndmj* mxxne hkek k

pxk im `xhmykjklnm* ik lqky`xhk$ M yèíynhm i`xx` ekrne`dyk y`di` mk pqamdnxek* ã

q`sq`x`dymìèk i` ndinråipkx hke rmjkq`x ekqmnx iprnikxkx ` i` hkeskqyme`dykx inxyndykx ikxhkdxni`qmikx ekqmje`dy` mh`nykx$

Mx sqne`nqmx i`bndnìð`x i` hkeskqyme`dyk i`xrnmdy` yïe kqnlè dk x`dxk hkepe* }p` yqmym

mx ndbqmìð`x imx q`lqmx xkhnmnx hke`ynimx hkek q`bj`wk i` }p`xyð`x smykjølnhmx ` ankjølnhmx

ik ndinråipk$ Emnx ymqi` `xy` hkdh`nyk bkn q`rnxyk ` k hkeskqyme`dyk i`xrnmdy` smxxkp m x`q

hkdxni`qmik q`bj`wk imx ndy`qmìð`x i` ndinråipkx emj mimsymikx ãx q`lqmx im xkhnìmi` kp

hpjypqm ikendmdy`$ @dyq`ymdyk* y`øqnhkx imx hnïdhnmx xkhnmnx* hkek R`jgk '=>>>. ` A`hf`q



0

'1337.* mbnqeme }p` k `xypik ik ndinråipk i`xrnmdy` i`r` x`q b`nyk s`jm mdíjnx ndy lqmim ikx

bmykq`x xkhnmnx* hpjypqmnx ` smykjølnhkx ik ndinråipk$

Kx ndinråipkx hkdxni`qmikx xkhnme`dy` i`xrnmdy`x yïe* i` mhkqik hke A`hf`q* '1337.

mxxpenik pe sms`j i` `whjpåikx bq`dy` m xkhnìmi`$ M skxnìèk i` i`xrnmdy` î q`bj`wk im

hkdipym i`xymx s`xxkmx* inb`q`dy` ik }p` xkhnmje`dy` î mh`nyk$

Smqm Hkxym '1333. k `xymik i` i`xrnmdy` î ymeaîe q`xpjymik i` pe q`jmhnkdme`dyk

inb`q`dhnmik `dyq` kx mxxne hjmxxnbnhmikx ` k e`nk xkhnmj è }p` rnrè* mk mikymq skxypqmx}p` nldkqme* è smqy` kp skq hkesj`yk* mx `ws`hymynrmx i` mìð`x+q`mìð`x `xs`qmimx s`jk e`nk

mk nesqnenq xpm skxypqm$

Xka m s`qxs`hynrm ik h`díqnk dmhnkdmj k Hndèm Emqlndmj î k ÿdnhk }p` x` iìnhm m

q`sq`x`dymq xnxyèmynhme`dy` `xy` ynsk i` s`qxkdmlè* k }p` `xyí hjmqk dèk xø dm yèíynhm*

emx ymeaîe dmx i`hnxð`x ykemimx }p` inzè q`xs`nyk ã bkqem i` bnjemlè$

Smqm ekxyqmq m q`sq`x`dymìèk ikx ndinråipkx i`xrnmdy`x dk Hndèm Emqlndmj* `xym s`x}pnxm

sq`y`di`p yqmìmq pem q`jmìèk `dyq` kx hkdh`nykx i` emqlndmjnimi` ` hkeskqyme`dyk i`xrnmdy`

` kx s`qxkdml`dx ikx bnje`x$ Kpyqk kao`ynrk im s`x}pnxm bkn mrmjnmq hkek kx ádlpjkx* s jmdkx `

s`qxs`hynrmx i` bnjeml`dx ndbjp`dhnme dm s`qh`sìèk im s`qxkdmlè ` hkdyqnapè smqm m

hkdxyqpìèk i`xy`* mxxne hkek im yèíynhm$

Mhqìnymekx }p` `xym s`x}pnxm yè q`j`rádhnm ymdyk smqm m sq`x`qrmìèk im gnxyøqnm ik hndèm

dmhnkdmj* hkek smqm m sq`x`qrmìèk ` inrpjlmìèk im gnxyøqnm ik ekrne`dyk hndèmyklqíbnhk ik

Hndèm Emqlndmj$

M sqkipìèk hndèmyklqíbnhm }p` ndy`lqm `xy` s`qåkik yè `wèsjmq`x ikx bnje`x* hqåynhmx `

kpyqkx q`lnxyqkx xphmy`mikx$ Skq x`qè bnje`x i` amnwk kqìme`dyk ` i` amnwk ms`jk hke`qhnmj*



2

mx s`jåhpjmx q`sq`x`dymdy`x ik Hndèm Emqlndmj mhmamqme x`dik sq`y`qnimx ` i`xhkdg`hnimx

ik lqmdi` sÿajnhk$ I`xym bkqem* xpm q`jmìèk hke m ndiÿxyqnm i` emxxm* `jè`dyk ndyqådx`hk ã

sqkipìèk hndèmyklqíbnhm i`xxm `xhkjm* ymeaîe î endnenzmim$

Î neskqymdy }p` `xymx hmqmhy`qåxynhmx ik Hnd em Emqlndmj xòme q`hps`qmimx ` s`qs`ypmimx m

bne i` sq`x`qrmq kx `jè`dykx hkepdnhmhnkdmnx ` i` inxxèndmìèk i` xnldnbnhmik

i`x`drkjrnikx skq `xx` ekrne`dyk `xs`hnbnhk* hpom neskqyádhnm smqm m hndèmyklqmbnm

dmhnkdmj î nd`lír`j$

Gí }p` hkdxni`qmq }p` k Hndèm Emqlndmj mhkdy`h` dk s`qåkik i` Inymipqm Enjnymq* è }p` mx

bkqemx i` `wsq`xxèk mqyåxynhm `xynr`qme x`qnme`dy` hkesqke`ynimx$ E`xek è pe mean`dy`

ndøxsnyk* `xxm bkqem i` sqkipìèk hndèmyklqíbnhm q`sq`x`dykp* i` mjlpem bkqem* m

hkdyqmhpjypqm dk småx$

I`dyqk i`xy` pdnr`qxk i` hkdyqmhpjypqm k Hndèm Emqlndmj i`p `xs`hnmj i`xym}p` ms`qxkdml`dx }p` skxxpåme hkeskqyme`dyk inr`qxk mk hkdxni`qmik dkqemj s`jm xkhnìmi` im

îskhm$ Skq nxxk* î neskqymdy` i`xymhmq m s`qxs`hynrm xkhnkjølnhm ik ndinråipk i`xrnmdy` }p` k

Hndèm Emqlndmj apxhkp `rni`dhnmq ` }p` mndim dèk bkn `xypimim i` bkqem sqkbpdim$

Bkqme `xhkjgnikx yqïx bnje`x im bmx` ndmplpqmj ik Hndèm Emqlndmj bnjemikx è Xèk Smpjk*

hmsnymj* dkx yqïx sqne`nqkx mdkx$

M Emqlè* i` Kzpmjik Hmdi`nmx* i` =>2<* hkdym m `xyøqnm i` iknx hmxmnx }p` ekqme ãx

emql`dx ik qnk Yn`yï è Xèk Smpjk ` rïè xpmx rnimx epimq msøx m hg`lmim i` pe hmiír`q

i` pem epjg`q }p` xka` k qnk è pem hmdkm$ Ipmx `xyøqnmx xèk ekxyqmimx smqmj`jme`dy`* pem

i`jmx m smqynq im rnxèk xpao`ynrm i` pe ikx s`qxkdml`dx$ @xx` ynsk i` q`hpqxk dèk gmrnm xnik

pynjnzmik dk hndèm dmhnkdmj myî `dyèk$ K dke` ik bnje` M Emqlè î pynjnzmik ymeaîe smqm

amynzmq k ekrne`dyk hndèmyklqíbnhk$



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@e K Amdinik im Jpz R`qe`jgm* i` =>27* k inq`ykq Qklîqnk Xlmdz`qjm bmz pem mimsymìèk

jnrq` im gnxyøqnm ik mxxmjymdy` smpjnxym }p` qkpamrm hmxmx pxmdik pem jmdy`qdm r`qe`jgm smqm

x` lpnmq* i`sknx i` i`xjnlmq ykim m `d`qlnm imx hmxmx$

K I`xs`qymq im A`xym+Qnypmj ikx Xíinhkx* =>2>* î i` mpykqnm i` Okxî Ekonhm Emqndx* pe

inq`ykq }p` dèk î hkdxni`qmik pe ‚hnd`mxym emqlndmj― spqk* oí }p` xpm q`jmìèk hke k gkqqkq `

hke m mao`ìèk xèk emnx sq`x`dy`x ik }p` m pqamdnzmìèk ` x`px s`qxkdml`dx emqlndmnx$

@dyq`ymdyk* d`xy` bnje` k inq`ykq yqmìm pe smdkqmem im xkhnìmi` smpjnxymdm dk bndmj im

iîhmim i` 23 ` maq` eèk ik gkqqkq è xpm ykymjnimi`* bmz`dik mndim pem hqåynhm xkaq` m

sqkipìèk hndèmyklqíbnhm dk småx* k }p` k ndhjpn dk Hndèm Emqlndmj$



7

= K I@XRNK XKHNMJ @ M Q@SQ@X@DYMÌÈK DK HND@EM

=$= BPDÌÈK IK HND@EM

M bpdìèk ndnhnmj ik hndèm `qm q`lnxyqmq mx xnypmìð`x ` mhkdy`hne`dykx myqmrîx im háe`qm* i`

mhkqik hke Mpekdy '133<.$ K mpykq mhq`xh`dym }p` k hndèm dèk yndgm m rkhmìèk i` hkdymq

`jmakqmimx `xyøqnmx bnhhnkdmnx$ @dyq`ymdyk* k xnesj`x q`lnxyqk i` neml`dx* xòm `j` i` kao`ykx*

smnxml`dx* e`xek }p` `xyíynhkx* oí nesjnhm dk i`xòk i` yqmdxenynq pem e`dxmlè$ Mpekdy

'133<. hgmem `xx` èsq`lk im nemlè i` nemlè bnlpqmynrm im smjmrqm$ K xnesj`x bmyk i`

q`sq`x`dymq pem nemlè nesjnhm dm ndy`dìèk i` smxxmq pem x`lpdim e`dxmlè$

Mxxne* m nemlè i` pe q`røjr`q dèk î ms`dmx k `}pnrmj`dy` ik y`qek —q`røjr`q‛* emxr`nhpjm nesjnhnyme`dy` pe `dpdhnmik ik ynsk —`nx pe q`røjr`q‛ kp —nxyk î pe q`røjr`q‛* }pì`nwm yqmdxsmq`h`q m kxy`dymìèk ` m rkdymi` i` bmz`q hke }p` k kao`yk xnldnbn}p` mjlk mjîei` xpm xnesj`x q`sq`x`dymìèk$ 'MPEKDY* Omh}p`x * 133<* s$ >3.

K mpykq mskdym }p` mkx skphkx* k hndèm smxxm m mi}pnqnq m bpdìèk i` hndèm dmqqmynrk*

m}p`j` }p` ms`xmq i` xpmx jnenymìð`x* i`xhqnymx skq Mpekdy '133<. hkek ‚sq`x`dìm i` }pmiqk*

mpxïdhnm i` y`qh`nqm ine`dxèk* hmqíy`q mqynbnhnmj kp mpxïdhnm i` hkq―* î hmsmz i` nesqnen q

q`mjnimi` dk `xs`hymikq ` hkdymq pem gnxyøqnm$ Mx dkìð`x i` ekrne`dyk* sqkbpdinimi` `

s`qxs`hynrm xèk mx q`xskdxír`nx skq sqkrkhmq `xxm nesq`xxèk$

M nesq`xxèk i` mdmjklnm hke k `xsmìk q`mj sqkipznik s`jm nemlè båjenhm î* skqymdyk*ski`qkxm k xpbnhn dy` smqm hg`lmq dkqemje`dy` m bmz`q `x}p`h`q dèk ms`dmx k mhgmyme`dykim nemlè* emx* skq `wèsjk* }pmdik x` yqmym i` pe bnje` sq`yk%`%aqmdhk* m mpxïdhnm i`hkq`x kp m mpxïdhnm i` xke x` k bnje` bkq epik ` ymeaîe bmz`q `x}p`h`q* dèk k }pmiqk* }p`xèsq` s`qemd`h` sq`x`dy`* emx k bmyk i` }p`* mjîe ik }pmiqk* dèk gí emnx nemlè$'MPEKDY* Omh}p`x * 133<* s$ 19.

Lpybqn di '1332. mbnqem }p` xìne`dymim m bpdìèk i` dmqqmìèk ` q`sq x`dymìèk ik hndèm* dm

iîhmim i` 23* xpqlnqme bnje`x }p` dèk sq`zmrme skq dmqqmq pem gnxyøqnm* kp q`sq`x`dymq

}p`xyð`x myqmrîx im s`jåhpjm$ Xèk kx bnje`x ik hndèm `ws`qne`dymj kp hndèm pdi`qlqkpdi *

pe hndèm }p` nldkqm k sqkh`xxk i` in`l`x` = ` sq`zm s`jm ièkdxyqmìèk* `xymdik m

hkdxyqpìèk i` x`dynik ` xnldnbnhmìèk bkqm ikx sqndhåsnkx ik inq`ykq$

= 'jy . Hkdy`ÿik bnhhnkdmj $ Ypik k }p` inz q`xs`nyk ã gnxyøqnm* mk pdnr`qxk sqkskxyk skq }pmj}p`q dmqqmynrm 'bnje`*qkemdh`* y`j`dkr`jm `yh$. R$ dmqqmìèk$ QMAMÌM* Hmqjkx Mja`qyk ` AMQAKXM* Lpxymrk Lpnemqè`x Inhnkdíqnk i` Hkepdnhmìèk6 1$ ì$ Qnk i` Omd`nqk? Hmespx* 133=$



>

Xpql` k hkdh`nyk i` mhndèm i` J~kymqi$ Ikendlp`x '1330. mskdym }p` smqm k mpykq bqmdhïx k

mhndèm î m skxxnanjnimi` im sqkipìèk i` ekrne`dykx `xyîq`nx* dk hndèm* kp xòm* m

q`sq`x`dymìèk i` neml`dx }p` dèk q`sq`x`dyme dmim ` hkdx`}p`dyè`dy` dèk sqkipzè

x`dynik mjlpe$ I` mhkqik hke J~kymqi k mhndèm sq`y`di` makjnq q`lqmx i` q`sq`x`dymìèk

smqm `xsmìk* dmqqmynrm ` xke$ Mk dèk kqi`dmq kx ekrne`dykx* k mhndèm dèk i`y`qendmqnm

emnx k }p` î inldk i` sqkipznq x`dynik kp dèk$

Ikendlp`x '1330. hnym J~kymqi '=><7. }p` mskdym }p` k hndèm mi}pnq` `dyèk pem bpdìèk i`

msq`x`dymìèk ` ièkdxyqmìèk ` dèk i` q`sq`x`dymìèk$ I` mhkqik hke Ikendlp`x '1330.*J~kymqi hmqmhy`qnzm k hndèm i` `ws`qne`dymìèk ` k pdi`qlqkpdi hkek pe hndèm i`

inb`q`dìmx$

K }p` î }p` k hndèm msq`x`dym; K hndèm msq`x`dym pem bkqìm }p` dèk î i` kqiè* emxi` inb`q`dìmx$ Yqmdxbkqemìð`x* bjpni`z ` sjmxynhnimi` ‘ xèk `xxmx mx bkqemx mhynrmx ikhndèm i` `ws`qne`dymìèk ` pdi`qlqkpdi$ Imå }p` smq`h` øarnk }p` m jølnhm im nemlèi`xy` lïd`qk i` hndèm yè i` x`q* skqymdyk* m ik xnepjmhqk$ Yqmym x` i` pem emd`nqm i`hkdhà`q k kao`hyk hndèmyklqíbnhk è bpdìèk ik nesq`x`dyír`j ‘ skq kdi` k r`q smxxmms`dmx$ 'IKENDLP@X* 1330* s =3<>.

Ikendlp`x mskdym }p` J~kymqi hjmxxnbnhm k mhndèm* hke m èkìèk ‚m `xyps`bmìèk* k y`qqkq* m

høj`qm* k øink* m xmynxbmìèk* ykimx mx ndy`dxnimi`x* xèk xèsq` ekrne`dykx dk e`xek jplmq― 1

'=><76 hnymik IKENDLP@X 61330.$ Pem èkìèk }p` `rkjpn myqmrîx i` pe ekrne`dyk }p`

rmn myî k bne i` xn e xek$ @e hkdyqmsmqynim* smqm J~kymqi m q`sq`x`dymìèk dèk `wnxy` ms`dmx

dk }p` î `wnanik dk bnje`* emx ymeaîe dk }p` dèk î `wnanik* mxx`lpqmdik }p` ‚M

q`sq`x`dymìèk `xyí xèsq` sq`x`dy`* mdy`x i` emnx hkek bpdìèk i` dkqemjnzm ìèk im jnanik$―

'J^KYMQI* =><7* s$ 820.

Smqm Mpekdy '133<. dèk `wnxy` bnje` hkesj`yme`dy` dèk%q`sq`x`dymynrk$ X`lpdik k mpykq*

nxxk xø x`qnm skxxår`j x` k hnd`mxym pynjnzmxx` neml`dx nqq`hkdg`hår`nx dmx }pmnx dèk ‚$$$ x`

skxxm s`qhà`q q`jmìð`x i` yèsk* i` xph`xxèk* i` hmpxm kp i` hkdx`}úïdhnm `dyq` kx sjmdkx

kp kx `jè`dykx―$ 'MPEKDY* 133<* s$ >9.

1J^KYMQI* O`mdBqmdìknx ¦J‛mhndîem¶ nd Hndîem ? ygîkqn`* j`hypq`x* Y`wy`x qîpdnx `y sq`x`dy`x smq Ikendn}p` Dklp`z* Dÿe`qk xsîhnmj i` jm Qîrp` i‛@xygîyn}p`* 1¯ ì$* Smqnx* Fjndhfxn`hf* =><7* s$80<82>$



=3

=$1 HND@EMX HKEK NDXYQPE@DYK I@ Q@SQ@X@DYMÌÈK XKHNMJ

=$1$= Hndèm hkek q`sq`x`dymìèk xkhnmj

Mxxne* inmdy` im neskxxnanjnimi` ik hndèm `ws`qne`dymj x`q hkesj`yme`dy` ièkdxyqmynrk*

ski` xne* x`q myqnapåik m `j`* k hmqíy`q i` q`sq`x`dymìèk xkhnmj$ Nxxk i` mhkqik hke Mpekdy

'133<.$

$$$ Î dm eìnim è }p` k hndèm yè hmsmhnimi` smqm q`sqkipznq xnxyèmx i` q`sq`x`dymìèkkp mqynhpjmìèk xkhnmnx }p` bkn skxxår`j inz`q }p` `j` xpaxynypåm mx lqmdi`x dmqqmynrmx eåynhmx$M ynskjklnm i` pe s`qxkdmlè kp i` pem xîqn` i` s`qxkdml`dx ski` x`q hkdxni`qmimq`sq`x`dymynrm dèk ms`dmx i` pe s`qåkik ik hndèm hkek ymeaîe i` pe s`qåkik imxkhnìmi` 'MPEKDY* 133<* s$ >0.

Mpekdy '133<. mbnqem mndim }p` ms`xmq ik hmqíy`q i` hkqq`xskdiïdhnm* m q`sq`x`dymìèk dk

hndèm dèk î s`qb`nym* rnxyk }p` m xkhnìmi` dèk x` ekxyqm ‚yèk inq`yme`dy` j`lår`j dkx

bnje`x―$ Emx î bmyk m hmsmhnimi`* dèk ms`dmx ik hndèm* i` q`sq`x`dymq* i` mjlpem bkqem* m

xkhnìmi`$ Skq e`nk i` oklkx i` hkqq`xskdiïdhnmx* ndr`qxð`x ` mbmxyme`dykx* `dyq` m

kqlmdnzmìèk ` m hkdipym* î skxxår`j ni`dynbnhmq kx `jè`dykx }p` i` bmyk xèk m yqmipìèk i` pem

xkhnìmi`$

Lpybqn`di '1332. mskdym }p` k hndèm ski` x`q mdmjnxmik hkek e`hmdnxek i` q`sq`x`dymìèk

xkhnmj i`rnik mk x`p hmqíy`q i` hkqskqnbnhmq ` ykqdmq r`qkxxåe`nx s`xxkmx ` xnypmìð`x }p` i`

bmyk xèk nqq`mnx$ ‚K hndèm yè k ski`q i` yqmdxbkqemq kao`ykx* s`xxkmx ` dmqqmynrmx è

mpx`dy`x dk yèsk ` dk `xsmìk* î skxxår`j s`dxmq }p` ykik bnje` i` ‚bnhìèk― kp ‚ikhpe`dymj―

q`sq`x`dym k q`mj* dk x`dynik i` }p` m}pnjk }p` rèkx dm y`jm î opxyme`dy` k mpx`dy`$―

'LPYBQN@DI* 1332* s$ 1.

K mpykq yqmìm mndim pe gnxyøqnhk im q`sq`x`dymìèk båjenhm$ Mk jkdlk ik yèsk* m

q`sq`x`dymìèk båjenhm msq`x`dykp inb`q`dy`x y`diïdhnmx$ Dm kqnlè ik hndèm* dkx mdkx 13 myî

kx mdkx 23* m q`sq`x`dymìèk bkn b`nym dk x`dynik i` eìnmq pynjnzmdik m nemlè$ Hma` i`xymhmq

}p` `dyq` kx mdkx i` =>13 ` =>1> k hndèm `qm `whjpxnrme`dy` epik* k }p` mpe`dym m

neskqyádhnm im nemlè$



==

Dm iîhmim i` =>23* x`lpdik Lpybqn`di '1332.* }pmdik k hndèm rnrnm kx q`bj`wkx imx ipmx

lp`qqmx epdinmnx* k søjk i` sqkipìèk hndèmyklqíbnhm x` epim smqm kx @PM ` dkrkx `xypikx

xpl`qè m q`jmìèk `dyq` hndèm ` bnjkxkbnm$ D`xx` hkdy`wyk* m hkdh`sìèk im q`sq`x`dymìèk dk

hndèm î `dy`dinim hkek pem bkqem i` hkqskqnbnhmq mx msmqïdhnmx ` imq bkqem mk `xsåqnyk$

M mbnqemynrm î hkqqkakqmim skq Amqyg`x '=>>3. mk `wskq m y`kqnm ik y`qh`nqk x`dynik* x`lpdik

m }pmj* myqmrîx i` yqïx dår`nx i` ndy`qmìèk* k `xs`hymikq `jmakqm pem q`jmìèk hke m s`jåhpjm$

@e pe sqne`nqk eke`dyk* m hkd`wèk î imim dk dår`j ndbkqemynrk* myqmrîx ik q`hkdg`hne`dyk

i` `jè`dykx* hkek bnlpqndk* h`díqnk* s`qxkdmlè$ X`lpdik* è dår`j xneaøjnhk* kp xòm* dkxxåeakjkx }p` yè q`jmìèk hke m yèíynhm ik bnje`* hke kx mykq`x ` hke k mpykq$ Skq ÿjynek

è dår`j kaypxk* m}p`j` è }p` k `xs`hymikq q`hkdg`h` dk bnje` x`dyne`dykx* kp xòm* k bnje`

î hmsmz i` sqkrkhmq èkìð`x$

Amqyg`x mbnqem }p` k hndèm ` m nemlè mi}pnqè ipmx ine`dxð`x dm q`sq`x`dymìèk* pem }p`

î hgmemim i` x`dynik øarnk* m}p`j }p` `xyí h jmqme`dy` `wsq`xxk* ` kpyqm hgmemim i` x`dynikkaypxk* }p` dèk `xyí yèk hjmqk ` }p` i`s`di` i` `ws`qnïdhnmx s`xxkmnx ik `xs`hymikq$

Lpybqn`di '1332. mskdym }p` è pe y`qh`nqk eke`dyk* m smqynq im iîhmim i` 73* è }p`

ndxsnqmik è y`kqnmx bnjkxøbnhmx* hkek mx i` Qkjmdi Amqyg`x ` @ilmqi Ekqnd* k hndèm

q`sq`x`dymìèk* k hndèm dmqqmìèk ` k hndèm `ws`qne`dymj rïè `hjkinq sqkipìð`x ik

hgmemik hndèm ikhpe`dyíqnk* }p` yè hkek ekynrk sqndhnsmj ` `wsjåhnyk* x`q dèk bnhhnkdmj `q`sq`x`dymq m q`mjnimi`$

@dyq`ymdyk* k mpykq mbnqem }p` k hndèm ikhpe`dyíqnk* ms`xmq i` sq`zmq skq pem

q`sq`x`dymìèk emnx bniìnldm ik q`mj* dèk myndl` x`p kao`ynrk skq hkesj`yk* oí }p` k inq`ykq

ksym skq bmz`q `xhkjgmx i` ádlpjkx i` bnjeml`dx* jkhmìð`x ` myî e`xek i` pe yèm* k }p`

sqìnxsð` m bkqemìèk i` xnldnbnhmik s`jk `xs`hymikq$



=1

=$1$1 hndèm hkek q sq`x`dymìèk im ni`dynimi` hpjypqmj

Qkxxndn '133<. mbnqem }p` dm hkdyèskqmd`nimi` k hndèm hkdyqnapn smqm m bkqemìèk im

ni`dynimi` hpjypqmj i` pem xkhnìmi`* x`dik `xxm ni`dynimi` `dy`dinim hkek hkdh`nykx `

i`bndnìð`x }p` m xkhnìmi` hqnm xkaq` xn$ @e xpem* ni`dynimi` hpjypqmj î?

Pem sqíynhm xkhnmj* hpjypqmj* }p` mlq`lm pe lqpsk i` s`xxkmx è ykqdk i` pem rnxèkxè`jgmdy` i` smxxmik* i` sq`x`dy`* i` bpypqk* imdik m `xy` lqpsk pe x`dynik i`s`qy`dhne dyk$ M ni`dynimi` î m bkqem hk ek k lqpsk i`bnd` m x n e`x ek ` m xpm yqmo yøqnm*xkhnmj* hpjypqmj* gnxyøqnhm* emqhmdik hke nxxk xpm inb q`dìm* xpm mjy`qnimi` e q`jmìèk mkpyqk lqpsk$ 'QKXXNDN* 133<* s$ 18.

Hma` mk hndèm m hmqmhy`qåxynhm i` q`sq`x`dymìèk xkhnmj* sknx mk bmz`q k q`hkqy` smqm m

hkdxyqpìèk båjenhm k mpykq oí kqlmdnzm `jè`dykx q`jmynrkx m pe lqpsk+mhkdy`hne`dyk ` }p`

mopime dm hkdxyqpìèk i` q`b`qïdhnmx ni`dynyíqnmx$ K hkdh`nyk î smqynjgmik skq Xnjrm ` Kdkbq`

'1331. }p` i`xymhme m neskqyádhnm im q`sq`x`dymìèk myqmrîx ik hndèm? K hndèm î nd`lmr`je`dy` pem mynrnimi` hpjypqmj neskqymdy` dk x`dynik i` q`bj`wèk i` p ei`y`qendmik x`le`dyk xkhnmj* kp myî e`xek i` ríqnkx x`le`dykx* }p` rïè dm y`jm dèk xø`dyq`y`dne`dyk* emx ymeaîe pe `xs`jgk bnhhnkdmj i` x`p hkyninmdk* i` x`px mdx`nkx* i`x`px sqkajèmx* i` xpmx èkìð`x ` myî e`xek i` x`px xkdgkx$ 'XNJRM @ KDKBQ@* 1331*s$ =.

Ymj s`qh`sìèk* x`lpdik Xnjrm ` Kdkbq` '1331.* x`qnm q`xskdxír`j skq ndbjp`dhnmq dm hqnmìèk im

ni`dynimi` hpjypqmj* x`dik* skq ymdyk* dèk ms`dmx pe bmykq i` q`sq`x`dymìèk xkhnmj* emx* è

h`qym eìnim* i` i`y`qendmìèk xkhnmj$

Oí smqm @enjnk '=>73.* m kqnlndmjnimi` ik hndèm xø x` opxynbnhm skq x`p hmqíy`q xkhnkjølnhk*

x`dik }p` m q`sq`x`dymìèk xkhnkhpjypqmj î q`xskdxír`j skq `wsjnhnymq dm s`jåhpjm m xkhnkjklnm$

Dk Aqmxnj k hndèm mndim mi}pnq` kpyqk hmqíy`q$ M}pn m sqkipìèk dèk î spqme`dy` kqnlndíqnm

ik småx* dè hkesj`yme`dy` pem høsnm i` kpyqkx småx`x$ Dk Aqmxnj î aè mh`nym m ndbjpïdhnm

`wy`qdm* inb`q`dyè`dy` ik }p` mhkdy`h` è småx`x íqma`x ` gndipx* skq `wèsjk* }p`

i`x`drkjrè pe hndèm kqnlndmj ` hnqhpdxhqnyk ã hpjypqm jkhmj$

M xnypmìèk hndèmyklqíbnhm aqmxnj nqm dèk skxxpn pe y`qq`dk i` hpjypqm inr`qxk ik khni`dymjkdi` skxxm i`nymq xpmx qmåz`x$ Xkekx pe sqkjkdlme`dyk ik khni`dy`* dèk gí `dyq` `j` ` døxm amqq`nqm dmypqmj i` pem s`qxkdmjnimi` gndip kp íqma` }p` sq`hnx` x`q hkdxymdyè`dy`xpbkhmim* hkdykqdmim ` rnkjmim$ Dpdhm bkekx sqksqnme`dy` khpsmikx$ ]pmdik k khpsmdy`hg`lkp k khpsmik `wnxy`dy` dèk jg` smq`h`p mi`}pmik ` bkn d`h`xxíqnk hqnmq kpyqk V$$$U Dèkxkekx `pqks`px dè me`qnhmdkx ik dkqy`* emx i`xynypåikx i` hpjypqm kqnlndmj* dmim dkx î`xyqmdl`nqk* sknx ypik k î$ 'LKE@X* =>73* s$ 70.



=8

K mpykq mbnqem mndim }p` k småx* i`s`di`dik ik eke`dyk xkhnkskjåynhk }p` rnr`* smxxm skq

xpqykx i` sqkipìèk hndèmyklqíbnhm$ Pe dm iîhmim i` 93* kpyqk dm iîhmim i` 03 ` mndim iknx

dm iîhmim i` 23* mjîe ik emnx q`h`dy` khkqqnik xka k dke` i` ‚Hndèm i` Q`ykemim―$ @e

hmim pe i`xx`x xpqykx m xkhnìmi` î q`sq`x`dymim i` pem bkqem inb`q`dy`* hke s`qxkdml`dx

åhkd`x$ Dm iîhmim i` 23 k sqne`nqk xpqyk î k Hndèm Dkrk* hpok s`qxkdmlè åhkd` î i`bndnik

im x`lpndy` bkqem?

K mdynlk g`qøn i`xkhpsmik im hgmdhgmim bkn xpsjmdymik s`jk yqmamjgmikq* emx dkx`xs`yíhpjkx hndèmyklqíbnhkx }p` `xxmx bnymx sqkskqhnkdme* kx khpsmikx `xymrme epnykemnx sq`x`dy` dm y`jm ik }p` dm xmjm$ 'LKE@X* =>73* s$ 7=.

Xpax`}ú`dy` mk Hndèm Dkrk* k Hndèm Emqlndmj* mk }pmj Lke`x '=>73. x` q`b`q` hkek

Hndèm ik Jnwk* x` iìnhm m q`sq`x`dymq m ndinb`q`dìm xkhnmj ` k xmqhmxek s`qmdy` m kqiè

xkhnmj rnl`dy`$ D`xx` eke`dyk* søx%lkjs` enjnymq* kx s`qxkdml`dx q`sq`x`dyme k maxpqik* m

ndinb`q`dìm* m s`qim im `xs`qmdìm hmqmhy`qnzm kx s`qxkdml`dx ik jnwk$ ‚Hjmdi`xyndk* `xx`

hndèm sqkipz pe }pmiqk xmqhíxynhk ik i`x`xs`qk ` im neskyïdhnm s`qmdy` m xnypmìèk im

dmìèk―$

Emhn`j '1333. mskdym }p` k Hndèm Dkrk î k lqmdi` q`sq`x`dymdy` ik s`dxme`dyk* im hqåynhm

` ik }p`xynkdme`dyk im q`mjnimi` xkhnmj dk hndèm dmhnkdmj$ Î d`j` }p` x` rï xpqlnq pe

hpnimik hke m q`sq`x`dymìèk hjmqm im skjåynhm dmhnkdmj* im q`mjnimi` xkhnmj ` imx emz`jmx ik

skrk aqmxnj`nqk$ Emnx ik }p` }pmj}p`q kpyqk hndèm* k Hndèm Dkrk x` `dhmqq`lm i`xx`

sms`j$

Oí xkaq` k Hndèm Emqlndmj* Emhn`j '1333. kax`qrm }p` hma` m `j` m ‚hpqynìèk― ik eke`dyk

xkhnmj* hke m hkdxni`qmìèk ik qniåhpjk ` ik xmqhíxynhk è i`yqne`dyk ik ndh`dynrk mk

}p`xynkdme`dyk im xkhnìmi`$

Qkxxndn '1337. mbnqem }p`* m smqynq im iîhmim i` 23* k hndèm aqmxnj`nqk x` `xs`hnmjnzkp è

yqmìmq inb`q`dy`x smdkqmemx im `whjpxèk xkhnmj dk småx$ @dyq`ymdyk* m smqynq i` `dyèk mq`sq`x`dymìèk xkhnmj aqmxnj`nqm bnhkp emqhmim skq inxhpqxkx bpdime`dymikx è pem rnkjïdhnm



=9

dmqqmynrm ` xyîynhm$ Mk jkdlk ikx mdkx î kax`qrmik dk småx pe hndèm }p` sq`b`q` imq rmzèk

mk xpok* mk b`nk* mk mao`yk* mk `xhmykjølnhk è xpm `xyîynhm hndèmyklqíbnhm$ I`xxm bkqem m

dmìèk lmdgm pe ekik i` q`sq`x`dymìèk }p` hkdxymdyè`dy` qè`y` ã `xyîynhm ik Hndèm

Emqlndmj ` ik Hndèm Dkrk* xè hkdx`lpnq x` i`xr`dhnjgmq im hqåynhm ã `whjpxèk xkhnmj ` mk

hmkx s`xxkmj* mndim sq`x`dy`x dk hgmemik Hndèm im Q`ykemim$

=$8 I@XRNK XKHNMJ @ HKDH@SÌÈK GNXYØQNHM I@ I@XRNK

K i`xrnk xkhnmj î hkdh`nypmik skq R`jgk '=>>>.* hkek pe hkeskqyme`dyk }p` x` inb`q`dhnm

ik hkeskqyme`dyk ‚eîink― kp ‚ni`mj―$ Nxxk j`rmdik è hkdxni`qmìèk kx sq`h`nykx`xyma`j`hnikx xkhnmje`dy` smqm k bpdhnkdme`dyk gmqekdnkxk ik xnxyèm xkhnmj$ Ymj hkdh`nyk

rnqnm emnx ymqi` m x`q q`jmynrnzmik hke m mbnqemìèk }p` hmim xkhnìmi` yè smiqð`x inb q`dy`x

ik ‚ni`mj― ` hkdx`}p`dyè`dy` ik i`xrnmdy`$

A`hf`q '1337. smqynjgm ik e`xek hkdh`nyk$ K mpykq `rni`dhnm }p` ykikx kx lqpskx xkhnmnx

i`bndè q`lqmx i` hkeskqyme`dyk }p` y`dyme neskq ã emnkqnm i` x`px ndy`lqmdy`x$

I`xxm bkqem k mpykq `wsjnhm }p` î k lqpsk ikendmdy` }pè i`bnd` k }p` î hkeskqyme`dyk

i`xrnmdy $ Mxxne x`dik* k i`xrnk î k q`xpjymik im q`mìèk i` lqpskx kp ndinråipkx `wy`qdkx mk

smiqèk i` hkeskqyme`dyk `xynspjmik$ @e xpem* A`hf`q mskdym }p` pe myk x`qí hkdxni`qmik

i`xrnmdy` x` `j` rnkjm kp dèk mjlpem q`lqm ` ik opjlme`dyk }p` kpyqmx s`xxkmx bmzè m

q`xs`nyk i`j`

Skq nxxk* k hkdh`nyk i` i`xrnk xkhnmj `xyí jnlmik ã hpjypqm$ R`jgk '=>>>. mbnqem }p` m hpjypqm

hkdxyqøn%x` mk e`xek yèsk è }p` k gkeè* ndinråipk hpjypqmj* x` i`x`drkjr`$ K mpykq

mqlpe`dym }p` pe hkdh`nyk e`dkx `dl`xxmik i` hpjypqm s`qeny` s`qhà`q }p` k i`xrnmdy` dèk

d`h`xxmqnme`dy` rï mx q`lqmx ` dkqemx* i` pem `xyqpypqm xkhnmj* hkek xè x`dynik$ Emx* xne*

}p` `j` `dhkdyqm pe xnldnbnhmik inb`q`dy` ikx ndinråipkx dèk%i`xrnmdy`x* ymdyk dkx kao`ynrkx

apxhmikx }pmdyk dm bkqem i` mjhmdìmq `xx`x kao`ynrkx$



=0

R`jgk ekxyqm }p` mjlpdx s`x}pnxmikq`x hg`lmqme myî e`xek m s`dxmq k ndinråipk i`xrnmdy`

hkek smqy` ndy`lqmdy` im `xyqpypqm xkhnmj ` hpjypqmj$ Î k hgmemik hkdh`nyk i` mdken`* ik

me`qnhmdk E`qykd8 '=><3 hnymik skq R@JGK6 _MGMQ* =>>>. }p`* x`lpdik R`jgk* î pe ikx

emnx pxmikx s`jm mdyqkskjklnm$ Hkdh`nyk }p` i`bnd` k hkeskqyme`dyk i`xrnmdy` xkhnmj hkek

smqy` im `xyqpypqm xkhnmj ` hpjypqmj* x`dik ymeaîe ekynrmik skq `jm?

X` m `xyqpypqm xkhnmj q`xyqndl` mjlpemx inxskxnìð`x smqm mlnq* hqnm kpyqmx$ K `dbk}p`bpdhnkdmj* skqymdyk* mamdikdm m skxnìèk emdynim skq ríqnmx y`kqnmx ndinrnipmjnxymx* i` }p`mx inb`q`dy`x sqkskqìð`x i` hkeskqyme`dyk inr`ql`dy`* dkx inr`qxkx lqpskx ` `xyqmikxxkhnmnx* xèk k q`xpjymik mhni`dymj i` sqkskqìð`x rmqnír`nx i` s`qxkdmjnimi`x smykjølnhmx`dhkdyqmimx è ymnx lqpskx ` xyqmykx$ Mk ndrîx* y`dym i`y`qendmq hkek m `xyqpypqm xkhnmj hpjypqmj l`qm m sq`xxèk bmrkqír`j mk hkeskqyme`dyk xkhnmje`dy` i`xrnmik* xkaq` s`xxkmx

jkhmjnzmimx è ríqnmx xnypmìð`x dm}p`jm x yqpypqm 'E@QYKD* =><3* s$ =>=%1.

K mpykq mbnqem }p`* hkdbkqe` k hkdh`nyk i` mdken`* k `xypik xkaq` k ndinråipk i`xrnmdy` xmn

i` pem s`qxs`hynrm smykjølnhm ik ndinråipk* smqm pem smykjklnm im xkhnìmi`$ Emnx ymqi` k

hkdh`nyk i` mdken` x`qnm q`rnxyk s`jk sqøsqnk E`qykd* }p` smxxmqnm m mienynq m skxxnanjnimi`

ik ndinråipk `xymq è pe `xymik i` mdken`* e`xek }p` xpm xkhnìmi` dèk `xynr`xx` d`xx`

`xymik$ @eakqm pem xkhnìmi` xè dkqemx ` rmjkq`x bmrkq`h`xx` k xpqlne`dyk i` ndinråipkx

i`xrnmdy`x$

X`lpdik k hkdh`nyk i` mdken`* m bmjym i` hkdx`dxk `dyq` kx rmjkq`x ` q`}pnxnykx xkhnmnx ` m

s`qh`sìèk ik ndinråipk* mhmam skq xpar`qy`q mx `ws`hymynrmx ik hkeskqyme`dyk ynik hkek

dkqemj ` hkdx`}p`dyè`dy` sqkrkhmq k hkeskqyme`dyk mdùemjk dm xkhnìmi`$ @dyq`ymdyk*

R`jgk mskdym }p` epnymx r`z`x k hkeskqyme`dyk i`xrnmdy` î hmsmz i` hmpxmq pem q`dkrmìèk

dm `xyqpypqm xkhnmj ‚Î m niînm i` }p` k i`xrnmdy` i` gko` ski` x`q k g`qøn hnrnjnzmikq i`memdgè― 'R@JGK* =>>>* s$ =<.$

I`xxm bkqem k hkdh`nyk i` i`xrnk s`qeny` kjgmq smqm m xkhnìmi` hkek hkeskxym skq

eÿjynsjmx bmh`x ` ndy`qsq`ymìð`x* pe xnxyèm è hkdxymdy` ekrne`dymìèk$ Kx hkdh`nykx i`

‚ndmimsymik― kp i` ‚i`xrnmdy`― dèk skiè x`q memqqmikx m pem rnxèk `xyíynhm ` skphk

hkesj`wm im rnim xkhnkhpjypqmj$

8 E@QYKD* Qka`qy Fndl$ Xkhnkjklnm Y`kqnm ` @xyqpypqm$ Xèk Smpjk? E`xyq` Okp* =><3



=2

K mpykq mxxpe` m mbnqemìèk }p` m hpjypqm î hmsmz i` ekjimq k ndinråipk i`xi` }p` k hkdh`nyk

x` q`bnqm ãx ndinhmìð`x aíxnhmx smqm k hkeskqyme`dyk ` dèk q`sq`x`dy` pe i`y`qendnxek*

}pmx` i` áeanyk ankjølnhk$

Kx ndinråipkx dèk xèk i`xrnmdy`x è xn$ X`lpdik k mpykq* dm r`qimi`* `xy`x ndinråipkx xèk

q`hkdg`hnikx ` hmqmhy`qnzmikx hkek i`xrnmdy`x skq mykq`x `wy`qdkx$ Kx i`xrnmdy`x xèk

ndinråipkx }p`* hkdxhn`dy` ` ndhkdxhn`dyè`dy`* yqmdxlqniè jneny`x ` rmjkq`x i` pem

kqlmdnzmìèk xkhnkhpjypqmj hke k x`p hkeskqyme`dyk$ I`xxm bkqem* m yqmdxlq`xxèk x`qnm mqkypjmìèk b`nym skq pe lqpsk ikendmdy` xkaq` i`y`qendmim mynypi` ndinrnipmj$

@e q`xpek* smqm R`jgk* i`xrnmdy` î m}p`j` ndinråipk }p` hkesq``di` kx bmykq`x xkhnmnx `

hpjypqmnx i` bkqem inb`q`dy` ik hkdxni`qmik dkqemj skq pe lqpsk ikendmdy` dm `xyqpypqm

xkhnmj$ I` }pmj}p`q bkqem* k hkeskqyme`dyk dèk x`qí hkdxymdyè`dy` inr`ql`dy`* x`dik

skxxår`j ni`dynbnhmq e`xek dkx i`xrnmdy`x mìð`x }p` hkqq`xskdiè mk smiqèk hkdxni`qmikdkqemj$ Smqm pem e`jgkq hkesq``dxèk i`xx` hkeskqyme`dyk k mpykq mbnqem x`q d`h`xxíqnm

pem mrmjnmìèk enhqkxxkhnmj* hmsmz i` `xyma`j`h`q pem ndy`qx`ìèk `dyq` mx y`diïdhnmx

sxnhkjølnhmx ` xkhnkhpjypqmnx$

R`jgk '=>>>. `wsjnhm }p` kx sqne`nqkx `xypikx ik hkeskqyme`dyk i`xrnmdy` bkqme b`nykx m

smqynq i` pem s`qxs`hynrm smykjølnhm$ Inmdy` inxxk* yqminhnkdmje`dy`* k ndinråipk i`xrnmdy`yè xnik `xypimik s`jm eìnhndm è apxhm i` `dhkdyqmq k emj* mk inxyndlpnq mx mynypi`x xèx imx

ndxmdmx ` mxxne yqmìmq pe hkeskqyme`dyk ‚mdkqemj―* smqm `dyèk yqmyí%jk$ K mpykq mskdym }p`

smqm bmz`q pe `xypik ik ndinråipk i`xrnmdy` î d`h`xxíqnk r`qnbnhmq hkek m rnim xkhnkhpjypqmj î

q`sq`x`dymim ` s`qhànim* xè nldkqmq kx hkeskd`dy`x sxnhkjølnhkx ` ankjølnhkx ik ndinråipk$

K eîykik i` bqmle`dymìèk im q`mjnimi` smqm `dy`di`q k ndinråipk i`xrnmdy`* î q`hgmìmik skq

R`jgk$ Smqm k mpykq* m bqmle`dymìèk mhmam skq q`xpjymq è pem x`smqmìèk xnxyèíynhm im

q`mjnimi` ndinrnipmj im q`mjnimi` xkhnkhpjypqmj* pem x`smqmìèk ndhkdhnjnír`j$ K q`xpjymik



=<

i`xxm inxxkhnmìèk î k }p` k mpykq hgmem i` ‚V$ $$U pem imx emnx ndbjp`dy`x* `* h`qyme`dy`* m

emnx inbpdinim y`kqnm xkhnkjølnhm xkaq` hkeskqyme`dyk i`xrnmdy`$― 'R@JGK* =>>>* s$ =<.$

Smqm R`jgk k sqkajèm i`xxm hkdh`sìèk î }p` `jm q`bkqìm m ni`nm i` ‚V$$$U }p` pem xkhnìmi`

kp hpjypqm `xyma`j`h` pe eki`jk qålnik 'è h`qykx hmxkx e`xek ÿdnhk. smqm kx x`px eèaqkx

` }p` ymj b`dùe`dk î `xx`dhnmj smqm m hkdyndpnimi` im rnim xkhnmj― 'R@JGK* =>>>* s$ =<.$

=$9 @XYPIK IK HKESKQYME@DYK I@XRNMDY@ @ YNSNBNHMÌÈK IKX I@XRNKX

Ykikx kx lqpskx xkhnmnx i`bndè q`lqmx i` hkeskqyme`dyk }p` y`dyme neskq ã emnkqnm i`

x`px ndy`lqmdy`x* mbnqem A`hf`q '1337.$ ]pè i`xkaì`h` m `xxmx q`lqmx ski` x`q xkhnmje`dy`hkdxni`qmik hke pe kpyxni`q * y`qek }p` k mpykq pxm smqm i`xnldmq }pè `xyí bkqm ikx smiqð`x

sqî%i`y`qendmikx s`jm xkhnìmi`$ K hkdh`nyk i` kpyxni`q î meaålpk pem r`z }p`?

$$$m s`xxkm mxxne qkypjmim ski` y`q pem ksndnèk inb`q`dy` xkaq` m }p`xyèk$ Ski` dèk mh`nymqm q`lqm s`jm }pmj `xyí x`dik opjlmim ` ski` dèk `dhmqmq m}p`j`x }p` m opjlme hkeskd`dy`xkp j`lnyneme`dy` mpykqnzmikx m bmzï%jk$ Skq hkdx`lpndy`* è`ql` pe x`lpdik xnldnbnhmikik y`qek? m}p`j` }p` ndbqndl` m q`lqm ski` s`dxmq }p` x`px opåz`x xèk kpyxni`qx$ 'A@HF@Q*1337* s$ =0.

K mpykq q`ny`qm }p` k lqpsk ikendmdy` î q`xskdxír`j skq i`bndnq k }p` î hkeskqyme`dyk

i`xrnmdy`$ @xx` opjlme`dyk `xyí xpakqindmik m yqïx ndnhnmynrmx? m ndnhnmynrm im xkhnìmi` è

hkeamy`q k myk* m i` }pè sqmynhm k myk ` m i` }pè x` x`dy` sqòpinhmik hke k myk

`w hpymik$ I`xxm bkqem A`hf`q hkdh`nypm k i`xrnk hkek q`xpjymik imx q`mìð`x i` lqpskx kp

ndinråipkx `wy`qdkx mk hkeskqyme`dyk i`xrnmdy`$ ‚V$$$U @e xpem x` pe imik myk î i`xrnmdy`

kp dèk i`s`di` è smqy` im dmypq`zm ik myk 'nxyk î* x` `j` rnkjm kp dèk mjlpem q`lqm.* è

smqy` ik }p` kpyqmx s`xxkmx bmzè m h`qhm i`j`$ 'A@HF@Q* 1337* s$ 12.―

Mx q`lqmx xèk neskxymx skq lqpskx ikendmdy`x è iknx hmxkx? dk sqne`nqk* kx ndy`lqmdy`x i`

pe lqpsk `xyma`j`hè q`lqmx smqm skxxnanjnymq m x`lpqmdìm ` m s`qs`ypmìèk im ni`dynimi`

hkj ynrm$ Dk x`lpdik hmxk* ndy lqmdy x i` pe lqpsk nesðè q`lqmx smqm kpyqkx lqpskx m bne

i` lmqmdynq x`p aè `xymq$ Smqm A`hf`q m `jmakqmìèk i` q`lqmx ` xpm msjnhmìèk xèk i`s`di`dy`x

ik ski`q* j`lmj kp `wyqmj`lmj* }p` k lqpsk yè$



=7

M}p`j`x lqpskx hpom skxnìèk xkhnmj jg`x ií mqemx i` ski`q xèk emnx hmsmz`x i` neskq xpmxq`lqmx$ Inxyndìð`x i` nimi`* x`wk* `ydnhnimi` ` hjmxx` `xyèk ykimx q`jmhnkdmimx ã inb`q`dìmè ski`q* k }p` `wsjnhm inb`q`dìmx dk lqmp è }p` lqpskx mxxne inxyndlpnikx skiè bmz`qq`lqmx smqm k kpyqk$ 'A@HF@Q* 1337* s$ 83.$

A`hf`q q`hkdg`h` iknx ynskx i` hkeskqyme`dyk è pem xkhnìmi`? k msqksqnmik ` i`xrnmdy`*

` }pmyqk ynskx i` i`xrnkx }p` dmxhè ik hqpzme`dyk imx ynsnbnhmìð`x i` hkeskqyme`dyk$ Xèk

`j`x? K Bmjxme`dy` Mhpxmik* m}p`j` }p` dèk hke`y` }pmj}p`q myk ndbqmhnkdmj* emx î opjlmik

hkek ymj6 k I`xrnmdy` Spqk* m}p`j` }p` i`xkaì`h` ã q`lqm ` î s`qhànik6 k Msqksqnmik*

m}p`j` }p` kaì`h` mx q`lqmx ` m xkhnìmi` k s`qhà` mxxne6 ` k I`xrnmdy` X`hq`yk }p`

hke`y` k myk nesqøsqnk* emx k myk s`qemd`h` i`xhkdg`hnik hkek ndbqmìèk s`jm xkhnìmi`$ K

mpykq xpxs`nym }p` k dÿe`qk i` s`xxkmx }p` i`x`drkjrè hkeskqyme`dyk }p` ski` x`q

hjmxxnbnhmik hkek i`xrnmdy` x`hq`yk î emnkq ik }p` x` nemlndm$

@dyq`ymdyk* A`hf`q mbnqem }p` î d`h`xxíqnk }p` `xxmx rmqnír`nx xòme hkqq`jmhnkdmimx* pem

r`z }p` mdmjnxmimx nxkjmime`dy` dèk skxxnanjnyme inxyndlpnq ndinråipkx hke mykx

hmqmhy`qnzmikx hkek i`xrnmdy`x i` ndinråipkx hke mykx opjlmikx msqksqnmikx$ @xx`

hkeskqyme`dyk i`xrnmdy` î hmqmhy`qnzmik hkek pem hmqq`nqm$ Kp xòm* pe hkeskqyme`dyk

}p` hke`ìm s`}p`dk ` yè hgmdh`x i` nq `rkjpndik$ K sqne`nqk smxxk î k hke`yne`dyk i` pemyk ndbqmhnkdmj* `dyq`ymdyk xè m h`qy`zm i`xx` myk `rkjpnq smqm pe hkeskqyme`dyk i`xrnmdy`

emnkq$

A`hf`q skdypm }p` k myk i`xrnmdy` ski` x`q `b`nyk i` ekynrmìèk ` }p` ski` x`q q`xpjymik i`

pem mìèk dèk ndy`dhnkdmj* sqkekrnim s`jk mhmxk* hkek dk hmxk ik ndinråipk }p` i`xhkdg`h`

mx q`lqmx im}p`j` lqpsk* skq x`q s`qy`dh`dy` m kpyqk$

Hke q`jmìèk ã ekynrmìèk k mpykq mbnqem }p` xø hìè mkx nespjxkx i`xrnmdy`x ndinråipkx

}p` `xyèk i`xsq`dinikx ik hkdy`wyk xkhnmj ` }p` è xpmx rnimx sq`b`qnqme bnhmq mjg`nkx ãx

ndxynypnìð`x$ A`hf`q mskdym }p` }pè dèk hì` ãx ekynrmìð`x k bmz skq}p` yè mjlk m s`qi`q*

ymj hkek èsq`lk ` skxnìèk xkhnmj$



=>

X`lpdik k mpykq gí k ndinråipk }p` mikym k i`xrnk hkek `xynjk i` rnim ` smxxm `dyèk m

i`x`drkjr`q pem hmqq`nqm i` mykx i`xrnmdy`x$ Gí hmxkx è }p` k ndinråipk s`qemd`h` d`xx`

ynsk i` hkeskqyme`dyk skq}p` i`x`drkjr` ekynrkx ` ndy`q`xx`x i`xrnmdy`x* q`jmhnkdmikx

ndyneme`dy` hke k x`dyne`dyk i` sqmz`q$

Mdy`x i` x` `drkjr`q dm mynrnimi` è amx`x emnx kp e`dkx q`lpjmq`x* m s`xxkm dèk yèdkìèk ikx sqmz`q`x }p` i`jm skiè x`q kaynikx6 ykem hkdg`hne`dyk i`xx`x dk hpqxk imndy`qmìèk hke i`xrnmdy`x emnx `ws`qn`dy`x$ Msq`di` m y`q hkdxhnïdhnm i` dkrkx ynskx i``ws`qnïdhnm ` m s`dxmq d`j x hkek sqm z qkxkx $ 'A@HF@Q* 1337* s$ 9=.

Kpyqm hkdinìèk d`h`xxíqnm* x`lpdik k mpykq* smqm }p` k ndinråipk x` ykqd` xnxyèmynhme`dy`

i`xrnmdy`* î x`q msmdgmik ipqmdy k myk ` x`q qkypjmik hkek ymj$ M qkypjmìèk x qnm q`xskdxír`j

skq epimq m bkqem hkek k ndinråipk x` s`qhà`$ Msøx m qkypjmìèk `xy` smxxm m x` q`hkdg`h`q

hkek i`xrnmdy`$ Hkdx`}p`dyè`dy` m skxypqm sÿajnhm ik ndinråipk x`qí mjy`qmim* pem r`z }p`

k kpyxni`q rmn y`q xpm `dyqmim q`xyqnym è h`qykx lqpskx ` `xyí neskxxnanjnymik i` q`mjnzmq

mjlpemx mynrnimi`x ymeaîe$

A`hf`q mskdym }p` m opdìèk ik kpyxni`q m lqpskx i` hkeskqyme`dyk i`xrnmdy` î k ÿjynek

smxxk im hmqq`nqm$ D`xx`x lqpskx* bkqemikx m smqynq i` pem ni`kjklnm }p` x`qr` smqm hkkqi`dmq` jnenymq xpm mypmìèk* kx ndinråipkx i`xrnmdy`x rèk `dhkdyqmq qmzð`x ` `wsjnhmìð`x

bpdime`dymimx smqm s`qemd`h`qè hke hkdipym i`xrnmdy`$ Î i`dyqk i`xx`x lqpskx* x`lpdik

A`hf`q* }p` k ndinråipk msq`di` m ndbqndlnq q`lqmx hke k eådnek i` hkdyqmqnìmi`x skxxår`j$

Inmdy` imx hknxmx }p` msq`di` mk ndlq`xxmq è lqpsk i`xrnmdy`* k kpyxni`q yè e`dkx hgmdh`

i` x` i`xr`dhnjgmq i`xym hmqq`nqm ` bnhm hmim r`z emnx xpakqindmik mk `xynlem i` ndinråipk

i`xrnmdy`$



13

1 JNDLPML@E HJÍXXNHM W JNDLPML@E EMQLNDMJ

1$= M JNDLPML@E HND@EMYKLQMBNHM HJÍXXNHM

1$=$= Hndèm ` jndlpmlè

K hndèm skq xn xø dèk î pem jndlpmlè* emx x` pynjnzm i` xnxyèmx l`qmikq`x i` xnldnbnhmik

}p` bpdhnkdme hkek jndlpmlè* dm y`dymynrm i` `wsjnhnymq kx xnldnbnhmikx sqkipznikx s`jm

hpjypqm* ndi`s`di`dyè`dy` ik e`nk i` hkepdnhmìèk$ Emqynd '=>28. mskdym }p` dk hndèm k

sqndhnsmj `jè`dyk i` jndlpmlè î m nemlè$ Ypqd`q '=>><. yè m e`xem ksndnèk ` mbnqem

}p` mx neml`dx yïe ine`dxèk hkdkymynrm ` i`dkymynrm* mjyme`dy` ndbjp`dhnmim s`jm hmqlmhpjypqmj* `wskdik }p` ‚]pmdik jnimekx hke neml`dx* ykqdm %x` `xs`hnmje`dy` `rni`dy` }p`

dèk `xymekx jnimdik ms`dmx hke k kao`yk kp k hkdh`nyk }p` q`sq`x`dyme* emx ymeaîe hke k

ekik }p` `xyèk x`dik q`sq`x`dymikx$― 'YPQD@Q* =>><* s$ 08.

K sqkh`xxk i` xnldnbnhmìèk ` hkdx`}ú`dyè`dy` k `xypik im jndlpmlè hndèmyklqíbnhm bnhme

mndim emnx hkesj`wkx* sknx dèk `wnxy` pem lqmeíynhm* pe xnxyèm }p` i`y`qendm mhkeandmìèk imx neml`dx ` imx `wsq`xxð`x$ K q`xpjymik inxxk* i` mhkqik hke Ypqd`q* î pe

xnxyèm emnx maqmdl`dy` i` bkqepjmìèk i` xnldnbnhmik$ Dk hndèm* inb`q`dy` im jådlpm `xhqnym*

m q`lpjmìèk im hkdxyqpìèk ik xnldnbnhmik dèk ski` x`q myqnapåim* è xpm emnkqnm* ã hpjypqm*

bnhmdik* i`xym bkqem* emnx xpxh`yår`nx m hkdopdykx e`dkx `xyír`nx i` hkdr`dìð`x$

1$=$1 @jè`dykx im Jndlpmlè Hndèmyklqíbnhm

Dk hnd em* k xnxyèm i` jndlpmlè î bkqemik skq `jè`dykx hkek háe`qm* njpendmìèk* xke*

enx`%`d%xhçd`* ìnìèk* }p` xèk hkdxni`qmikx skq Ypqd`q kx xnxyèmx emnx `wsq`xxnrkx$

Ypqd`q hkdxni`qm }p` m háe`qm `dh`qqm k hkdopdyk i` sqíynhmx emnx hkesj`wm ik hndèm$ ‚K

ynsk i` s`jåhpjm pxmim* k ádlpjk im háe`qm* m sqkbpdinimi` i` x`p hmesk bkhmj* k bkqemyk im

y`jm* k ekrne`dyk ` k `d}pmiqme`dyk yïe xpm bpdìèk `xs`hnbnhm― 'YPQD@Q* =>><* s$ 02.$



1=

M `xhkjgm im s`jåhpjm* i`s`di`dik ikx x`px myqnapykx }påenhkx* ski` sqkipznq bnje`x m hkq`x

kp bnje`x è sq`yk ` aqmdhk$ L`qmje`dy` m s`jåhpjm sq`ym ` aqmdhm yè xnik pynjnzmim smqm

qè`y`q mk smxxmik* smqm kb`q`h`q pe mq dkxyíjlnhk mk smxxmik* m xnypmìð`x q`mnx* kp myî

e`xek smqm imq pe mq i` `j`ládhnm ` rmdlpmqim ã h`dm* hkek mskdym Ypqd`q$ @xxmx s`jåhpjmx*

`wyqème`dy` x`dxår`nx* y`diè m x`q lqmdpjkxmx* j`rè`dy` èamìmimx* hke amnwm i`bndnìèk*

hmqmhy`qåxynhmx }p` qè`yè mk hndòkqdmj ` bnjeml`dx i` ikhpe`dyíqnkx$

K skxnhnkdme`dyk `* hkdx`}p`dyè`dy`* m mdlpjmìèk im háe`qm* xèk ymeaîe smqy` neskqymdy`

im jndlpmlè hndèmyklqíbnhm$ ‚K pxk i` ykemimx `j`rmimx* i` g`jnhøsy`qk kp i` lqpm skiè

yqmdxbkqemq pe bnje` dpem msq`x`dymìèk mqyåxynhm* `xynepjmdy` dmx s`qxs`hynrmx }p` kb`q`h`mk sÿajnhk―$ 'YPQD@Q* =>><* S$ 07.

Hkek `jè`dyk im jndlpmlè hndèmyklqíbnhm* Ypqd`q yqmym ymeaîe im njpendmìèk }p`*

x`lpdik k mpykq* yè iknx kao`ynrkx sqndhnsmnx? k sqne`nqk `wsq`xxnrk* }p` rnxm `xyma`j`h`q pe

`xymik èkhnkdmj kp mpwnjnmq dm dmqqmynrm* sqkrkhmdik m ni`dynbnhmìèk i` hmqíy`q ` ekynrmìèk6

K x`lpdik kao`ynrk î imq q`mjnimi` m h`dm i` bkqem }p` kx `xs`hymikq`x dèk s`qhàme }p` gí

njpendmìèk dm h`dm* i` bkqem inxhq`ym m njpendmìèk sq`y`di` inq`hnkdmq k kjgmq ik `xs`hymikq$

K mpykq mskdym k xke hkek kpyqk `jè`dyk im jndlpmlè hndèmyklqíbnhm$ Xpm bpdìèk dm

dmqqmynrm î hkdyqnapnq smqm mpe`dymq k q`mjnxek* q`sqkipzndik xkdx }p` hkqq`xskdiè ãx

mìð`x$ ‚M njpxèk i` q`mjnxek i`s`di` ik pxk in`lîynhk ik xke― $ 'YPQD@Q* =>>>* s$ 28.

K xke ski` x`q b`nyk myqmrîx im eÿxnhm kp im xkdksjmxynm$ Mk hkdyqíqnk ik pxk q`mjnxym*

in`lîynhk ik xke* m eÿxnhm dkx bnje`x î l`qmje`dy` dèk q`mjnxym* oí }p` qmqme`dy` rèkx xpm

kqnl e dk }pmiqk kp dk epdik ik bnje`$ M eÿxnhm yè k ski`q i` mesjnbnhmq k `xymik

èkhnkdmj kp m myekxb`qm* ` ymeaîe y`dymq yqmdxenynq m ‚neskqyádhnm èkhnkdmj― i` pem

h`dm* kx r`qimi`nqkx x`dyne`dykx imx s`qxkdml`dx `drkjrnimx$



11

K hkdopdyk* h`díqnk* bnlpqndk* mqqmdok* ekrne`dymìèk ikx kao`ykx ` hkdxyqpìð`x `xsmhnmnx xèk

hgmemimx i` enx`%`d%xhçd` skq Ypqd`q$ @xx` hkdopdyk x`qnm q`xskdxír`j skq imq mpy dynhnimi`

mk pdnr`qxk xkhnmj hqnmik dkx bnje`x$

M ìnìèk x` `d}pmiqm ymeaîe `dyq` kx `jè`dykx `xyqpypqmnx ik bnje`* `jm kqlmdnzm ` `dhmi`nm

mx ykemimx bnjemimx ` i`y`qendm }pmj x`qí m ekdymlè bndmj ik bnje`$ Xpm neskqyádhnm* i`

mhkqik hke Ypqd`q* x` i`r` ã hmsmhnimi` i` sq``dhg`q jmhpdmx dm dmqqmynrm* smqm q`sq`x`dymq

`xymikx èkhnkdmnx$ @e xpem* xpm mynrnimi` sqndhnsmj î kqlmdnzmq mx ykemimx i` bkqem m imq

mk bnje` k hmqíy`q emnx q`mjnxym ` skxxpnikq i` x`dynik skxxår`j$

1$=$8 M Dmqqmynrm hndèmyklqíbnhm hjíxxnhm

M bpdìèk im dmqqmynrm* x`lpdik Ypqd`q* î hkdymq pem gnxyøqnm i` bkqem m bmhnjnymq m hkdxyqpìèk

i` x`dynik$ M dmqqmynrm x`qnm mndim pem bkqem i` mpe`dymq m q`jmìèk ik ndinråipk hke xpm

hpjypqm* l`qmdik pe sqkh`xxk i` ni`dynbnhmìèk ` bmhnjnymdik m ndy`qsq`ymìèk$ Î bpdìèk im

dmqqmynrm ‚q`xskdi`q xneakjnhme`dy` k }p` dèk skièkx q`xkjr`q dm q`mjnimi`―$ 'YPQD@Q*=>><* s$ <2.

Ms`xmq imx inb`q`dhnmìð`x ikx ynskx i` dmqqmynrmx 'y`myqmj* y`j`rnxnrm* jny`qíqnm* skq `wèsjk. k

mpykq `xhjmq`h` }p` hmim pem i`jmx yè `jè`dykx hkepdx ` }p` ykimx mx hpjypqmx yïe

`jè`dykx dmqqmynrkx }p` x` q`s`yè$ Ypqd`q hnym Rjmienq Sqkss '=><0.* mpykq }p` mskdym }p`

mx dmqqmynrmx i` inb`q`dy`x hkdykx bkjhjøqnhkx x` iàqpìme xkaq` knyk ynskx i` s`qxkdmlè* k}p` hgmem i` ‚`xb`qm i` mìèk― oí }p` hmim s`qxkdmlè ski` i`xès`dgmq emnx i` pe sms`j$

Xèk `j`x? k rnjèk6 k ikmikq6 k mopimdy`6 m sqndh`xm6 k `wsìnikq6 k g`qøn kp m råynem6 k bmjxk

g`qøn$

X`lpdik Ypqd`q '=>><. î skxxår`j hqnmq pe smqmj`jk `dyq` mx hmy`lkqnmx i` ‚ xb qmx i` mìèk― `

m hmqmhy`qnzmìèk ik hndèm$ K mpykq kax`qrm }p` `xx`x s`qxkdml`dx xèk `dhmi`mikx i` bkqem

m hkdxyqpnq pem q`jmìèk inhkyùenhm* dm }pmj x` amx`nm m dmqqmynrm hndèmyklqíbnhm$ ‚Pe

smiqèk i` kskxnìèk* pem r`z `xyma`j`hnik* sqkipz m `xyqpypqm ik inxhpqxk ‘ k ekrne`dyk im



18

yqmem ` kx e`nkx `xs`håbnhkx i` xpm q`sq`x`dymìèk dk xke ` dm nemlè―$ 'YPQD@Q* =>><* s$

<7.

@e kpyqk eke`dyk* Ypqd`q mbnqem }p` m dmqqmynrm ski` x`q `xyqpypqmim hke m hqnmìèk i` pe

mean`dy` hkesj`yme`dy` q`h`synrk* gkxsnymj`nqk ` hmjek }p` skxy`qnkqe`dy` î }pàqmik$

Ykikqkr9 '=><< hnymik skq YPQD@Q6 XPEEPX* =>><. `xyma`j`h` }p` m smqynq im qpsypqm

ndnhnm%x` pe sqkh`xxk i` apxhm s`jm ndxympqmìèk ik `}pnjåaqnk ndnhnmj* hke mìð`x hkeamynrmx ã

bkqìm i` qpsypqm$

Ypqd`q ekxyqm mndim }p` m ine`dxèk xkhnmj im dmqqmynrm `xyí dk inxhpqxk* ‚k ekik hkek m

gnxyøqnm î hkdymim* ekipjmim* q`sq`x`dymim―$ 'YPQD@Q* =>><* S 77. I`dyqk im ine`dxèk

xkhnmj xèk hqnmimx hkdr`dìð`x smqm mh`nymìèk ` hkesq``dxèk ikx bnje`x$ Ypqd`q mbnqem }p` x`

hqnkp pem `xsîhn i` mhkqik yíhnyk }p` `xyma`j`h` }p` kx bnje`x xèk q`mjnxymx i`dyqk i` mjlpdx

jneny`x$ @e ÿjynem ndxyádhnm* î `xyma`j`hnik pe xnxyèm indáenhk i` hkdr`dìð`x }p` î

epyír`j$

Dm e`jgkq imx gnsøy`x`x* `j` bpdhnkdm smqm dkx sqkskqhnkdmq pem akm ikx` i` sqmz`q èikeådnk imx hkdr`dìð`x* ` dk eådnek skxxnanjnymq k q`hkdg`hne`dyk ik }p` rèkx dm y`jmhkek neml`dx im q`mjnimi`$ 'YPQD@Q* =>><* s$ 77.

1$1 K HND@EM EMQLNDMJ

Hndèm Emqlndmj î m i`dkendmìèk q`hànim s`jm sqkipìèk hndèmyklqíbnhm aqmxnj`nqm }p`

qèkdym kx mdkx i` =>2< m =><=$ B`qq`nqm '1333. hkdh`nypm m sqkipìèk hkek qpsypqm hke k

ekrne`dyk hndèmyklqíbnhk è i`xym}p` dk Aqmxnj myî `dyèk* k hgmemik Hndèm Dkrk* }p`

hg`lm m hk`wnxynq hke k Hndèm Emqlndmj$

@xxm qpsypqm* smqm B`qq`nqm* x` hmqmhy`qnzm s`jm makjnìèk `xyîynhm ` yèíynhm ikx hnhjkx q`lnkdmnx

dm sqkipìèk hndèmyklqíbnhm aqmxnj`nqm* m bne i` s`qenynq }p` m sqkipìèk x` iàqpìmxx` xkaq`

yèmx emnx ndinrnipmnx ` xpao`ynrkx$ K mpykq mbnqem gmr`q* d`xx` s`qåkik* pem ndr`qxèk dk

sqkh`xxk i` xnldnbnhmìèk hndèmyklqíbnhm* dm }pmj k }pï emnx neskqym dèk î ‚k }p` î―* emx

9 YKIKQKR* Yzr`ymd$ Yg` S`ynhx kb Sqkx`$ KWBKQI? Ajmhf|`jj * =><<



19

xne ‚k }p` x`qí―$ Hkdinìèk }p` B`qq`nqm hmqmhy`qnzm hkek sqkr`dn`dy` i` pem sq`khpsmìèk

ik hndèm dmhnkdmj è imq emnx rmjkq mk xnldnbnhmik ik }p` mk xnldnbnhmdy`$

Qmekx '=>7<. mbnqem }p`* inb`q`dy ik Hnd em Dkrk* k Hndèm Emqlndmj dèk sqkhpqm myndlnq

emnx `xs`hymikq`x$ @e `xs`hnmj* k ekrne`dyk Emqlndmj makj` m sq`khpsmìèk hke inxyqnapnìèk

` `wnanìèk im s`jåhpjm$ Smqm k mpykq* k Hndèm Emqlndmj î xndlpjmq skq xpm sqkajèíynhm dèk

hkdy`q ‚¹V$$$U k inxhpqxk* `wyqème`dy` q`ndhni`dy` dk hke`ìk im iîhmim* è ykqdk im

d`h`xxnimi` `b`ynrm i` pem ndy`qr`dìèk im kaqm dm q`mjnimi` hkdhq`ym i` emd`nqm m

yqmdxbkqeí% jm― 'QMEKX* =>7<* s 17.$ @dyq`ymdyk* k mpykq mbnqem }p` mx sqkskxymx i` hndèm

amqmyk* b`nymx s`jkx hnd`mxymx ik Hndèm Emqlndmj* hkdxnxyè dm r`qimi` i` pem q`hnhjmlèikx ni`mnx ikx hnd`mxymx ik Hndèm Dkrk hkdhkenymdy`x hke mx hkdinìð`x ni`kjølnhmx ikx

mdkx =>23 m =><3$

K mpykq hmqmhy`qnzm m mdyndkenm aíxnhm ik Hnd em Emqlndmj hkek x`dik hpqynìèk+gkqqkq$ ‚@e

kskxnìèk mk sqmz`q q`jmhnkdmik ã ine`dxèk ik xkbqne`dyk }p` hmpxm m y`qh`nqkx* k inxhpqxk

—emqlndmj‛ `jmakqm `xy` sqmz`q hkek mjlk m x`q rnr`dhnmik ` }p` x` j`lnynem è q`jmìèk ãsqøsqnm x`dxmìèk }p` sqkskqhnkdm mk ndinråipk è xpm xndlpjmqnimi`― 'QMEKX* =>7<* s$ 89.

Ik kpyqk jmik im emdnb`xymìèk ik Hndèm Emqlndmj* i` mhkqik hke Qmekx* `xyí k gkqqkq* }p`

î m q`xskxym mk sqmz`q i`x`dbq`mik }p` kx s`qxkdml`dx rnr`dhnme$ ‚Ypik x` smxxm hkek x`*

`xymdik k hmesk ma`qyk smqm k pxk bqpyk ik sqmz`q* mjlpem kpyqm bkqem nesqnenxx` i`dyqk

i`xy` 'ymjr`z `wh`xxnrme`dy` ma`qyk. m ine`dxèk ik gkqqkq ` im mao`ìèk }p`* hkek `wyqèkx* smq`hè hkndhninq― 'QMEKX* =>7<* s$ 82.

Qmekx '=>7<. `xs`hnbnhm mndim }p` dk hmxk ik Hndèm Emqlndmj m in`l`x` î q`xpjymik im

mdyndkenm hpqynìèk+mrmhmjgmìèk$ Smqm Qmekx m mrmhmjgmìèk î q`xpjymik ik i`xjkhme`dyk }p`

mx kaqmx ik Hndèm Emqlndmj yïe hke q`jmìèk ã xkhnìmi` ` m x`px rmjkq`x g`lèùdnhkx$



10

K mpykq i`xymhm mx `xs`hnbnhnimi`x ik Hndèm Emqlndmj i`x`drkjrnik dm Akhm ik Jnwk* dk

amnqqk smpjnxym i` Xmdym Nbnlïdnm$ K jkhmj î mskdymik skq B`qq`nqm '1333. hkek k sqndhnsmj

skdyk i` sqkipìèk ik Hnd em Emqlndmj ` skdyk i` `dhkdyqk i` mykq x* i nq ykq`x* `xs`hymikq`x

` hqåynhkx i` hndèm$

Dm Akhm ik Jnwk m bmhnjnimi` i` inxyqnapnìèk i` bnje`x `xyqmdl`nqkx ymeaîe `qm epnyk lqmdi`$

Î }p` jí bpdhnkdmrm m mdynlm qkikrníqnm ik `xymik i` Xèk Smpjk k }p` bmhnjnymrm ymdyk k

yqádxnyk i` s`xxkmx* }pmdyk m hke`qhnmjnzmìèk i` råi`kx `xyqmdl`nqkx* háe`qmx* bnje`x smqm mx

eí}pndmx* jnrqkx* q`rnxymx ` `yh$ Skq `xxmx hmqmhy`qåxynhmx* x`lpdik Qmekx* Xèk Smpjk x`

i`xymhkp dm sqkipìèk ik Hndèm Emqlndmj ` ymeaîe dmx anjg`y`qnmx* }p` bkqme mx emnkq`x ikekrne`dyk hndèmyklqíbnhk dk småx$

I` bkqem l`qmj* k mpykq ekxyqm }p`* e`xek xè sq`y`dxèk* k Hndèm Emqlndmj yè pem akm

msqkwnemìèk hke k sÿajnhk* lqmìmx ã nqkdnm ` mk iàkhg`$

K mpykq mbnqem }p` `wnxy` pem `xyîynhm `xs`håbnhm i`xx` ekrne`dyk hndèmyklqíbnhk }p` x`

hmqmhy`qnzm skq yqïx `jè`dykx `xyqpypqmnx? m mlq`xxèk6 m `xynjnzmìèk ` m bqmle`dymìèk im

dmqqmynrm$ Qmekx '=>7<. i`bnd }p` m mlq`xxèk î `wsq`xxm myqmrîx im pynjnzmìèk ik mao`yk* mk

}pmj mx s`qxkdml`dx hkdxymdyè`dy` xèk `wskxymx hke dmypqmjnimi`* è h`dmx }p` x`

i`xikaqme smqm i`nwí%jk yqmdxsmq`h`q

Mx h`dmx x` mjkdlme* m ndy`dxnimi` iqmeíynhm myndl` x`p ísnh`* m dmqqmynrm ykem ykik kyèsk d`h`xxíqnk smqm }p` `xym nemlè xòm xnldnbnhmim$ Dkok* k mxhk* m nepdiåhn`* m

skqhmqnm* m i`lqmimìèk* `dbne* ykik k pdnr`qxk —amnwk‛ hkesð` m in`l`x` yåsnhm im dmqqmynrmemqlndmj$ @xym î m d`lmìèk im q`sq`x`dymìèk ik dkaq`― 'QMEKX* =>7<* s ==2.

D`xxm s`qxs`hynrm* Qmekx '=>7<. mskdym }p`* smqm hmpxmq m mao`ìèk* î pxmim m myqnapnìèk i`

hmqmhy`qåxynhmx mdnemnx mkx mykx sqmynhmikx s`jkx x`q`x gpemdkx* x`dik k hkqsk gpemdk k

sqndhnsmj r`åhpjk smqm sqkrkhmq mao`ìèk$ Smqm Qmekx k myk i` sqkrkhmq mao`ìèk î pe e`nk i`

myndlnq k gkqqkq$ K gkqqkq }p` k mpykq hmqmhy`qnzkp hkek emnx sqkbpdik ‚V$$$U mirndik imx

sqkbpdi`zmx im mjem gpemdm % pe gkqqkq i` yqèkq`x sqî%gnxyøqnhkx ` ndhke`dxpqír`nx ‘ `

}p` mbjkqm è ykim m xpm skyïdhnm kqnlndmj― 'QMEKX* =>7<* s $ ==7.$



1<

opxynbnhm m myqmìèk s`jk gkqqkq i`xymhmdik kx `b`nykx sxnhkjølnhkx ` ankjølnhkx ik bnje` dmx

s`xxkmx$

K hndèm i` gkqqkq myqmn k sÿajnhk skq}p` sqkrkhm `xyåepjkx èkhnkdmnx ndy`dxkx*sqkrkhmdik i`xhmqlm i` miq`dmjndm* injmymìèk mqy`qnmj* mh`j`qmìèk im h nqhpjmìèk q`xsnqmìèk$Mk e`xek yèsk k `xs`hymikq yè h`qy`zm i` `xymq nepd` mk }p` mhkdy`h` ` skq nxxk x`dy`pe sqmz q xíinhk è kax`qrmq m xnypmìèk$ 'EKI@XYK* 1337* s$ 8<.

Dk Hndèm Emqlndmj* mbnqem Qmekx '=>7<.* dèk gí ndy`q`xx` è myqmnq k `xs`hymikq6 k

kao`ynrk î skxxnanjnymq }p` pem hkdxyqpìèk ndy`j`hypmj hqn` k rådhpjk `xs`hymikq+bnje` ` dèk

emnx m q`sq`x`dymìèk hmyíqynhm$

Smqm mjîe ik inimynxek ‘ `dhmqmik hkek ndyqndx`hme`dy` mjn`dmdy` skq dèk }p`xynkdmq mbkqem ik inxhpqxk è }p` r`nhpjm xpm e`dxmlè ‘ m bpdìèk ik hgk}p` x`qnm m i` mhkqimq mxemxxmx '` m sqøsqnm apqlp`xnm. i` xpm j`ymqlnm* hkdbqkdymdik%mx hke pe inxhpqxk mlq`xxnrk}p` è xpm sqøsqnm bkqem dmqqmynrm hkjkhmxx` è w`}p` `ws`hymynrmx i` pem skxxår`j—qì`dìèk‛ s`jm ene`x` ` m ndxympqmìèk* myqmrîx i`jm* im —akm hkdxhnïdhnm‛ ‚'QMEKX*=>7<* s$ =11.

Smqm k mpykq* dk Hndèm Emqlndmj k sqøsqnk `xs`hymikq î q`xskdxmanjnzmik skq `xyma`j`h`q k

d`wk im dmqqmynrm$ D`xx` hkdy`wyk* m mlq`xxèk y`qnm m bpdìèk i` sqkrkhmq dk ndinråipk pe

}p`xynkdme`dyk i` xpm skxnìèk xkhnmj ` i` x`p `xymik i` mjn`dmìèk$

Qmekx '=>7<. i`bnd` hkek k mio`ynrk emnx mi`}pmik mk Hndèm Emqlndmj k —`xskqqk‛$ ‚K

`xskqqk sqkrkhm dk `xs`hymikq pem x`dxmìèk i` ndhùekik ` inbnhpjym xpm q`jmìèk hke m kaqm*

sqndhnsmje`dy` x` `xym î ine`dxnkdmim s`jm bqpnìèk% ni`dynbnhmìèk sqøsqnm ã dmqqmynrm hjíxxnhm―$

'QMEKX* =>7<* s$ =10.

Kpyqm hmqmhy`qåxynhm mskdymim s`jk mpykq î m mi`xèk ã bnhìèk ` mk jÿinhk$ $ Q`hkqq`dyè`dy` î

pynjnzmik k jÿinhk smqm i`xyqndhgmq m dmqqmynrm* ` k `xynjk i` bnje` ikhpe`dyíqnk î

hkesj`yme`dy` mamdikdmik$

K mpykq i`xymhm m bqmle`dymìèk hkek ÿjynek `jè`dyk `xyqpypqmj im dmqqmynrm ik Hndèm

Emqlndmj$ D`xy` ekrne`dyk k bnje` mxxpe` pem hmqmhy`qåxynhm epnyk emnx ièkdxyqmynrm ik



17

}p` dmqqmynrm$ Smqm k mpykq* k }p` hkesqkrm nxxk î m bq`}úïdhnm ` }pmdynimi` i` h`dmx jkdlmx `

xè }pmj}p`q smjmrqm iníjklk `dyq` mx s`qxkdml`dx$

Qmekx hkdhjpn }p`* smqm }p` kx bnje`x emdy`dgme k eådnek i` x`dynik* xèk hqnmikx dÿhj`kx

dmqqmynrkx `xyír`nx* }p` emdyîe kp dèk hkdymykx `dyq` xn$ X`lpdik k mpykq `xx` ynsk i`

hkdxyqpìèk xnldnbnhm* emnx pem r`z pe* ès`hnjgk smqm m hqnmìèk i` rådhpjk ` hkesq``dxèk

ik `xs`hymikq$

1$1$= Jndlpmlè ` `xyîynhm ik Hndèm Emqlndmj

Hkxym '1333. i`bnd` k hndèm aqmxnj`nqk imx iîhmimx i` =>23 ` =><3 hkek pe s`qåkik i`

‚i`x`xy`ynzmìèk―* sqkh`xxk è }p` m sqkipìèk hndèmyklqíbnhm d`lkp m bkqem hkdr`dhnkdmj

im sqkipìèk hndèmyklqíbnhm aqmxnj`nqm myî `dyèk* `wsq`xxmim dkx hndèmx im R`qm Hqpz ` dk

Hndèm Dkrk* }p` yndgme skq kao`ynrk yqmdxenynq pem e`dxmlè bndmj mkx x`px `xs`hymikq`x$

Smqm Hkxym `xx` î k bne ik ‚msmqmyk hndèmyklqíbnhk― q`xskdxír`j skq hmpxmq hkqq`xskdiïdhnm

`dyq` xnldnbnhmik ` xnldnbnhmdy`$ ‚Î `xxm bkqem `dl`diqmim s`jm nemlè$ Î m bkqìm hk`qhnymrm

i`xxm bkqem 'm nemlè. }p` ks`qm m pdnèk i` ine`dxð`x* smqy`x ` rmjkq`x inxyndykx$ Î pem

bkqem }p` bmz `}pnrmj`dy`x eki`jk ` høsnm* q`mj ` nemlndíqnk* s`qh`sìèk ` mìèk$― 'HKXYM*

1333* s =7.$ K mpykq mbnqem }p` `xxm î pem y`dymynrm i` yqmdxbkqemq `xy`ynhme`dy` m mqy` ` k

bmz`q mqyåxynhk$

Kx mdkx =>23+=><3* x`lpdik k mpykq* bkqme pe s`qåkik emqhmik s`jm i`xhq`dìm xkhnmj `

hkdx }p`dyè`dy rkjymik smqm m sqkipìèk xpao`ynrm$ K mpykq kax`qrm }p` m i`xhq`dìm î pem

hmqmhy`qåxynhm l`qmj im eki`qdnimi` ` dèk i`rnim mk hkdy`wyk xøhnk%gnxyøqnhk è }p`xyèk$

Dk sqkh`xxk i` i`x`xy`ynzmìèk* k i`dkendmik Hndèm Emqlndmj q`sq`x`dykp m qpsypqm hke m

nemlè xneîyqnhm msq`x`dymim dk hndèm im R`qm Hqpz$ Bkn `xyma`j`hnim pem dkrm hkdinìèk

i` nemlè* m}p`jm }p` ‚V$$$U nesky`dy` smqm hkdbnlpqmq k epdik* `wsjki`* è i`xe`dxpqmim



1>

skyïdhnm kx jneny`x }p` m sqky`lè ik ndbkqe`$ Mdy`x }p` k epdik x` bnw` hkek bkqem dm

nemlè* `jm sì` m ekqy` ik epdik smqm }p` skxxm kxhnjmq `dyq` m jpz im m jrkqmim ` m xkeaqm

im dkny`―$ 'HKXYM* 1333* s$ 79.$ Kp xòm* pem nemlè }p` sq`y`di` nq mjîe ikx jneny`x im

háe`qm$

I` mhkqik hke Hkxym '1333.* m i`x`xy`ynzmìèk î kaynim mk bnjemq xè bkhmq kao`ykx

q`b q`dhnmnx$ Smqm k mpykq* dk Hnd em Emqlndmj m mpxïdhnm i` q`b qïdhnm x` pd` ã kxhnjmìèk dm

nemlè* mk x`qè ndy`qhmjmimx neml`dx i`xhkd`wmx* è ádlpjkx rmqnmikx$ @* ymeaîe* dkx

`dqìkx ikx bnje`x* }p` hkxypemrme mqynhpjmq i` ekik ndi`s`di`dy` emnx i` pem gnxyøqnm

xè }pmj}p`q q`jmìèk `dyq` xn$

K mpykq i`bnd` m nemlè dk Hndèm Emqlndmj hkek m inb`q`dìm nqq`hkdhnjnír`j ` ndxyír`j

`dyq` pem nemlè ` x`p q`b`q`dy`$ @xxm hkdhnjnmìèk skxxnanjnym m hkdxyqpìèk i` xnldnbnhmìèk `

x`dynik ik }p` î nemlndíqnk ` ik }p` î q`mj$ @dyq`ymdyk* Hkxym mbnqem }p` ‚V$$$U m inxxne`yqnm î

mdy`qnkq ` skxy`qnkq mk epdik r`qimi`nqk* }p` bnwm m jpz mk kjgk ` miî}pm m nemlè ã hknxm―$

'HKXYM* 1333$ s$ ><.

Dk Hndèm Emqlndmj* k kao`ynrk im nemlè bkn x` inb`q`dhnmq ikx jneny`x sqkskxykx s`jk

epdik q`mj kp ni`mjnzmik$ X` inxymdhnmq ik xneîyqnhk smqm x`q hmsmz i` q`bj`ynq pe epdik }p`

dèk yè smqáe`yqkx ndi`bndnikx* ‚V$$$U ykqdmq %x` k q`bj`wk }p` dèk q`bj`y` dmim―$ 'HKXYM*

1333$ s$ ><.

Hkxym '1333. hkdh`nypm mndim nemlè%ndmìèk* nemlè }p` xpql` i` pe e`nk* xnypmìèk*

ndhmsmz i` sqkrkhmq mìèk dkx mykq`x$ Mk hkdyqíqnk* dm nemlè mìèk* kx s`qxkdml`dx q`mlè

i` bkqem ndinrnipmjnzmim m pem i`y`qendmim xnypmìèk$ K mpykq mbnqem }p` dk Hndèm

Emqlndmj m nemlè%ndmìèk q`sq`x`dym m d`lmìèk* m dèk%q`xskxym ã xnypmìèk$

Smqm Hkxym '1333.* m nemlè%ndmìèk `xyma`j`h` pem q`jmìèk ndy`qi`s`di`dy` hke kx

s`qxkdml`dx q`yqmymikx dkx bnje`x ik Hndèm Emqlndmj$



83

M `qqádhnm î mskdymim skq Hkxym '1333. hkek kpyqm emqhm im `xyîynhm emqlndmj

M nemlè apxhm x`p x`q ‚`dnleíynhk ` sq`híqnk―* `xx` `xsmìk d`lmynrk ` hkdbnlpqír`j }p`dèk î x`dèk m `qqádhnm im nemlè `dyq neml`dx? pem epjyns jnhmìèk i` neml`dx ` hnymìð`x}p` ndhkqskqm mx `xyøqnmx è }pmiqndgkx ` m hpjypqm i` emxxm è l`qmj* emx ymeaîe mhgmemim hpjypqm hpjym$ @dyq` mx neml`dx* `qqm m nemlè xèsq` ndi`y`qendmim ik HndèmEmqlndmj$ 'HKXYM* 1333* s$ =38.$

K mpykq i`b`di` }p` m ksìèk s`jm nemlè `qqmdy` bkn pem bkqem i` k Hndèm Emqlndmj

ndhkqskqmq m ndy`wypmjnimi` im hpjypqm i` emxxm$

Hkxym '1333. mbnqem }p`* inb`q`dy` ik hndèm dkrk* }p` x` iìnhkp m q`yqmymq k qpqmjnxek ` m

jny`qmypqm è x`px jnrqkx* k Hndèm Emqlndmj `xymrm sq`khpsmik hke m pqamdnimi` ` hke m

sqkipìèk ikx emxx eìnm$ Hmqmhy`qåxynhm }p` k mpykq mbnqem x`q hkepe ãx inr`qxmx

emdnb`xymìð`x ik hndèm pdi`qlqkpdi dk epdik$ @dyq`ymdyk* Hkxym '1333. `wsjnhm }p`* dk

Aqmxnj* k ekrne`dyk mi}pnqnp hmqmhy`qåxynhmx x`r`qme`dy` skjåynhmx$

M nqq`r`qïdhnm* k h`ynhnxek hke q`jmìèk mkx rmjkq`x xkhnmnx* m mao`ìèk* ` m pynjnzmìèk ik

nesqkrnxk dkx bnje`x ymeaîe bkqme mskdymikx skq Hkxym '1333. hkek hmqmhy`qåxynhmx ik

Hndèm Emqlndmj$ Smqm k mpykq* k nesqkrnxk `xyí sq`x`dy` ymdyk dm ndy qsq`ymìèk ikx mqynxymx

}pmdyk dm bkqem i` ekdymlè ikx bnje`x* }p` hkepe`dy` msq`x`dymrme pe mxs`hyk

i`xhkdyådpk ` ndmhmamik$

@e ÿjynem ndxyádhnm k mpykq hkdh`nypm k Hndèm Emqlndmj hk ek ‚@xx }p`q`q k inxbkqe` m ymj

dår`j i` qminhmjnimi` }p` bkqem ` hkdy`ÿik ykqdme%x` pem emxxm sjíxynhm ndinb`q`dhnmim* pe

epdik%xè%jneny` yqmymik hke nqkdnm i`rnik m xpm sqøsqnm xkqini`z ` mao`ìèk―$ 'HKXYM*

1333* s$ =32.

Hkxym '1333. hkdhjpn }p` m nemlè ik Hndèm Emqlndmj î bmxhndmdy`* emx* lqmìmx ã

inxxnepjmìèk ` ã kxhnjmìèk* emqhmdy`x im `xyîynhm emqlndmj* k `xynjk hndèmyklqíbnhk î epnymx



8=

r`z`x ndhmsmz i` sqkipznq pe epdik gpemdk* hke m hmsmhnimi` i` q`bj`ynq m q`mjnimi`

x`qnme`dy` hkesqke`ynim$

1$8 M hkdxyqpìèk im s`qxkdmlè dk Hndèm Emqlndmj

I` mhkqik hke Lke`x '=>73. k Hndèm Emqlndmj yqmamjgkp hke s`qxkdml`dx }p` rnrnmexè y`qqnykqnmjnimi` ãx emql`dx im hpjypqm ` xkhnìmi`* mk e`xek yèsk `qme ndhmsmz`x i`

q`xskdi`q ã mìèk im bkqem `xs`qmim ` i` l qmq mx neml`dx `xs`qmimx$ X`lpdik m mpykqm `xx`x

s`qxkdml`dx dèk q`sq`x`dyme lqmdi` ni`dynbnhmìèk hke kx ekrne`dykx ik epdik

@xx`x s`qxkdml`dx xèk bkqìmx i`xy`qqnykqnmjnzmimx* i`x`dhmqdmimx i` pe s`qxkdmlè %ndinråipk hke pe dke`* pe smxxmik* pem jèaqmdìm ` pe `xsmìk e`nk smqm mlnq$ @j`x`wnxyè ms`dmx dkx ekrne`dykx nesqkrnxmikx }p` sqmynhme* xè }p` hke nxxk xòmendhkqskqmikx skq kpyqkx ekrne`dykx ljkamjnzmikq`x$ ―'LKE@X* =>73* s$ 78.

Hkxym '1333. mbnqem }p` `xx`x s`qxkdml`dx skq r`z`x `qme hqnendkxkx ` i`bnd` hkek Hqne`

Qminhmj k ynsk i` hqne` kax`qrmik dk Hndèm Emqlndmj* m}p`j` è }p` k nespjxk hqnendkxk

dèk î sqkrkhmik s`jk e`nk xkhnmj$

E`xek skq}p`* dm emnkq smqy` ikx bnje`x* k e`nk xkhnmj x` hkdbnlpqm i` bkqem epnyk

ndhkdxnxy`dy` smqm sqkipznq `xxm hqnendmjnimi`$ ‚V$$$U Hke `b`nyk* `xx` e`nk î yèk qmq b`nyk `

xè jkhmjnzmìèk i`y`qendmim }p` smq`h` nesky`dy` smqm sqkipznq ymj mynrnimi` hqnendkxm i`

pe s`qxkdmlè― 'Hkxym* 1333* s$ 7<.$ K mpykq mhq`xh`dym }p` ymeaîe dèk `wnxy` opxynbnhmynrm

sxnhkjølnhm smqm m k Hqne` Qminhmj }p` ‚V$$$U `d}pmdyk mynrnimi` î sqkipznim skq pe `wh`xxk

i` smxxnrnimi`$― 'Hkxym* 1333* s$ 7>.$

K mpykq mbnqem }p` m ekynrmìèk ik Hqne` Qminhmj î m ni`nm%bnwm* m dèk%kqiè ik i`xòk$ @j`ndinhm }p` k i`xòk neskxxnanjnym m mynrnimi`* m hkesq``dxèk ` `dh`qqm k ndinråipk d`j`



81

e`xek* k }p` y`qnm hkek hkdx`}úïdhnm m ndîqhnm$ Smqm Hkxym î m emdnb`xymìèk yqmdxlq`xxnrm

ik gkeè }p` `xyí ãx emql`dx im xkhnìmi`* im hpjypqm ` im gnxyøqnm$

K Hqne` Qminhmj mhkdy`h` dm nemlè }pmdik m háe`qm mxxpe` pem mynypi` mpyùdkem*

inxyndym ikx s`qxkdml`dx* dmqqmikq`x kp ik h`díqnk$ Pem háe`qm }p` Hkxym i`dkendm rk~`q *

}p` apxhm q`yqmymq x`px kao`ynrkx sqøsqnkx ndi`s`di`dyè`dy` im h`dm }p` mhkdy`h` bq`dy` ãx

j`dy`x$ I`xxm bkqem m nemlè* e`xek x`dik mpyùdkem* dèk î mpykqnyíqnm* ‚V$$$U mpykdkenm xø

ski` khkqq`q }pmdik m nemlè mamdikdm k epdik ik q`hkdg`hne`dyk smqm `ws`qne`dymq k

i`xhkdg`hnik* `xxm kpyqm }p` î `jm e`xem? m xkeaqm―$ 'Hkxym* 1333* s$ >1.

I`xxm bkqem Qmekx '=>7<. mskdym }p` kx s`qxkdml`dx mi}pnqè hmqmhy`qåxynhmx `wml`qmimx*

i`bkqemimx kp hmqnhmypqmnx è }p` m ndr`qxèk i` sms`nx ` mx ipmjnimi`x ièk k yke i`

mrmhmjgmìèk ikx e`xekx$

K mpykq hmqmhy`qnzm mndim `xx`x s`qxkdml`dx hkek x`q`x bkqyè`dy` `xynjnzmikx* xès`qxkdmjnimi` `xs`håbnhm ` xè i`dxnimi` sxnhkjølnhm$ Smqm Qmekx `j`x xèk dm r`qimi` pe

q`xpjymik ik `wml`qk i` hmqmhy`qnzmìèk i` ynskx sq`x`dy`x dk nemlndíqnk skspjmq ` è

dmqqmynrmx bnhhnkdmnx* hkek mx q`rnxymx è }pmiqndgkx$ @xx`x s`qxkdml`dx l`qmje`dy` xèk

fnyxhg* emqlndmnx ` mdmhqùdnhkx$



88

8 K NDINRÅIPK I@XRNMDY@ DK HND@EM EMQLNDMJ

Myqmrîx ik eîykik i` j`nypqm ` mdíjnx` im nemlè x`qí b`nym m mdmjnx` ikx bnje`x? M Emqlè*

=>2<* K Amdinik im Jpz R`qe`jgm* =>27 ` K I`xs`qymq im A`xym* =>2<$ X`qèk mdmjnxmikx

j`rmdik è hkdxni`qmìèk iknx `nwkx? @jè`dykx dmqqmynrkx ` nemlîynhkx6 Hkdxyqpìèk imx

s`qxkdml`dx$

8$= M EMQL@E

I` mhkqik hke B`qq`nqm '1333. M Emqlè* i` Kzpmjik Hmdi`nmx* ndmplpqm m yèíynhm

emqlndmj dk hndèm aqmxnj`nqk$ K bnje` i` =>2< hkdym m `xyøqnm i` iknx hmxmnx }p` ekqme ãx

emql`dx ik qnk Yn`yï è Xèk Smpjk ` rïè xpmx rnimx epimq msøx m hg`lmim i` pe hmiír`q

i` pem epjg`q }p` xka` k qnk è pem hmdkm$ I` mjlpem bkqem m}p`j` hmiír`q x`qnm k

sq`dÿdhnk im ekqy` i` ykikx kx }pmyqk$ Ipmx `xyøqnmx xèk ekxyqmimx smqmj`jme`dy`* pem i`jmx

m smqynq im rnxèk xpao`ynrm i` pe ikx s`qxkdml`dx$ M ni`nm î ekxyqmq m rnxèk im s`qxkdmlè

myqmrîx i`xxm háe`qm$ @xx` ynsk i` bnjemlè dèk gmrnm xnik pynjnzmik dk hndèm dmhnkdmj myî

`dyèk$ K dke` ik bnje` M Emqlè î pynjnzmik ymeaîe smqm amynzmq k ekrne`dyk

hndèmyklqíbnhk$

8$=$= Jndlpmlè Hndèmyklqíbnhm

Pem hmdkm i`xh` k qnk j`dyme`dy`* m yqnjgm xkdkqm î emqhmim skq pem eÿxnhm ykhmim dk snmdk

}p` mkx skphkx rmn mpe`dymdik xpm bq`}úïdhnm ` k hmqíy`q i` xpxs`dx` im dmqqmynrm bnhm emnx

`rni`dy`$ Ã eìnim }p` m eÿxnhm rmn bnhmdik emnx mjym ` emnx lqmr` k ekrne`dyk im hmdkm

bnhm emnx ndy`dxk$ Mkx skphkx m háe`qm rnqm dk sqøsqnk `nwk* ` kx s`qxkdml`dx }p` rïè m

hmdkm smxxmq kjgme bnwme`dy` smqm `jm$ @xxm ndy`qmìèk xpl`q` }p` m háe`qm i` bmyk x` hkjkhm

hkek k kjgmq i` pe s`qxkdmlè$ Ãx emql`dx ik qnk Yn`yï kx s`qxkdml`dx sqndhnsmnx ik bnje`

xèk msq`x`dymikx pe m pe* s`jk kjgmq im háe`qm xpao`ynrm }p` i`xh` i`dyqk im hmdkm$ Mxxne

hke`ìm k bnje` M Emqlè$



89

M Emqlè î pem mj`lkqnm xkaq` m smxxmlè ik epdik ikx rnrkx smqm k epdik ikx ekqykx$ Î

skxxår`j bmz`q pem mdmjklnm `dyq` m epjg`q }p` lpnm m hmdkm hke k enyk lq`lk i` Hmqkdy` 0$

@e* M Emqlè* m epjg`q bmz k sms`j i` amq}p`nqm$ Hke nxxk* m ekqy` mxxpe` pem

neskqyádhnm xndlpjmq dk bnje`$ Î myqmrîx im ekqy` }p` kx s`qxkdml`dx hkdx`lpè x`

inxymdhnmq im hkdinìèk i` emqlndmnx* m ekqy` sqkrkhm mjårnk im enxîqnm* sq`hkdh`nyk* eíx

hkdinìð`x i` rnim$ @e M Emqlè m ekqy` x` ekxyqm m ÿdnhm xmåim smqm `xx`x s`qxkdml`dx$

K pxk im háe`qm xpao`ynrm* }p` oí î `rni`dy` dm sqne`nqm ykemim* î pem imx smqynhpjmqnimi`x

i`xx` bnje` }p` ski` x`q hkdxni`qmik k sq`hpqxkq ik ekrne`dyk ik Hndèm Emqlndmj$ M

dmqqmynrm hjíxxnhm dèk `rni`dhnm m sq`x`dìm im háe`qm* sq`b`qndik nldkqí%jm* hmepbjí%jm* dmndy`dìèk i` sqkrkhmq m r`qkxxnenjgmdìm$ Oí m háe`qm xpao`ynrm sq`y`di` imq emnx mpy`dynhnimi`

ã s`jåhpjm oí }p` mx bqkdy`nqmx `dyq` k q`mj ` k bnhyåhnk xèk }pàqmimx* emnx mndim* d`xy`

sqne`nqk eke`dyk m ndnhnmynrm bpdhnkdm hkek pem bkqem i` msq`x`dymq pe kjgmq emnx

sqøwnek ik `xs`hymikq* pe kjgmq xpao`ynrk* }p` k y`j`xs`hymikq y`qnm* ipqmdy` m xpm ndy`qmìèk

hke m gnxyøqnm$

M háe`qm xpao`ynrm msq`x`dym kx sqndhnsmnx s`qxkdml`dx ik bnje` smqmikx ãx emql`dx ik qnk?

pe gkeè i` y`qdk* pem epjg`q d`lqm sqkrkhmdy` i` r`xynik* pe gkeè jkphk ` pem

epjg`q jknqm* hke mq`x i` ikdm i` hmxm$ @e pe s`qåkik è }p` mx háe`qmx è hkq`x oí x`

ykqdmrme gmanypmnx* M Emqlè î bnjemik è xps`q knyk* pe ynsk i` háe`qm i` amnwm }pmjnimi`

}p` sqkipz `wèsjmq`x sq`yk ` aqmdhk mjyme`dy` x`dxår`nx ã jpz$ I`s`di`dik im bkqem hkek

xèk emdnspjmikx kx qkjkx i` bnje` k q`xpjymik î pe `wèsjmq èamìmik ` hg`nk i`

lqmdpjmìð`x$ Î k }p` mhkdy`h` è M Emqlè$

Msøx 2 endpykx i` bnje` î }p` mjlpe s`qxkdmlè inz mjlk$ Ipqmdy` kx endpykx ndnhnmnx k }p`

x` mxxnxy` î pem xph`xxèk i` neml`dx }p` xèk hjmxxnbnhmimx skq Hkxym '1333. dm hmy`lkqnm i`

0 Enyk i` kqnlè lq`lm }p` dmqqm m `xyøqnm ik amq}p`nqk }p` yqmdxskqymrm kx ekqykx myqmrîx ik Qnk imx Yq`rmx*@xyål`$ Qnk }p` inrninm k epdik ikx rnrkx smqm k epdik ikx ekqykx* hgmemik Gmi`x* lkr`qdmim skq i`px iè`x ek dke`$ Smqm q`mjnzmq k yqmdxskqy` Hmqkdy` hkaqmrm pem ekìm i` kpqk hkjkhmim dm akhm ik i`bpdykipqmdy` k bpd`qmj$ Xè nxxk mx mjemx bnhmqnme rmlmdik skq =33 mdkx dk epdik ikx rnrkx$ XHGD@NI@Q* Qk}p` MBmxhndmdy Lqîhnm* JK^KJM? Xèk Smpjk* 1339$



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nemlè%ndmìèk$ Neml`dx }p` xèk bqpyk i` pe e`nk `xyîqnj* ndhmsmz`x i` sqkrkhmq m mìèk ikx

mykq`x$ Smqm k mpykq m nemlè%ndmìèk q`sq`x`dym m dèk%q`xskxym ã xnypmìèk$

Ã eìnim }p` k bnje` x` i`x`dqkjm kx s`qxkdml`dx rèk x` ekxyqmdik inmdy` imx háe`qmx* }p`

xpao`ynrm x`px hkqskx* sq`b`qndik bkhmq dmx smqy`x amnwmx ik hkqsk gpemdk* hkek kx sîx* kx

hmjhmdgmq`x ` k }pmiqnj$ Mk e`xek yèsk î skxxår`j s`qhà`q m sq`b`qïdhnm skq ekxyqmq k

mean`dy` è }p` kx s`qxkdml`dx `xyèk* è jplmq ikx sqøsqnkx s`qxkdml`dx$

Im mpxïdhnm i` iníjklkx ski` mndim xpqlnq kpyqmx hkdx`}úïdhnmx? m i`x`xyqpypqmìèk imdmqqmynrm* x` ynr`qekx hkek smqáe`yqk k hndèm hjíxxnhk$ Dk hndèm hjíxxnhk m sqkipìèk i`

in`l`x` bnhm m hmqlk im ndy`qmìèk `dyq` kx s`qxkdml`dx* kp im ndy`qmìèk `dyq` m dmqqmynrm ` kx

iníjklkx `xyma`j`hnikx$ @jnendmdik%x` k iníjklk hkdyqnapn%x` bkqyè`dy` smqm m `jnendmìèk ik

x`dynik jølnhk ` ik sqkh`xxk i` hmymqx`$

Ymj mxx`qynrm s`qeny` ndb`qnq mndim }p` m mpxïdhnm i` iníjklk q`bkqìm m ni`nm i` }p` k ndy`q`xxìk hndèm pdi`qlqkpdi * hkdx`}p`dyè`dy` ik Hndèm Emqlndmj* î ièkdxyqmq ` msq`x`dymq*

mk ndrîx i` dmqqmq pem gnxyøqnm$ Î skxxår`j ni`dynbnhmq `dyèk k hkdh`nyk i` mhndèm* i`bndnik

skq J~kymqi '133=.* smqm }pè m q`sq`x`dymìèk i` neml`dx hndèmyklqíbnhmx dèk yè m

ndy`dìèk i` q`sq`x`dymq dmim$ Mk imq bne ã kqi`dmìèk jølnhm imx bpdìð`x im nemlè* xke*

`xsmìk ` dmqqmynrm k mhndèm î ndhmsmz i` i`y`qendmq k }p` sqkipz x`dynik kp dèk$

M sqne`nqm bqmx` inym dk bnje` è }p`xyèk î skq pem epjg`q d`lqm* }p` x` r`xy`

sqkrkhmdyè`dy`$ Pe gkeè i` y`qdk m kax`qrm* m háe`qm xpao`ynrm xpl`q` }p` kx kjgkx ik

gkeè s`qhkqqè ykik k hkqsk im epjg`q$ @jm* hke mx eèkx dkx }pmiqnx x` rnqm smqm `j` `

s`qlpdym? ‚]pmj î hmqm; Dèk `xykp mlqmimdik;― 'M EMQL@E* =>2<* 2‛90‛‛. Inmdy` im

ndmìèk ik gkeè i` y`qdk `jm hmendgm è inq`ìèk m `j` k hgpym smqm i`dyqk im ílpm$ M

epjg`q `wsjki` è pem lmqlmjgmim ` spjm ymeaîe i`dyqk im ílpm$ Kx iknx dmime* k gkeè

xmn sqne`nqk ` kb`q`h` m `jm m eèk$



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Dkx sqne`nqkx rndy` endpykx `xxm î m ÿdnhm s`qxkdmlè }p` bmjm$ @e pem x`lpdim r`z m

epjg`q d`lqm bmz emnx pem s`qlpdym xè q`xskxym kqmj$ M y`qh`nqm bmjm î i` pe s`qxkdmlè

x`hpdiíqnk }p` inz smqm `jm? ‚E`px hpesqne`dykx-― 'M EMQL@E* =>2<* ==‛8>‛‛.* inz pe

gkeè d`lqk i` øhpjkx mxx`dymik xkaq` mx qpådmx* j`dik pe jnrqk* mk bmz`q pem i`b`qïdhnm$

@jm k nldkqm ` x`lp`$

@e M Emqlè ipmx `xyøqnmx inxyndymx xèk hkdymimx x`smqmime`dy`* ms`xmq imx s`qxkdml`dx i`

pem x` hqpzmqè hke mx s`qxkdml`dx im kpyqm$ Hkxym '1333. hgmem `xxm rmqnmìèk i`

kxhnjmìèk* }pmdik k `dqìk ik bnje` hkxypem mqynhpjmq `xyøqnmx ndi`s`di`dy`x* }p` dèk yïe

}pmj}p`q q`jmìèk `dyq` xn$

M sqne`nqm `xyøqnm ` }p` khpsm k emnkq yèsk im dmqqmynrm î im sqkxynypym d`lqm ` ik gkeè

aqmdhk i` y`qdk ` lqmrmym$

M `xyøqnm i` mekq `dyq` `j`x x` i`x`drkjr` im x`lpndy` emd`nqm? m q`jmìèk x`wpmj `dyq` kx iknx*m e`dinhádhnm è apxhm i` mjne`dyk* k hnÿe` ik gkeè s`jm sqkbnxxèk im epjg`q* `x}pèmx

smqm mxxmjymq hjn`dy`x* m i`hnxèk i` x` hmxmqè* ` jklk msøx* m ekqy` ik gkeè i` y`qdk }p`

msøx x`q sq`xk s`jm skjnhnm* ndnhnm pe sqkh`xxk epik i` q`bj`wèk xkaq` xpm rnim$ Q`hkdg`h`

xpm xnypmìèk i` enxîqnm ` i`hni` x` i`xr`dhnjgmq im}p`jm xnypmìèk myqmrîx ik xpnhåink$ M

sqkxynypym* }p` hke m sqke`xxm i` hmxme`dyk x` r`xy` i` dknrm* ekqq` i` i`xlkxyk i`dyqk im

nlqòm$ Khkqq` `dyèk k q``dhkdyqk ikx iknx dm hmdkm$

D`xxm `xyøqnm î skxxår`j i`xymhmq pem h`dm }p` msq`x`dym lqmdi` ndkrmìèk dm bkqem è }p`

bkn bnjemim$ Msøx mxxmjymq pe gkeè m sqkxynypym d`lqm x` `dhkdyqm hke kpyqmx epjg`q`x dm

emqlè ik qnk ` ymeaîe hke k gkeè i` y`qdk$ Jklkx msøx x` `dhkdyqmqè hke`ìm pem

eÿxnhm ndxyqpe`dymj* ykhmim mk snmdk* mdnemim* dk qnyek Qkhf mdi Qkjj ikx mdkx 23* mx

epjg`q`x imdìme ` xpql` pe `d}pmiqme`dyk nd`xs`qmik$ M háe`qm î hkjkhmim dk hgèk* i`

bkqem }p` smq`h` `xymq j`rè`dy` ndhjndmim$ Pem epjg`q i` xmnm sq`ym yè mx s`qdmx è

skxnìèk smqmj`jm ` ma`qymx* bkqemdik pe yqnádlpjk }p` yè k hgèk hkek amx` ` mx s`qdmx



8<

hkek inmlkdmnx ik yqnádlpjk* ndhjndmik smqm m i nq`nym$ Mx s`qxkdml`dx xèk `d}pmiqmimx i`dyqk

i`xy` yqnádlpjk* dk e`nk imx s`qdmx i`jm$

D`xxm h`dm k gkeè i` y`qdk ` m sqkxynypym d`lqm aqnlme$ K `d}pmiqme`dyk smq`h` pem

mjpxèk mk ekynrk im aqnlm* mx q`jmìð`x x`wpmnx* dm eìnim è }p` mhkdy`h` dk e`nk imx

s`qdmx im epjg`q$ K gkeè aqmdhk i` y`qdk mhqìnym }p` m sqkxynypym y`r` q`jmìð`x x`wpmnx

hke k ekykqnxym i` hmendgèk `* skq nxxk* aqnlm ` x` x`smqm i`jm$ Î skxxår j ndb qnq m ndim }p` m

ndhjndmìèk im háe`qm bkn pynjnzmim smqm ekxyqmq m bmjym i` `}pnjåaqnk im}p`jm q`jmìèk* s`jm bmjym

i` jnd`mqnimi`$

Mk bpdik k xke imdìmdy` ` b`xynrk i`xykm im ikq ik hmxmj* sqndhnsmje`dy` im sqkxynypym$ Emx

dk epdik è }p` rnrè* m ikq }p` x`dyè ` mx jnenymìð`x }p` `dbq`dyme dèk ndy`q`xxme m

emnx dndlpîe* mjîe i`j`x e`xekx$

M kpyqm `xyøqnm `wnxy`dy` è M Emqlè î m i` pem epjg`q jknqm }p` yqmamjgm dm hnimi`

r`di`dik jmdhg`x$ Ykikx kx inmx `jm myqmr`xxm m skdy` }p` jnlm k amnqqk im emqlè mk h`dyqkim hnimi`* myî }p` pe inm* pe ikx gke`dx }p` hkdxkeè k jmdhg` r`dinik skq `jm kb`q`h`

indg`nqk skq x`wk$ Må `dyèk* `jm i`hni` mamdikdmq m}p`jm rnim ` x` epim smqm pe amnqqk

s`qnbîqnhk kdi` nqí yqmamjgmq i` sqkxynypym$ Jí `jm î mxxmxxndmim skq pem `xskxm rndlmynrm$ @xxm

epjg`q yè pe mienqmikq* pe gkeè hke hkesqke`yne`dyk e`dymj* `j` m x`lp` smqm ykikx

kx jplmq`x* kb`q`h`dik pem qkxm aqmdhm$ Emnx ik }p` mienqmikq* `xx` gkeè mxxpe` pem

bpdìèk i` mdok im lpmqim }p` sq`y`di` sqky`lï%jm$

]pmdik m epjg`q jknqm rmn smqm k amnqqk s`qnbîqnhk* k gkeè jkphk m x`lp` ` hke`ìm m

yqmamjgmq hkek mopimdy` i` hkr`nqk* hmrmdik mx rmjmx ikx hènyîqnkx$ Mdy`x i` x` epimq hke

`jm* k gkeè rmlmrm s`jm emqlè ` ndy`qmlnm hke kx s`qxkdml`dx im kpyqm gnxyøqnm* x`qnm k

smiqndgk i` hmxme`dyk im sqkxynypym d`lqm ` ik gkeè aqmdhk$ Smqm lmdgmq indg`nqk mopimrm

pe hmxmj i` rnlmqnxymx* pe gkeè* bmjxk hmi`nqmdy` ` pem epjg`q lqírnim* bmjxm lqírnim$ K

gkeè jkphk x` `dhmqq`lmrm i` j`rmq k bmjxk hmi`nqmdy` mk skdyk i` e`dinhádhnm$ Myî }p`

`xy` gkeè i`hni` dèk jg` smlmq$ Q`rkjymik* k gkeè jkphk me`mìm k hmxmj* aqnlm hke m

epjg`q ` rkjym smqm m emqlè$ Jí* `dhkdyqm xpm mienqmim i` xmåim ` i`hni` x`lpn%jm$ Hkek



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yqmamjgmrm i` hkr`nqk* hkpa` m `j` k sms`j i` bmz`q k `dy`qqk im ekìm$ Mk s`qhà`q }p` x`

yqmymrm i` xpm memim* `dyqm è i`x xs`qk ` x` sð` m hkqq`q$$$ hkqq` xkaq` kx yqnjgkx im jndgm i`

yqè* emx k r`nhpjk `xyí dkx yqnjgkx ` mhmam emymdik%k$

Ykimx mx ipmx `xyøqnmx ik bnje` mhkdy`hè è }pmyqk h`díqnkx }p` xèk inrninikx s`jkx }pmyqk

s`qxkdml`dx$

K h`díqnk sqndhnsmj î m emqlè* emx m `jm ski` x` hkdxni`qmim md`wm mkx amnqqkx im

qìkdi`zm$ Smqm m emqlè ` smqm `xx`x amnqqkx hkdbjpè ykimx mx yqmemx$ Ãx emql`dx ik qnk

x` hkdxynypn pem `xsîhn` i` bmr`jm? mx hmxmx xèk hkdxyqpåim hke sìmìkx i` sms`jèk ` emi`nqm*mx s`xxkmx x` r`xyè i` bkqem xnesj`x ` m e`dinhádhnm ` bpqyk xèk mx bkqemx emnx pxpmnx i`

x` y`q mjne`dyk$ Mndim hkesð` `xx` h`díqnk pem bmaqnhm è qpådmx* smqm kdi` m sqkxynypym rmn

smqm y`q q`jmìð`x x`wpmnx* ` kdi` ikqe` ` lpmqim x`px s`qy`dh`x$ M bíaqnhm smq`h` `xymq

i`xmynrmim hke lqmem mjym ` sìmìkx i` ynokjk ` q`xyk i` emi`nqm skq ykikx kx jmikx$ Myqíx

i`xxm bíaqnhm `xyí pem jndgm i` yqè* jkhmj }p` xèsq` q`hà` mx s`qxkdml`dx i`xkjmimx$ @xxm

enxîqnm x` `xy`di` smqm kx mqqìkq`x im emqlè$

D`xy` amnqqk x` `dhkdyqm pe jnwèk smqm k }pmj k gkeè i` y`qdk j`rm x`px s`qy`dh`x ` i` kdi`

`j` ynqm k xpxy`dyk smqm x` mjne`dymq ` mjne`dymq m epjg`q d`lqm$ Dk jnwèk epjg`q`x ` hqnmdìmx

yqmamjgme hke dmypqmjnimi`$ Î ymeaîe k jplmq pynjnzmik s`jmx hqnmdìmx smqm x` mjne`dymq* jí

xèk r`dinikx xkqr`y`x$ Hkek rnekx* m yèíynhm ik jnwk* ik xpok ` ik lqky`xhk î hkepe mk

Hndèm Emqlndmj$ Hkdypik* î sq`hnxk }p`* mjîe im mao`ìèk* gmom m hpqynìèk$ Dk e`xek

mean`dy` è }p` x` `dhkdyqm k dkok ` k mxhk 'k jnwk ` k xpok.* `dhkdyqm%x` ymeaîe k ekynrki` sqmz`q ` i` hpqynìèk 'm hkenim ` m aqndhmi`nqm.$

@e hkes`dxmìèk î skxxår`j q`hkdg`h`q ymeaîe dk bnje` m bkqy` ndbjpïdhnm im yèíynhm ik

Hndèm Dkrk$ Dk jnwèk `wnxyè epnykx s`qxkdml`dx skaq`x ` xnesj`x* }p` x` mxxè`jgme mkx

s`qxkdml`dx qpqmnx ` skaq`x `dhkdyqmikx dk Hndèm Dkrk$ Kx ádlpjkx pynjnzmikx dm q`yqmymìèk

i`xx`x s`qxkdml`dx q`bkqìme m ni`nm i` bqmlnjnimi`$ Smqm bnjemq k kjgmq imx s`qxkdml`dx

sqndhnsmnx î pynjnzmim m háe`qm sjkdlî $ Oí smqm bnjemq k kjgmq im}p`j x s`qxkdml`dx }p`

rnrè dk jnwèk î pxmik k ádlpjk kskxyk* k hkdyqm% sjkdlî $



8>

D`xy` amnqqk mndim `xymrme m nlqòm ` k hènyîqnk* }p` q`hànme mx s`qxkdml`dx i` M Emqlè$

M nlqòm î msq`x`dymim è hkdinìð`x sq`híqnmx* è qpådmx* hke emykx skq ykikx kx jmikx xè

eør`nx* mx s`qxkdml`dx pxme k jkhmj hkek pem skpxmim* dm }pmj ikqeè$ Gí pe smiq`*

skaqè`dy` r`xynik* }p` x` msq`x`dym i`xhmjìk ` k }p` yè i` hke`q inrni` hke kx rnxnymdy`x6

e`xek mxxne* k smiq` dèk yè hqìnanjnimi` d`dgpem$

S`qhà`%x`* `dyèk* emnx pem hmqmhy`qåxynhm hkepe ik Hndèm Emqlndmj* i` i`xhkdxyqpnq*

qninhpjmqnzmq ` i`xmhqìnymq ndxynypnìð`x ` s`qxkdml`dx j`lnynemikx s`jm ekqmj eîinm im

xkhnìmi`$ K smiq`* bnlpqm }p` l`qmje`dy` `w`qh` bpdìð`x i` msknk ` q`lpjmìèk ekqmj dm

xkhnìmi`* dk bnje` è }p`xyèk dèk i`xès`dgm k sms`j xkhnmj }p` jg` î myqnapåik* ms`dmx

y`dym `w`qh`q `xx` sms`j* emx m y`dymynrm mhmam x` ykqdmdik rè ` hmqnhmym$

M nlqòm `xyí è qpådmx ` k gkeè i` y`qdk ` k jkphk pxme k `xsmìk hkek pe gky`j i`

s`qdkny`* x` mjne`dyme* ikqeè ` ykeme amdgk dm nlqòm$ K smiq` mdim i`xhmjìk xkaq` kx

`xhkeaqkx hke qkpsmx r`jgmx ` xpqqmimx* hmqq`lm hkdxnlk pe hmyíjklk y`j`bùdnhk }p` ykem

hkek Aåajnm$

Miomh`dy` ã smqy` emnx sqøwnem im emqlè `xyí pe amnqqk s`qnbîqnhk$ Mx hmxmx xèk i` ynokjk `

amqqk ` dèk emnx i` q`xyk i` emy`qnmnx$ Î k h`díqnk sqìkendmdy` im epjg`q jknqm ` ik gkeè

hke sqkajèmx e`dymnx$ Jí `xyèk s`xxkmx emnx aè r`xynimx* }p` x` mjne`dyme e`jgkq*

`wnxyè r`dimx* amq`x ` sqkxyåapjkx$

K amnqqk* hke hkdinìð`x i` rnim eki`xymx* î k jkhmj mjeòmik s`jkx ekqmikq`x im emqlè

smqm rnr`q$ Î k jkhmj* emnx hnrnjnzmik }p` hkdg`hè$ E`xek mxxne* k amnqqk yè pe mxs`hyk

xpok* ekqyk* hke s`xxkmx skphk q`h`synrmx* hkek kx s`qxkdml`dx im emqlè$ M gkxynjnimi` `

m bmjym i` q`h`synrnimi` ikx s`qxkdml`dx emqlndmnx q`bkqìm k `xy`q`øynsk ik emqlndmj* dèk gí

ndy`dìèk i` ekxyqmq k jmik ‚ake― imx s`qxkdml`dx $

Inrninik s`jm skdy`* `xyí k kpyqk h`díqnk? k h`dyqk im hnimi`$ Emnx pqamdnzmik }p` k amnqqk ãx

emql`dx ik Qnk Yn`yï* k h`dyqk im hnimi` î pe jkhmj hg`nk i` mqqmdgm%hîpx* hmqqkx* jkomx*



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s`xxkmx aè r`xynimx* mlnymìèk* r`jkhnimi`$ @ k }p` e`q`h` emnx i`xym}p`* m sq`x`dìm ik

@xymik* myqmrîx i` pe skjnhnmj* }p` mhkesmdgm m hnqhpjmìèk dm qpm$

Dk Hndèm Emqlndmj k @xymik î q`yqmymik i` ipmx bkqemx* m sqne`nqm hke xpm mpxïdhnm `

nd`bnhíhnm* sq`x`dy` ipqmdy` ykim m dmqqmynrm$ Mx s`qxkdml`dx q`xkjrè xpmx }p`xyð`x xè

smqynhnsmìèk kp msknk mjlpe ik `xymik$ Dm x`lpdim bkqem k @xymik î msq`x`dymik hkek m

bkqìm hk`qhnynrm* }p` myqmrîx im rnkjïdhnm apxhm ndxympqmq m kqiè* enxxèk }p` }pmx` xèsq`

bmjgm$ @e M Emqlè* î skxxår`j ni`dynbnhmq mx ipmx q`sq`x`dymìð`x ik `xymik$

M yqmipìèk im sq`x`dìm ik @xymik d`xxmx ipmx bkqemx s`jk Hndèm Emqlndmj î dm r`qimi`

pem bkqem i` }p`xynkdmq m kqiè xkhnmj rnl`dy`? m Inymipqm Enjnymq* pe xnxyèm è }p` m

ÿdnhm ndy`qmìèk skxxår`j `dyq` @xymik ` Xkhnìmi` `qm myqmrîx im bkqìm q`sq`xxnrm* }p` rndgm

kqlmdnzmq m kqiè xkhnmj$

Dk bndmj ik bnje` yèkx ykikx kx }pmyqk s`qxkdml`dx ekqykx x`dik j`rmikx smqm i`dyqk ikamqhk$ @j`x `dyqme skq kqiè i` bmj`hne`dyk$ @ hmim gkeè mopim m epjg`q hke }pè bkqem

pe hmxmj m èamqhmq dm hmdkm$ Imx }pmyqk ekqy`x* yqïx skiè x`q hkdxni`qmimx xpnhåink* m ik

gkeè aqmdhk i` y`qdk }p` hkqq` è hmesk ma`qyk ` x` oklm i` pe jplmq emnx mjyk$ M epjg`q

d`lqm }p` ekqq` i` i`xlkxyk* skq dèk y`q x` hmxmik* q`hpxmdik%x` m x` mjne`dymq* ikqenq*

ykemq amdgk* i`rnik ã yqnxy`zm$ @ k gkeè hke sqkajèmx e`dymnx }p` x` sð` m hkqq`q dkx

yqnjgkx ik yqè$ Ms`dmx m epjg`q jknqm yè pe bndmj inb`q`dy`$ Î mxxmxxndmim$

Imx ekqy`x* ykimx rnkj`dymx ` yqnxy`x* î skxxår`j mbnqemq }p` k Hndèm Emqlndmj hqnm pe

qkesne`dyk hke m x`dxmìèk hmyíqynhm im jndlpmlè hndèmyklqíbnhm hjíxxnhm* }p`* `dyq`

kpyqmx hknxmx* sq`lm m spdnìèk ik emj ` k yqnpdbk ik aè$ @e pe bnje` è }p` dèk `wnxyè

akdx* dèk `wnxy` bndmj b`jnz smqm dndlpîe$ Gí e`dkx }p` `xx` bndmj xòm m ekqy`$



9=

8$=$1 Mdíjnx` imx s`qxkdml`dx

@e M Emqlè mx s`qxkdml`dx dèk yïe dke`x ` xèk hmqmhy`qnzmikx s`jm sqkbnxxèk }p`

`w`qhè kp s`jm bkqem hkek x` skqyme$ K q`bj`wk im mpxïdhnm i` dke`x î m ndi`bndnìèk ikx

s`qxkdml`dx$ I` yèk emqlndmnx dèk e`q`hè y`q pem ni`dynimi` sqøsqnm* q`sq`x`dyme pe

lïd`qk* pem hjmxx`$ @xxm î pem hmqmhy`qåxynhm q`hkdg`hnim dk Hndèm Emqlndmj* m

i`xs`qxkdnbnhmìèk ikx s`qxkdml`dx$ D`xx` hkdy`wyk* î dmqqmim m `xyøqnm i` pe gkeè aqmdhk

i` y`qdk* pem sqkxynypym d`lqm* pe gkeè hke sqkajèmx e`dymnx ` pem epjg`q jknqm* }p`

ymeaîe x` ykqdm sqkxynypym$

8$=$1$ = Gkeè i` y`qdk ` lqmrmym

K sqne`nqk m msmq`h`q* ` k sqne`nqk m ekqq`q* î k gkeè aqmdhk i` y`qdk 'Eíqnk A`dr`dpyyn.$

@j` x` r`xy` i` y`qdk ` lqmrmym* x`p y`qdk î a`l` ` `j` msmq`dym y`q pdx 03 mdkx$ Î aqmdhk ` yè

kx hma`jkx jnxkx$ Dmypqmje`dy * î skxxår j s`qhà q }p` `j` dèk x` `d}pmiqm dm}p`j` mean dy`

i` enxîqnm }p` î m emqlè$ Dm r`qimi`* `j` y`dym dèk x` mi`}pmq* smq`h` x`q pe gkeè }p`

pe inm y`r` skxx`x ` mhmakp x`dik kaqnlmik m rnr q dm}p`j` jplmq$ K yèsk ykik ` j hkdh`qym

m xpm lqmrmym dk s`xhkìk* hkek x` `jm k `dbkqhmxx`$ M s`qxkdmlè q`sq`x`dym pem xkhnìmi`}p` y`dym x` emdy`q `qlpnim ` hke akm msmqïdhnm* e`xek inmdy` ikx sqkajèmx xkhnmnx

`dhkdyqmikx$

@j` î k q`sq`x`dymdy` im hjmxx` eîinm d„M Emqlè$ M}p`j` }p` `xymdik i`dyqk i`jm x`

ndhkekim s`jmx mynypi`x }p` ykem ` s`jkx mhkdy`hne`dykx }p` x` i`x`dqkjme dm emqlè$ K

gkeè aqmdhk i` y`qdk ` lqmrmym dèk yè rkz$ Ipqmdy` ykik k bnje` `j` dèk bmjm pem smjmrqm

` ms`dmx q`xskdi` hke l`xykx$ Dm emnkq smqy` im dmqqmynrm k kjgmq xpao`ynrk smqy` i`j`$

Y`dym xkaq`rnr`q r`di`dik hknxmx mk jnwèk* emx dèk hkdx`lp` ` `dyèk smxxm m mxxmjymq gke`dx

hke m mopim im sqkxynypym d`lqm* hke m }pmj yè pem q`jmìèk mekqkxm$ I`dyqk im hjmxxnbnhmìèk

i` ynskx i` i`xrnmdy` b`nym skq A`hf`q '1337. k gkeè aqmdhk i` y`qdk ski` x`q hjmxxnbnhmik

hkek k I`xrnmdy` Spqk* m}p`j` }p` i`xkaì`h` ã q`lqm ` î s`qhànik$



91

X`p xpnhåink mhkdy`h` msøx rnxnym im skjåhnm }p` k ndr`xynlm skq mxxmjykx }p` mhkdy`hè dk

h`dyqk im hnimi`$ Î `j` m sqne`nqm s`qxkdmlè m bq`}p`dymq k h`dyqk$ Smxxmdik s`jmx qpmx `j`

kax`qrm mx jkomx* mx s`xxkmx dm qpm* hkek x` }pnx`xx` y`q ykimx m}p`jmx hknxmx$ I`sknx im rnxnym

im skjåhnm k gkeè x` sð` jny`qmje`dy` ãx emql`dx ik qnk ` hke `wsjkxèk i` qmnrm smxxm m

ynqmq mx s`ìmx i` qkpsm ` oklí%jmx dk hgèk$ M háe`qm `xyí skxnhnkdmim dk hgèk i` bkqem }p` k

hkqsk ik gkeè bnhm hkesj`yme`dy` `d}pmiqmik* kx sîx `xyèk dm smqy` amnwm im háe`qm* k

}p` mpe`dym m nesq`xxèk i` }p` k gkeè `xyí bndhmik mk hgèk$ Mqqmnlmik ã}p`jm q`mjnimi`* k

bmyk i` ynqmq mx qkpsmx* è smqy` î pe xåeakjk im mh`nymìèk im}p`jm hkdinìèk* i` `dhmqmq m

q`mjnimi` è }p` rnr`$ M bqpxyqmìèk î lqmdi` ` k gkeè x` xpnhnim$

8$=$1$1 Sqkxynypym D`lqm

M x`lpdim s`qxkdmlè m msmq`h`q î m sqkxynypym d`lqm 'Rmjîqnm Rnimj.$ X`p hkqsk î

hkdxymdyè`dy` xpao`ynrmik s`jm háe`qm* }p` s`qhkqq` k hkqsk j`dyme`dy` i` bkqem m

`rni`dhnmq mx bkqemx ` m x`dxpmjnimi` im epjg`q mk x` ekr`q$ K qkxyk ` k xkqqnxk sqkrkhmdy x

ymeaîe xèk `rni`dhnmikx s`jm háe`qm$ K hkqsk im epjg`q x esq` hke`ìm m x`q ekxyqmiks`jkx sîx$

M epjg`q yndgm pe mdimq bnqe` ` mynypi`x bkqy`x$ Dm q`jmìèk hke k gkeè i` y`qdk bkn `jm }p`

sqksùx k hmxme`dyk* `qm `jm }p` hkesqmrm k mjne`dyk ` ndnhnmrm kx qkpakx$ Emnx i` pem r`z*

`jm ndnhnm aqnlmx hke gke`dx* aqnlmx xè sqksøxnyk* aqnlmx }p` lmdgmrm$

Skq pe jmik `xxmx aqnlmx my`xymrme k maxpqik im}p`jm xnypmìèk* è }p` pem epjg`q skaq` `

xè q`hpqxkx ndnhnmrm pem aqnlm ` mndim mxxne lmdgmrm$ Skq kpyqk `rni`dhnm m y`dymynrm i`

ekxyqmq }p` bq`dy` m skphm skxxnanjnimi` i` i`s`di`q ik `xymik m emqlndmj smxxm m hkdymq

hkdxnlk e`xem ` î kaqnlmim m x` i`b`di`q skq xn e`xem$



98

Ndi`s`di`dyè`dy` i` ykim m ipq`zm }p` msmq`dymrm yqmz`q è xn* m epjg`q yndgm k xkdgk i`

x`q b`jnz hke pe gkeè6 x` `dhmdym hke pe hmxme`dyk }p` rï dm hnimi` è }p` rnr` ` smxxm

m mjeòmq pe hmxme`dyk smqm xn ymeaîe$

I` mhkqik hke m hjmxxnbnhmìèk i` A`hf`q '1337. m epjg`q x`qnm pem I`xrnmdy` Spqm* s`xxkm

}p` hke`y` k myk nesqøsqnk ` k myk î q`hkdg`hnik s`jm xkhnìmi`$ M sqkxynypnìèk `qm

q`hkdg`hnim* emx dèk gmrnm }pmj}p`q mìèk hk`qhnynrm }p` apxhmxx` `rnymq }p` m epjg`q

hke`y`xx` mykx ndbqmhnkdmnx$

8$=$1$8 Jkphk

Pe gkeè 'A`dyndgk. hke r`xy`x qmxlmimx* hke m s`j` smqim* pe akdî ` hmjìmx emnx hpqymx

}p` mx s`qdmx* dm mjypqm ikx ok`jgkx$ Mxxne î k gkeè }p` msmq`dym y`q sqkajèmx e`dymnx$ Î

skxxår`j hg`lmq m `xxm hkdhjpxèk s`jm bkqem hkek ml`$ Hmqq`lm xèsq` hkdxnlk pem

emqlmqnim dmx eèkx }p` kb`q`h` m pem imx s`qxkdml`dx* m epjg`q jknqm* ` m emnx dndlpîe$

Xpmx mynypi`x smq`hè epnyk ndbmdynx$ Kx kjgkx ik s`qxkdmlè xèk hkdxymdyè`dy` bnjemikx*

`j`x xèk lqmdi`x ` d`lqkx* m mjy`qdmynrm i` bnjemlè bkn pynjnzmim smqm mpe`dymq m ni`nm i`

ndkhïdhnm$

Inb`q`dyè`dy` ikx kpyqkx s`qxkdml`dx k gkeè î pe i`xrnmdy` kqnlndmj* i`xi` x`p

dmxhne`dyk `xyí bmimik m y`q pe hkeskqyme`dyk }p` inb`q` ik `xs`qmik s`jm xkhnìmi`$ Smqm

`xy` gkeè k smiqèk i` hkeskqyme`dyk `xs`qmik î kpyqk* m hkdinìèk i` emqlndmj oí jg` î

myqnapåim s`jmx sqøsqnmx neskxxnanjnimi`x sxnhkjølnhmx$

D`xx` hkdy`wyk* m emqlè mhmam x`dik k jkhmj sqkdyk smqm mh`nyí%jk$ Mjn ykikx xèk i`xrnmdy`x

hkek `j`* gí m pdnèk skq xè`jgmdìm$ Î skxxår`j q`hkdg`h`q `dyèk m ndbjpïdhnm }p` k e`nk è

}p` rnr` yè d`xx` gkeè$ Ndnhnmje`dy` x`p i`xrnk `qm q`xpjymik i` pem ndhmsmhnimi`

sxnhkjølnhm* emx hke k yèsk mx mìð`x inr`ql`dy`x ik dkqemj x` ykqdmqme ymeaîe q`xpjymik

im ndbjpïdhnm ik e`nk$



99

Nxxk î skxxår`j mbnqemq i`rnik ã q`jmìèk }p` `j` yè hke k bmjxk hmi`nqmdy` ` hke m bmjxm

lqírnim* `jm mopim meakx è yqkhm i` mjlpe indg`nqk$ ]pmdik `j`x x` q`hpxme m jg` smlmq `j`

x` q`rkjym hkdyqm k hmxmj$ K gkeè hke i`bnhnïdhnm e`dymj q`hkdg`h` }p` m mynypi` ik hmxmj î

pem }pàqm i` mhkqik* emx nxxk dèk nesì` }p` `j` x` q`jmhnkd` hke k hmxmj$

D`xxm s`qxkdmlè ykikx kx x`dyne`dykx xèk aè emnx dåynikx ` `wmh`qamikx ymeaîe* `j` x`

hkekr` hke k hmxme`dyk im sqkxynypym* hke m smqynim im epjg`q jknqm ` sqndhnsmje`dy` hke m

ekqy` i`jm$

Inb q`dyè`dy` ikx ièmnx s`qxkdml`dx* k gkeè hke sqkajèmx e`dymnx hkdx`qrm k i`xòk

i` xèsq` mopimq mx s`xxkmx* mxxpendik pem skxnìèk x`qrnj dm emnkqnm imx r`z`x$ @xxm

skxnìèk i` x`qrnq ski` x`q hkdxni`qmim pe q`bj`wk im d`h`xxnimi` i` mh`nymìèk* k gkeè dèk

ski` x` neskq myqmrîx im bkqìm* im ndy`jnlïdhnm$ Emx* ski` x` bmz`q mh`nyk skq x`q xpax`qrn`dy`*

skq x`q ÿynj$

8$=$1$9 Jknqm

M ÿjynem s`qxkdmlè m x`q msq`x`dymim dk bnje` î m epjg`q jknqm 'Jph~ Qmdl`j. `jm ekqm ãx

emql`dx ik qnk ` x` q`jmhnkdm hke kx ièmnx s`qxkdml`dx i` bkqem m x`q m ÿdnhm }p`

xnxyèmynhme`dy` rmn myî m hnimi`$ Î pem epjg`q jknqm i` h`qhm i` yqndym mdkx ` }p` x` r`xy` i`bkqem xnesj`x* xèsq` hke pe smdk mymdik kx hma`jkx$ Yè k hkqsk aè sqkskqhnkdmik `

hke hpqrmx* emx dèk î ndxndpmdy`$

Inb q`dyè`dy` ikx kpyqkx* î skxxår`j q`hkdg`h`q }p` m s`qxkdmlè y`dym xmnq im emqlè* î m

ÿdnhm }p` myqmr`xxm ykikx kx inmx m skdy` }p` jnlm k jmik xpapqamdk im hnimi` mk amnqqk

h`dyqmj$ Î m s`qxkdmlè }p` apxhm x` mi`}pmq ã hjmxx` eîinm* yqmamjgmdik gkd`xyme`dy` mk

r`di`q jmdhg`x dm hnimi`$



90

Î m ÿdnhm s`qxkdmlè è }p` î skxxår`j q`hkdg`h`q m yqmdxnìèk i` pe hkeskqyme`dyk mh`nyk

xkhnmje`dy` smqm pe hkeskqyme`dyk }p` i`xrnm$ Dk ndåhnk m epjg`q x` rnqm yqmamjgmdik hkek

hkzndg`nqm* x`qrndik jmdhg`x dk h`dyqk im hnimi`* dm emnkqnm imx r`z`x m gke`dx* emx mhmam

x` ykqdmdik sqkxynypym$ K `xyåepjk }p` m j`rm m mxxpenq `xxm sqkbnxxèk î `wy`qdk* rè ik

h`dyqk im hnimi` ` dèk im emqlè$ M}pn* mx hkdinìð`x im pqamdnzmìèk x` nesðè mk

ndinråipk* }p` xphpea` mkx ms`jkx ` hkdinìð`x im rnim pqamdm$

@jm x` inb`q` im sqkxynypym d`lqm skq}p` rï dm sqíynhm pem bkqem i` x` jnrqmq im hkdinìèk i`

emqlndmj ãx emql`dx ik qnk* emx dèk i` emqlndmj$ Smqm m s`qxkdmlè `qm sq`b`qår`j x`qemqlndmj è kpyqk jplmq$ Dk akqi`j* }p` bnhm è pe amnqqk xpapqamdk* miomh`dy` ã emqlè

`jm `dhkdyqm kpyqmx epjg`q`x }p` m `dxndme hkek x` hkeskqymq* `dyq`ymdyk* jí `dhkdyqm

ymeaîe m ekqy`$

Î m ÿdnhm imx s`qxkdml`dx }p` î mxxmxxndmim$ Î skxxår`j ndb`qnq }p` dèk gí xmåim im emqlè m

dèk x`q m ekqy`6 m}p`j`x }p` i`hniè xmnq im emqlè x` xpnhnime kp xèk mxxmxxndmikx$



92

8$1 K AMDINIK IM JP_ R@QE@JGM

K bnje` Amdinik im Jpz R`qe`jgm* =>27* inqnlnik skq Qklîqnk Xlmdz`qjm* î pem mimsymìèk

jnrq` im gnxyøqnm ik mxxmjymdy` smpjnxym }p` qkpamrm hmxmx pxmdik pem jmdy`qdm r`qe`jgm smqm

x` lpnmq i`sknx i` i`xjnlmq m `d`qlnm `jîyqnhm imx hmxmx$ M rnim ik Amdinik ` m s`qx`lpnìèk

b`nym skq iknx skjnhnmnx m `j` î hkdymim m smqynq pem s`qxs`hynrm xpao`ynrm* ymdyk i` dmqqmìèk

}pmdyk i` bnjemlè$ Smqmj`jme`dy` î hkdymim m `xyøqnm i` pe skjåynhk hkqqpsyk }p` rkjym mk

Aqmxnj msøx pe `xhádimjk skjåynhk$ M rnim ikx iknx x` `dhkdyqm }pmdik k skjåynhk pynjnzm m

sqke`xxm i` hmsypqm ik amdinik smqm x` `j`l`q sq`xni`dy` s`jm Akhm ik Jnwk* íq`m ik h`dyqk

smpjnxym }p` hkdh`dyqmrm dmx iîhmimx i` 23 ` <3 amdinikx* sqkxynypymx* hmb`yè`x `

hkdyqmamdinxymx$

8$1$= Jndlpmlè Hndèmyklqíbnhm$

Amdinik im Jpz R`qe`jgm hke`ìm hke m msq`x`dymìèk ikx hqîinykx ndnhnmnx è pe j`yq`nqk i`

hndèm* è hmnwm mjym* }p` ekxyqm k dke` ik bnje`$ K y`wyk i`xy` j`yq`nqk `wsjnhm }p` kxs`qxkdml`dx im s`jåhpjm dèk s`qy`dhè mk epdik* emx mk y`qh`nqk epdik$ @d}pmdyk k y`wyk î

`wnanik dk j`yq`nqk* iknx dmqqmikq`x ndy`qhmjme bmjmx hke jndlpmomq qminkbùdnhk$ @j`x inzè

}p` k småx `xyí è `xymik i` xåynk ` `wsjnh me }p` ‚}pmj}p`q xè`jgmdìm hke bmykx q`mnx*

nqq`mnx* s`xxkmx rnrmx* ekqymx kp nemlndmqnmx î e`qm hkndhniïdhnm$ Yqmym%x` i` pe bmqk`xy` ik

Y`qh`nqk Epdik$― 'K AMDINIK IM JP_ R@QE@JGM* =>27* 88‛‛.

Dk eke`dyk x`lpndy`* m rkz im s`qxkdmlè sqndhnsmj `dyqm ` `jm inz? ‚@p x`n }p` bqmhmxx`n* m

endgm eè` }pnx e` makqymq sqm `p dèk ekqq`q i` bke`* emx* x` î mxxne* }pè yí i` xmsmyk

dèk xkaqm$ @p s`dxmrm }p` ymrm imdik k emnkq i`dyqk ` `xymrm imdik k emnkq bkqm im endgm

rnim$― 'K AMDINIK IM JP_ R@QE@JGM* =>27* =‛3=‛‛. Myî `dyèk m nemlè x` hkdh`dyqm

dkx hqîinykx }p` msq`x`dyme ymeaîe m `}pns` yîhdnhm ` mqyåxynhm i` Amdinik im Jpz R`qe`jgm$

D`xx` eke`dyk* m h`dm î mean`dymim è pe jnwèk è }p` hqnmdìmx aqndhme dk e`nk ik jnwk$

K Amdinik hkdyndpm? ‚Bpn ymjgmik sqm hmi`nqm `jîyqnhm* dpdhm e` i`n aè* dèk xnesmynzmrm



9<

hke amdinikx$ @p yndgm }p` mrmhmjgmq* pe hmqm mxxne xø yndgm }p` mrmhmjgmq sqm r`q k }p`

xmnm hke nxxk ypik$ @qm k }p` `p skinm bmz`q$― 'K AMDINIK IM JP_ R@QE@JGM* =>27*

=‛87‛‛. M h`dm y`qendm hke mx hqnmdìmx xmndik ik jnwèk `d}pmdyk m bpemìm ndrmi` k jplmq$

M h`dm ndnhnmj i` Amdinik im Jpz R`qe`jgm oí ièkdxyqm m pynjnzmìèk i` `jè`dykx im hpjypqm

i` emxxm dk bnje`$ Xèk `j`x? m `xhkjgm im jndlpmlè ik qíink smqm dmqqmq m `xyøqnm ` k j yq`nqk

i` hndèm$ M msqkwnemìèk hke k xpok* hke k mao`yk ` hke k lqky`xhk rè im q`sq`x`dymìèk

imx hqnmdìmx è pe jnwèk$ Î m msqkwnemìèk i` hqnmdìmx x` inr`qyndik è pe jnwèk }p` i`dkym

m q`jmìèk hpqynìèk+gkqqkq sq`x`dy` dk Hndèm Emqlndmj$

Mx neml`dx ` m dmqqmìèk xèk hkesjè`dymq`x$ @d}pmdyk k Amdinik* nd kbb * q`bj`y` xkaq` xpm

xndm* hkdym xkaq` xpm ndbádhnm* dm y`jm msmq`hè hqnmdìmx* }p` dmim yïe m r`q hke m gnxyøqnm im

s`qxkdmlè* è xnypmìð`x inb`q`dy`x imx dmqqmimx skq `j`$ @xxm î pem y`dymynrm i` bqmle`dymq

m dmqqmynrm ` inbnhpjymq k sqkh`xxk i` hkdxyqpìèk i` x`dynik skq smqy` ik `xs`hymikq$

M h`dm ekxyqm mndim k Amdinik x` mxxpendik hkek pe emqlndmj* pe amdinik }p` x` mh`nym

i`xxm bkqem$ M bmjm ‚`p xø skinm mrmhmjgmq― î pem `wsq`xxèk hjmqm im mh`nymìèk ik Amdinik*

ymdyk i` xpm xnypmìèk hkek emqlndmj }pmdyk i` xpm hkdinìèk i` hqnendkxk qminhmj* }p` dèk

yè ekynrmìèk$

M kpyqm gnxyøqnm }p` bmz smqy` ik bnje` xø msmq`h` msøx kx 93 sqne`nqkx endpykx$ K skjåynhkO$A$ im Xnjrm hg`lm ã Akhm ik Jnwk hkek hmdinimyk ã sq`xniïdhnm$ Xpm sqndhnsmj sqke`xxm î

sq`di`q k Amdinik im Jpz R`qe`jgm$ O$A$ î ymeaîe hg`b` i` pem kqlmdnzmìèk hqnendkxm

hgmemim Eèk D`lqm$

Msøx y`q xnik ma`qym m skqym ik mrnèk* k hmdinimyk xpql` è pe sjkdlî qndik hke pe hgmsîp

dm eèk$ Mdy`x e`xek i` skq k sqne`nqk sî smqm bkqm ik mrnèk `j` hke`ìm m bmz`q sqke`xxmx

inz`dik? ‚Dk e`p lkr`qdk rkp mhmamq hke lp`qqmx* my`dymikx ` q`rkjpìð`x$― 'K AMDINIK

IM JP_ R@QE@JGM* =>27* 9<‛18‛‛.$ M smqynq imå* m h`dm î bnjemim è pe sjmdk x }pïdhnm



97

}p` mhkesmdgm m i`hnim ik hmdinimyk ik mrnèk$ O$A$ î q`hànik skq okqdmjnxymx ` x` inz epnyk

b`jnz hke m xnypmìèk$

Pe ikx okqdmjnxymx s`qlpdym }pmnx xèk x`px sjmdkx$ K hmdinimyk q`xskdi`? ‚@p rne im

@xsmdgm smqm imq pe hmqmdlk dkrk sqm }pè i`xx` pem snxym ik Amdinik― 'K AMDINIK IM

JP_ R@QE@JGM* =>27* 9<‛02‛‛. K okqdmjnxym jg` s`qlpdym x` `j` xma` mjlpem hknxm ik hmxk$

@j` inz }p` xma` ypik* emx xø rmn x` sqkdpdhnmq dm bq`dy` ik i`j`lmik* Hma`ìèk$ Mk x`q

s`qlpdymik xkaq` pe mxxmxxndmyk ik }pmj `qm xpxs`nyk* O$A$ mbnqem }p` k hmxk dèk yè

neskqyádhnm ` }p` bkn maxkjrnik$

O$A$ ymeaîe `wsjnhm xpm nim ã @xsmdgm smqm r`q x`p r`jgk menlk S`qød$ Pe okqdmjnxym jg`

s`qlpdym x` `j` j`p pe h`qyk mqynlk$ K hmdinimyk m sq`xniïdhnm q`xskdi` mkx aqmikx }p`? ‚@j`x

e` hgmeme i` snxykj`nqk* emx `p dèk xkp jmiqèk- Dèk xkp jmiqèk---― 'K AMDINIK IM JP_

R@QE@JGM* =>27* 97‛31‛‛. M háe`qm }p` mhkesmdgm m h`dm è sjmdk x`}pïdhnm síqm ` m

mìèk mhkdy`h` bkqm i` `x}pmiqk$ D`xx` eke`dyk m rkz ik dmqqmikq* gkeè* `dyqm ` mbnqem

}p` k småx rnr` inmx i` ypepjyk ` ami`qdm$ Kx iknx dmqqmikq`x smxxme m bmjmq xnepjymd`me`dy``* `dyèk* ms`dmx mjlpemx smjmrqmx skiè x`q hkesq``dinimx$ M háe`qm smxxm m `d}pmiqmq i`

hnem m snxym ik m`qkskqyk hke kx okqdmjnxymx h`qhmdik k hmdinimyk$

D`xxm h`dm m pynjnzmìèk ik sjmdk x`}pïdhnm î pem bkqem i` ekxyqmq ndxymanjnimi` ` ndxynlmq dk

`xs`hymikq i`xhkdbnmdìm ik }p` `xyí x`dik mbnqemik$ M nesq`hnxèk imx neml`dx ` m bmjym i`

bkhk mopime m mbnqemq `xxm nesq`xxèk$ @jè`dykx im hpjypqm i` emxxm* hkek m nemlè ikinymikq `xsmdgkj S`qød ymeaîe xèk pynjnzmikx smqm mpe`dymq k }p`xynkdme`dyk xkaq` m

hqìnanjnimi` ik hmdinimyk$ M bnlpqm i` O$A$ î* è msmqïdhnm ` mbnqemìð`x* pem bnlpqm

akdmhgkdm }p` sqke`y` hknxmx }p` dèk ski` hpesqnq6 nxxk î `wsq`xxk jklk dmx sqne`nqmx

mbnqemynrmx ik skjåynhk$ ]pmdik k hmdinimyk inz }p` dèk î amdinik î }pmx` hkek x` inxx`xx` k

kskxyk$ @xxm nesq`xxèk rè im msq`x`dymìèk im s`qxkdmlè akdmhgkdm* i` pem háe`qm

nesq`hnxm ` im `wsq`xxèk i` i`xhq`dìm ikx okqdmjnxymx }p` mqlÿè O$A$$



9>

M smqynq i`xxm h`dm* k bnje` Amdinik im Jpz R`qe`jgm x` i`x`drkjr` i` bkqem emnx

bqmle`dymim mndim$ Dk bndmj* k Amdinik im Jpz R`qe`jgm ekqq` `j`yqkhpymik è pe jnwèk*

`d}pmdyk `dxmnmrm smqm ekqq`q$ M ekqy` i` O$A$ dèk î ekxyqmim* ms`dmx pem lmqkym `wsjnhm

}p` `j` ekqq`p è pe hmqqk }p` `wsjkinp$

Ymdyk k Amdinik* hkek O$A$ mxxpeè yqmìkx i` ndinråipkx i`xrnmdy`x hke hkeskqyme`dykx

}p` inr`qlè ik `xs`qmik ymdyk smqm pe skjåynhk* }pmdyk smqm pe hnimièk hkepe$ Emnx ik

}p` nxxk* k Amdinik q`s`y` i` bkqem }pmx` ympykjølnhm }p` yndgm }p` mrmhmjgmq* yndgm }p`

mrmhmjgmq ‚ smqm r`q k }p` xmnm im}pnjk―$

Î skxxår`j yqmìmq pem q`jmìèk `dyq` m bqmx` ik Jpz hke k ekrne`dyk hndèmyklqíbnhk è

}p`xyèk$ M mrmhmjgmìèk ` m xpar`qxèk im nemlè ` ikx ádlpjkx î k }p` emqhm m sqkipìèk ik

Hndèm Emqlndmj* mk }pmj Qmekx '=>7<. x` q`b`q` hkek hndèm i` `ws`qne`dymìèk$ K

sqksøxnyk ikx inq`ykq`x `qm k e`xek }p` k ik Amdinik? mrmhmjgmq smqm r`q k }p` xmåm$

M ekqy` ik Amdinik î pem imx h`dmx emnx èajèíynhmx* `j` ` k i`j`lmik Hma`ìèk ekqqè

maqmìmikx* `j`yqkhpymikx è pe jnwèk* `d}pmdyk k amdinik gmrnm i`hninik s`jk xpnhåink è

xpm ÿjynem bplm im skjnhnm$

8$1$1 Mdíjnx` imx s`qxkdml`dx

Dk pdnr`qxk im Akhm ik Jnwk* kdi` x` smxxm k bnje` Amdinik im Jpz R`qe`jgm* bkqme

ni`dynbnhmikx }pmyqk s`qxkdml`dx i` emnkq `wsq`xxèk ` skq nxxk x`qèk mdmjnxmikx

x`smqmime`dy $ @j`x xèk? Jpz* ms`jnik ik Amdinik6 O$A$ im Xnjrm* skjåynhk hkqqpsyk }p` rkjym

ã Akhm ik Jnwk* Omd`y` Omd`* sqkxynypym ` Hma`ìèk* k skjnhnmj }p` x`lp` k qmxyqk i` jpz$



03

8$1$1$= Jpz* K Amdinik im Jpz R`qe`jgm

Xkaq`rnr`dy` i` pe makqyk* Jpz* Smpjk Rnjjmìm* hq`xh`p dmx qpmx i` Xèk Smpjk `* }pmdik

mipjyk* x` ndxymjkp è s`dxð`x ` sqkxyåapjkx im Akhm ik Jnwk$ X`p dke` î Okqlndgk ` mbnqem

}p` dmxh`p dm hnimi` i` Mxxpdhnød* hmsnymj ik Smqmlpmn* ` i`sknx r`nk mk Aqmxnj$ Yè kx

hma`jkx hmxymdgkx ` pe skqy` `xa`jyk* inz y`q 12 mdkx `* x`lpdik kx dmqqmikq`x* emykp `xy`

dÿe`qk i` s`xxkmx$ Hkdi`dmik m =2< mdkx* knyk e`x`x ` iknx inmx i` sqnxèk ‚mbnqem }p` rnr`

i` qkpak ` èsqîxynek ikx menlkx― 'K AMDINIK IM JP_ R@QE@JGM* =>27* 8‛98‛‛.$ X`

mpyk ndynypjm pe akìmj ` mbnqem }p` x`p bqmhk î ekqymdi`jm 'xnh.$ Hke`y` yqïx hqne`x* qkpak*

mxxmxxndmyk ` `xypsqk* emnx i` pe y`qìk ik bnje` î smqm ekxyqmq m xph`xxèk i`xx`x mykx* y`dymx` xpnhnimq ymeaîe$

Mk mxxmjymq m hmxm i` pe gkeè qnhk sì` m `xskxm i`xy` }p` jg` bmìm pem ke`j`y`$ Xè

}pmj}p`q q`h`nk i` x`q q`hkdg`hnik* Jpz q`ynqm k j`dìk ik qkxyk* }p` `xhkdinm xpm ni`dynimi` `

hke` m ke`j`y` dm bqnlni`nqm* `d}pmdyk bmz `jklnkx ã epjg`q* kb`q`h`%jg` pem amjm$ I`sknx i`

hke`q sq`di` k emqnik dk amdg`nqk* `d}pmdyk `xypsqm m epjg`q dk hùekik mk jmik$

K qkxyk im epjg`q dèk î ekxyqmik è }pmj}p`q eke`dyk ` è sqne`nqk sjmdk `xyí xèsq` k

amdinik$ M ndkrmìèk dk bnje` `xyí ymeaîe d`xy` ynsk i` mdlpjmìèk ` dm}pnjk }p` `xhkjg`

`rni`dhnmq$ M h`dm ik `xypsqk* skq `wèsjk* ií i`xym}p` `xs`hnmj ãx s`qdmx ik amdinik ` im

epjg`q }p` x` mqqmxyme s`jk hgèk* è pem jpym hmqnhmym* k amjmdìk }p` bmzè x` mxxè`jgm

emnx m pem imdìm* m pe maqmìk* ik }p` m pe sqky`xyk hkdyqm m rnkjïdhnm x`wpmj$

@e inr`qxkx eke`dykx ik bnje`* Jpz bmz }p`xyèk i` `rni`dhnmq xpm bmjym i` hkdbnmdìm dk

bpypqk ` bmjym i` s`qxs`hynrm* dèk lkxym i` amdinik* dèk lkxym i` x`q amdinik* emx ymeaîe dèk

lkxym i` }pmj}p`q kpyqm hknxm$ Î k }p` inz xkaq` xn e`xek `d}pmdyk dmqqm k bnje`$ Pe iníjklk

}p` yè hke Omd`y` Omd` i`nwm nxxk aè hjmqk$ Mk x`q mqlpnik xkaq` k }p` `xs`qm im rnim

mbnqem? ‚Im rnim `p dèk }p`qk dmim$ Mdynlme`dy` `p }p`qnm x`q lqmdi`* }p`qnm x`q bmekxk$―

'K AMDINIK IM JP_ R@QE@JGM* =>27* 88‛‛. @dyèk `jm s`qlpdym smqm }p` `j` i`xòmrm

bmem* mk }p` Jpz q`xskdi` ‚X`n jí sqm }p`- ]p`qnm x`q amhmdm* skq aè kp skq emj* emx gko`



0=

`p xkp pe hknymik* dèk xkp dmim$ Oí î hndhk;― 'K AMDINIK IM JP_ R@QE@JGM* =>27*

0=‛0=‛‛.

K Amdinik ski` x`q hkdxni`qmik pe ndinråipk i`xrnmdy`* s`jm sqíynhm i` hqne`x ` i`

hkdyqmr`dìð`x$ X` i`xymhm hkek ymj mk x` `dhmnwmq* s`qb`nyme`dy`* dk hkdh`nyk i` Hqne`

Qminhmj }p` hkdbnlpqm m ndbqmìèk ã j`n ` ã ekqmj* xè d`dgpe ekynrk hjmqk* ms`dmx s`jk

xnesj`x i`xòk i` mrmhmjgmq$ Dmx hjmxxnbnhmìð`x i` ndinråipk i`xrnmdy` i` A`hf`q '1337. Jpz

x` `dhmnwmqnm dm hjmxxnbnhmìèk i` I`xrnmdy` Spqk* m}p`j` }p` hke`y` pe myk ndbqmhnkdmj ` î

s`qhànik hkek ymj$

8$1$1$1 O$A$ im Xnjrm

K skjåynhk* Jpnz Jndgmq`x* hg`lm im @xsmdgm hke m sqke`xxm i` xmjrmq m Akhm ik Jnwk ik

Amdinik im Jpz R`qe`jgm* emx î* dm r`qimi`* k hg`b` im kqlmdnzmìèk hqnendkxm Eèk D`lqm*

}p` hkemdim k hqne` kqlmdnzmik dm zkdm akïenm smpjnxymdm$

Î pe gkeè lkqik* hke emnx i` 03 mdkx i` nimi`* i` mjym hjmxx` xkhnmj* aè mqynhpjmik ` }p`

dèk x` ndynenim mk x`q }p`xynkdmik$ Smqm x` i`b`di`q* mxxpe` pem skxypqm mlq`xxnrm$

J`rmdik%x` è hkdxni`qmìèk m gnxyøqnm skjåynhm ik småx* ` kx sqne`nqkx mdkx im inymipqm

enjnymq* î s`qenynik bmz`q pe smqmj`jk `dyq` O$A$ ` mx bnlpqmx skjåynhmx }p` è`qlè dk h`díqnk

dmhnkdmj$ Pe skjåynhk akdmhgèk* lkqik ` xè }pmj}p`q `xhqÿspjk* }p` kb`q`h` myqmrîx iìnxhpqxkx rmznkx* sqke`xxmx rèx* hkek* skq `wèsjk* x`lpqmdìm smqm m skspjmìèk kp imq pe

hmqqk m }pè bkqd`h`xx` ndbkqemìð`x xkaq` Jpz$ Kpyqk `wèsjk î }pmdik è pe

sqkdpdhnme`dyk dm YR `j` inz ‚Kx skaq`x `dbne rèk emxynlmq- @p rkp inxyqnapnq hgnhj`y`x mkx

skaq`x smqm }p` `j`x emxynlpè dkny` ` inm$― 'K AMDINIK IM JP_ R@QE@JGM* =>27*

0<‛38‛‛.$ Xkaq` m enxîqnm `j` mbnqem ‚Pe småx xè enxîqnm î pe småx xè bkjhjkq` `* è pe

småx xè bkjhjkq` k }p` î }p` dkx skièkx ekxyqmq sqkx 'xnh. ypqnxymx;― 'K AMDINIK IM

JP_ R@QE@JGM* =>27* <1‛08‛‛.



01

Mk x` hmdinimymq hkek sq`b`nyk s`jm Akhm ik Jnwk* q`sq`x`dym m}p`jm smqy` im hnimi`* hg`nm i`

amdinikx* sqkxynypymx ` rmlmapdikx$ Imå xpl`q`%x` m hqåynhm? k Aqmxnj yè kx skjåynhkx }p`

e`q`h`* mxxne hkek m Akhm ik Jnwk$ Kp* mndim* m Akhm ik Jnwk x`qnm pem q`sq`x`dymìèk ik

Aqmxnj$

Emnx pem r`z î skxxår`j ni`dynbnhmq k Hqne` Qminhmj$ O$A$ im Xnjrm î hkqqpsyk ` hqnendkxk*

emx dèk `wnxy` }pmj}p`q opxynbnhmynrm smqm }p` k gkeè mom i`xym bkqem$ Dèk î s`qenynik

hkdg`h`q xpm gnxyøqnm ` hkdinìð`x xkhnmnx dmx }pmnx bkn hqnmik smqm y`dymq hkesq``di`q xpm

hkdipym i`xrnmdy`$

@dyq` mx hjmxxnbnhmìð`x i` ndinråipk i`xrnmdy` sqkskxymx skq A`hf`q '1337. `j` x`qnm

hjmxxnbnhmik hkek k I`xrnmdy` X`hq`yk* s`xxkm }p` hke`y` m ndbqmìèk* emx k myk s`qemd`h`

i`xhkdg`hnik hkek nesqøsqnk s`jm xkhnìmi`$ I`xxm bkqem hkdx`lp` s`qemd`h`q hke x`px

ndy`q`xx`x sqne`nqkx$

8$1$1$8 Hma`ìèk

X`p dke`* dm r`qimi`* î Xmj` 'Smlmdk Xkaqndgk. `w`qh` m bpdìèk i` ndr`xynlmikq im Skjåhnm

Hnrnj* emx î skspjmqe`dy` hgmemik Hma`ìèk$ Yè pem q`jmìèk epnyk sqøwnem hke m ekqy`*

bmjm i` ik`dìmx k yèsk ykik* xkaq` k råhnk i` bpemq nqkdnzm* mk bmjmq }p` k hnlmqqk i` hmim

småx ií pe ynsk i` ik`dìm inb`q`dy`* skq nxxk* e`xek x` x`dyndik emj dèk minmdym yqkhmq i`hnlmqqk kp myî e`xek smqmq i` bpemq* mx ik`dìmx nd`rnymr`je`dy` mhkdy`h`qme$

I`j`lmik Hma`ìèk ymeaîe q`hjmem im hpjypqm eki`qdm$ ]p`xynkdm m rmjkqnzmìèk ikx

ndy j`hypmnx* imx kaqmx i` mqy ` hjmxxnbnhm ykikx `xy`x hkek iqklmikx ` smqmxnymx$ M skxypqm im

s`qxkdmlè qè`y` ã xnypmìèk ik mqynxym dk Aqmxnj* hkdxni`qmikx i`xrnmdy`x s`jkx ‚i`b`dxkq`x

im ekqmj ` ikx akdx hkxype`x―* ynikx hkek rmlmapdikx }p` dmim i` hkdhq`yk sqkipznme smqm

k aè im xkhnìmi`$



08

S`qx`lpndik Jpz* `j` x` inxyqmn q`hjmemdik i` pem ikq i` i`dy` ` snxm dm q`i` `jîyqnhm$ Ekqq`

mlmqqmik mk amdinik* }p` gí skphk gmrnm xnik `j`yqkhpymik$ Dk eke`dyk im ekqy` hgmem

s`jm eè`* pem h`dm im }pmj î skxxår`j ndb`qnq pem y`dymynrm i` qninhpjmqnzmq m bnlpqm ik

skjnhnmj rnkj`dyk$



09

8$8 K I@XS@QYMQ IM A@XYM+QNYPMJ IKX XÍINHKX

M kaqm i` Okxî Ekonhm Emqndx x` i`xymhm emnx s`jm xpm sqkwnenimi` ik gkqqkq ik }p` s`jmx

hmqmhy`qåxynhmx emqlndmnx* hkek hpqynìèk w mrmhmjgmìèk* `xskqqk* pqamdnzmìèk im yèíynhm$ @ x`

k inq`ykq î hkdxni`qmik pe hnd`mxym emqlndmj* epnyk inxxk x` ií ymdyk s`jm xpm sqkwnenimi`

l`klqíbnhm hke m Akhm ik Jnwk smpjnxymdm* hkek ik yqmyme`dyk imik mkx yèmx ikx x`px

bnje`x$

@dyq`ymdyk* K I`xs`qymq im A`xym mxxpe` pe sms`j ÿdnhk dm hndèmyklqmbnm ik inq`ykq* sknxrè yqmymq im gnskhqnxnm im hpjypqm smpjnxymdm }p` `wnanm m rnkjïdhnm lqmypnym ` m amdmjnzmìèk

x`wpmj* è e`nk m yèskx i` yqksnhíjnm$ Amqhndxfn ` Bndkyyn '=>>7. hnyme m ndyqkipìèk ik bnje`

b`nym skq Jphhg`yyn* qky`nqnxym i` Okxî Ekonhm?

Ríqnkx mxs`hykx im rnim dkypqdm ikx inr`qxkx hmamqîx* ymwn%lnqjx* y`myqkx i` q`rnxym* akmy`x*mean`dy`x `xbpemìmikx$ Rnhnmikx$ Skjåhnm imdik amynim è hmxmx i` sqkxynypnìèk$Yqmdxrnmikx$ Rnhnmikx$ Hkdyqmamdik im `qrm emjinym$ Skjåhnm imdik rkz i` sqnxèk$ Skaq`zm$Enxîqnm$ Bmr`jmx$ L`dy` ekqmdik xka rnmipykx$ Sìndy`x i` `xekjmx$ Emdhg`y`x i` okqdmnx

mdpdhnmdik mxxmjykx m amdhk* amynimx è ndb`qdndgkx$ Y`qqkqnxek$ Bpyàkj 'Amqhndxfn `Bndkyyn* =>>7* 183.

K bnje` è }p`xyèk bkn `xhkjgnik smqm mdíjnx`* sknx `j` q`mjnzm pem q`bj`wèk xkaq` k hndèm

sqkipznik dm}p`jm îskhm ` x` pynjnzm im `xyqpypqm emqlndmj è xpm dmqqmynrm ` jndlpmlè$

8$8$= Jndlpmlè Hndèmyklqíbnhm

M Mr` Emqnm ykhm ` pe lqnyk i` i`x`xs`qk qkes` m eÿxnhm hj`qnhmj$ @e`qlnik i` pe hmnwèk*

`xyí _î ik Hmnwèk$ Msøx pe hjkx` dk qkxyk xèk xkaq`skxymx mx neml`dx i` _î ik Hmnwèk ` i`

x`p hqnmikq* k mykq Okxî Ekonhm Emqndx$ D`xxm amymjgm i` xkaq`skxnìð`x* _î ik Hmnwèk lmdgm `

smqy` smqm pe iníjklk inq`yk hke k `xs`hymikq* dk }pmj mrnxm }p` k epdik î bkqemik skq

s`xxkmx `xyqmdgmx* emx }p` `jmx dèk x`qnme emnx `xyqmdgmx }p` `j`$ @xx` î k ndåhnk ik bnje` K

I`xs`qymq im A`xym+ Qnypmj ikx Xíinhkx* =>2>* i` Okxî Ekonhm Emqndx$

@e K I`xs`qymq im A`xym `xyèk kx i`rmd`nkx x`wpmnx* `ws`qne`dymikx skq }pmyqk rnhnmikx è



00

iqklmx xpae`ynikx m ndo`ìð`x i` JXI* dpe `ws`qne`dyk hn`dyåbnhk$ M dmqqmynrm ik bnje`

msq`x`dym sqne`nqk mx `ws`qnïdhnmx s`jmx }pmnx hmim pe ikx s`qxkdml`dx smxxm ipqmdy` k

`ws`qne`dyk$ I`sknx khkqq` pe iàmy` è }p` k sxnhøjklk mpykq im s`x}pnxm q`xskdi` ãx

s`qlpdymx i` hndhk okqdmjnxymx$ M xmamyndm s`jm }pmj m s`qxkdmlè _î ik Hmnwèk î xpae`ynik

dm YR ipqmdy` k sqklqmem ]pè yè eìk im r`qimi`;2 î ndy`qhmjmim hke m `dyq`rnxym hke k

sxnhøjklk$

Kx smhn`dy`x y`qèk m iqklm ndo`ymim ` i`sknx x`qèk `wskxykx ã bnlpqm i` _î ik Hmnwèk* m smqynq

i`xxm bnlpqm kx gke`dx `dbq`dymqme x`xxð`x i` mpyk%xpl`xyèk* gnsdkx`* ` q`jmymqèk xpmx

`ws`qnïdhnmx$

K q`xpjymik imx `ws`qnïdhnmx î pe jnrqk hke inb`q`dy x q`jmykx i` sqíynhmx x`wpmnx s`qr`qxmx `

i`xhkd`wmx$ K bnje` dèk kaì`h` m pe i`x`drkjrne`dyk jnd`mq* dm r`qimi` m `xyøqnm }p` jnlm

ykimx mx s`qxkdml`dx xø î ekxyqmim dk bndmj* myî `dyèk k `xs`hymikq x` rï bq`dy` m inr`qxmx

`xyøqnmx xè pem xph`xxèk hqkdkjølnhm `* skq r`z`x* i`xhkd`wmx$ Î m hgmemim nemlè `xyîqnj$

M `xyqpypqm im dmqqmynrm kaì`h` mk }p` Hkxym '1333. hgmem i` i`x`xy`ynzmìèk* }pmdik k

bnje` mqynhpjm `xyøqnmx ndi`s`di`dy`x* }p` skiè kp dèk y`q }pmj}p`q q`jmìèk dk bndmj ` }p`

xèk ekxyqmimx mj`mykqnme`dy`$ Dk hmxk i` K I`xs`qymq im A`xym* mx h`dmx bmzè xne smqy` i`

pem e`xem `xyøqnm }p` sqkrkhm x`dynik dk bndmj$

M sqne`nqm bqmx` ik bnje` î pem emd`nqm i` oí dk ndåhnk sq`smqmq k `xs`hymikq smqm xma`q }p`

dmim ik }p` î yqmymik mjn î `xyqmdgk ` `wy`qdk m `j`$ M ni`nm î oí hkdxyqpnq pe rådhpjk }p`q nqí

sqksnhnmq m hqnmìèk i` x`dynik* pem r`z }p` k rådhpjk hmyíqynhk dèk î apxhmik dk Hndèm

Emqlndmj$ Î skxxår`j `xyma`j`h`q mndim pem q`jmìèk `dyq` m h`dm ` k hkdh`nyk i` `xskqqk*

yqmznik skq Qmekx '=>7<.* ‚K `xskqqk sqkrkhm dk `xs`hymikq pem x`dxmìèk i` ndhùekik `

2 M h`dm x ` amx`nm dm `dyq`rnxym imim skq Okxî Ekonhm mk sqklqmem gkeùdnek* yqmdxenynik s`jm YR Q`hkqi$ Dk oÿqn i` Ekonhm `xymrme s`qxkdmjnimi`x hkek Mikdnqme Amqakxm* Mqmh~ i` Mje`nim ` Xå jrnk Jpnz* }p` qmxlm mq`rnxym ìnymim skq _î ik Hmnwèk$ QMAMÌM* Hmqjkx Mja`qyk ` AMQAKXM* Lpxymrk Lpnemqè`x M rnim ` m kaqm

i` Okxî Ekonhm Emqndx* k _î ik Hmnwèk66 1$ ì$ Qnk i` Omd`nqk? Hmespx*=>>7$



02

inbnhpjym xpm q`jmìèk hke m kaqm* sqndhnsmje`dy` x` `xym î ine`dxnkdmim s`jm bqpnìèk%

ni`dynbnhmìèk sqøsqnm ã dmqqmynrm hjíxxnhm―$ 'QMEKX* =>7<* s =10.

@e l`qmj* k Hndèm Emqlndmj dèk x` sq`khpsm hke m bkqemìèk i` x`dynik ` hke k

`xyma`j`hne`dyk i` jnlmìèk hke k `xs`hymikq* skq}p` x`p kao`ynrk î k i` ièkdxyqmq* ` dèk k

i` dmqqmq$ @dyq`ymdyk* k I`xs`qymq im A`xym mxxpe` pe sms`j inb`q`dy` i`dyqk ik ekrne`dyk

m}pn è }p`xyèk$ M dmqqmynrm ik bnje` dèk î jnd`mq* emx î aè mqynhpjmim i` bkqem }p`* dk

bndmj ik bnje`* î skxxår`j hkdxyqpnq pe x`dynik hjmqk$

@e K I`xs`qymq im A`xym* `w% Qnypmj ikx Xíinhkx* m inxhpxxèk emnx `wsq`xxm î xkaq` bmz`q

hndèm dk Aqmxnj* sqndhnsmje`dy` xkaq` bmz`q Hndèm Emqlndmj è Xèk Smpjk* mx inbnhpjimi`x

dm sqkipìèk i` pe bnje`* kx amnwkx kqìme`dykx ` m d`h`xxnimi` i` q`sq`x`dymq k }p` dèk î

a`jk* emx î q`mj* myqmrîx ikx bnje`x$

Ipqmdy` m xmamyndm i` _î ik Hmnwèk* pe ikx eèaqkx ik oÿqn mb nqem? ‚Kjgm* `p x`n }p` smqmbmz`q hndèm dk Aqmxnj yè pem xîqn` i` inbnhpjimi`x* rkhï dèk ski`qnm bmz`q pe bnje` }p`

j`rmxx` pem e`dxmlè i` b`jnhnimi`;― 'K I@XS@QYMQ IM A@XYM+QNYPMJ IKX

XÍINHKX* =>27* 97‛=0‛‛. Mk }p` _î ik Hmnwèk q`xskdi`

Bmz`q hndèm dk Aqmxnj î k e`xek }p` bmz`q pe bklp`y` m}pn ` emdimq ã jpm$ Dèk yèkxq`hpqxkx smqm bmz`q hndèm ` k inq`ykq yè }p` hqnmq pe s`qxkdmlè* yè }p` xmnq smqmkpyqkx jmikx* yè }p` neskqymq bnje`x rnql` 'xnh.--- Rnql` 'xnh.-- Yè }p` ndr`dymq k }p``xyí ndr`dymik ` imq mk sÿajnhk m}pnjk }p` `j` }p`q r`q$ X` dèk* dèk yè o`nyk* kx hndèmx

b`hgme mx skqymx* kx hqåynhkx hkeè amdmdm ` k inq`ykq yè }p` hke`q hmxhm- Hmxhm-- 'KI@XS@QYMQ IM A@XYM+QNYPMJ IKX XÍINHKX* =>2>* 97‛=>‛‛.

K i`xmambk i` Okxî Ekonhm Emqndx* k _î ik Hmnwèk* î bnjemik è háe`qm xps`q knyk* hkek

ykik k q`xyk ik bnje`$ M h`dm x` smxxm è pem y`j`rnxèk$ Î háe`qm bnjemdik háe`qm$ Î k kjgmq

ik `xs`hymikq mxxnxyndik m pe sqklqmem i` YR$ Mx neml`dx ndy`qhmjme m bmjm i` Ekonhm* ik

msq`x`dymikq ik sqklqmem* ik oÿqn ` im q`rnxymx è }pmiqndgkx }p` `j` sqkipznm dm Akhm ik

Jnwk smpjnxymdm$ @xxm î m ÿjynem s`qlpdym q`xskdinim skq _î ik Hmnwèk ` mkx skphkx m eÿxnhm

M}p`j` Maqmìk* i` Lnja`qyk Lnj* hke`ìm m ykhmq$



0<

Ipmx q`bj`wð`x xèk d`h`xxíqnmx m q`xs`nyk i`xxm h`dm? sqne`nqk* m pynjnzmìèk im eÿxnhm i`

Lnja`qyk Lnj xkm hkek pem nqkdnm* qè`y` mk hkdyqmxy` `dyq` m mj`lqnm hmdymim dm eÿxnhm ` m

q`rkjym ik ndy`qjkhpykq* ã d`h`xxnimi` im mj`lqnm* i` hpqynìèk ` im hkeèkqmìèk smqm emxhmqmq

mx mdlÿxynmx im skspjmìèk$ I`xxm bkqem m eÿxnhm x` 'i`x.hmxm hke m h`dm* è }p` î

}p`xynkdmim m sqkipìèk hndèmyklqíbnhm dmhnkdmj$

M h`dm mndim s`qeny` bmz`q pem q`bj`wèk xkaq` k pxk im e`ymjndlpmlè$ Dk Hndèm Emqlndmj

î hkepe m pynjnzmìèk i` `jè`dykx }p` qè`yme mk sqøsqnk hndèm* hkek háe`qmx }p`

msmq`hè i`jna`qmime`dy` dm h`dm$ M mjy`qdmynrm î pem bkqem i` }pàqmq m q`jmìèk i`r`qkxxnenjgmdìm* mk dèk `xyma`j`h`q jneny`x `dyq` k }p` `xyí x`dik bnjemik ` k myk i` bnjemq$

K pxk im e`ymjndlpmlè î ymeaîe pe q`bj`wk ik ndy`q`xx` ik Hndèm Emqlndmj }p`* x`lpdik

Hkxym '1333.* apxhm ndhjpnq yèmx q`jmhnkdmikx ã pqamdnimi` ` mkx emxx eìnm mk e`xek

yèsk sqkrkhmdik k inxymdhnme`dyk ik mean`dy` qpqmj ` im jny`qmypqm yqmymikx dk Hndèm

Dkrk$

Kpyqk skdyk yqmznik ã inxhpxxèk î k sms`j im epjg`q dk Aqmxnj* j`rmdik%x` è hkdxni`qmìèk k

hkdy`wyk xkhnmj$ Dkx mdkx <3* m hg`lmim im såjpjm mdynhkdh`shnkdmj i`p emnx jna`qimi` ã

epjg`q ` ãx sqíynhmx x`wpmnx$ Hkdyqmskdik%x` m nxxk* _î ik hmnwèk yqmz ã jpz è x`p bnje` m

kao`ynbnhmìèk im epjg`q* ‚i`xrnmdik%x`― i` pe dkrm kdim hpjypqmj }p` sqksmlmrm m jna`qimi`

bèndndm$

M sqne`nqm h`dm ik bnje` î pem epjg`q jknqm* smqynhnsmdy` ik `ws`qne`dyk* }p` yè skphk

emnx i` 13 mdkx$ @jm x` i`xs` è bq`dy` m hndhk gke`dx }p` yqmzè pe èaqpjgk* i`dyqk ik

}pmj gí pe s`dnhk }p` î `dyq`lp` m `jm$ K ísnh` im h`dm x` ií }pmdik* dpm* `jm mxx`dym dk

s`dnhk$

Î pe eke`dyk `xhmykjølnhk }p` ski` q`sq`x`dymq k i`xòk ik gkeè s`jkx q`xykx* s`jk



07

iò`yk* skq m}pnjk }p` myî k sqøsqnk hkqsk i`xsq`zm$ Î m bmxhndmìèk s`jk hkqsk gpemdk è xpm

hkesj`ypi` dk eke`dyk emnx r`qlkdgkxk ` ndinrnipmj$ Î m xkhnmjnzmìèk ik xpok$ Î m

xkhnìmi`* }p` bmz lp`qqm* hkek inz m eÿxnhm mk bpdik <$ Pe gíanyk hkepe mk Hndèm

Emqlndmj* }p` Hkxym '1333. mskdym hkek k andùenk sqmz`q w gkqqkq* î m pynjnzmìèk ik lqky`xhk

` im `xhmykjklnm hkek bkdy`x i` sqmz`q$

M kao`ynbnhmìèk* kp m y`dymynrm i` yqmdxbkqemq m epjg`q è pe kao`yk x`wpmj î epnyk sq`x`dy`

è ykik k bnje`$ Dk i`jåqnk i` pem imx s`qxkdml`dx rnhnmimx* k gkeè i` anlki`x* `j` hg`lm

m mbnqemq* è yqmdx`* ‚Ikx sqneøqinkx* myî k bne ikx yèskx* k gkeè lkr`qdm ypik$ Î k

x`dgkq im rnim ` m epjg`q î k x`p ndxyqpe`dyk$ Dèk gí spdnìèk smqm kx x`px mykx `jm îhkesmyår`j hke k `xhqmrk s`qmdy` k ski`qnk ikx gke`dx―$ 'K I@XS@QYMQ IM

A@XYM+QNYPMJ IKX XÍINHKX* =>27* 71‛90‛‛.

@dyq`ymdyk* `dyq` mx epjg`q`x }p` smqynhnsme ik `ws`qne`dyk dèk gí xpaenxxèk* gí sqmz`q è

r`q k gkeè i`xòmdik x`p hkqsk* k }p` hkdyqminz hke m xpm hkdinìèk xpaenxxm$ ‚ Pem imx

s`qxkdml`dx bèndndmx è yqmdx`* m qnhmìm* h g`lm m kprnq _î ik hmnwèk inz`q ‚M epjg`q î `xèsq` x`qí* myqmrîx im amqq`nqm ik yèsk* imx ine`dxð`x ik pdnr`qxk k x`q ndmyndlnrnj 'xnh.―

'K I@XS@QYMQ IM A@XYM+QNYPMJ IKX XÍINHKX* =>27* 78‛19‛‛.

M y`qh`nqm inxhpxxèk }p` k bnje` yqmz ã ykdm î xkaq` k pxk imx iqklmx hkek ekik i` `wsq`xxèk

ik x`q gpemdk$ Mk pxk imx iqklmx î myqnapåim m mjphndmìèk imx s`qxkdml`dx* k }p` emnx ymqi`

î i`xe`dynik s`jk mpykq im s`x}pnxm* }p` mbnqem }p` k }p` `qm ndo`ymik dkx smhn`dy`x `qmms`dmx ílpm ` emnx dmim$ M q`r`jmìèk apxhm `rni`dhnmq m ndmpy`dynhnimi` ikx gke`dx è

xkhnìmi`* i` mhkqik hke k Hndèm Emqlndmj$

Mxxne* K I`xs`qymq im A`xym mxxpe` pe rnîx `wnxy`dhnmjnxym }p` j`rm è hkdxni`qmìèk kx

< Lp`qqm* lp`qqm* lp`qqm+ Smjmrqm }p` `dh`qqm + I`dyqk i` ene+ K eìk ik bne+ Bne sqm emymq+ Emymq sqm

mhmamq+ Hke ykik k mekq+ Hke ykik k hmjkq+ ]p` mndim gí dk epdik+ Ms`xmq i` nepdik*nepdik skq}p`+Bmzè

rkhï+Hgkqmq ik }p` rï+Smz* smz* smz+@p x`n dèk gí emnx+Emx y`dyk `x}p`h`q+ ]p` rmekx ekqq`q+ Ekqq`q epnykhìk+ Skq hmpxm ik eìk+ Skq hmpxm i` jkphkx+ ]p` `p x`n dèk xèk skphkx+ ]p` }p`qè mxxne+ Sqm ykikx pe

bne+ Skq e`nk im lp`qqm+ Bmz`dik rmqq`q+ Im bmh` im y`qqm+ Ypik }p` `wnxy + E`p I`px rmn x`q yqnxy`$ XMHHKEMDN* Mqdmjik$ Lp`qqm$ HKQNXHK Q@HKQIX? Xèk Smpjk6 V=>22U$



0>

nespjxkx ` ekynrmìð`x ndinrnipmnx* xè hqnynhmq inq`yme`dy` m mqynhpjmìèk inxxk hke k e`nk

xkhnmj$ M pynjnzmìèk i` xpaxyádhnmx mjphndøl`dmx î k sq`y`wyk pynjnzmik s`jkx s`qxkdml`dx*

`xymdik sqky`lnikx s`jk xpskxyk `xyåepjk i` pe `jè`dyk `wy`qdk* smqm imq rmzèk ãx xpmx

sqøsqnmx mdxnìmi`x$

Î skxxår`j `dyèk* `wskq pem kax`qrmìèk i` Hkxym '1333.* x`lpdik m }pmj mx iîhmimx è }p`

x` ndxhq`rè kx bnje`x ik Hndèm Emqlndmj* kx mdkx =>23+=><3* `xyèk emqhmimx skq pem

i`xhq`dìm xkhnmj$ D`xy` hkdy`wyk k bkhk x` rkjym ã sqkipìèk xpao`ynrm* smqynhpjmq$

Î neskqymdy` kax`qrmq x` mndim m ni`nm ik Hqne` Qminhmj* yqmznim skq Hkxym '1333.* d`xx` hmxk

k pxk i` iqklmx mxxpe` k sms`j ik hqne` mk ndrîx i` mxxmxxndmykx* `xypsqkx* skq `wèsjk$ Dèk

gí hqne` rnkj`dyk ` k my`dymik im s`qxkdmlè î* l`qmje`dy`* hkdyqm m xn e`xek$

8$8$1 Mdíjnx` imx s`qxkdml`dx

Dè ykimx mx s`qxkdml`dx i` K I`xs`qymq im A`xym* @w Qnypmj ikx Xíinhkx* yïe dke`x* emx*

dè skq nxxk* x` msønme è ynsnbnhmìð`x xkhnmnx* inb`q`dyè`dy` ik }p` mhkdy`h` è M

Emqlè* bnje` dk }pmj kx `xy`q`øynskx xèk aè hjmqkx$

Gí m inbnhpjimi` i` q`mjnzmq m inb`q`dhnmìèk im s`qxkdmlè i` _î ik Hmnwèk ` Okxî EkonhmEmqndx* }p` ndy`qsq`ym m s`qxkdmlè h`dyqmj$ Dk bnje` k mykq+inq`ykq* Okxî Ekonhm Emqndx*

hpesq` pe ipsjk sms`j? ií rnim m xn e`xek ` ã s`qxkdmlè _î ik Hmnwèk$ Î b`nyk pe lqmdi`

`xbkqìk smqm inb`q`dhnmq mx s`qxkdml`dx$

8$1$1$= _î ik Hmnwèk W Okxî Ekonhm Emqndx

M s`qxkdmlè ik _î ik Hmnwèk î `xhkjgnim s`jk mpykq ik `ws`qne`dyk* hkek q`b`q`dhnmj i`

mdíjnx`* i`sknx }p` mx }pmyqk s`qxkdml`dx smxxme skq yqïx xnypmìð`x }p` sqkrkhme dkok* mxhk



23

` `xyqmdgme`dyk$ Kx }pmyqk `xhkjg`qme k bnje` ik mpykq* K @xyqmdgk Epdik ik _î ik

Hmnwèk7 * hkek k }p` emnx sqkrkhkp x`dxmìð`x mir`qxmx$

M s`qxkdmlè* ms`xmq i` y`q sq`x`dìm hkdxymdy` ` m dmqqmynrm x` i`x`drkjr`q m smqynq i`j`* dèk

hqnm iníjklk kp mypm hke }pmj}p`q pem imx s`qxkdml`dx inq`yme`dy`$ Msmq`h` xke`dy`

myqmrîx i` `dyq`rnxymx* bnje`x* hmqymz x ` q`rnxymx è }pmiqndgkx$ Hke `xxm mpxïdhnm im

s`qxkdmlè* ski` x`q ndb`qnik }p` k mpykq sq`y`dinm `rni`dhnmq Ekonhm Emqndx hkem

s`qxkdmlè ` dèk _î ik Hmnwèk$ Gí k qkesne`dyk im amqq`nqm `dyq` k jÿinhk ` k q`mj$ K bnje`

apxhm inb`q`dhnmq k jÿinhk* _î ik Hmnwèk* ik q`mj* Okxî Ekonhm Emqndx* emx smqm nxxk q`hkqq`

mk jÿinhk* yqmdxbkqem Okxî Ekonhm Emqndx è s`qxkdmlè$

K bnje` dèk x` sq`y`di` hkek pem q`sq`x`dymìèk im q`mjnimi`* emx xne hkek pem q`bj`wèk

xkaq` `jm* kp pem emdnb`xymìèk i`jm$ K qkesne`dyk im amqq`nqm `dyq` k jÿinhk ` k q`mj

ymeaîe î epnyk hkepe dk Hndèm Emqlndmj$ L`qmje`dy` k }p` x` kax`qrm dk Hndèm

Emqlndmj î pe i`xrnk hqnendkxk$ M s`xxkm î emqlndmjnzmim skq xpm hkdinìèk i` amdinik*

sqkxynypym* kp hknxm xnenjmq$ @e Okxî Ekonhm Emqndx k i`xrnk mxxpe` pe hmqíy`q ni`kjølnhk*`j` dèk î hqnendkxk$

M inb`q`dìm `dyq` m ni`kjklnm im s`qxkdmlè ` im xkhnìmi` è }p` `xyí ndx`qnim hqnm pem

x`dxmìèk i` mdmhqkdnxek* hkdbkqe` hkdh`nypm Qmekx '=>7<.$ Ymdyk Okxî Ekonhm* }pmdyk _î

ik Hmnwèk xèk hmqnhmykx* q`bj`wkx i` ynskx oí sq`x`dy`x dk nemlndíqnk skspjmq? k mqynxym

ndhkesq``dinik ènxxíqnk imx yq`rmx* q`xs`hynrme`dy $ @dyq ymdyk* î skxxår`j hkdb`qnq m xx`s`qxkdmlè i`dxnimi` sxnhkjølnhm* j`rmdik%x` è hkdxni`qmìèk xpmx q`bj`wð`x bndmnx$ K }p`

dèk î hkepe dk Hndèm Emqlndmj ` dèk x` q`s`y` è d`dgpem kpyqm s`qxkdmlè$ Okxî

Ekonhm* dk bndmj ik bnje`* q`r`jm }p` xpm ndxsnqmìèk smqm hkdxyqpnq m s`qxkdmlè i` _î ik

Hmnwèk ` ymeaîe smqm `xhq`r`q x`px bnje`x xèk mx s`xxkmx hkepdx ` mx xpmx i`sqmrmìð`x

x`wpmnx$

7@XYQMDGK epdik i` _î ik Hmnwèk* K$ Inq`ìèk Okxî Ekonhm Emqndx$ Sqkipìèk? Emqynd` i` Hjèkdy%Ykdd`qq` ` Mqygpq Hkgd$ Ndyîqsq`y`x? B`qdmdim Ekdy`d`lqk6 Emqåjnm S`qm6 Rndnhnpx i` Kjnr`nqm ` kpyqkx $ Qky`nqk?Qpa`dx Bqmdhnxhk Jphg`yyn* Okxî Ekonhm Emqndx$Xèk Smpjk?* =>27$ = b nym i` råi`k '73 end$.* RGX* xkd$* s"a

http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0524521/






2=

8$8$1$1 Sxn}pnmyqm

K sxn}pnmyqm î pe gkeè mhnem ik s`xk* hke msqkwnemime`dy` 03 mdkx* bpemdy` ` i`

øhpjkx bpdik i` lmqqmbm$ R`xy`%x` aè* hke qkpsm xkhnmj* mjlpemx r`z`x hke y`qdk$ ]pmx`

è ykimx mx h`dmx xpxy`dym pe hnlmqqk è e`nk mkx iìkx$

@e msmqïdhnm* k gkeè i` hjmxx` eîinm* rnrnik skq Xîqlnk Gndlxy * dèk msq`x`dym

hmqmhy`qåxynhmx hkepdx mk Hndèm Emqlndmj* x`p s`qbnj bkl` mk hkepe`dy` yqmymik s`jk

ekrne`dyk hndèmyklqíbnhk è }p`xyèk* }p` q`yqmym rmlmapdikx* jmiqð`x* sqkxynypymx*hqnendkxkx$ Xpm hkdipym î mi`}pmim* hkqq`xskdi` mk `xs`qmik i` pe sxn}pnmyqm dm xkhnìmi`

aqmxnj`nqm$ Dè e`xek k gíanyk i` bpemq ií ã msmqïdhnm ik sxn}pnmyqm yqmìkx emqlndmnx* i`r`%

x` j`rmq è hkdxni`qmìèk }p` k bpek `qm hkepe dm îskhm è }p` k bnje` bkn b`nyk$ Mk

hkdyqíqnk* k gíanyk hkdyqnapåm smqm myqnapnq pe mq ndy`j`hypmj ` xîqnk ã s`qxkdmlè$

@xxm s`qxkdmlè î k q`xskdxír`j skq ndy`qjnlmq ykimx mx `xyøqnmx }p` xèk msq`x`dymimx dkbnje`$ Î m xpm s`x}pnxm }p` nespjxnkdm m dmqqmynrm ` }p` sqkipz k x`dynik$ @xx` gkeè î

mhpxmik s`jkx okqdmjnxymx i` x`q pe hqnendkxk* i` y`q pxmik smhn`dy`x sxn}pníyqnhkx smqm

xmynxbmz`q pe i`xòk s`xxkmj dpem s`x}pnxm i` qnypmnx emjîbnhkx$

Dm r`qimi`* m s`qxkdmlè apxhm `rni`dhnmq }p` k pxk i` iqklmx xø yè k hmqíy`q i` yqmz`q ã

ykdm nespjxkx hkepdx ` dmypqmnx mkx x`q`x gpemdkx }p`* mk rnr`qè è xkhnìmi`* xèknes`jnikx m xnj`dhnmq x px i`xòkx emnx sqnenynrkx ` mypmqè$ Sqkrm nxxk mk q`mjnzmq xpm

s`x}pnxm myqmrîx i` pe sjmhàk* ndo`ymdik ílpm dmx hkamnmx gpemdmx mk ndrîx i` JXI$ @xxmx

hkamnmx i`jnqme e`xek hke k pxk ik sjmhàk$

Î skxxår`j `dyèk hkdhjpnq }p` k i`xrnk im s`qxkdmlè è }p`xyèk `xyí è xpm hkdipym* è

x`px sq`h`nykx ekqmnx iprnikxkx }p` x` `xhkdiè xka m msmqïdhnm q`xs`nyír`j ik hn`dynxym$ K

i`xrnk `xyí dm xpm bkqem i` hkdhà`q k epdik ` emdnspjmq mx s`xxkmx smqm bndx `ynhme`dy`

}p`xynkdír`nx$ M emdnspjmìèk bnhm `wsjåhnym è xpm ÿjynem hkjkhmìèk ipqmdy` m xmamyndm?



21

K yøwnhk dmim emnx î }p` pem i`xhpjsm smqm m jna`qmìèk ik ndxyndyk è hmim x`q gpemdknxxk }p`q inz`q }p` x` m s`xxkm sqmynhkp pe hqne` xkaq` m mìèk ik yøwnhk î skq}p` m xpme`dy` oí `qm ik`dynm ` k ndxyndyk mjhmdìmrm m qmnm ik ndhkdhàår`j$ @e xpem `xx` x`q

q`sq`x`dym s`qnlk ã xkhnìmi`* m endgm e`dxmlè dèk î mhmamq hke k yø wnhk ` xne eki`qmqk x`p pxk* bkqymj`h`q m rnlnjádhnm è ykqdk ikx }p` bmzè k hkeîqhnk hke `xxm me`mìm$ 'KI@XS@QYMQ IM A@XYM+QNYPMJ IKX XÍINHKX* =>27* 7>‛=0‛‛.

8$8$1$8 Rnhnmikx

Xèk pxmimx }pmyqk s`qxkdml`dx* ipmx epjg`q`x ` iknx gke`dx i` inb`q`dy`x hjmxx`x xkhnmnx `

inb`q`dy`x bmnwmx `yíqnmx$ K bnje` sqne`nqk ekxyqm mx s`qr`qxð`x x`wpmnx i` hmim pem i`jmx

smqm `dyèk ndyqkipznq k `xypik ` ekxyqmq kx q`jmykx `d}pmdyk `xymrme xpo`nykx mk sqkhìne`dyk

i` mpyk%xpl`xyèk$

Xèk x`q`x bkqyè`dy` `xynjnzmikx* xè s`qxkdmjnimi` `xs`håbnhm kp i`dxnimi` sxnhkjølnhm$ Xèk

dm r`qimi` pe q`xpjymik ik `wml`qk i` hmqmhy`qnzmìèk i` ynskx sq`x`dy`x dk nemlndíqnk

skspjmq ` è dmqqmynrmx bnhhnkdmnx* hkek mx q`rnxymx è }pmiqndgkx 'hb$ Qmekx* =>7<.$

8$8$1$8$= Okrè jknqm

Yqmym%x` i` pem okrè* Mdiqîm Aq~md* dm hmxm ikx rndy` mdkx* rnhnmim è iqklmx* }p`

yqmamjgm è pem jkom* msmq`dyè`dy` hkek r`diìkqm$ M x`dxpmjnimi` è xpm s`qxkdmjnimi` î

epnyk bkqy`$ @jm emdyîe xèsq` pe qkxyk i`xmbnmikq* i` }pè dèk x` q`di` m }pmj}p`q kqiè*

e`xek x`dik hkjkhmim è xnypmìð`x r`qlkdgkxmx$ M okrè emdyîe pem skxypqm mjynrm$ @expm sqne`nqm h`dm* dm }pmj x` i`xs` i`dyqk i` pe }pmqyk smqm hndhk gke`dx* e`xek x`

mxx`dymdik dk s`dnhk* dèk x` ekxyqm ndynenimim$

Î skxxår`j ndb`qnq }p` m okrè emdyîe xèsq` pem skxypqm mjynrm s`jk oklk i` háe`qmx }p`

ekxyqm m lmqkym è ádlpjk hkdyqm% sjkdlî ` x`px mienqmikq`x è ádlpjk sjkdlî $ Xpm mynypi`

i` i`xq`xs`nyk ã kqiè ymeaîe î s`qh`syår`j s`jm bkqem }p` x` q`jmhnkdm hke mx ièmnx

s`qxkdml`dx* emdy`dik pe mq i` xps`qnkqnimi` ` i`xsq`zk s`jkx kpyqkx$



28

8$8$1$8$1 Qnhm

I` mjym hjmxx` xkhnmj* m epjg`q* Jpqi`x Rmdphhgn Qnamx* ymeaîe î rnhnmim è iqklmx ` pxm

x`px èsq`lmikx smqm xmynxbmz`q x`px i`xòkx x`wpmnx$ Î emnx r`jgm* smq`h`dik y`q

msqkwnemime`dy` 23 mdkx* ekqm è pem akm hmxm* hke epnykx èsq`lmikx$ Pxm epnym oknmx*

k hma`jk mqemik ` s`j`x dk hkqsk* k }p` i`nwm hjmqm m xpm xnypmìèk xkhnmj$ X`p jndlpmomq* emnx

qàpxhmik }p` k imx ièmnx s`qxkdml`dx* ymeaîe i`nwm hjmqm m xpm hkdinìèk$

X`wpmje`dy` mikym pe `xynjk rk~`pq* e`xek hke ykim m xpm mjynr`z$ Hkdypik* m háe`qm dèk

`dbmynzm* s`jk ádlpjk* x`p mq xps`qnkq$

8$8$1$8$8 K Msq`x`dymikq i` YR

K gkeè

*Eíqnk Jnem* yè msqkwnemime`dy` 80 mdkx î aè r`xynik ` smq`h` pe lmjè im okrè lpmqim* s`jmx qkpsmx }p` r`xy`* hmjìmx akhm i` xndk* hmenxm xkhnmj opxym smqm i`dyqk im

hmjìm$ @j` q`jpym è smqynhnsmq ik sqko`yk skq}p` î pem bnlpqm sÿajnhm* emx î hkdr`dhnik s`jk

yqmbnhmdy` }p` mjnhnm ykikx `j`x$

X`px i`rmd`nkx x`wpmnx mhkdy`hè è akqi`nx* k e`xek jkhmj è }p` pxm iqklmx$ Smq`h` x`q

pe gkeè xkjy`nqk }p` x` iìnhm m msqkr`nymq kx sqmz`q`x im rnim$

8$8$1$8$9 Rjmienq

Rjminenq* Kzpmjik Hmdi`nmx* î m ÿdnhm imx s`qxkdml`dx rnhnmimx }p` yè x`p dke` q`r`jmik*

e`xek mxxne dèk lmdgm }pmj}p`q i`xym}p` skq nxxk$ Î pe gkeè hke h`qhm i` }pmq`dym

mdkx ` }p` yè dm kao`ynbnhmìèk imx epjg`q`x k emnkq sqmz`q$



29

Xpm h`dm emnx èajèíynhm î m}p`jm dm }pmj yqïx epjg`q`x q`ynqme x`px xpynèx* msøx bmz`qè

pxk i` iqklmx* ` kx i`skxnyme mkx x`px sîx6 msøx s`lmq mx s`ìmx* k gkeè mx oklm dk hgèk$ Î

sq`hnxk q`hkdg`h`q }p` m q`ynqmim ikx xpynèx `qm k myk xneaøjnhk i` q`nrndinhmìèk i` jna`qimi`

im epjg`q* è xpm apxhm s`jm èmdhnsmìèk$ Dk bnje`* m epjg`q iìnhm mk gkeè xpm

xpaenxxèk* ` `j` dèk x` xmynxbmz$ Mx yqïx x` rnqme ` kb`q`hè xpmx apdimx* }p` xèk bnjemimx

è sjmdk l`qmj* pem m pem$ @j` mx hgpym ` mx epjg`q`x hmè dk hgèk$ Hke kx sîx dm apdim

i` hmim pe i`jmx `j` pxm kx hkqskx imx epjg`q`x i` aqpìkx hkek pem skdy`$



20

9 HKDHJPXÈK

Dk Hndèm Emqlndmj k ndinråipk i`xrnmdy` î m emyîqnm aíxnhm* kp xòm* î myqmrîx i`j` }p` x`

i`x`drkjrè mx `xyøqnmx ` xèk xpmx q`jmìð`x }p` s`qenyè m hkdxyqpìèk i` mjlpe x`dynik dm

dmqqmynrm$ Î m q`jmìèk i`xxmx s`qxkdml`dx }p` s`qeny` hqnmq x`dynik* dm dmqqmynrm `dyq`hkqymim

ikx bnje`x s`qy`dh`dy`x mk ekrne`dyk* hpok hmxk emnx `wsq`xxnrk î M Emqlè$

Dèk bkn skxxår`j r`qnbnhmq ymeaîe s`qxkdml`dx }p` è mjlpe dår`j* sxnhkjølnhk* xkhnmj kp

hkeskqyme`dymj dèk hke`y`qme mjlpe ynsk i` i`xrnk$ Dèk `wnxy` d`xx` hndèm m inhkykenm

sqkr`dn`dy` i` ynskx inb`q`dy`x i` s`qxkdmlè* hkek î kax`qrmik skq Ypqd`q '=>><.$

J`rmdik%x` è hkdxni`qmìèk m hjmxxnbnhmìèk i` hkeskqyme`dykx i`xrnmdy`x sqkskxym skq

A`hf`q* î skxxår`j q`hkdg`h`q m dèk `wnxyïdhnm i` ndinråipkx Msqksqnmikx dkx bnje`x * }p` i`

pem bkqem kp i` kpyqm dèk hke`yme k i`xrnk$ Mndim hke q`jmìèk mk `xypik i` A`hf`q* m

d`h`xxnimi` ` mx bkqemx i` spdnìèk m pe ndinråipk i`xrnmdy` mirïe im xpm hjmxx` xkhnmj ` imx

q`jmìð`x }p` `xyma`j`h` hke kx lqpskx i` ski`q$

Dk Hndèm Emqlndmj* m s`qxkdmlè î ymdyk rå ynem hkek ‚rnynenzmikqm―$ Nxxk }p`q inz`q }p`

mk e`xek yèsk è }p` î pe `whjpåik im xkhnìmi`* råynem ik xnxyèm xkhnmj* `j` sqkrkhm

hkdbpxèk d`xx` xnxyèm ` imdk mkx kpyqkx$ Mxxne* dm emnkqnm imx r`z`x* dkx bnje`x mdmjnxmikx

k ndinråipk î i`xrnmdy` skq}p` `xxm î xpm —dmypq`zm‛* k hqne` mhkdy`h` xè ekynrk msmq`dy`6

mk e`xek yèsk* m xkhnìmi` dèk jg` ií hkdinìð`x smqm pem hkdipym —q`ym‛$ M `wh`ìèk bnhm skq hkdym ik Amdinik im Jpz R`qe`jgm* }p` msmq`h` emnx dnynime`dy` hkek pe ‚sqkipyk ik

e`nk―$

Î skxxår`j q`jmhnkdmq k Hndèm Emqlndmj hke pem y`dymynrm i` hqnynhmq k lkjs` enjnymq$ Ymjr`z

skq nxxk xòm opxynbnhmik k skphk yèsk i` sqkipìèk ik hndèm emqlndmj* bkqme ms`dmx }pmyqk

mdkx i` sqkipìèk ndy`dxm$ Ã eìnim }p` k q`lne` x` xkjninbnhmrm m sqkipìèk hndèmyklqíbnhm

s`qinm xpm mpykdkenm$ K ekrne`dyk mi}pnqnp hmqmhy`qåxynhmx x`qnme`dy` skjåynhmx `* skq nxxk*



22

hkpa` m `j` xne* m bpdìèk i` q`sq`x`dymìèk xkhnmj* k }p` `xyí hjmqk è K Amdinik im Jpz

R`qe`jgm ` K I`xs`qymq im A`xym$

M mpxïdhnm i` Gmss~ @di î kpyqk yqmìk ik ekrne`dyk$ Smqm k Hndèm Emqlndmj dèk `wnxy`

bndmj b`jnz smqm d`dgpe ikx s`qxkdml`dx* ykikx `xyèk nd`rnymr`je`dy` bmimikx ã ekqy`$

Ms`dmx è K I`xs`qymq im A`xym mx s`qxkdml`dx sqndhnsmnx dèk ekqqè* e`xek skq}p` k

bnje` dèk yè bndmj$ Dkx ièmnx bnje`x ykimx mx s`qxkdml`dx y`qendme ekqymx i` bkqem amdmj$

Xkaq` m dmypq`zm ik i`xrnk î skxxår`j q`hkdg`h`q ymeaîe m hkdbkqenimi` ik ndinråipk hke mxpm xnypmìèk xkhnmj$ Xmjrk k hmxk i` pem imx sqkxynypymx i` M Emqlè* d`dgpe ikx kpyqkx

ndinråipkx emdnb`xykp m rkdymi` i` i`nwmq m hkdinìèk i` i`xrnmdy`$ Kx s`qxkdml`dx smq`hè

mh`nymq m xpm hkdinìèk i` i`xrnmdy`x ` m xkhnìmi` bmz i`j`x smqy` im kqlmdnzmìèk xkhnmj$ Î

skxxår`j hkdhjpnq }p` `xxm skxnìèk x`qrnm* ymeaîe* hkek pem hqnynhm ã sqksmjmim smxxnrnimi`

ik skrk aqmxnj`nqk }p`* è xpm emnkqnm* dèk x` q`rkjykp hkdyqm k ekrne`dyk enjnymq* kp k

q`hkdg`h`p hkek me`mìm$

M neskqyádhnm i` Xèk Smpjk* }p` x` hkdxkjnimrm hkek pem e`yqøskj` epdinmj ` pe søjk i`

sqkipìèk mqyåxynhm* î q`hkdg`hnim ymeaîe$ M inr`qxnimi` imx s`qxkdml`dx* i` x`px anøynskx `

i` xpmx hmqmhy`qåxynhmx ` m hkesj`wnimi` i` xpm hkdrnrïdhnm dk mean`dy` pqamdk xèk mxs`hykx

q`j`rmdy`x dkx bnje`x$

D`xx` mean`dy` kx s`qxkdml`dx xèk yqmymikx i` emd`nqm l`dîqnhm hkek i`xrnmdy`x ` xèk

i`xs`qxkdmjnzmikx* epnymx r`z`x dèk yïe x`}p`q pe dke` m hkeskxnìèk imx s`qxkdml`dx* ikx

`jè`dykx nemlîynhkx ` im dmqqmynrm sq`y`di` `wsq`xxmq m `whjpxèk xkhnmj aqmxnj`nqm ` m

kenxxèk lkr`qdme`dymj s`qmdy` `xxmx xnypmìð`x$



2<

Q@B@QÏDHNMX

AMDINIK im jpz r`qe`jgm* K$ Inq`ìèk? Qklîqnk Xlmdz`qjm$ Sqkipìèk? Okxî Mja`qyk Q`nx6Okxî im Hkxym Hkqi`nqk6 Qklîqnk Xlmdz`qjm$ Q`mjnzmìèk? Qklîqnk Xlmdz`qjm$ Qky`nqk? Qklîqnk

Xlmdz`qjm$ Bkyklqmbnm? S`y`q Kr`qa`hf$ Ndy`qsq`y`x? Smpjk Rnjjmìm6 G`j`dm Nld`z6 JpnzJndgmq`x6 Smlmdk Xkaqndgk6 Qka`qyk* Jpdm6 Okxî Emqndgk6 Q`dmyk Hkdxkqy`6 Jkjm Aqmg6Xîqlnk Gndlxy6 Xîqlnk Emea`qyn6 Åymjm Dmdi6 Xùdnm Aqmlm* @z`}pn`j D`r`6 Empqnh` Hmskrnjjm6Kzpmjik Hmdi`nmx6 Hmqjkx Q`nhg`damhg6 Mdyùdnk Jnem6 Opjnk Hmjmxxk Opdnkq6 D`rnjjÌ‛Mje`nim$ AQMXNJ* =>27* = IRI '>1 end.* `xyîq`k* s"a$

AMQHNDXFN* Mdiqî6 BNDKYYN* Nrmd$ Emjinyk ‘ M rnim ` k hndèm i` Okxî Ekonhm Emqndx* k_î ik Hmnwèk$ Xèk Smpjk? @inykqm 89* =>>7$

AMQYG@X* Qkjmdi$ K øarnk ` k kaypxk `dxmnkx hqåynhkx NNN$Qnk i` Omd`nqk? Qnk i` Omd`nqk ?Dkrm Bqkdy nqm* =>>3$

A@HF@Q* Gk|mqi$ Kpyxni`qx? `xypikx i` xkhnkjklnm ik i`xrnk$ Qnk iÒmd`nqk+Okql` _mgmq* 1337$

HKXYM* Hjípink im$ Hndèm Aqmxnj`nqk* mdkx 23 m <3? inxxè`yqnm* kxhnjmìèk ` xnepjmhqk$ Qnk i` Omd`nqk? < j`yqmx* 1333$

I@XS@QYMQ im A`xym$ Inq`ìèk? Okxî Ekonhm Emqndx$ Sqkipìèk? Eíqnk Jnem$ Q`mjnzmìèk?Okxî Ekonhm Emqndx$ Qky`nqk? Qpa`dx Jphhg`yyn$ Bkyklqmbnm? Lnkqlnk Myynjn$ Ndyîqsq`y`x? OkxîEkonhm Emqndx6 Xîqlnk Gndlxy6 Kzpmjik Hmdi`nmx6 Mdiqîm Aq~md6 Jpqi`x Rmdphhgn Qnamx6Eíqnk Jnem6 Qkd`~ \mdi`qj`~6 G`j`dm Dklp`nqm6 @eåjnm Ipmqy`$ AQMXNJ$ =>2> = IRI '>1end.* HKQÀS

IKENDLP@X* Okxî Mdykdnk$ O`mdBqmdìknx J~kymqi ` k hndèm i` `ws`qne`dymìèk NdBnimjlk* Mdyødnk6 E`mjgm* Øxhmq$ Jnrqk i` Mhymx ik 9³ Hkdlq`xxk im Mxxkhnmìèk Skqyplp`xm

i` Hnïdhnmx im Hkepdnhmìèk$ Inxskdår`j è? : gyys?++|||$akhh$pan$sy+sml+ikendlp`x%okx`% o`md%bqmdhknx%j~kymqi%hnd em%`ws`qne`dymhmk$sib 4 Mh`xxk è =2 b`r$ 13==

B@QQ@NQM* Omnqk$ Hndèm i` Ndr`dìèk$ Xèk Smpjk? Aqmxnjn`dx`* =>72

LKE@X* Smpjk @eåjnk Xmjj`x$ Hndèm? yqmo`yøqnm dk xpai`x`drkjrne`dyk$ Qnk iÒmd`nqk? Smz " Y`qqm* =>73

LPYBQN@DI* Hqnxynmd` Bq`nymx$ K bnje` ` m q`sq`x`dymìèk ik q`mj6 ndgyys?++|||$hkeskx$kql$aq+x``q+ndi`w$sgs+`%hkeskx+mqynhj`+rn`|Bnj`+>3+>3 1= i` b`r$ i` 13==

http://www.bocc.ubi.pt/pag/domingues-jose-jean-francois-lyotard-cinema-experimentacao.pdf



http://www.compos.org.br/seer/index.php/e-compos/article/viewFile/90/90







27

MPEKDY* Omh}p`x$ Inhnkdíqnk Y`øqnhk Hqåynhk i` Hndèm $ Hmesndmx? Smsnqpx* 1338

EMHN@J* Fíynm$ Sk`ym* g`qøn* ninkym? K S`dxme`dyk ik Hndèm dk Aqmxnj$ Qnk i` Omd`nqk?Qnkx Meanhnkxkx+D%Nemlè* 1333

EMQL@E* m$ Inq`ìèk? Kzpmjik Hmdi`nmx$ Sqkipìèk? Kzpmjik Hmdi`nmx6 Enhgm`j XmiinQ`mjnzmìèk? Kzpmjik Hmdi`nmx$ Qky`nqk? Kzpmjik Hmdi`nmx$ Bkyklqmbnm? A`qjmendik Emdhhndn Ndy`qsq`y`x? Emqnk A`dr`dpyn6 Rmjîqnm Rnimj6 Jph~ Qmdl`j6 A`dyndgk6 Y`jï6 Fmqï6 SmpjmQmekx6 Mdm E`dikdìm6 D`jxkd Líxsmq`$ AQMXNJ* =>2<* = IRI '>= end.* s"a$

EMQYND* Emqh`j$ M Jndlpmlè Hndèmyklqíbnhm$ 1¯ q`nesq`xxèk$ Xèk Smpjk? @inykqm

Aqmxnjn`dx`* 133<

EKI@XYK* Mdm Jphnm$ M bmjm ` m bÿqnm? k sxnhksmym hkek nemlè ik emj dk hndèm$ A`jkGkqnzkdy`?Mqlre`dyre* 1337

QMEKX* B`qdèk$ Hndèm Emqlndmj '=>27+=><8.$ M q`sq`x`dymìèk è x`p jneny`$ Xèk Smpjk?Aqmxnjn`dx`* =>7<

QMAMÌM* Hmqjkx Mja`qyk ` AMQAKXM* Lpxymrk Lpnemqè`x Inhnkdíqnk i` Hkepdnhmìèk6

1$ ì$ Qnk i` Omd`nqk? Hmespx* 133=

QKXXNDN* Enqnme i` Xkpzm$ K hkqsk im dmìèk? neml`dx ` nemlndíqnkx dk hndèm aqmxnj`nqk $Q`rnxym Bme`hkx$ D³89 % i`zèaqk i` 133<$

XNJRM* Hmqjkx Qmbm`j Aqmlm im6 KDKBQ@* J`kdmqik i` Bq`nymx$ Hndèm hkek q`sq x`dymìèkim ni`dynimi` hpjypqmj$ Inxskdår`j è?:gyys?++|||$`dhkdyqk1337$qo$mdspg$kql+q`xkpqh`x+hkdy`dy+mdmnx+=1=0017738[MQ]PNRK[mqynlksmqmMDSPG$sib$4 Mh`xxk è 18 b`r$ 13=3$

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WMRN@Q* Nxemnj$ Mj`lkqnmx ik xpai`x`drkjrne`dyk$ Hnd`em Dkrk* Yqksnhmjnxek* Hnd`emEmqlndmj$ Xèk Smpjk? Aqmxnjn`dx`* =>>8$



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BNHGM YÎHDNHM? EMQL@E

EMQL@E Hmy`lkqnmx Jkdlm%e`yqmlè + Xkdkqk + Bnhìèk

Emy`qnmj kqnlndmj 80ee* AS* >2end* 1$2=8e* 19}

Imym ` jkhmj i sqkipìèk Mdk? =>2<Småx? AQHnimi`? Xèk Smpjk

@xymik? XS

H`qynbnhmikx H`dxpqm Bì`qmj 810=< `dyq` 1=$3>$=>2< ` 11$3>$=>2<* sqknanik smqm e`dkq`x i` =7mdkx$H`dxpqm Bì`qmj 88<<9 `dyq` 1=$3>$=>2< ` 83$==$=>2<* yqmnj`q sqknanik smqm e`dkq`x i`sqknanik smqm e`dkq`x i` =7 mdkx$

Xndksx` Dm bmr`jm ãx emql`dx ik qnk Yn`yï* ipmx yqílnhmx gnxyøqnmx i` mekq* iknx hmxmnx }p` m xkhnìmi`nldkqm ` }p`* è e`nk ã enxîqnm ` m jpym s`jm xkaq`rnrïdhnm* y`dyme `dhkdyqmq%x` myqmrîx ik

x`dyne`dyk$ Kx s`qxkdml`dx `rkjpè `dyq` m rnim im bmr`jm* hke x`px s`}p`dkx lkjs`x s`jmxkaq`rnrïdhnm* ` m `wnxyïdhnm dk xpaepdik smpjnxym* }p` i`y`qnkqm }pmj}p`q y`dymynrm i`jnlmìèk mekqkxm$ K bndmj yqílnhk i` pe i`j`x* ekqyk skq myqks`jme`dyk* ` k i` kpyqk*mxxmxxndmik skq pem sqkxynypym* xndy`ynzme m rnxèk yqílnhm i`xxm q`mjnimi` xkhnmj$ '@wyqmåik i`Lpnm i` Bnje`x* ==.

Lïd`qk Iqmem

Y`qekx i`xhqnykq`x Qnk6 Gmanymìèk6 E`dinhádhnm

I`xhqnykq`x x`hpdiíqnkx Bmr`jm

Y`qekx l`klqíbnhkx Qnk Yn`yï* Xèk Smpjk % XS

Sqïenkx Sqïenk Hkqpom i` Kpqk* =>27 ` Sqïenk Minhnkdmj i` ]pmjnimi`* =>27 ik NDH % NdxynypykDmhnkdmj i` Hndèm smqm E`jgkq inq`ìèk* E`jgkq eÿxnhm ` E`jgkq myqnz hkmioprmdy`$$

E`dìèk Gkdqkxm i` E`jgkq Eÿxnhm ` E`jgkq Myqnz smqm Rnimj* Rmjîqnm* dk B`xynrmj iÀqmxåjnm* 8* =>2<* Aqmxåjnm % IB$$



<1

Sqïenk Lkr`qdmikq ik @xymik i` Xèk Smpjk i` E`jgkq Inq`ykq* E`jgkq Myqnz* ` E`jgkqEÿxnhm$

Sqkipìèk

Sqkipìèk? Hmdi`nmx* Kzpmjik6 Xmiin* Enhgm`j

Inxyqnapnìèk Hkesmdgnm'x. inxyqnapnikqm'x.? Hkesmdgnm Hnd emyklqíbnhm Bqmdhk%Aqmxnj`nqm

Mqlpe`dyk+qky`nqk Mqlpe`dyk? Hmdi`nmx* KzpmjikQky`nqk? Hmdi`nmx* Kzpmjik

Inq`ìèk Inq`ìèk? Hmdi`nmx* Kzpmjik

Bkyklqmbnm Inq ìèk i` bkyklqmbnm? Emdhhndn* A`qjmendik

Xke Inq`ìèk i` xke? Hmamjjmq* Oÿjnk S`q`z6 Hmqjndn* @xyîjnk

Ekdymlè Ekdymlè? Hmdi`nmx* Kzpmjik

Eÿxnhm Yqnjgm epxnhmj? Hgmr`x* Jpnz

Imikx minhnkdmnx i` eÿxnhm Ndyîqsq`y`'x.? _neak Yqnk

Ni`dynimi`x+`j`dhk?A`dr`dpyyn* EíqnkRnimj* RmjîqnmA`dyndgkQmdl`j* Jph~

Y`jîFmqîQmekx* SmpjmAqnlnyyÈ`dikdìm* Mdm B$Lm`ym* SmpjkLmxsmqndn* D`jxkdXmesmnk* RnqlåjnkImdymx BnjgkMja`qyk* JpnzS`xxkmx* Jphnmdk

Jnhd`qmfn* Okxî



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MD@WK 9

BNHGM YÎHDNHM? AMDINIK IM JP_ R@QE@JGM

Hmy`lkqnmx Jkdlm%e`yqmlè + Xkdkqk + Bnhìèk

Emy`qnmj kqnlndmj 80ee* AS* >1end* 1$97=e* 19}

Imym ` jkhmj i sqkipìèk Mdk? =>27Småx? AQHnimi`? Xèk Smpjk

@xymik? XS

H`qynbnhmikx H`dxpqm Bì`qmj 933>1 i` 10$==$=>27* sqknanik smqm e`dkq`x i` =7 mdkx* =3høsnmx$H`qynbnhmik ik Ndxynypyk Dmhnkdmj i` Hndèm =79 i` 11$==$=>27$

Hnqhpnyk `wnanikq @wnanik è A`jk Gkqnzkdy` m 18$=1$=>27* dk hnd` Mqy%Smjíhnk$

Xndksx`

Emqlndmj smpjnxym hkjkhm m skspjmìèk è skjrkqkxm ` i`xmbnm m skjåhnm mk hke`y`q kx hqne`xemnx q`}pndymikx$ Hkdg`h` m sqkrkhmdy` Omd`y` Omd`* bmekxm è ykim m Akhm ik Jnwk* skq}pè x` msmnwkdm$ @jm k i`jmym* sqkrkhmdik k x`p xpnhåink$

Lïd`qk Skjnhnmj6 @ws`qne`dymj

Y`qekx i`xhqnykq`x Hqne`

I`xhqnykq`x x`hpdiíqnkx Bmr`jm

Y`qekx l`klqíbnhkx Akhm ik Jnwk* Xèk Smpjk % XS6 Gky`j Myjádynhk* Xèk Smpjk % XS6 Sqmìm Qkkx`r`jy* Xèk Smpjk %XS6 Smq}p` Ike Sìqk NN* Xèk Smpjk % XS

Sqïenkx E`jgkq bnje`6 E`jgkq iníjklk % 'Xlmdz`qjm* Qklîqnk.6 E`jgkq ekdymlè % 'Q`dkjin* X~jrnk. È`jgkq bnlpqndk % 'Xlmdz`qjm* Qklîqnk. dk B`xynrmj i` Aqmxåjnm* 9* =>27* Aqmxåjnm % IB$$Q`r`jmìèk ik mdk 'Smlmdk Xkaqndgk. % Sqïenk Mnq Bqmdh` i` Hndèm* =>27$$

E`jgkq Mykq Hkmioprmdy` % 'Smlmdk Xkaqndgk.6 E`jgkq Myqnz Hkmioprmdy` 'Nld`z* G`j`dm.6E`jgkq Bkyølqmbk 'Kr`qa`hf* S`y`q. ` E`jgkq Ekdymikq 'Q`dkjin* X~jrnk. % Yqkbîp Hkqpom i`Kpqk* =>27 % NDH$$



<0

E`jgkq Inq`ykq ` E`jgkq Bkyklqíbnhk 'Kr`qa`hf* S`y`q. % Sqïenk Lkr`qdmikq ik @xymik i`Xèk Smpjk* =>27$

Sqkipìèk

Hkesmdgnm'x. sqkipykqm'x.? Inxyqnapnikqm i` Bnje`x Pqádnk Jyim$Sqkipìèk? Q`nx* Okxî Mja`qyk6 Hkqi`nqk* Okxî im Hkxym6 Xlmdz`qjm* QklîqnkInq ìèk i` sqkipìèk? Hmjmxxk* OpjnkSqkipykq mxxkhnmik? Rnjjmìm* Smpjk6 Xlmdz`qjm* BjírnkMxxnxyïdhnm i` sqkipìèk? Mekqnd* Mjenq6 \kxdnmhf* \mhnj~6 S`q`nqndgm

Sqkipìèk % Imikx minhnkdmnx Hkkqi`dmìèk i` sqkipìèk? Qpbndk* Smpjk6 Xkpzm* Nrmd i`

Inxyqnapnìèk Hkesmdgnm'x. inxyqnapnikqm'x.? Inxyqnapnikqm i` Bnje`x Pqádnk Jyim$

Mqlpe`dyk+qky`nqk Mqlpe`dyk? Xlmdz`qjm* QklîqnkQky`nqk? Xlmdz`qjm* QklîqnkIníjklkx? Xlmdz`qjm* Qklîqnk

Inq`ìèk Inq`ìèk? Xlmdz`qjm* QklîqnkMxxnxyïdhnm i` inq`ìèk? Hkmqmh~* MbkdxkHkdyndpnimi`? Maimjjm* Xmdiqm

Bkyklqmbnm Inq ìèk i` bkyklqmbnm? Kr`qa`hf* S`y`qHáe`qm? @a`qy* Hmqjkx Mja`qyk

Imikx minhnkdmnx i` bkyklqmbnm Em}pndnxym? \mqdk|xf~* \jminenq

Xke Yîhdnhk i` xke? Hmamjjmq* Opjnk S`q`z

Imikx minhnkdmnx i` xke Mxxnxy`dy` i` xke? Emhìk* Kqjmdik xkmq`xXkdksjmxynm? Mlkxyndgk* @iemq

Ekdymlè Ekdymlè? Q`dkjin* X~jrnkMxxnxy`dy i` ekdymlè? Inmx* Okrnym

Eÿxnhm Inq`ìèk epxnhmj? Xlmdz`qjm* Qklîqnk

Imikx minhnkdmnx i` eÿxnhm Yåypjk im eÿxnhm? 0m$ Xndbkdnm 6



<2

Eÿxnhm i`? A``ygkr`d* Jpi|nl rmd6

Yåypjk im eÿxnhm? Amqa`nqk i` X`rnjgm* K6Eÿxnhm i`? Qkxxndn6

Yåypjk im eÿxnhm? Lpmqmdn* KEÿxnhm i`? Lke`x* Hmqjkx

Hmdìèk Yåypjk? @dhkdyqk hke m xmpimi`6Ndyîqsq`y`? Jpdm* Qka`qyk6

Yåypjk? Ekjmeak6Ndyîqsq`y`? Jpdm* Qka`qyk6

Yåypjk? Xmakq m en6Ndyîqsq`y`? Jpdm* Qka`qyk6

Yåypjk? HmxynlkNdyîqsq`y`? Jpdm* Qka`qyk

Ni`dynimi`x+`j`dhk?Rnjjmìm* Smpjk 'Okqlndgk* k Amdinik im Jpz R`qe`jgm.Jndgmq`x* Jpnz 'Hma`ìèk.Nldïz* G`j`dm 'Omd`y` Omd`.Smlmdk Xkaqndgk 'O$ A$ im Xnjrm.Jpdm* Qka`qyk 'Lmynhk* Jphgk.Emqndgk* Okxî 'Ymqzmd.D`r`x* @z`}pn`j 'Q`søqy`q.Emea`qyn* Xîqlnk 'Gkekxx`wpmj.Hkdxkqy`* Q`dmyk 'Msq`x`dymikq i` y`j`okqdmj.\gnymhf`q* Emqnm HmqkjndmQmekx* SmpjmGndlxy* Xîqlnk 'Enjnkdíqnk.Any`dhkpqy* J`dknqAqmg* Jkjm 'Lqè%bndm enxy`qnkxm.

Ma`qyk* JpnxJnem* Mdykdnk 'Lmdlxy`q.E`gj q* EnqnmeHmdi`nmx* Kzpmjik 'Hqnendkxk im Sqmìm im Q`sÿajnhm.Hmjmxxk* OpjnkHmskrnjjm* Empqnh` 'Lmdlxy`q.Mje`nim* D`rnjj` i,Amqq`yk* MqemdikQ`nhg`damhg* Hmqjkx 'Lmdlxy`q ` `xs`hymikq dk hnd`em.Q`nx* Okxî Mja`qykImdymx* Q`dmym Xkpzm

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BNHGM YÎHDNHM? I@XS@QYMQ IM A@XYM

K I@XS@QYMQ IM A@XYM

Kpyqmx qè`yïdhnmx i` yåypjk? QNYPMJ IKX XÍINHKXHmy`lkqnmx Jkdlm%e`yqmlè + Xkdkqk + Bnhìèk

Emy`qnmj kqnlndmj 80ee* HKQÀS* >1end* 1$099e* 19}* @mxyemdhkjkq + Mlbm L`rm`qy* =?=,8<

Imym ` jkhmj i sqkipìèk Mdk? =>2>Småx? AQHnimi`? Xèk Smpjk@xymik? XS

Xndksx` !Pe sxn}pnmyqm ndo`ym JXI è }pmyqk rkjpdyíqnkx smqm `xypimq kx `b`nykx ik yøwnhk xka mndbjpïdhnm im nemlè i` _î ik Hmnwèk$ K s`qxkdmlè msmq`h` i` emd`nqm inb`q`dy` dkxi`jåqnkx sxnhkiîjnhkx i` hmim pe* enxypqmdik x`wk* s`qr`qxèk ` xminxek$! '@wyqmåik i` MA%

NB+EMJINYK* s$ 8><.Lïd`qk Y`qqkqY`qekx i`xhqnykq`x Yøwnhk6 Hqne`6 X`wkI`xhqnykq`x x`hpdiíqnkx JXISqïenkx E`jgkq mykq smqm Emqndx* Okxî Ekonhm ` E`jgkq qky`nqk dk Qnk%Hnd` B`xynrmj* =>72* QO$Sqkipìèk Hkesmdgnm'x. sqkipykqm'x.? Bkykh`dm Bnje`x6 E$E$ Jyim$6 Epjynbnje`x X$M$Hkesmdgnm'x. sqkipykqm'x. mxxkhnmim'x.? KRDN % Ndiÿxyqnm Hndèmyklqíbnhm Jyim$Sqkipìèk? Emqndx* Okxî Ekonhm6 Myynjn* Lnkqlnk6 X`qf`nx* L`kql` Enhg`jInq ìèk i` sqkipìèk? Jnem* EíqnkSqkipykq mxxkhnmik? Y`jj`x D`yk* LkbbqìkMxxnxyïdhnm i` sqkipìèk? Qïnx* Jpnx H$

Mqlpe`dyk+qky`nqk Mqlpe`dyk? Emqndx* Okxî EkonhmQky`nqk? Jphhg`yyn* Qpa`dx B$

Inq`ìèk Inq`ìèk? Emqndx* Okxî Ekonhm



73

Hkdyndpnimi`? Xnjrm* Eíqhnk

Bkyklqmbnm Inq ìèk i` bkyklqmbnm? Myynjn* Lnkqlnk

Háe`qm? Myynjn* LnkqlnkMxxnxyïdhnm i` háe`qm? Qkrìm* Rnqlåjnk

Imikx minhnkdmnx i` bkyklqmbnm @j`yqnhnxym? Gmqq~x* D`d` @$

Ekdymlè Ekdymlè? @jnmx* Jpnx@inìèk? @jnmx* JpnxMxxnxy`dy i` ekdymlè? Gîjnk

Inq ìèk i` mqy` Inq`ìèk i` mqy`? Lqmr`yk

Imikx minhnkdmnx i` inq`ìèk i` mqy` Hkdyqm%q`lqm+mh`xxøqnkx i` h`dklqmbnm? Xnjrm* Okqxkd

Ni`dynimi`x+`j`dhk?Emqndx* Okxî Ekonhm Vipajmik'm. skq Xmjimdgm* Mqmf`dUGndlxy* XîqlnkHmdi`nmx* KzpmjikAq~md* MdiqîmQnamx* Jpqi`x RmdphhgnJnem* Eíqnk\mdi`qj`~* Qkd`~Dklp`nqm* G`j`dmIpmqy`* @eåjnmLqmr`ykHmqjkx* OkxîIph`dm* OmhnmqmYgnmlk* Qkxè`nq`Smjnyk

Q`dmyk* JpnzEkqmdi~* SmpjkA`na`* QkdmjikEmqnx* Xy`jmHqnxyndm* EmqnmEmq}p`x* HjípinkEndm* Imdy`Lmaqn`j* OmdinqmEmqh`j* EmqhnkMxxpdìèk* Ádl`jkHmskrnjjm* Empqnh` 'Dk iàmy`.

Hmjj`lmqk* Okèk 'Dk iàmy`.Q`nhg`damhg* Hmqjkx 'Dk iàmy`.B`qq`nqm* Omnqk 'Dk iàmy`.



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Dmdin* Åymjm

avacalho e curtiÇÃo a representação do indivíduo desviante no cinema marginal belo horizonte...

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