atualidades cia - the world factbook 2008 - brasil marco aurelio gondim []

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Brazil

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Introduction

Geography

People

Government

Economy

Communications

Transportation

Military

Transnational Issues

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This page was last updated on 21 August 2008

Legend: Definition Field Listing Rank Order

Introduction Brazil Top of Page

Background:

Following three centuries under the rule of Portugal, Brazil became anindependent nation in 1822 and a republic in 1889. By far the largest and mostpopulous country in South America, Brazil overcame more than half a century ofmilitary intervention in the governance of the country when in 1985 the militaryregime peacefully ceded power to civilian rulers. Brazil continues to pursueindustrial and agricultural growth and development of its interior. Exploiting vastnatural resources and a large labor pool, it is today South America's leading

economic power and a regional leader. Highly unequal income distribution andcrime remain pressing problems.

Geography Brazil Top of Page

Page 1 of 12CIA - The World Factbook -- Brazil

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Location:

Eastern South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean

Geographic coordinates:

10 00 S, 55 00 W

Map references:

South AmericaArea:

total: 8,511,965 sq kmland: 8,456,510 sq kmwater: 55,455 sq kmnote: includes Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha, Atol dasRocas, Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas Martin Vaz, and Penedos de SaoPedro e Sao Paulo

Area - comparative:

slightly smaller than the US

Land boundaries:

total: 16,885 kmborder countries: Argentina 1,261 km, Bolivia 3,423 km,Colombia 1,644 km, French Guiana 730 km, Guyana 1,606 km,Paraguay 1,365 km, Peru 2,995 km, Suriname 593 km, Uruguay1,068 km, Venezuela 2,200 km

Coastline:

7,491 km

Maritime claims:

territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental margin

Climate:

mostly tropical, but temperate in south

Terrain:

mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills,mountains, and narrow coastal belt

Elevation extremes:

lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 mhighest point: Pico da Neblina 3,014 m

Natural resources:

bauxite, gold, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, platinum,tin, uranium, petroleum, hydropower, timber

Land use:

arable land: 6.93%permanent crops: 0.89%other: 92.18% (2005)

Irrigated land:

29,200 sq km (2003)Total renewable water resources:




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8,233 cu km (2000)

Freshwater withdrawal(domestic/industrial/agricultural):

total: 59.3 cu km/yr (20%/18%/62%)per capita: 318 cu m/yr (2000)

Natural hazards:

recurring droughts in northeast; floods and occasional frost insouth

Environment - current issues:

deforestation in Amazon Basin destroys the habitat and endangersa multitude of plant and animal species indigenous to the area;there is a lucrative illegal wildlife trade; air and water pollution inRio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and several other large cities; landdegradation and water pollution caused by improper miningactivities; wetland degradation; severe oil spills

Environment - internationalagreements:

party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-MarineLiving Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, HazardousWastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone LayerProtection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber94, Wetlands, Whalingsigned, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:

largest country in South America; shares common boundaries withevery South American country except Chile and Ecuador

People Brazil Top of PagePopulation:

191,908,598note: Brazil conducted a census in August 2000, which reported a population of169,799,170; that figure was about 3.3% lower than projections by the USCensus Bureau, and is close to the implied underenumeration of 4.6% for the1991 census; estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects ofexcess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higherinfant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changesin the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise beexpected (July 2008 est.)

Age structure:

0-14 years: 24.9% (male 24,391,338/female 23,454,418)15-64 years: 68.7% (male 65,330,427/female 66,431,982)65 years and over: 6.4% (male 5,055,770/female 7,244,663) (2008 est.)

Median age:

total: 29 yearsmale: 28.3 yearsemale: 29.8 years (2008 est.)

Population growthrate:

0.98% (2008 est.)

Birth rate:

16.04 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)




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Death rate:

6.22 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Net migration rate:

-0.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/femaletotal population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2008 est.)

Infant mortalityrate:

total: 26.67 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 30.28 deaths/1,000 live birthsemale: 22.89 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)

Life expectancy atbirth:

total population: 72.51 yearsmale: 68.57 yearsemale: 76.64 years (2008 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.86 children born/woman (2008 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adultprevalence rate:

0.7% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - peopleliving withHIV/AIDS: 660,000 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:

15,000 (2003 est.)

Nationality:

noun: Brazilian(s)adjective: Brazilian

Ethnic groups:

white 53.7%, mulatto (mixed white and black) 38.5%, black 6.2%, other(includes Japanese, Arab, Amerindian) 0.9%, unspecified 0.7% (2000 census)

Religions:

Roman Catholic (nominal) 73.6%, Protestant 15.4%, Spiritualist 1.3%,Bantu/voodoo 0.3%, other 1.8%, unspecified 0.2%, none 7.4% (2000 census)

Languages:

Portuguese (official and most widely spoken language); note - less commonlanguages include Spanish (border areas and schools), German, Italian, Japanese,English, and a large number of minor Amerindian languages

Literacy:

definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 88.6%male: 88.4%emale: 88.8% (2004 est.)

School lifeexpectancy

(primary to tertiary total: 14 years




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education): male: 14 yearsemale: 15 years (2005)

Educationexpenditures -

percent of GDP: 4% (2004)

Government Brazil Top of Page

Country name:

conventional long form: Federative Republic of Brazilconventional short form: Brazillocal long form: Republica Federativa do Brasillocal short form: Brasil

Government type:

federal republic

Capital:

name: Brasilia

geographic coordinates: 15 47 S, 47 55 Wtime difference: UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC during StandardTime)daylight saving time: +1hr, begins third Sunday in October; ends third Sunday inFebruarynote: Brazil is divided into four time zones, including one for the Fernando deNoronha Islands

Administrativedivisions:

26 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal district* (distrito federal);Acre, Alagoas, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceara, Distrito Federal*, EspiritoSanto, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Para,Paraiba, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, RioGrande do Sul, Rondonia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe,Tocantins

Independence:

7 September 1822 (from Portugal)

National holiday:

Independence Day, 7 September (1822)

Constitution:

5 October 1988

Legal system:

based on Roman codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:

voluntary between 16 and 18 years of age and over 70; compulsory over 18 andunder 70 years of age; note - military conscripts do not vote

Executive branch:

chief of state: President Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (since 1 January 2003);Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003); note - the president isboth the chief of state and head of governmenthead of government: President Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (since 1 January2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the presidentelections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular votefor a single four-year term; election last held 1 October 2006 with runoff 29




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October 2006 (next to be held 3 October 2010 and, if necessary, 31 October2010)election results: Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (PT) reelected president -60.83%, Geraldo ALCKMIN (PSDB) 39.17%

Legislative branch:

bicameral National Congress or Congresso Nacional consists of the Federal

Senate or Senado Federal (81 seats; 3 members from each state and federaldistrict elected according to the principle of majority to serve eight-year terms;one-third and two-thirds elected every four years, alternately) and the Chamberof Deputies or Camara dos Deputados (513 seats; members are elected byproportional representation to serve four-year terms)elections: Federal Senate - last held 1 October 2006 for one-third of the Senate(next to be held in October 2010 for two-thirds of the Senate); Chamber ofDeputies - last held 1 October 2006 (next to be held in October 2010)election results: Federal Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party -PFL 6, PSDB 5, PMDB 4, PTB 3, PT 2, PDT 1, PSB 1, PL 1, PPS 1, PRTB 1,PP 1, PCdoB 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats byparty - PMDB 89, PT 83, PFL 65, PSDB 65, PP 42, PSB 27, PDT 24, PL 23,

PTB 22, PPS 21, PCdoB 13, PV 13, PSC 9, other 17; note - as of 1 January 2008:Federal Senate - seats by party - PMDB 20, DEM (formerly PFL) 14, PSDB 13,PT 12, PTB 6, PDT 5, PR 4, PRB 2, PSB 2, PCdoB 1, PP 1, PSOL 1; Chamberof Deputies - seats by party - PMDB 90, PT 83, PSDB 64, DEM (formerly PFL)62, PP 41, PR 34, PSB 28, PDT 23, PTB 21, PPS 17, PV 13, PCdoB 13, PSC 7,PAN 4, PSOL 3, PMN 3, PTC 3, PHS 2, PTdoB 1, PRB 1

Judicial branch:

Supreme Federal Tribunal or STF (11 ministers are appointed for life by thepresident and confirmed by the Senate); Higher Tribunal of Justice; RegionalFederal Tribunals (judges are appointed for life); note - though appointed "forlife," judges, like all federal employees, have a mandatory retirement age of 70

Political partiesand leaders:Brazilian Democratic Movement Party or PMDB [Federal Deputy MichelTEMER]; Brazilian Labor Party or PTB [Roberto JEFFERSON]; BrazilianRenewal Labor Party or PRTB [Jose Levy FIDELIX da Cruz]; BrazilianRepublican Party or PRB [Vitor Paulo Araujo DOS SANTOS]; Brazilian SocialDemocracy Party or PSDB [Senator Sergio GUERRA]; Brazilian Socialist Partyor PSB [Governor Eduardo Henrique Accioly CAMPOS]; Christian Labor Partyor PTC [Daniel TOURINHO]; Communist Party of Brazil or PCdoB [JoseRenato RABELO]; Democratic Labor Party or PDT [Carlos Roberto LUPI]; theDemocrats or DEM (formerly Liberal Front Party or PFL) [Federal DeputyRodrigo MAIA]; Freedom and Socialism Party or PSOL [Heloisa HELENA];Green Party or PV [Jose Luiz de Franca PENNA]; Humanist Party of Solidarity

or PHS [Paulo Roberto MATOS]; Labor Party of Brazil or PTdoB [LuisHenrique de Oliveira RESENDE]; Liberal Front Party or PFL (now known as theDemocrats or DEM); National Mobilization Party or PMN [Oscar NoronhaFILHO]; Party of the Republic or PR [Sergio TAMER]; Popular Socialist Partyor PPS [Federal Deputy Fernando CORUJA]; Progressive Party or PP [FranciscoDORNELLES]; Social Christian Party or PSC [Vitor Jorge Abdala NOSSEIS];Workers' Party or PT [Ricardo Jose Ribeiro BERZOINI]

Political pressuregroups and

leaders: Landless Workers' Movement or MSTother: labor unions and federations; large farmers' associations; religious groupsincluding evangelical Christian churches and the Catholic Church

Internationalorganization

participation: AfDB (nonregional members), BIS, CAN (associate), CPLP, FAO, G-15, G-24,G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,




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IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC,LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, NAM (observer),NSG, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD,UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNITAR, UNMEE,UNMIL, UNMIS, UNMIT, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU,WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomaticrepresentation in

the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Antonio de Aguiar PATRIOTAchancery: 3006 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008telephone: [1] (202) 238-2700FAX: [1] (202) 238-2827consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, NewYork, San Francisco

Diplomaticrepresentation

from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Clifford M. SOBELembassy: Avenida das Nacoes, Quadra 801, Lote 3, Distrito Federal Cep 70403-900, Brasilia

mailing address: Unit 3500, APO AA 34030telephone: [55] (61) 3312-7000FAX: [55] (61) 3225-9136consulate(s) general: Rio de Janeiro, Sao Pauloconsulate(s): Recife

Flag description:

green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a blue celestial globewith 27 white five-pointed stars (one for each state and the Federal District)arranged in the same pattern as the night sky over Brazil; the globe has a whiteequatorial band with the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress)

Economy Brazil Top of Page

Economy -overview:

Characterized by large and well-developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing,and service sectors, Brazil's economy outweighs that of all other South Americancountries and is expanding its presence in world markets. Having weathered2001-03 financial turmoil, capital inflows are regaining strength and the currencyhas resumed appreciating. The appreciation has slowed export volume growth,but since 2004, Brazil's growth has yielded increases in employment and realwages. The resilience in the economy stems from commodity-driven currentaccount surpluses, and sound macroeconomic policies that have bolsteredinternational reserves to historically high levels, reduced public debt, andallowed a significant decline in real interest rates. A floating exchange rate, an

inflation-targeting regime, and a tight fiscal policy are the three pillars of theeconomic program. From 2003 to 2007, Brazil ran record trade surpluses andrecorded its first current account surpluses since 1992. Productivity gainscoupled with high commodity prices contributed to the surge in exports. Brazilimproved its debt profile in 2006 by shifting its debt burden toward realdenominated and domestically held instruments. LULA DA SILVA restated hiscommitment to fiscal responsibility by maintaining the country's primary surplusduring the 2006 election. Following his second inauguration, LULA DA SILVAannounced a package of further economic reforms to reduce taxes and increaseinvestment in infrastructure. The government's goal of achieving strong growthwhile reducing the debt burden is likely to create inflationary pressures.

GDP (purchasing

power parity): $1.836 trillion (2007 est.)

GDP (officialexchange rate):




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$1.314 trillion (2007 est.)

GDP - real growthrate:

5.4% (2007 est.)

GDP - per capita(PPP):

$9,700 (2007 est.)

GDP - compositionby sector:

agriculture: 5.5%industry: 28.7%services: 65.8% (2007 est.)

Labor force:

99.47 million (2007 est.)

Labor force - byoccupation:

agriculture: 20%industry: 14%services: 66% (2003 est.)

Unemploymentrate:

9.3% (2007 est.)

Population belowpoverty line:

31% (2005)

Household incomeor consumption bypercentage share: lowest 10%: 0.9%

highest 10%: 44.8% (2004)

Distribution offamily income -

Gini index: 56.7 (2005)Inflation rate

(consumer prices):3.6% (2007 est.)

Investment (grossfixed):

17.6% of GDP (2007 est.)

Budget:

revenues: $244 billionexpenditures: $219.9 billion (FY07)

Public debt:

45.1% of GDP (2007 est.)Agriculture -

products:coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus; beef

Industries:

textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin, steel, aircraft, motorvehicles and parts, other machinery and equipment

Industrialproduction growth

rate: 4.9% (2007 est.)

Electricity -

production: 396.4 billion kWh (2005)

Electricity -consumption:




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368.5 billion kWh (2005)

Electricity -exports:

160 million kWh (2005)

Electricity -imports:

39.2 billion kWh; note - supplied by Paraguay (2005)

Oil - production:

1.59 million bbl/day (2006 est.)

Oil - consumption:

2.1 million bbl/day (2006 est.)

Oil - exports:

278,400 bbl/day (2005)

Oil - imports:

674,500 bbl/day (2004)

Oil - provedreserves:

13.9 billion bbl (2007 est.)

Natural gas -production:

9.37 billion cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas -consumption:

17.85 billion cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas -exports:

0 cu m (2005 est.)

Natural gas -

imports: 8.478 billion cu m (2005)Natural gas -

proved reserves:312.7 billion cu m (1 January 2006 est.)

Current accountbalance:

$3.555 billion (2007 est.)

Exports:

$160.6 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Exports -commodities:

transport equipment, iron ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee, autosExports - partners:

US 14.2%, China 9.2%, Argentina 8.3%, Germany 4.4%, Netherlands 4.3%(2006)

Imports:

$120.6 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Imports -commodities:

machinery, electrical and transport equipment, chemical products, oil,automotive parts, electronics

Imports - partners:

US 20%, China 8.9%, Argentina 8.1%, Germany 7.6% (2006)

Economic aid -




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recipient: $191.9 million (2005)

Reserves offoreign exchange

and gold: $180.3 billion (31 December 2007)

Debt - external:

$223.9 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of directforeign investment

- at home: $249 billion (2007 est.)

Stock of directforeign investment

- abroad: $107 billion (2007 est.)

Market value ofpublicly traded

shares: $711.1 billion (2006)

Currency (code):

real (BRL)

Exchange rates:

reals per US dollar - 1.85 (2007 est.), 2.1761 (2006), 2.4344 (2005), 2.9251(2004), 3.0771 (2003)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

Communications Brazil Top of Page

Telephones - mainlines in use:

38.8 million (2006)

Telephones -mobile cellular:

120.98 million (2007)

Telephone system:

general assessment: good working system; fixed-line connections have remainedrelatively stable in recent years and stand at about 20 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone density has risen to nearly 55 per 100 personsdomestic: extensive microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellitesystem with 64 earth stations; mobile-cellular usage has more than tripled in thepast 5 yearsinternational: country code - 55; landing point for a number of submarine cablesthat provide direct links to South and Central America, the Caribbean, the US,

Africa, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region east), connected by microwave relay system toMercosur Brazilsat B3 satellite earth station (2007)

Radio broadcaststations:

AM 1,365, FM 296, shortwave 161 (of which 91 are collocated with AMstations) (1999)

Televisionbroadcast stations:

138 (1997)

Internet countrycode:

.br

Internet hosts:

8.265 million (2007)




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Internet users:

42.6 million (2006)

Transportation Brazil Top of Page

Airports:

4,263 (2007)

Airports - withpaved runways:

total: 718over 3,047 m: 72,438 to 3,047 m: 251,524 to 2,437 m: 167914 to 1,523 m: 467under 914 m: 52 (2007)

Airports - withunpaved runways:

total: 3,5451,524 to 2,437 m: 83

914 to 1,523 m: 1,555under 914 m: 1,907 (2007)

Heliports:

16 (2007)

Pipelines:

condensate/gas 244 km; gas 12,070 km; liquid petroleum gas 351 km; oil 5,214km; refined products 4,410 km (2007)

Railways:

total: 29,295 kmbroad gauge: 4,932 km 1.600-m gauge (939 km electrified)standard gauge: 194 km 1.440-m gaugenarrow gauge: 23,773 km 1.000-m gauge (581 km electrified)dual gauge: 396 km 1.000 m and 1.600-m gauges (three rails) (78 km electrified)(2006)

Roadways:

total: 1,751,868 kmpaved: 96,353 kmunpaved: 1,655,515 km (2004)

Waterways:

50,000 km (most in areas remote from industry and population) (2007)

Merchant marine:

total: 134 ships (1000 GRT or over) 1,998,246 GRT/2,994,248 DWTby type: bulk carrier 19, cargo 22, carrier 1, chemical tanker 6, container 10,liquefied gas 12, passenger/cargo 12, petroleum tanker 45, roll on/roll off 7oreign-owned: 21 (Chile 1, Denmark 2, Germany 6, Greece 1, Mexico 1,

Norway 2, Spain 8)registered in other countries: 8 (Argentina 1, Bahamas 2, Ghana 1, Liberia 3,Marshall Islands 1) (2008)

Ports andterminals:

Guaiba, Ilha Grande, Paranagua, Rio Grande, Santos, Sao Sebastiao, Tubarao

Military Brazil Top of Page

Military branches:




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This page was last updated on 21 August 2008

Brazilian Army, Brazilian Navy (Marinha do Brasil (MB), includes Naval Airand Marine Corps (Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais)), Brazilian Air Force (ForcaAerea Brasileira, FAB) (2008)

Military service ageand obligation:

21-45 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation -9 to 12 months; 17-45 years of age for voluntary service; an increasing

percentage of the ranks are "long-service" volunteer professionals; women wereallowed to serve in the armed forces beginning in early 1980s when the BrazilianArmy became the first army in South America to accept women into careerranks; women serve in Navy and Air Force only in Women's Reserve Corps(2001)

Manpoweravailable for

military service: males age 16-49: 52,449,957emales age 16-49: 52,375,921 (2008 est.)

Manpower fit formilitary service:

males age 16-49: 39,263,710emales age 16-49: 44,109,056 (2008 est.)

Manpowerreaching militarily

significant ageannually:

males age 16-49: 1,668,722emales age 16-49: 1,609,437 (2008 est.)

Militaryexpenditures -

percent of GDP: 2.6% (2006 est.)

TransnationalIssues

Brazil Top of Page

Disputes -international:

unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus ofmoney laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics trafficking, andfundraising for extremist organizations; uncontested boundary dispute withUruguay over Isla Brasilera at the confluence of the Quarai/Cuareim andInvernada rivers, that form a tripoint with Argentina; the Itaip Dam reservoircovers over a once contested section of Brazil-Paraguay boundary west of GuairaFalls on the Rio Parana; an accord placed the long-disputed Isla Surez/Ilha deGuajar-Mirim, a fluvial island on the Ro Mamor, under Bolivianadministration in 1958, but sovereignty remains in dispute

Illicit drugs:

second-largest consumer of cocaine in the world; illicit producer of cannabis;trace amounts of coca cultivation in the Amazon region, used for domestic

consumption; government has a large-scale eradication program to controlcannabis; important transshipment country for Bolivian, Colombian, andPeruvian cocaine headed for Europe; also used by traffickers as a way station fornarcotics air transshipments between Peru and Colombia; upsurge in drug-relatedviolence and weapons smuggling; important market for Colombian, Bolivian,and Peruvian cocaine; illicit narcotics proceeds earned in Brazil are oftenlaundered through the financial system; significant illicit financial activity in theTri-Border Area


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