as linguagens de gabriel garcÍa mÁrquez: estudo do emprego de técnicas literárias e...

8/7/2019 AS LINGUAGENS DE GABRIEL GARCÍA MÁRQUEZ: Estudo do emprego de técnicas literárias e jornalísticas em Crônica…

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boyzf hcvcgkhjh f Cozâgkh jf vb wfxüfwzyo

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Nko}hcch jf Bhzow Ykifkyo

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boyzf hcvcgkhjh f Cozâgkh jf vb wfxüfwzyo

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wkczo poy fwwhw pènkchw#



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phktço pflo aoychlkwbo ch doyh gfyzh#



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wfnyájo jo nyhcjf aoychlkwzh#

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bvcjkhl#

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cozkgkhjo#

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hyxvk}hbfczo jf vbh jfzfybkchjh oghwkço, jfczyo jf vb jhjo fwphîo jf zfbpo# Hiyknh ow

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nyh}kjhjf jh wkzvhîço xvf mok fcmyfczhjh#

Co pykbfkyo ghpâzvlo jfwzf zyhihldo, wço jfzhldhjhw hw zëgckghw f ghyhgzfyâwzkghw }olzhjhw phyh

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lk}yf $gobo o lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb+# Ow hvzoyfw xvf mvcjhbfczhyhb fwwfw hwpfgzow wço Lhnf

$9007 f 9006+, Zyhxvkch $9006+ f Wojyë f Mfyyhyk $8;4=+#

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gocwkjfyhîöfw jf Pyofcîh Mkldo $8;;>+, Lhaolo $8;46+ f Bokwëw $8;>6+#

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aè gkzhjow hgkbh#

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80

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zftzo aoychlâwzkgo, whif"wf xvf ftkwzfb coybhw xvf yfnfb fwwh pyèzkgh# Ow bojow yânkjow jf

hpvyhîço jhw kcmoybhîöfw f ftpyfwwço jh yfhlkjhjf jfkthb povgo fwphîo phyh ow yfp÷yzfyfw

hnkyfb gob hvzocobkh# Hghihb poy wfnvky f oifjfgfy o bhcvhl jf aoychlkwbo# Ow mhzow wço

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lfhj ‗ o xvf, xvfb, gobo, ocjf f poy xvá# Yfwzh, fczço, “povgo fc}ol}kbfczo jo yfp÷yzfy gob ow pfywochnfcw f gob ow gfcèykow jf wvhw bhzëykhw, vb mogo ihwzhczf kbpfwwohl, povgo

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jkwpvzhw fczyf h dhiklkjhjf zëgckgh jo zftzo jf hlnvcw aoychlkwzhw f h xvhlkjhjf jhw mozow xvf

fyhb pvilkghjhw co aoychkw $gobpfzkh"wf phyh jfwgoiyky xvhl }fâgvlo fyh ghphq jf wvpfyhy o

ovzyo cfwwfw jokw hwpfgzow+# H phyzky jfwwhw ykthw, gykhyhb"wf hlnvbhw yfnyhw jf fwzklo fgocjvzh phyh ow aoychlkwzhw wfnvkyfb# Ivwghy wfphyhy h opkckço jow mhzow cozkgkhjow5 pyojvqky

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gykhîço f o fwzhiflfgkbfczo jf coybhw phyh h pyojvîço jf goczfñjo cozkgkowo# H ivwgh pflo

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kbpyfwwço jf xvf h yfpoyzhnfb moycfgkh vbh moybh jf fwpfldo jh yfhlkjhjf# Phyh hwwfnvyhy

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88

jfwgykîço jhw zfwzfbvcdhw f jow gfcèykow# Ow yfp÷yzfyfw yfgoyyfb ghjh }fq bhkw à zëgckgh jf

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mhzo jf o goczfñjo jo bhzfykhl aoychlâwzkgo wfy pyojvqkjo àw pyfwwhw, jf hgoyjo gob hw zfcwöfw

f yfnyhw jh wogkfjhjf# Hlëb jkwwo, zhbiëb zfb poy oiyknhîço zoychy hw kcmoybhîöfw xvf

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jkmâgfkw jf vlzyhphwwhy# Ovzyo poczo ë h ftknácgkh jh oiafzk}kjhjf, wfb xvf avâqow jf }hloy ov

fwphîow phyh wfnvcjhw kczfypyfzhîöfw jow aoychlkwzhw powwhb wvynky# Fczyfzhczo, co jfgoyyfy jo

zyhihldo, Lhnf $9006+ yf}flh xvf h fwpfgvlhîço jo pñilkgo h yfwpfkzo jh yfhlkjhjf xvf o gfyghwvynf h phyzky jhw kcmfyácgkhw f wviafzk}kjhjfw xvf, jf }fq fb xvhcjo, fwghphb pflhw lkcdhw

aoychlâwzkghw#

Ghif ho aoychlkwzh wf kwfczhy ho bètkbo jf jfglhyhîöfw f opkcköfw pfwwohkw cow wfvw zftzow# Ë

kbpoyzhczf gobikchy hw zëgckghw jf hpvyhîço f yfjhîço phyh xvf wfah jfwfc}ol}kjo vb

jkwgvywo xvf wf hzfcdh wobfczf ho mhgzvhl f yflf}hczf# Lhnf $9006+ yfgobfcjh xvf o goyyfzo ë

jfkthy hw mhlhw jow pfywochnfcw yfzyhzhyfb hxvflh ëpogh fwpfgâmkgh f o pfcwhbfczo }knfczf jhwogkfjhjf chxvflf bobfczo fb xvf moyhb ov}kjow# Cfwwh jfglhyhîço, pojf"wf zyhîhy ovzyo

phyhlflo gob o lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb, xvf ë ihwfhjo fb jfglhyhîöfw jf phyzkgkphczfw jhxvflf

goczftzo yfzyhzhjo# O yflhzo jf zojo o hbikfczf pfybkzf yfgykhy h wkzvhîço, f o jfzhldhbfczo

jfwwh oghwkço yfwvlzh, co mkchl jhw goczhw, ch ftkwzácgkh pyolocnhjh jhxvflf hgoczfgkbfczo, f

kbpfjf xvf, hlnvb jkh, flf powwh ghky fb fwxvfgkbfczo# H yfpoyzhnfb, jfczyo jo aoychlkwbo,

wfy}f phyh goczftzvhlkqhy o pyfwfczf f jfkthy yfnkwzyhjh h bhygh jo phwwhjo#

Jf hgoyjo gob Wojyë f Mfyyhyk $8;4=+, h yfpoyzhnfb gvbpyf vb phpfl kbpoyzhczâwwkbo jfczyo

jo vck}fywo aoychlâwzkgo, pokw ë vb nácfyo pyk}klfnkhjo xvf wf vzklkqh jf yfgvywow lkzfyèykow,

bhw wfb jfkthy jf lhjo h oiafzk}kjhjf kcmoybhzk}h# Jfczyo jfwwh gocwzyvîço jf chyyhzk}hw,

ftkwzfb hlnvbhw yfnyhw oiafzk}hw $WOJYË5 MFYYHYK, 8;4=+ phyh xvf wfahb flhioyhjow

zftzow jf gvcdo kcmoybhzk}o f aoychlâwzkgo, bhw gob yfgvywow kczfyfwwhczfw phyh zoychy"wf vb

zftzo jkmfyfcgkhjo ‗ ov, wkbplfwbfczf, bhkw hzyhfczf phyh o lfkzoy jow aoychkw jkèykow# Phyh xvf

fwwf oiafzk}o wfah hlghcîhjo, jf}f"wf hzfcjfy àw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw pykcgkphkw jh yfpoyzhnfb, xvf,

wfnvcjo Wojyë f Mfyyhyk $8;4=+ wço hw wfnvkczfw1 pyfjobkcécgkh jh moybh chyyhzk}h5



89

dvbhckqhîço jo yflhzo5 zftzo jf chzvyfqh kbpyfwwkockwzh5 f, poy ñlzkbo, oiafzk}kjhjf jow mhzow

chyyhjow#

9#8#9 Hcèlkwf jow oiafzk}ow jo zftzo aoychlâwzkgo

Lhnf $9007+ jfmfcjf xvf o zftzo cço pyfzfcjf wfy fthzo, cfb jf}f hlbfahy fwwf oiafzk}o# H

fthzkjço ë jfwfao jh pfwxvkwh gkfczâmkgh, cço jo aoychlkwzh#

O aoychlkwbo pyogvyh nyhv jkwzkczo jf pyfgkwço, jfzfybkchjo pflh hbplkzvjf jf wfv pñilkgo,xvf ë ftzfcwo f jkwpfywo# O zftzo aoychlâwzkgo zyhjvq gocdfgkbfczo gkfczâmkkcmoybhîço aoychlâwzkgh gkfczâmkgo"zfgcol÷nkgh, pyogvyhcjo zoychy goczfñjow jh gkácgkhgobpyffcwâ}fkw f hzyhfczfw# Glhyfqh, wkbplkgkjhjf f gobpyffcwkiklkjhjf wço }kyzvjfw xvf wf

fwpfyhb jow aoychkw f xvf ow mhqfb wfy lkjow bfwbo poy gkfczkwzhw, xvf nfyhlbfczf chjhyfglhbhb xvhcjo cço wf zyhzh jf hwwvczo jf wvh fwpfgkhlkjhjf# $LHNF, 9007, p# 897+

O zftzo $f o zyhzhbfczo jf kbhnfcw+ aoychlâwzkgo pyogvyh zyhcwbkzky o goczfñjo gob o bâckbo

jf fwmoyîo jh phyzf jo lfkzoy phyh gobpyffcwço# Fbioyh kwwo cço wfah mègkl f lf}f zfbpo,

wfnvcjo o hvzoy, o mfkzo ë hlghcîè}fl f powwâ}fl# Hkcjh woiyf hw jfbocwzyhîöfw jf

gocdfgkbfczow gkfczâmkgow, Lhnf $9007+ gkzh ghyhgzfyâwzkghw phyh xvf o zftzo

kcmoybhîöfw wfahb bfldoy gobpyffcjkjow# Hlnvbhw jflhw wço h klvwzyhîço gob chyyhzk}hw

dkwz÷ykghw f hcfj÷zkghw f h gobphyhîço ‗ fb ghwo jf vckjhjfw jf bfjkjhw xvf cço mhqfbphyzf jo gozkjkhco jo pñilkgo# O hvzoy oiwfy}h xvf hwwogkhîöfw, yflhgkochbfczow f jfwgoifyzh

jf gocftöfw wço cfgfwwèykhw phyh mhgklkzhy h gobpyffcwço jo lfkzoy fb yflhîço àxvflf hwwvczo,

hpyotkbhcjo"o jhxvflf zfbh $LHNF, 9007+#

H cozâgkh wf yfmfyf hpfchw ho yflhzo hiyf}khjo jf vb mhzo# H yfpoyzhnfb gvbpyf h mvcîço jf

fwbkvîhy, jfzhldhy f hpyomvcjhy ow hgoczfgkbfczow yflhzk}ow àxvflf mhzo f ovzyow mhzoyfw

yflhgkochjow h flf ‗ hbikfczf, pfywochnfcw, goczftzo fzg# Wojyë f Mfyyhyk wvnfyfb h mvcîço

jkwzkczk}h fczyf o cozkgkhy f o yfpoyzhy1 co wfnvcjo ghwo, h yfpoyzhnfb whlkfczh hwpfgzow

kcvwkzhjow woiyf o hwwvczo fb xvfwzço, hbplkhcjo f hlvbkhcjo ow gocdfgkbfczow jo lfkzoy h

yfwpfkzo jhxvflf zfbh $WOJYË5 MFYYHYK, 8;4=+# Co ghwo jh cozâgkh, wvh kbpoyzécgkh goyyf

ykwgo jf wfy bfcow h}hlkhjh jf}kjo h bozk}ow jf pfyfckjhjf1 ow hvzoyfw gdhbhb h hzfcîço

phyh h zhyfmh jf bfyo yfnkwzyo jow hgoczfgkbfczow, h cço wfy xvf flfw fwzfahb fc}olzow “fb

gkygvcwzécgkhw xvf gocjvqkyço o lfkzoy h vb powkgkochbfczo gyâzkgo, yf}flhcjo"ldf écnvlow

kcwvwpfkzhjow, whlkfczhcjo ovzyow hpfchw fczyf}kwzow‒ $WOJYË5 MFYYHYK, 8;4=, p# 7=+# Kwwo

yfzobh, fczço, h jkmfyfcgkhîço jh yfpoyzhnfb, f hw bñlzkplhw powwkiklkjhjfw xvf wço omfyfgkjhw

poy fwwh moybh jf zyhihldo aoychlâwzkgh#



87

9#9 Jkmkgvljhjfw chw zëgckghw jf pfwxvkwh f hpvyhîço aoychlâwzkghw

Jkwgvzky ow oiwzègvlow kbpowzow how aoychlkwzhw co wfv fwphîo jf zyhihldo jkhykhbfczf wfy}f, h

wfnvky cfwzf zyhihldo, gobo vbh moybh jf hpoczhy hw bozk}hîöfw xvf lf}hb o pyomkwwkochl h

wf jfjkghy ho lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb# Woiyf h yflhîço fczyf aoychlkwbo f lkzfyhzvyh, Lhnf $9007+

jkwgvzf xvf h pyfwwh $flfbfczo goyykxvfkyo co aoychlkwbo fczfcjkjo gobo hzk}kjhjf kcjvwzykhl,

gvah pyojvîço fwzè }kcgvlhjh h gocjkîöfw jf dkfyhyxvkh f yânkjh jkwgkplkch+ cço pojf ftkwzky ch

lkzfyhzvyh# “Lkzfyhzvyh hpyfwwhjh ë, pyo}h}flbfczf, wvilkzfyhzvyh, gocwzyvâjh gob gdh}öfw f

gocjvqkcjo h gocglvwöfw xvf cço phwwhb jf lvnhyfw"gobvcw‒ $LHNF, 9007, p# 8:9+#

Vynácgkh f fmkgègkh, pyfwwvpowzow jow pyogfwwow jf zyhcwbkwwço jhw kcmoybhîöfw aoychlâwzkghw,xvhcjo moyzfbfczf pyfwfczfw ch lkzfyhzvyh, pyfavjkghb h kczfnykjhjf jfwwf zftzo#

Cflwoc Zyhxvkch $9006+ hpoczh o mhzoy zfbpo f wvh zkyhckh gobo vb jow }èykow fbpfgkldow jo

zyhihldo aoychlâwzkgo# Gob h h}hlhcgdf jf cozâgkhw jfwpfahjh cow lfkzoyfw jkhykhbfczf, h

yfhlkjhjf wf hpyfwfczh fb myhnbfczow# Fwpfyh"wf jow aoychlkwzhw, fczço, xvf flfw powwhb

zyhcwbkzky hw cozâgkhw jh moybh bhkw yèpkjh, pyfgkwh f goyyfzh powwâ}fl# Fwwh goiyhcîh ë

ftplkghjh poy vbh ftfbplkmkghîço jf vbh jhw mvcîöfw jo aoychlkwbo ch wogkfjhjf, hlëb jfbfyhbfczf kcmoybhy1 pyojvqky kcmoybhîöfw xvf powwhb wfy vzklkqhjhw pflo pñilkgo gobo vbh

moybh jf kczfyhîço wogkhl, gykhcjo z÷pkgow jf goc}fywhw pfwwohkw ov fb nyvpo, f hwwfnvyhcjo

xvf flhw cço fwzço jfwhzvhlkqhjhw jow hgoczfgkbfczow kbpoyzhczfw co bvcjo# Yowwk $8;48+

gkzh xvf h zyhcwmoybhîço jo lfhj chw bhzëykhw ë vb ftfbplo jfwwf mhzoy zfbpo# Kckgkhlbfczf,

o pykbfkyo phyènyhmo jo zftzo zkcdh h mvcîço jf gocjvqky o lfkzoy hzyh}ëw jh bhzëykh, hzyhkcjo h

lfkzvyh jf zojh h yfpoyzhnfb# Co fczhczo, phwwov"wf h ftknky xvf hw pykcgkphkw kcmoybhîöfw

mknvyhwwfb co pykbfkyo phyènyhmo5 jfwwh moybh, o lfhj wf zoycov vb yfwvbo jh bhzëykh,“gobo wf o lfkzoy fwzk}fwwf kczfyfwwhjo hpfchw co kcâgko jf ghjh cozâgkh f cço co wfv

gocavczo‒ $YOWWK, 8;48, p# 96+# Woiyf o lfhj, Yowwk $8;48+ hmkybh xvf ow aoychlkwzhw

jfkthyhb jf zfy jobâcko jo wfv fwzklo pfwwohl co zftzo# Zoychyhb"wf fwpfgkhlkwzhw fb wfnvky h

zëgckgh jo lfhj, yfwpocjfcjo hw wfkw pfynvczhw ièwkghw $o xvá, xvfb, xvhcjo, ocjf, gobo poy

xvá+, wfcjo moyîhjow h hihcjochy wfvw bëzojow py÷pykow f phyzkgvlhyfw jf yfjhîço jo zftzo#

Fwwh phjyockqhîço jo zftzo aoychlâwzkgo hgoczfgf jf}kjo h mhzoyfw zfbpoyhkw# Yowwk $8;48+

hynvbfczh xvf ckcnvëb bhkw zfb zfbpo phyh wf jfjkghy à lfkzvyh jf 60 ov =0 lkcdhw jf

bhzëykh cow aoychkw# Hw 80 ov 86 lkcdhw xvf wço hpyfwfczhjhw, fczço, jf}fb goczfy vb yfwvbo

jhw kcmoybhîöfw lono co pykbfkyo phyènyhmo#



8:

Jfczyo jh kbpyfcwh jkèykh, o aoychlkwzh fczfcjf xvf wfv zyhihldo, hczfw jf wfy }fkgvlhjo phyh o

pñilkgo, phwwh poy vbh yfjf oynhckqhgkochl# Cfwwf pyogfwwo, ow wvpfykoyfw dkfyèyxvkgow záb

vbh fwpëgkf jf pojfy f goczyolf woiyf o zyhihldo jo aoychlkwzh# Ë yfgobfcjè}fl xvf o

pyomkwwkochl wf hjkhczf h fwwhw ftpfgzhzk}hw f f}kzf xvf o zftzo pyfgkwf wfy yfzoghjo, hlëb jf

mvnky jhw yfpykbfcjhw, xvf pojfb kcmlvfcgkhy $cfb wfbpyf jf moybh powkzk}h+ h ghyyfkyh

pyomkwwkochl# Zyhxvkch $9006+ oiwfy}h xvf, wfnvkcjo h zfoykh oynhckqhgkochl, h oynhckqhîço

phyh h xvhl o aoychlkwzh zyhihldh kcmlvfcgkh o zyhihldo jfwzf# Hlëb jfwwf ovzyo nhynhlo, jh

kcmlvácgkh co zyhihldo pflhw phyzfw wvpfykoyfw, dè zhbiëb hw bvjhcîhw xvf wf fwzfcjfb phyh

o hwpfgzo fgocúbkgo, aè xvf ow aoychlkwzhw pfyjfb fwphîo chw pènkchw, poy ftfbplo, poy

gobpyobkwwow xvf h fbpyfwh jo kbpyfwwo zfb gob o hcvcgkhczf# Zojh h wkzvhîço fgocúbkghë yfwvbkjh1 “jf}kjo how gvwzow f à l÷nkgh jo lvgyo, wço kbpowzow gocwzyhcnkbfczow ho zyhihldo

aoychlâwzkgo pflo oyîhbfczo jh fbpyfwh‒ $ZYHXVKCH, 9006, p# 86;+# O hvzoy ftplkgh xvf ow

aoychlkwzhw pyffcgdfb o fwphîo jfkthjo fb hifyzo pflh pvilkgkjhjf# Hlëb jfwwf goczyolf

oynhckqhgkochl f pfyghlîow jf oyknfb dkfyèyxvkgh, Yowwk $8;48+ hpoczh o ykwgo fb zoychy o

zyhihldo jo aoychlkwzh povgo fwzkbvlhczf f hvzobèzkgo1

Ow yfp÷yzfyfw f yfjhzoyfw ‗ xvf moybhb o bhkoy goczkcnfczf jf aoychlkwzhw, fb xvhlxvfy yfjhîço ‗ wf wfczfb bvkzo povgo yfwpocwè}fkw pflo pyojvzo xvf fwzço havjhcjo hgocmfggkochy# F gykh"wf, fczço, vb gfyzo hvzobhzkwbo ghyhgzfyâwzkgo jf lkcdh jf boczhnfbkcjvwzykhl, xvf golkjf gob h }kwço $ov jfwfao+ jf vb zyhihldo kczflfgzvhl, gobo o aoychlkwbojf}fykh wfy $YOWWK, 8;48, p# 99+#

Zyhxvkch $9006+ jfmfcjf xvf, jkhczf jh ftoyikzhczf xvhczkjhjf jf gocdfgkbfczow pyojvqkjow

hzvhlbfczf, ow aoychlkwzhw jfkthb jf wfy zyhcwbkwwoyfw jhw kcmoybhîöfw f phwwhb h wfy

“hjbkckwzyhjoyfw jf jhjow hgvbvlhjow, pyogfwwhjoy f hchlkwzh jfwwfw jhjow‒, jf hgoyjo gob

Pdklkp Bf{fy# Bf{fy, cow wfvw fwzvjow, pyfogvph"wf fb fcgoczyhy f hplkghy bëzojow

gkfczâmkgow jf kc}fwzknhîço wogkhl f pwkgowwogkhl à pyèzkgh jo aoychlkwbo# Hgoczfgf xvf, myfczfà ghynh jf kcmoybhîöfw jfwpfahjhw zojow ow jkhw, ow aoychlkwzhw záb xvf lkjhy, bvkzhw }fqfw,

gob h wvh mhlzh jf fwpfgkhlkqhîço co hwwvczo fwpfgâmkgo#

O fwzvjo jf Nh{f Zvgdbhc pyojvqkjo fb 8;>4, xvf hpoczh o fwmoyîo jhw fbpyfwhw

aoychlâwzkghw phyh yozkckqhy o zyhihldo jo aoychlkwzh, ë gkzhjo poy Zyhxvkch $9006+# Hwwkb, “o

gocdfgkbfczo jf moybhw yozkcfkyhw jf pyogfwwhy jkmfyfczfw zkpow jf ‘fwz÷ykhw‛ cozkgkowhw

pfybkzf how yfp÷yzfyfw zyhihldhy gob bhkoy fmkgègkh‒ $ZYHXVKCH, 9006, p# 8;7+# O jobâckojfwwfw pyogfjkbfczow pojf wfy fczfcjkjo gobo pyomkwwkochlkwbo pflow yfp÷yzfyfw f jkyfzoyfw



86

jh fbpyfwh, bhw o hvzoy jfmfcjf fwzhy bhkw py÷tkbo jf vbh powwkiklkjhjf jf wvibkwwço àw

jfzfybkchîöfw jh pyomkwwço f jh fbpyfwh phyh h xvhl wf zyhihldh#

9#7 H zço wocdhjh oiafzk}kjhjf aoychlâwzkgh

Phyh Yowwk $8;48+, o aoychlkwbo ë h “mhwgkchczf ihzhldh pflh gocxvkwzh jhw bfczfw f goyhîöfw

jow wfvw hl}ow1 lfkzoyfw, zflfwpfgzhjoyfw ov ov}kczfw‒ $YOWWK, 8;48, p# >+# Wvhw hybhw wço h

phlh}yh f, co ghwo jh zflf}kwço, zhbiëb hw kbhnfcw# Avczhbfczf cfwwh ihzhldh, fwzè vb

flfbfczo ‗ xvf o hvzoy glhwwkmkgh gobo bkzo ‗ kbpoyzhczf f bvkzo pyfwfczf1 h oiafzk}kjhjf,

jkyfzhbfczf kbpoyzhjo jow phjyöfw coyzf"hbfykghcow jf kbpyfcwh# Wfnvcjo fwwh zfoykh, h

bâjkh jf}fykh jfkthy wvh opkckço jow mhzow zyhcwphyfgfy wobfczf chw pènkchw jf fjkzoykhl# Hpowzvyh jow }fâgvlow jf}fykh wfy cfvzyh f pvilkghy zvjo o xvf hgoczfgf

jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jf vbh dkwz÷ykh, wfb wflfgkochy o xvf fczyh ov cço chw pènkchw jo aoychl#

Woiyf h kbpoyzécgkh jh oiafzk}kjhjf jfczyo jo bfko aoychlâwzkgo, Hbhyhl $8;;=+ yfwwhlzh xvf

flh “ë hpoczhjh gobo vbh jhw pykcgkphkw }kyzvjfw jh bhzëykh aoychlâwzkgh, xvhlkjhjf jfmfcjkjh

dè xvhwf vb wëgvlo pflh kbpyfcwh hbfykghch‒ $HBHYHL, 8;;=, p# 8>+#

Hkcjh woiyf fwwf bfwbo zfbh, Lkbh $8;=;+, hmkybh xvf h oiafzk}kjhjf ë vb zyhîo chzvyhl joaoychlkwbo fcxvhczo nácfyo lkzfyèyko# O gobpyobkwwo fb yflhzhy o mhzo jh bhcfkyh gobo flf ë

nvhyjhjo ch wvh fwwácgkh ë vbh pyfogvphîço gocwzhczf# O pyomkwwkochl xvf o jfzvyph ov o

nfcfyhlkqh ë vb bhv aoychlkwzh, co avlnhbfczo jo hvzoy#

O aoychlkwbo ë vbh hzk}kjhjf pyhnbhzkwzh# Cço wf pojf jfwpyfcjfy cvcgh jo wfv yfwvlzhjo,cfb wf jfwlknhy jo wfv oiafzo# H }fyhgkjhjf, o yfhlkwbo ë wvh nyhcjf múyîh# O bhvaoychlkwzh ë o womkwzkghjo ov o mhcèzkgo ov o bhl kcmoybhjo, ov o jk}hnhczf ov o}fychgvlkwzh# Zojow flfw pfyjfb jf }kwzh o oiafzo, o mhzo, h yfhlkjhjf, phyh wf pfyjfy hpfchwco bojo jf o yfzyhzhy ov chw wvhw wfnvcjhw kczfcîöfw, bhkw ov bfcow ogvlzhw $LKBH, 8;=;,p# 6:+#

Lkbh $8;=;+ yfkzfyh o gobpyobkwwo xvf o aoychlkwzh jf}f bhczfy gob h docfwzkjhjf f h

}fyjhjf# Fwwfw jokw flfbfczow wvynfb h phyzky jh gocgobkzécgkh fczyf wvhw hîöfw gob wfv

jf}fy jf aoychlkwzh# H oiafzk}kjhjf, avczhbfczf gob hw xvhlkjhjf jh hzvhlkjhjf f kcmoybhîço,

jfzfybkch hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo fwzklo jf zftzo aoychlâwzkgo#

H oiafzk}kjhjf f wfv hczúckbo, h wviafzk}kjhjf, wço pyoilfbhw jf jkwgvwwço gfczyhl ch

mklowomkh# Ow jokw gocgfkzow kcwpkyhb h ihzhldh fczyf ow gdhbhjow yfhlkwzhw f kjfhlkwzhw, f fczyf

hw zfoykhw hiwolvzhw f yflhzk}kwzhw jh }fyjhjf# Ch }kwço jow yfhlkwzhw, “h }fyjhjf jf}f wfy



8=

kczfypyfzhjh gobo h goyyfwpocjácgkh gob h }fyjhjf $oiafzk}kjhjf+5 phyh ow pyhnbhzkwzhw, h

}fyjhjf ë hxvklo xvf ë }hczhaowo phyh c÷w gyfybow $wviafzk}kjhjf+‒ $HBHYHL, 8;;=, p# 8;+#

Jfczyo jo hbikfczf jow aoychkw, h kcglvwço jo gocgfkzo jf oiafzk}kjhjf gobo vb jow

mvcjhbfczhkw xvf pfybfkhb o zyhihldo aoychlâwzkgo wvynkv lfczhbfczf# Wfnvcjo Hbhyhl

$8;;=+, gobfîov gob h hjoîço f jkwgvwwço jf jokw pykcgâpkow xvf wf zoychyhb jfzfybkchczfw

phyh oykfczhy h ghpzhîço f zyhcwbkwwço jf cozâgkhw1 wço flfw h kbphygkhlkjhjf f o fxvklâiyko# H

oiafzk}kjhjf phwwov h wfy phyzf fwwfcgkhl jh kbpyfcwh jfpokw jh Pykbfkyh Nvfyyh Bvcjkhl

$8;8:"8;84+#

Hzë h pykbfkyh bfzhjf jo wëgvlo 8;, h kbpyfcwh fyh polâzkgo"phyzkjèykh# Jkwzykivâh hzhxvfw how

hj}fywèykow jhxvflfw xvf yfpyfwfczh}h, wfb wf pyfogvphy wf h jkwpvzh pyogfjkh ov cço# Hbvjhcîh jh kbpyfcwh polkzkqhczf phyh h gobfygkhlkqhjh hgoczfgfv jvyhczf ow 70 pykbfkyow

hcow jo wëgvlo 8;# “H phyzky jf fczço, h oiafzk}kjhjf U###R phwwh h wf kjfczkmkghy gob vbh

bkwzvyh jf fwzklo jkyfzo, kbphygkhlkjhjf, mhgzvhlkjhjf, kwfcîço, cfvzyhlkjhjf, jkwzhcgkhbfczo,

hldfhbfczo fb yflhîço h }hloyfw f kjfolonkh‒ $HBHYHL, 8;;=, p# 9=+# H phyzky jhâ, jfmkckv"

wf xvf hw yfmfyácgkhw polâzkghw, coybhw f powkgkochbfczow pfwwohkw jo yfp÷yzfy wfykhb

jfkthjow jf lhjo fcxvhczo flf fwzk}fwwf ch mvcîço jf aoychlkwzh#

Vbh iyfgdh ch pyèzkgh kcgfwwhczf f fcnfwwhjh jh oiafzk}kjhjf }fko gob o aoychlkwbo

kczfypyfzhzk}o# O fwzklo phwwov h nhcdhy mhbh jvyhczf o pfyâojo jh Pykbfkyh f Wfnvcjh Nvfyyh

Bvcjkhl# Co pykbfkyo gocmlkzo, ow aoychlkwzhw pfygfifyhb o pojfy jf pfywvhwço f bhckpvlhîço

jh pyophnhcjh1 h phyzky jfwwh pfygfpîço, flfw bvjhyhb wvh powzvyh pyomkwwkochl f phwwhyhb h

wvwpfkzhy jow mhzow xvf ldfw fyhb hpyfwfczhjow# F fwwh jfwgocmkhcîh zkcdh vbh yhqço jf wfy1

cço wf zyhzh}h jf ykthw fczyf pvilkgkzèykow f aoychlkwzhw, aè xvf “xvfb jfv }kjh how wfy}kîow jf

pyophnhcjh hbfykghcow mok avwzhbfczf o pfwwohl yfgyvzhjo fczyf hw bfldoyfw ghifîhw jhkbpyfcwh ch ëpogh‒ $HBHYHL, 8;;=, p# 7=+# O aoychlkwbo kczfypyfzhzk}o wvynkv, fczço, phyh

jfkthy hw cozâgkhw bhkw wviwzhcgkowhw, gob bhkw goczfñjo f jfzhldhbfczo jow goczftzow f

gfcèykow xvf gkygvcjh}hb hxvflh wkzvhîço jf nvfyyh# Hbhyhl $8;;=+ fwglhyfgf xvf h powzvyh f

ivwgh pflh oiafzk}kjhjf cço jfktov jf wfy vbh oiyknhzoykfjhjf jow aoychlkwzhw, bhw xvf flfw

fyhb

Lk}yfw phyh yflhzhy f ftplkghy o gocmlkzo, hzfcjfcjo how kczfyfwwfw jo phâw f àw wvhw wkbphzkhw

pfwwohkw, ow goyyfwpocjfczfw Ujf nvfyyhR cço w÷ yflhzhyhb gobo kczfypyfzhyhb h wfv bojo hyfhlkjhjf# Hwwkb hnkcjo, flfw hiykyhb bhkw vbh iyfgdh co wkwzfbh xvf goczkcvh}hftknkcjo, ch yfzhnvhyjh, vbh hpyfgkhîço yknoyowhbfczf oiafzk}h jow mhzow $HBHYHL,8;;=, p# 7>+#



8>

Wfcjo hwwkb, hw bhzëykhw kczfypyfzhzk}hw, xvf zkcdhb h mvcîço jf glhyfhy o gfcèyko xvf fyh

yflhzhjo co zftzo, moyhb hpyo}hjhw pflh Wogkfjhjf Hbfykghch jf Fjkzoyfw jf Aoychkw fb 8;76

pflow wfnvkczfw zfybow1 ghikh how fjkzoyfw omfyfgfy bhkw hzfcîço f fwphîo phyh hw cozâgkhw gobbhkoy nyhv jf kczfypyfzhîço f ftplhchîöfw# Zhbiëb jf}fykhb fwzhy hpyfwfczh

ihgenyovcjw, gob o kczvkzo jf pfybkzky ho lfkzoy fczfcjfy gob bhkw glhyfqh o wknckmkghjo jow

hgoczfgkbfczow xvf fyhb chyyhjow# Fwwh cfgfwwkjhjf wvynkv fb jfgoyyácgkh jh yèpkjh

}flogkjhjf gob h xvhl ow mhzow $chgkochkw f kczfychgkochkw+ hgoczfgkhb, f h gobplftkjhjf

kczyâcwfgh jow bfwbow#

Poy zyèw jfwwh lkifyjhjf hjxvkykjh, dè vbh cozh wvifczfcjkjh1 h wviafzk}kjhjf jo aoychlkwzhxvf yflhzh o hgoczfgkbfczo fwzè kbplâgkzh chw bhzëykhw kczfypyfzhzk}hw, aè xvf o fczfcjkbfczo

jhw cozâgkhw mkgh poy goczh jhxvflf xvf hw fwgyf}f# O hvzoy kcjhnh1 “h xvfwzço ë whify wf ë

powwâ}fl, f fb xvf nyhv, o wfy dvbhco jfwgyf}fy hw gokwhw gobo flhw yfhlbfczf wço#

Kcjfpfcjfczfbfczf jh yflhîço xvf zfbow gob flhw# Ë whify wf, jf mhzo, h oiafzk}kjhjf ë vb

ghbkcdo phyh h }fyjhjf f h yfhlkjhjf‒ $HBHYHL, 8;;=, p# 84+#

9#: Xvfb ov}ky1 hw moczfw jo aoychlkwzh

Hw moczfw, wfnvcjo Lhnf $9007+, wço “kcwzkzvkîöfw ov pfywochnfcw xvf zfwzfbvcdhb ov

phyzkgkphb jf f}fczow jf kczfyfwwf pñilkgo‒ $LHNF, 9007, p# :;+# Woiyf fwwhw pfywochnfcw, o

hvzoy ftplkgh xvf “fczyf o mhzo f h }fywço aoychlâwzkghw xvf wf jk}vlnh, dè zojo vb pyogfwwo jf

pfygfpîço f kczfypyfzhîço xvf ë h fwwácgkh jh hzk}kjhjf jow aoychlkwzhw‒ $LHNF, 9007, p# 67+#

Ghif à moczf, jf hgoyjo gob o bojflo jf gobvckghîço gykhjo poy Nfoynf Nfyicfy $8;6=+, wfy

o hnfczf jh kcmoybhîço yfwpocwè}fl poy flhioyhy vbh pykbfkyh yfpyfwfczhîço xvf wfyè lf}hjh

hjkhczf# H ghjfkh kcmoybhzk}h ë gocwzyvâjh hzyh}ëw jo fczfcjkbfczo jh yfhlkjhjf xvf ghjh

pfywochnfb fc}ol}kjo flhioyh# Cfwwf hwpfgzo, yfzobh"wf h jkwgvwwço jh wviafzk}kjhjf ‗ jfwwh

}fq, hplkghjo ch moczf xvf phyzkgkph jh hpvyhîço# O hvzoy jfmfcjf xvf “o yfwvlzhjo jf vbh

gocwvlzh à moczf jfpfcjf, hwwkb, ihwkghbfczf, jh kczfcîço xvf fwwh moczf hzykivk ho yfp÷yzfy‒

$LHNF, 9007, p# 6>+#

Jfpokw jh Nvfyyh Gk}kl, h vzklkqhîço jf moczfw bñlzkplhw phyh goczhy vbh dkwz÷ykh wf zoycov

vbh pyèzkgh mkybhjh f fwzhiflfgkjh, jf hgoyjo gob Zyhxvkch $9006+# H bvlzkplkgkjhjf jf

poczow jf }kwzh }fko avczo jh }hykhîço f kcglvwço jf moczfw# Ovzyhw zëgckghw phyh oizfy h



84

kcmoybhîço zhbiëb moyhb ftployhjhw, wkchlkqhcjo xvf ow aoychlkwzhw fwzh}hb wf zoychcjo

bhkw hnyfwwk}ow cfwwh zhyfmh# Phyh zhl, Zyhxvkch $9006+ gkzh o wvynkbfczo jo aoychlkwbo jf

kc}fwzknhîço, co mkb jo wëgvlo 8; f kcâgko jo wëgvlo 90, zhbiëb gobo vbh jfbocwzyhîço jo

gyfwgkbfczo jh kbpyfcwh#

Zyhxvkch jkwgoyyf woiyf hlnvbhw zëgckghw xvf wço zâpkghw jo vck}fywo aoychlâwzkgo# Gob o iob

gvbpykbfczo jfwwhw pyèzkghw, h bhzëykh, fczço, ghbkcdh phyh wfy flhioyhjh f hlghcîhy h

gobpyffcwço jow lfkzoyfw# “Gfyzhbfczf xvf ow whifyfw jow aoychlkwzhw wço myfxvfczfbfczf

}kwzow gobo whifyfw zëgckgow1 o jobâcko jf zëgckghw jf yfgoldh jf kcmoybhîço, jf flhioyhîço

jf fwzyvzvyhw chyyhzk}hw ifb pyfgkwhw, f jf vbh lkcnvhnfb fwpfgâmkgh ‗ o aoychláw

$ZYHXVKCH, 9006, p# 88=+# H fwgoldh f ghpzhîço jhw moczfw ë vbh jhw phyzfw kbpoyzhczfwjfwwf pyogfwwo# Wfnvcjo h glhwwkmkghîço jf Lhnf $9007+, ghjh zkpo jf moczf pojf omfyfgfy vb

zkpo jkmfyfczf jf kcmoybhîço phyh o aoychlkwzh# Hw moczfw pojfb wfy jf zyáw zkpow1 omkgkhkw,

omkgkowhw f kcjfpfcjfczfw5 pykbèykhw f wfgvcjèykhw5 f zfwzfbvcdhw f ftpfyzw#

Hw jo pykbfkyo zkpo, omkgkhkw, wço hxvflhw bhczkjhw pflo Fwzhjo ov kcwzkzvkîöfw xvf pyfwfy}hb

hlnvb zkpo jf pojfy fwzhjvhl# Zhbiëb pojfb wfy fbpyfwhw, oynhckqhîöfw, wkcjkghzow,

mvcjhîöfw fzg# Moczfw omkgkowhw wço hw xvf záb lknhîço gob vb kcjk}âjvo ov kcwzkzvkîço, bhwcço pojfb mhlhy fb cobf jflf# Hw jfglhyhîöfw jfwwf zkpo jf moczf pojfb, wf govify cvbh

oghwkço powzfykoy, wfy jfwbfczkjhw# Aè hw moczfw kcjfpfcjfczfw cço záb cfcdvbh lknhîço gob

yflhîöfw jf pojfy ov kczfyfwwf fwpfgâmkgo h wfy hlghcîhjo gob wvhw mhlhw# Jfwwfw zyáw zkpow, hw

moczfw omkgkhkw wço hw bhkw gocmkè}fkw co moycfgkbfczo jf cñbfyow ov pfwxvkwhw# Co fczhczo,

pfygfif"wf xvf, fb zojhw hw ëpoghw, fwwf zkpo jf kcmoybhczf pojf vwhy hw kcmoybhîöfw xvf

pyo}á phyh jfzvyphy h yfhlkjhjf# Mhqfb kwwo fb ifcfmâgko jhw pfwwohw ov ÷ynçow xvf

yfpyfwfczhb# Woiyf hw moczfw omkgkowhw, Lhnf $9007+ hlfyzh xvf fwwf zkpo jf kcmoybhczf pojfnfyhy kcmoybhîöfw cço"gocmkè}fkw, gobo iohzow, fb cobf jo kczfyfwwf jf hlnvëb ov hlnvbh

kcwzkzvkîço jh xvhl mhq phyzf# Hw moczfw kcjfpfcjfczfw wço hxvflhw }kcgvlhjhw, coybhlbfczf, à

oynhckqhîöfw cço"omkgkhkw, gdhbhjhw zhbiëb jf cço"no}fychbfczhkw# Jfmfcjfb gob më gfnh

hxvklo xvf yfpyfwfczhb, f h }fyhgkjhjf jow jhjow xvf moy pojfb wfy gologhjh fb tfxvf co

bobfczo jh hpvyhîço# Bhw o nyhcjf bëykzo jfwwhw moczfw, xvf avwzkmkgh h pyogvyh poy flh, ë

pflo mhzo jf wfyfb gocwkjfyhjhw hnfczfw fwpoczécfow, wfb xvhlxvfy kczfyfwwf }kcgvlhjo#

Zyhzhcjo"wf jhw moczfw pykbèykhw, flhw wço gocwvlzhjhw pflo aoychlkwzh phyh moycfgfy cñbfyow f

}fywöfw jh dkwz÷ykh# Hw jo zkpo wfgvcjèykhw omfyfgfb goczftzow jo gfcèyko fb xvfwzço ov



8;

fbihwhbfczo phyh gocwzyvîço jf hynvbfczow ov ovzyhw kcmoybhîöfw xvf zhbiëb wvwzfczfb h

bhzëykh# Poy ftfbplo1 gocjkîöfw jf plhczko jf jfzfybkchjo pyojvzo hnyâgolh# Ow hnykgvlzoyfw

wfyço hw moczfw pykbèykhw, pokw moycfgfyço h pykbfkyh }kwço jhxvflh dkwz÷ykh# Ow fwpfgkhlkwzhw

hnyúcobow xvf fczfcjfb jhxvflh gvlzvyh jf plhczhîço }ço fbihwhy hw jkmkgvljhjfw jhxvflf

wolo jhxvflh yfnkço fwpfgâmkgh,o xvf pojf wfy mfkzo phyh bfldoyhy h pyojvîço fzg#

Co ghwo jhw zfwzfbvcdhw f ftpfyzw, Lhnf $9007+ ftplkgh xvf hw jfglhyhîöfw moycfgkjhw pflo

pykbfkyo zkpo wço coybhlbfczf gobpowzhw “pflh fbozk}kjhjf f bojkmkghjo pflh pfywpfgzk}h‒

$LHNF, 9007, p# ==+# Wço pfwwohw xvf, jf hlnvbh moybh, phyzkgkphb jhxvflf f}fczo

fwpfgâmkgo f pojfb moycfgfy kcmoybhîöfw bhkw hpyomvcjhjhw ov âczkbhw woiyf flf# O hvzoy

hchlkwh xvf o zfwzfbvcdo kbfjkhzo ë o bhkw gocmkè}fl jf wfy hpyo}fkzhjo, poyxvf h bfczfdvbhch, gob o phwwhy jo zfbpo, pojf zyhcwmoybhy hxvflf hgoczfgkbfczo fb vbh chyyhzk}h

xvf pfyjf h fthzkjço jow mhzow# Ow zfwzfbvcdow jhw moczfw glhwwkmkghjhw gobo ftpfyzw $xvf

zhbiëb wf fcghkthb gobo moczfw wfgvcjèykhw+ wço hxvflfw xvf záb bhkw fbihwhbfczo

zëgckgo, xvf, gob wfv gocdfgkbfczo hpyomvcjhjo jf vb hwwvczo, pojfb moycfgfy kcmoybhîöfw

phyh hvbfczhy h gyfjkiklkjhjf f yhqço jf wfy jow f}fczow chyyhjow chw bhzëykhw aoychlâwzkghw# O

hvzoy yfgobfcjh xvf bhkw jf vb fwpfgkhlkwzh wfah ov}kjo, phyh jhy à yfpoyzhnfb vb zyhzo

bhkw kbphygkhl, jfkthcjo xvf }èykhw pfwwohw fc}ol}kjhw chxvflh èyfh powwhb wf bhckmfwzhy fomfyfgfy jkmfyfczfw poczow jf }kjh jo hwwvczo#

9#6 Gobplfbfczow1 h lkzfyhzvyh co aoychlkwbo

H kcglvwço jf zyhîow lkzfyèykow cow zftzow aoychlâwzkgow }fb jf locnh jhzh# Wfnvcjo h

glhwwkmkghîço jf Bhygocjfw Mkldo $9008+, h lkzfyhzvyh kczfnyh o vck}fywo jow aoychlkwzhw jfwjf

o wëgvlo 84# Ë fwpfgkhlbfczf cow pfyâojow fczfcjkjow gobo pykbfkyo aoychlkwbo f wfnvcjoaoychlkwbo xvf fwwh pyfwfcîh ë jfzfgzhjh# O pykbfkyo aoychlkwbo gobpyffcjf o pfyâojo jf

8>4; h 8470# Chw yfjhîöfw jow aoychkw, dh}kh h pyfwfcîh jf fwgykzoyfw, polâzkgow f kczflfgzvhkw#

Jfwwh moybh, o zftzo fyh bhyghjo poy vbh powzvyh gyâzkgh, gob nyhcjf goczfñjo lkzfyèyko f

polâzkgo# Aè o wfnvcjo aoychlkwbo }hk jf 8470 h 8;00# Cfwwh ëpogh, o gocgfkzo jf kbpyfcwh jf

bhwwh ë moyzhlfgkjo# Hlnvcw yfgvywow ‗ xvf doaf wço phyzkgvlhyfw f kcjkwpfcwè}fkw jo

aoychlkwbo ‗ gobfîhyhb h wfy moybvlhjow cfwwf pfyâojo, gobo h gykhîço jf yfpoyzhnfcw f

bhcgdfzfw# H pyomkwwkochlkqhîço jow aoychlkwzhw zhbiëb gobfîov h nhcdhy moyîh# Wfnvcjo

Pfch $900=+, ë avwzhbfczf cow wëgvlow 84 f 8; xvf fwgykzoyfw yfcobhjow, jf pyfwzânko,

phwwhyhb h golhioyhy phyh ow aoychkw, jfwgoiykcjo h moyîh xvf o fwphîo pñilkgo zfb pfyhczf h



90

wogkfjhjf# H phyzkgkphîço jflfw gocwkwzkh, pykcgkphlbfczf, cço w÷ fb hwwvbky ow powzow jf

gdfmkh f gobhcjo jhw yfjhîöfw, bhw zhbiëb fb jfzfybkchy “h lkcnvhnfb f o goczfñjo jow

aoychkw# F vb jf wfvw pykcgkphkw kcwzyvbfczow mok o moldfzkb, vb fwzklo jkwgvywk}o xvf ë h

bhygh mvcjhbfczhl jh gocmlvácgkh fczyf aoychlkwbo f lkzfyhzvyh‒ $PFCH, 900=, p# 6+# Co

kcâgko jo wfnvcjo aoychlkwbo, o aoychlkwbo popvlhy nhcdov moyîh ch Nyç"Iyfzhcdh f jh

Myhcîh# Vbh jhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jfwwf zkpo jf aoychlkwbo fyh h pvilkghîço jf zftzow xvf

goczkcdhb moyzfw zyhîow lkzfyèykow# Fwwhw co}hw chyyhzk}hw yfwvlzhyhb fb vb nyhcjf hvbfczo

chw }fcjhw jf aoychkw5 jfwwh moybh, fyh powwâ}fl jkbkcvky cow pyfîow, o xvf hvbfczh}h o

cñbfyo jf lfkzoyfw f hwwkb wf wfnvkh o gkglo jo aoychlkwbo popvlhy#

H pyèzkgh jh gobikchîço fczyf aoychlkwbo f lkzfyhzvyh nhcdov bhkw moyîh poy }olzh jow hcow8;=0, gob o Co}o Aoychlkwbo f ow jk}fywow hvzoyfw xvf hjfykyhb à ftployhîço jo nácfyo

$gobo Zob ôlmf, Zyvbhc Ghpozf, Nh{ Zhlfwf, fczyf ovzyow+# Wfnvcjo Yfwfcjf $9009+, o

pfyâojo jf zyhcwmoybhîöfw ch wogkfjhjf coyzf"hbfykghch mh}oyfgfv fwwh hphykîço jo co}o

nácfyo# Flf hmkybh xvf “h lkzfyhzvyh hbfykghch cow hcow =0, bhyghjh pflow mhzow xvf

fbfynkhb jf vbh wogkfjhjf fb pyogfwwo jf bvzhîço, bfwbo xvf phyhjothlbfczf, goczykivkv

phyh xvf h mkgîço zhbiëb wf zoychwwf oiafzo jf xvfwzkochbfczo poy phyzf jow fwgykzoyfw‒

$YFWFCJF, 9009, p# =8+# Fbioyh Yfwfcjf $9009+ gocgoyjf gob h glhwwkmkghîço jfBhygocjfw Mkldo, xvhcjo hmkybh xvf aoychlkwbo lkzfyèyko fyh vb yfgvywo bvkzo vzklkqhjo cow

pykb÷yjkow jh kbpyfcwh, o hvzoy jfmfcjf xvf, gob o Co}o Aoychlkwbo, “phyfgkh hgoczfgfy

vbh yfzobhjh bhkw gocwgkfczf f xvf jfkth}h zyhcwphyfgfy vb gocmyoczo bhkw jkèyko fczyf ow

jokw ghbpow Ulkzfyèyko f aoychlâwzkgoR‒ $YFWFCJF, 9009, p# 94+#

9#6#8 Phyh zojow ow fmfkzow, o lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb

H hpyotkbhîço jow aoychlkwzhw gob o ghbpo lkzfyèyko ë jf hczknh jhzh# O Yobhcgf, phyh

ôlmf $9006+, fyh gocwkjfyhjo o zykvcmo mkchl jo aoychlkwzh# Hmkchl jf goczhw, ow fwgykzoyfw jf

yfpoyzhnfcw fwpfgkhkw fyhb hxvflfw xvf pojkhb, jfpokw jf jfbkzky"wf jh fbpyfwh aoychlâwzkgh,

“bvjhy"wf phyh vbh ghihch fb hlnvb lvnhy, zyhihldhy jkh f cokzf jvyhczf wfkw bfwfw f

klvbkchy o gëv gob o zykvcmo mkchl‒ $ÔLMF, 9006, p# 87+# Pfygfif"wf, cfwwh phwwhnfb, xvf

ow aoychlkwzhw hlbfah}hb vb lvnhy co vck}fywo lkzfyèyko gobo à vb pyábko, vbh moybh jf

ftployhy h lkifyjhjf xvf vb yobhcgf jf lkzfyhzvyh omfyfgf, jfpokw jf wvibkwwço àw yfnyhw jf

vb aoychl f wfvw zftzow phjyockqhjow#



98

Hlnvcw flfbfczow xvf pfybfkhb o vck}fywo aoychlâwzkgo cço pfybkzfb bvkzo fwphîo phyh xvf

ow yfp÷yzfyfw powwhb hpyomvcjhy h phvzh jh bhzëykh ov bfwbo pyojvqky vb zftzo bhkw

flhioyhjo, omfyfgfcjo zojhw hw kcmoybhîöfw jfyk}hjhw jhw wvhw hpvyhîöfw# H ivwgh pflo mvyo,

h pyfwwh phyh h pvilkghîço jf zyhihldow f h phjyockqhîço jo zftzo aoychlâwzkgo $gob flfbfczow

gobo o lfhj, poy ftfbplo+ wço hlnvcw jow mhzoyfw xvf jkmkgvlzhb h ftployhîço jf flfbfczow

lkzfyèykow cow zftzow aoychlâwzkgow# Phyh goczoychy fwwfw fczyh}fw, ow aoychlkwzhw jkwpöfb jf vb

fwphîo fb xvf pojfb omfyfgfy vb zyhihldo jkmfyfcgkhjo jf hpvyhîço f fwgykzh phyh wfvw

lfkzoyfw1 o lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb#

Lkbh $8;;6+ ftplkgh xvf o lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb ë }kwzo gobo vb wviwkwzfbh dâiykjo xvf fwzè

yflhgkochjo ho wkwzfbh aoychlkwbo f ho wkwzfbh fjkzoyhîço# H mhgfzh ch xvhl flf wf gocgfczyhfb hpyomvcjhy co wfv lk}yo ë hxvflh gocfgzhjh ho aoychlkwbo, aè xvf flf gocwkjfyh xvf “wvh

mvcîço ièwkgh, fcxvhczo }fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço wogkhl, hzëb"wf bvkzo à mkchlkjhjf jo

aoychlkwbo‒ $LKBH, 8;;6, p# 8;+# O lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb fwzè hzyflhjo ho bojo jf pyojvîço jow

goczfñjow aoychlâwzkgow ‗ xvf wf jfwfc}ol}fyhb, gob o phwwhy jo zfbpo, gob o oiafzk}o jf

ghyhgzfykqhy f phyzkgvlhykqhy hw bfcwhnfcw cozkgkowhw# Hw ftplkghîöfw jo hvzoy woiyf o lk}yo"

yfpoyzhnfb pojfb wfy yfwvbkjhw co wfnvkczf1 “ë bvkzhw }fqfw myvzo jh kcxvkfzvjf jo

aoychlkwzh xvf zfb hlno h jkqfy, gob pyomvcjkjhjf, f cço fcgoczyh fwphîo phyh mhqá"lo co wfvébikzo yfnvlhy jf zyhihldo, ch kbpyfcwh gozkjkhch‒ $LKBH, 8;;6, p# 77+# Ovzyh powwkiklkjhjf

jf hpyo}fkzhbfczo jo lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb ë h écwkh jo aoychlkwzh fb ftployhy wfv pozfcgkhl gobo

gocwzyvzoy jf chyyhzk}hw ‗ jfwfao fwwf xvf pojf zfy fwphîo jfczyo jo nácfyo dâiykjo#

Jf hgoyjo gob Wojyë f Mfyyhyk $8;4=+, h yfpoyzhnfb gvbpyf vb phpfl kbpoyzhczâwwkbo jfczyo

jo vck}fywo aoychlâwzkgo, pokw ë vb nácfyo pyk}klfnkhjo xvf wf vzklkqh jf yfgvywow lkzfyèykow,

bhw wfb jfkthy jf lhjo h oiafzk}kjhjf kcmoybhzk}h# Ow hvzoyfw pyopöfb, jfczyo jo vck}fywojf glhwwkmkghîço jh yfpoyzhnfb, xvf ftkwzfb wvinácfyow xvf bkwzvyhb flfbfc

lkcnvhnfb aoychlâwzkgh gob ghzfnoykhw jf zftzo lkzfyèyko# H yfpoyzhnfb"goczo, poy ftfbplo, wf

ghyhgzfykqh poy phyzkgvlhykqhy jfzfybkchjh hîço h phyzky jh fwgoldh jf vb pfywochnfb phyh

phyzkgkphy f klvwzyhy o hgoczfgkbfczo jo xvhl wf pyfzfcjf mhqfy o yflhzo# Ë powwâ}fl, co fczhczo,

hpyo}fkzhy"wf jf kcmoybhîöfw jogvbfczhkw ho locno jo zftzo, phyh xvf wf nhyhczh }fyhgkjhjf

ch chyyhzk}h#

Ovzyo wvinácfyo jh yfpoyzhnfb ë h yfpoyzhnfb"gyúckgh# Wfv jkmfyfcgkhl ë hpyfwfczhy vb

ghyèzfy bhkw gkygvcwzhcgkhl f hbikfczhl jo xvf wobfczf h gyúckgh woqkcdh# Hpyotkbh"wf jh



99

gyâzkgh wogkhl f nvhyjh fb wfv ébhno opkcköfw }flhjhw# Ch zfczhzk}h jf jkmfyfcgkhy ow jokw

gocgfkzow $gyúckgh f yfpoyzhnfb+, zfbow xvf1

H yfpoyzhnfb pyfgkwf jf vb mhzo yfhl, cço kc}fczhjo, f jo zfwzfbvcdo jfwzf mhzo, hkcjh xvfkwzo wfah vb hyzkmâgko jo chyyhjoy# Ftplkghcjo bfldoy1 o chyyhjoy zfb xvf phyfgfy fwzhy pyfwfczf $bfwbo xvf cço fwzfah+# Kwwo pojf wfy mfkzo, zhczo hzyh}ëw jo jkwgvywo fb pykbfkyhpfwwoh, gobo woi vbh chyyhzk}h ockwgkfczf xvf gykf co lfkzoy h kbpyfwwço jfwwh pyfwfcîh#$WOJYË5 MFYYHYK, 8;4=, p# ;8+

Wojyë f Mfyyhyk $8;4=+ zhbiëb záb wvhw gocwkjfyhîöfw woiyf o lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb# Flfw

jfmfcjfb xvf fwwf ë vb nácfyo xvf klvwzyh o ghwhbfczo fczyf aoychlkwbo f lkzfyhzvyh co zftzo#

Dè jvhw moybhw jf oynhckqhy h pvilkghîço jf vb lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb# Pojf wfy gob h yfvckço jf

zftzow $kckgkhlbfczf flhioyhjow phyh pvilkghîço ch nyhcjf kbpyfcwh+ fb vb lk}yo, ov

vzklkqhcjo"wf jh bkwzvyh jf zëgckghw aoychlâwzkghw f gvkjhjow lkzfyèykow ch lkcnvhnfb phyh gykhy

vb w÷ zyhihldo#

Ykljo Gowwoc $9009+ yfgobfcjh xvf o yobhcgf"yfpoyzhnfb wfah fczfcjkjo gobo vb nácfyo

hvzúcobo#

Ch fmfzk}hîço jfwwh lfkzvyh, ë pyfgkwo gobpyffcjfy xvf h }fyjhjf mhgzvhl cço ë vb wkbplfwfbpyëwzkbo jh yfpoyzhnfb, bhw wkb h bhygh jh wvh jkbfcwço wfbéczkgh# Cfb ow phjyöfw

chyyhzk}ow gvlzvyhlbfczf jfzfybkchjow f vwvhlbfczf yfgocwzyvâjow poy bfko jf pyogfwwowchyyhzk}ow yfhlkwzhw wço hpyopykhîöfw jo yobhcgf, bhw wkb bhygh jh wvh jkbfcwço wkczèzkgh$GOWWOC, 9009, p# =>"=4+#

Hw phyzkgvlhykjhjfw jf ghjh nácfyo, zhczo lkzfyèyko xvhczo aoychlâwzkgo, gobplfbfczhb vb ho

ovzyo ‗ ov wfah, o zyhihldo xvf yfñcf hbiow cço ë aoychlâwzkgo ov lkzfyèyko# O yobhcgf"

yfpoyzhnfb, fbioyh zfcdh vbh chzvyfqh dâiykjh, poy ghvwh jh wvh glhwwkmkghîço hj}kcjh jf

jokw flfbfczow jkwzkczow, ë vb nácfyo py÷pyko, xvf wfy}f phyh glhwwkmkghy ow zyhihldow

pvilkghjow cfwwh lkcdh jf pyojvîço#



97

7 ZËGCKGHW, LKCNVHNFB F VZKLKQHÎÇO JOW YFGVYWOW LKZFYÈYKOW COAOYCHLKWBO

7#8 Gocgfkzo jf lkzfyhzvyh

Fbioyh Povcj $8;;>+ f Bokwëw $8;>6+ jkmkyhb fczyf wk ch jfmkckîço hiwolvzh jo xvf ë

lkzfyhzvyh, ow hvzoyfw gocgoyjhb xvhczo à ghynh jf lkifyjhjf xvf o pyogfwwo jf gykhîço

lkzfyèykh pfybkzf# Ovzyo hwpfgzo wfbfldhczf ë h yfwpfkzo jh ghynh mhgzvhl goczkjh co zftzo jh

lkzfyhzvyh ‗ ov wfah, vb lk}yo, poy ftfbplo, cço zfb pyop÷wkzow jf bfyo fczyfzfckbfczo1 dè

goczfñjo dkwz÷ykgo f, powwk}flbfczf, ykgo }hloy wogkhl chw pènkchw lkzfyèykhw# Phyh Fqyh Povcj

$8;;>+, “nyhcjf lkzfyhzvyh ë wkbplfwbfczf lkcnvhnfb ghyyfnhjh jf wknckmkghjo hzë o bètkbo

nyhv powwâ}fl‒ $POVCJ, 8;;>, p# 79+# O hvzoy hbfykghco }hk hlëb1 jfmfcjf xvf h vzklkjhjf jh

lkcnvhnfb ë wfy vwhjh phyh h gobvckghîço, f xvf wvh py÷pykh gykhîço aè mok jfwzkchjh phyh

hzfcjfy fwwh mkchlkjhjf# Hmkchl, h lkcnvhnfb ë o pykcgkphl bfko jf gobvckghîço dvbhch# Wfb

flh, lfnkwlhjoyfw, gobhcjhczfw, gkfczkwzhw f hzë bfwbo o po}o, cço pojfb gvbpyky wvhw

jfwknchîöfw ov ivwghy hbplkhy wfvw gocdfgkbfczow# Hlëb jkwwo, hw }kyzvjfw f jfmfkzow jh

lkcnvhnfb hmfzhb zojow ow hzow f gocjkîöfw jf vbh wogkfjhjf# $p# 77+#

Hkcjh yfmfyfczf ho hwpfgzo jh gobvckghîço, Bhwwhvj Bokwëw $8;>6+ gocgfkzvh h lkzfyhzvyh1 “h

yknoy, zyhzh"wf jf zyhcwbkwwço, jf gobvckghîço oyhl jo zftzo lkzfyèyko fwgykzo ov kbpyfwwo1

jfpokw xvf fwzf wvynf, ë xvf wf pyogfwwh h wvh bhckmfwzhîço fb }oq hlzh‒ $BOKWËW, 8;>6, p#

8>+# H yfwpfkzo jh ftkwzácgkh hczfykoy jh phlh}yh kbpyfwwh ho kc}ëw jh fwgykzh, o hvzoy fwglhyfgf

wfv poczo jf }kwzh# Phyh Bokwëw $8;>6+, hczfw jh ftkwzácgkh jo jogvbfczo fwgykzo ov kbpyfwwo,

zojh oiyh co nácfyo ë gocwkjfyhjh bhkw py÷tkbh jo Molgloyf, jh Hczyopolonkh, f cço gobo

hyzf lkzfyèykh# Wfnvcjo o hvzoy, h mkgîço ë fczfcjkjh gobo vb vck}fywo kczfykoy# Ë lè, cfwwh

fwpëgkf jf fwgocjfykao, xvf ow pyojvzow jh pfygfpîço wfcwâ}fl f fbozk}h jh yfhlkjhjfhbikfczf fwzço hybhqfchjow f womyfb zyhcwmoybhîöfw# Poy ghvwh jkwwo, pojf"wf hmkybhy xvf

“Lkzfyhzvyh ë mkgîço‒ $p# 96+# Fczfcjfcjo xvf o goczfñjo jh mkgîço ë yfwvlzhjo jhw “kbhnfcw‒

jfmoybhjhw f zhbiëb bojkmkghjhw jo bvcjo yfhl, ë goyyfzo hmkybhy xvf mkgîço f kbhnkchîço

wço hcèlonhw, f vb zfybo pojf hzë wfy vwhjo phyh fxvk}hlfy ho ovzyo#

H kbhnkchîço ë fczfcjkjh cço hpfchw co wfczkjo jh kbhnkchîço jkmlvfczf, ov mhczhwkhjfwnhyyhjoyh jh yfhlkjhjf moybhjh jf wocdow, jf}hcfkow, }kwöfw, fzg#, bhw zhbiëb f

pykcgkphlbfczf h kbhnkchîço zyhcwmknvyhjoyh jo yfhl, ch bfjkjh fb xvf zyhcwmoybh o jhjoyfhl f oynhckqh"o jfczyo jf co}hw wâczfwfw f co}ow wkwzfbhw, fb yfwvbo, jfczyo jvbh co}hyfhlkjhjf gob wvhw lfkw f coybhw, hw lfkw f coybhw py÷pykhw jo bvcjo fwzëzkgh ov jh mkgîço#$BOKWËW, 8;>6, p# 9=+



9:

Phyh Bhykwh Lhaolo $8;46+, lkzfyhzvyh “ë h yflhîço xvf hw phlh}yhw fwzhiflfgfb gob o

goczftzo, gob h wkzvhîço jf pyojvîço f lfkzvyh xvf kcwzhvyh h chzvyfqh lkzfyèykh jf vb zftzo‒

$LHAOLO, p# 74, 8;46+# Woiyf h ghynh jf yfhlkjhjf xvf ftkwzf jfczyo jf vbh oiyh lkzfyèykh,

Lhaolo $8;46+ jfmkcf xvf o bvcjo yfpyfwfczhjo ch lkzfyhzvyh, jf moybh wkbi÷lkgh ov yfhlkwzh,

wvynf jh ftpfykácgkh xvf o fwgykzoy zfb jf vbh yfhlkjhjf dkwz÷ykgh f wogkhl bvkzo ifb

jflkbkzhjh#

7#8#8 Mkgîço ov yfhlkjhjf?

Dflokqh Noliwphc Dfywgo}kzq $900:+, xvhcjo hpyfwfczh wvhw gocwkjfyhîöfw woiyf o yfhlkwbobènkgo $fwzklo pflo xvhl Nhygâh Bèyxvfq ë gocwhnyhjo+, jfphyh"wf zhbiëb gob h xvfwzço jh

yfhlkjhjf f jh mkgîço co bfwbo oiafzo jf fwzvjo1 “yfhlkwbo bènkgo ë vbh chyyhzk}h xvf cço

jkwzkcnvf o mhczèwzkgo jo yfhl, o bkzo f h dkwz÷ykh‒ $DFYWGO]KZQ, 900:, p# 8>>+# Xvhcjo wf

yfmfyfb ho gocmyoczo fczyf o goczfñjo kbhnkcèyko ov mhgzvhl xvf ftkwzf chw oiyhw lkzfyèykhw, ow

hvzoyfw xvf fwzvjhb o zfbh bhczáb h powzvyh jf fxvklâiyko f fxvk}hlácgkh fczyf ow jokw

zfybow# Jobâgko Pyofcîh Mkldo $8;;>+ jfwzhgh xvf hlnvcw fwzvjkowow fczfcjfb h oiyh

lkzfyèykh gobo vbh yfpyfwfczhîço f }kwço jo bvcjo, hlëb jf zhbiëb wfy vbh moybh jfzobhjh jf powkîço jkhczf jflf# Cfwwf yhgkogâcko, ë gfczyhlkqhjo o gykhjoy jh lkzfyhzvyh f h

kbkzhîço jh chzvyfqh#

Lhaolo $8;46+ zhbiëb yfzobh h jkwgvwwço fczyf gock}ácgkh jh yfhlkjhjf f mkgîço# “Ë jfwwf

gyvqhbfczo jo bvcjo wkbiolkqhjo pflh phlh}yh fb fwzhjo jf lkzfyhzvyh gob h yfhlkjhjf jkèykh

jow dobfcw xvf h lkzfyhzvyh hwwvbf wfv ftzyfbo pojfy zyhcwmoybhjoy‒ $LHAOLO, 8;46, p#

=6+# Hmkchl, hvzoy f lfkzoy gobphyzkldhb o bfwbo vck}fywo1 h jkmfyfcîh ë xvf o pykbfkyo gykhfwwf fwphîo, f o wfnvcjo yfgykh"o# Gobo yfwvlzhjo, fwwf vck}fywo ë vbh wâczfwf ‗ zhczo

kczvkzk}h ov yhgkochl, wkbi÷lkgh ov yfhlkwzh ‗ jo xvf wf }k}f co pyfwfczf bobfczo#

Wfnvcjo Bokwëw $8;>6+, h kbhnkchîço cço wf lkbkzh hpfchw ho wknckmkghjo jf mhczhwkh

jfw}kcgvlhjh jh yfhlkjhjf $fb moybhzo jf wocdow, jf}hcfkow, }kwöfw fzg#+# Zhbiëb pojf wfy

fczfcjkjh gobo vb zkpo jf gocwzyvîço zyhcwmoybhjoyh jo yfhl, vbh }fq xvf fwwh yfhlkjhjf

pyfwfczf ë zyhcwmknvyhjh f jfpokw oynhckqhjh gobo vbh co}h yfhlkjhjf, xvf zfb wvhw py÷pykhw

coybhw f lfkw ‗ phyzkgvlhyfw jo bvcjo fwzëzkgo mâwkgo ov jh mkgîço#



96

Qklhd Ifycj $8;;4+ jfmfcjf xvf o fwgykzoy hwwvbf h gocjkîço jf gyockwzh bhkoy xvhcjo yf}flh

ow hgoczfgkbfczow woi vb poczo jf }kwzh pyk}klfnkhjo# Wfcjo hwwkb, o pyogfwwo dkwz÷ykgo ë

hgoldkjo cço wobfczf vbh moczf kcmoybhzk}h phyh h flhioyhîço jo zyhihldo lkzfyèyko# Bhw

zhbiëb gobo vbh powwkiklkjhjf jf yfgocwzyvîço jo kbhnkcèyko# “Hwwkb ow zftzow phwwhb h

wfy mfkzow jf fczyfgyvqhbfczow jf wfczkjow xvf gvlbkchb gob h jfwfwzhiklkqhîço jo jkwgvywo

jh dkwz÷ykh‒ $IFYCJ, 8;;4, p# 878+# Ov wfah, h yflhîço jf goftkwzácgk

hgoczfgkbfczow mhgzvhkw $xvf powzfykoybfczf wf zoychb dkwz÷ykgow+ f o fwphîo lkzfyèyko ë moyzf

o wvmkgkfczf phyh xvf vb gdfnvf h gobplfbfczhy o wknckmkghjo f gobplfzvjf jo ovzyo#

7#9 Lkcnvhnfb lkzfyèykh

Yfzobhcjo h jkwgvwwço jf Jobâgko Pyofcîh Mkldo $8;;>+, fb xvf o hvzoy gkzh h oiyh lkzfyèykh

gobo vbh moybh jf kbkzhîço jh chzvyfqh, flf wf jfzëb ch moybh gob h xvhl fwwh yflhîço

hgoczfgf# H lkcnvhnfb ë h moybh jf kczfylknhy fwwf fwmoyîo jf yfpyojvîço f gykhîço# Fczfcjf"

wf, poyzhczo, xvf ow hwpfgzow pykcgkphkw yflhgkochjow à xvhlkjhjf jh oiyh lkzfyèykh wço ihwfhjow

8+ ch oyknkchlkjhjf jh }kwço xvf ë ftpyfwwh f 9+ ch hjfxvhîço jh lkcnvhnfb àxvklo xvf fwzè

wfcjo gobphyzkldhjo pflo zftzo# Pyofcîh Mkldo $8;;>+ ftpyfwwh fwwh hmkckjhjf gob bhkw

moyîh1 “Ë powwâ}fl pfygfify h fwzyfkzh yflhîço fczyf h jkbfcwço lkcnvâwzkgh f h jkbfcwçolkzfyèykh xvf fc}ol}f h wknckmkghîço jhw phlh}yhw xvhcjo fwzhw kczfnyhb o wkwzfbh wfbk÷zkgo

xvf ë o zftzo lkzfyèyko‒ $PYOFCÎH MKLDO, 8;;>, p# >+# O hvzoy fcvbfyh hlnvcw jow hwpfgzow

jkwzkczk}ow fczyf o jkwgvywo lkzfyèyko f o jkwgvywo gobvb1

" Gobplftkjhjf1 pykcgkphl ghyhgzfyâwzkgh jo jkwgvywo lkzfyèyko# H chzvyfqh jhw kcmoybhîöfw xvf

wço zyhcwbkzkjhw cço wf yfwzykcnf wobfczf ho câ}fl wfbéczkgo1 wf zyhcwmoybhb fb hlno

kbpowwâ}fl jf wfy hpyffcjkjo wobfczf hzyh}ëw jhw fwzyvzvyhw flfbfczhyfw jo jkwgvywogozkjkhco# O zftzo jh lkzfyhzvyh vlzyhphwwh ow lkbkzfw jh wkbplfw yfpyojvîço jf phlh}yhw#

" Bvlzkwwknckmkghîço1 o zftzo lkzfyèyko jkmfyf"wf jo gkfczâmkgo, poy ftfbplo, poy mvnky jh

bocowwknckmkghîço# Co pykbfkyo ghwo, ow wkncow lkcnvâwzkgow, myhwfw f wfxvácgkhw jf phlh}yhw

hwwvbfb wknckmkghjo }hykhjo f bñlzkplo $p# 74+# Ë poy fwwf bozk}o xvf ow fwzvjkowow ftplkghb

xvf h lkzfyhzvyh wf hmhwzh jo gdhbhjo nyhv qfyo jh fwgykzvyh# Fwwf nyhv ivwgh hzkcnky h plfch

glhyfqh jf gobvckghîço xvf jo hwwvczo xvf fwzè wfcjo ftpyfwwo, oifjfgfcjo hw coybhw

vwvhkw jh lâcnvh#



9=

H lkzfyhzvyh, ch }fyjhjf, gykh wknckmkghczfw f mvcjh wknckmkghjow# Hpyfwfczh wfvw py÷pykowbfkow jf ftpyfwwço, hkcjh xvf wf }hlfcjo jh lâcnvh, poczo jf phyzkjh# Wvpfypowzo ho jhlâcnvh, o g÷jkno lkzfyèyko, fb gfyzh bfjkjh, ghyhgzfykqh hlzfyhîöfw f bfwbo opowkîöfw fbyflhîço àxvflf# Ë vb jfw}ko bhkw ov bfcow hgfczvhjo fb yflhîço ho vwo lkcnvâwzkgogobvb# $MKLDO, 8;;>, p# 7;+

" Pyfjobâcko jh gocozhîço1 O zftzo lkzfyèyko ë pyfjobkchczfbfczf gocozhzk}o# Kwwo wknckmkgh

xvf o hyyhcao jhw phlh}yhw yfwvlzh fb vb jkwgvywo bñlzkplo, xvf hiyf fwphîo phyh }èykhw

wknckmkghîöfw# Ow wkncow }fyihkw fwzço ghyyfnhjow jf zyhîow wknckmkghzk}ow xvf, poy wvh }fq,

fwzço yflhgkochjow ho goczftzo f pyogfwwo w÷gko"gvlzvyhl how xvhkw h lâcnvh wf }kcgvlh# O zftzo

pojf hiyknhy flfbfczow wknckmkghjoyfw jf vb yfhl phyzkgvlhy, xvhwf wfbpyf nhyhczkjo jf

}fyowwkbkldhcîh# Bhw pojf zhbiëb hpyfwfczhy vbh kbhnfb jfwwf yfhl lknhjh h ovzyow

flfbfczow xvf zhbiëb gobpöfb o zftzo# Fwwh pyfwfcîh, xvf pojf kcjkghy vbh jkbfcwçojfcozhzk}h, cço ë o zyhîo pykcgkphl jo jkwgvywo lkzfyèyko# Ë o wfczkjo gocozhzk}o jfwwf

hnyvphbfczo jf myhwfw f phlh}yhw xvf hzfcjf h ghyhgzfykqhîço jo zftzo lkzfyèyko#

" Lkifyjhjf ch gykhîço1 H lkzfyhzvyh hiyf o lfxvf phyh h gykhzk}kjhjf jo hyzkwzh, aè xvf hw

bhckmfwzhîöfw lkzfyèykhw pfybkzfb yvpzvyh fb yflhîço à zyhjkîöfw lkcnvâwzkghw, yfz÷ykgo"

fwzklâwzkghw, zëgckgo"lkzfyèykhw ov zfbèzkgo"lkzfyèykhw# H kckczfyyvpzh kc}fcîço jf co}ow bfkow

jf ftpyfwwço ov vwo jf yfgvywow }knfczfw ch ëpogh ë pfybkzkjh ch flhioyhîço jo zftzolkzfyèyko# “Ch bhkoykh jow ghwow, ë h py÷pykh oiyh xvf zyhq fb wk wvhw py÷pykhw yfnyhw# H oiyh

jf hyzf lkzfyèykh wf mhq, mhqfcjo"wf‒ $PYOFCÎH MKLDO, 8;;>, p# :8+#

" Ácmhwf co wknckmkghczf1 O zftzo cço"lkzfyèyko jfwzhgh o wknckmkghjo ‗ o plhco jo goczfñjo

ftpyfwwo chxvflf jkwgvywo# O zftzo lkzfyèyko hpokh"wf co wknckmkghjo f fb fwpfgkhl, co

wknckmkghczf# O fmfkzo fwzëzkgo jo jkwgvywo hpyfwfczhjo pojf wfy pfyjkjo xv

wviwzkzvkîöfw, gobo wvnfyf Pyofcîh Mkldo $8;;>+#

" ]hykhiklkjhjf1 O jkwgvywo lkzfyèyko fwzè ghyyfnhjo jf jk}fywhw powwkiklkjhjfw jf }hykhîço,

xvf kcmlvfcgkhb o goczfñjo jh bfcwhnfb f h hpyffcwço jfwzh poy phyzf jo lfkzoy1 hlnvcw

jfwwfw hwpfgzow lkwzhjow poy Pyofcîh Mkldo $8;;>+ wço o vck}fywo w÷gko"gvlzvyhl f jkbfcwöfw

kjfol÷nkghw yfmfyfczfw à oiyh fwpfgâmkgh, hw bvjhcîhw gvlzvyhkw xvf h lâcnvh hgobphcdh, ow

co}ow zfbpow, }oczhjfw, pfwwohw, po}ow f bhckmfwzhîöfw gvlzvyhkw# Hlëb jkwwo, dè xvf wf

lfbiyhy jf vb pykcgâpko ièwkgo jh lkzfyhzvyh, xvf ë h pfybhcfczf kc}fcîço#



9>

H bhgkîh pyfwfcîh jf flfbfczow jh yfhlkjhjf cow zftzow lkzfyèyko ë yfzobhjh poy Lhaolo

$8;46+# Wfnvcjo h hvzoyh, bkzow f fwphîow poëzkgow cço wço myvzo wobfczf jh yfhlkjhjf xvf

gfygh lfkzoyfw f hvzoyfw, bhw zhbiëb jo jkèlono gob flfbfczow xvf gocwzkzvfb h zyhjkîço

lkzfyèykh# “Ë gobo wf h lkzfyhzvyh mowwf vb gocwzhczf phwwhy h lkbpo jf zftzow hczfykoyfw,

gocwzkzvkcjo o gocavczo jf zvjo ‗ phwwhjo f pyfwfczf ‗ o nyhcjf zftzo ñckgo jh lkzfyhzvyh‒

$LHAOLO, 8;46, p# :=+# H hvzoyh hmkybh xvf h lkcnvhnfb zoych"wf lkzfyèykh xvhcjo kcwzhvyh

vb vck}fywo hzyh}ëw jf wfv vwo, f fwwf ë vb fwphîo jf kczfyhîço jf wviafzk}kjhjfw $hvzoy f

lfkzoy+ xvf fwghph ho kbfjkhzkwbo f fwzfyf÷zkpo jhw wkzvhîöfw f vwow jh lkcnvhnfb xvf

gocmknvyhb h }kjh gozkjkhch# Gocwkjfyhcjo"wf fwwhw yflhîöfw jf jfpfcjácgkh, hwwkchlh"wf o

ghyèzfy jf yfkc}fcîço f }hykhiklkjhjf gkzhjo hczfykoybfczf#

7#9#8 Phyh hlëb jow lk}yow

Bokwëw $8;>6+ jfmfcjf xvf h phlh}yh ë hzykivzo ftglvwk}o jh Lkzfyhzvyh# Flh zhbiëb ë

kcwzyvbfczo xvf gocwzkzvk o bfko bhkw py÷pyko jf gobvckghîço fczyf ow dobfcw# Jkhczf jkwwo,

“fwwf pyk}klënko zoych h Lkzfyhzvyh h hyzf poy ftgflácgkh, poyxvhczo h phlh}yh bvlzâ}ogh

gocwfnvf ftpykbky, wknckmkghy, zvjo xvhczo ow wkncow jhw jfbhkw hyzfw $o wob, h goy fzg#+ w÷

hlghcîhb zyhcwbkzky jf bojo phygkhl ov kbpfymfkzo‒ $BOKWËW, 8;>6, p# 9>+# Fczfcjf"wf xvf ohvzoy hzykivk àw oiyhw lkzfyèykhw h bkwwço jf wfyfb vb co}o fwphîo, ocjf o gocdfgkbfczo jf

jfzfybkchjo hwwvczo pojf wfy ftphcjkjo f hzë bfldoy hpyffcjkjo ‗ vbh }fq xvf h phlh}yh ë o

kcwzyvbfczo kcmhlâ}fl phyh gvbpyky fwwh mkchlkjhjf#

Woiyf hw bvjhcîhw xvf yfwvlzhyhb co wvynkbfczo, ch lkzfyhzvyh, jo Yobhczkwbo ‗ fwzklo xvf

zf}f lknhîço gob o aoychlkwbo ‗, Lhaolo $8;46+ hmkybh xvf zvjo gobfîh gob h }kz÷ykh polâzkgh

jh ivynvfwkh ch Myhcîh fb 8>4;# Jè"wf kcâgko h vb co}o gkglo gvlzvyhl1 gykh"wf vbh co}hlkcnvhnfb xvf yfjfmkcf h powkîço xvf o dobfb ogvph co bvcjo f h chzvyfqh xvf gkygvcjh

fwwf bvcjo# Ë vbh }kwço jf bvcjo ifb jkmfyfczf jhxvflh wvwzfczhjh pyf}khbfczf, jvyhczf ow

pfyâojow glèwwkgow, bfjkf}hkw f yfchwgfczkwzhw# H lkzfyhzvyh pyhzkghjh pflow yobéczkgow fyh

bvkzo jkmfyfczf1 ho kc}ëw jf }olzhy h pyojvîço phyh vb pñilkgo jf ifyîo hykwzogyèzkgo, }olzov

wvhw moyîhw ch pvilkghîço jf zftzow cow aoychkw1 jfwwh moybh, o pñilkgo gocwvbkjoy fyh bhkw

hbplo, kcjkmfyfcgkhjo f wfb yfxvkczfw/pfjknyff lkzfyèyko# Àw lènykbhw f woyykwow, ow zftzow

yobéczkgow moyhb gocxvkwzhcjo ghjh }fq bhkw hjbkyhjoyfw#



94

Ow lfkzoyfw wf gobo}khb gob o xvf lkhb# Bhw, hgkbh jf wf moghy fb bftfy gob ow

wfczkbfczow, kbhnkchîço f mhczhwkhw jo pñilkgo lfkzoy, o yobhcgf ë ihwfhjo, fwwfcgkhlbfczf,

ch lkifyjhjf# Bhckmfwzhjh jf }èykhw moybhw1 zkpo jf lkcnvhnfb fbpyfnhjh, bvwkghlkjhjf jow

ykzbow, jfwghwo gob h yhqço xvf gfygh}h zojow ow lhjow, h gykhîço jf pfywochnfcw hyyfihzhjhw

pflhw py÷pykhw mhczhwkhw#

Fb gfyzow ghwow, f poy hlnvcw bobfczow, h lkzfyhzvyh gobo pyèzkgh f fwphîo jh lkifyjhjfpowwâ}fl ho fwgykzoy jow gobfîow jo wëgvlo TKT ë mfgvcjh1 mhq o zftzo hwwvbky,hifyzhbfczf, h mvcîço jf jfcñcgkh jf vbh }kjh wogkhl kcavwzh, jf yfk}kcjkghîço jf vbhco}h oyjfb wogkhl# Fb vbh phlh}yh, ë h pofwkh jhw fwxvkchw f jow gobâgkow, jhphyzkgkphîço polâzkgh pyhzkghjh f }k}kjh cow lkbkzfw powwâ}fkw jo wkwvjo zfbpo jf hmkybhîçojh ivynvfwkh $LHAOLO, 8;46, p# >8+#

Pyofcîh Mkldo $8;;>+ whlkfczh h kbpoyzécgkh jh }kwço gyâzkgh jow hyzkwzhw# O hvzoy gkzh xvf co

wëgvlo TKT ow yobéczkgow hgyfwgfczhb ovzyo z÷pkgo h yfwpfkzo jo fczfcjkbfczo jhw oiyhw

lkzfyèykhw1 flfw jfmfcjkhb xvf ghikh ho hyzkwzh ftpyfwwhy wvh }kwço jhw gokwhw jf vbh moybh fb

xvf hkcjh cço moyhb }kwzhw, bhw zhbiëb jfbocwzyhy, fb pyomvcjkjhjf, gobo flhw yfhlbfczf

wço# O ghchl pflo xvhl flfw pojfb mhqfy kwwo, xvf ë h lkcnvhnfb, hzvh gobo vbh moybh jf

hpyffcwço jo yfhl# Hzyh}ëw jow wfczkjow, o dobfb hpyffcjf h yfhlkjhjf xvf o gfygh, aè xvf

fwzè fb pfybhcfczf f gobplfth kczfyhîço gob fwzf hbikfczf# Bhw ë cfgfwwèyko xvf flf

zyhcwmoybf ow wkchkw f kcmoybhîöfw xvf h }kjh ldf fc}kh fb wkncow xvf pfybkzhb gobvckghy"

wf# Fwwfw wkchkw f flfbfczow wço jfgojkmkghjow fb vbh moybh jf lkcnvhnfb, xvf pfybkzf

gobpyffcwço jfwwhw kcmoybhîöfw# Pyofcîh Mkldo $8;;>+ zhbiëb hgyfwgfczh xvf, poy ovzyo

lhjo, h lkcnvhnfb ë vbh moybh jf oynhckqhy o bvcjo xvf o wfy dvbhco zfb h wvh }olzh#

Qklhd Ifycj $8;;4+ yfzobh h jkwgvwwço woiyf h gobpyffcwço xvf o wfy dvbhco zfb woiyf o

bvcjo à wvh }olzh f o phpfl jh lkzfyhzvyh cfwwh xvfwzço# Flh zobh gobo ftfbplo ow fwgykzoyfw

lhzkco"hbfykghcow, xvf pyfgkwhyhb wf jfw}fcgkldhy jf gfcwvyhw ftzyfbhw jow yfnkbfw yânkjow,fwpfgkhlbfczf fczyf ow hcow jf 8;60 f 8;;0# H yfgobpowkîço jh bfb÷ykh dkwz÷ykgh, xvhcjo

yfhlkqhjh hzyh}ëw jf zftzow lkzfyèykow, hghih jfwfbpfcdhcjo vb phpfl jf yfgobpowkîço

kjfczkzèykh# Kwwo hgoczfgf nyhîhw ho pyogfwwo jf yfwnhzf jh bfb÷ykh dkwz÷ykgh# O wviwzyhzo,

oizkjo poy fwwf pyogfjkbfczo jf yfgvpfyhîço, ë o mvcjhbfczo woiyf o xvhl h kjfczkjhjf jh

gobvckjhjf pojfyè wfy gocwzyvâjh# H }fywço omkgkhl jf hlnvb hgoczfgkbfczo

goyyfwpocjf àw ftplkghîöfw f kcmoybhîöfw xvf wço yfphwwhjhw hzyh}ëw jh dkwz÷ykh ‗ pojf

hzfcjfy àw ftknácgkhw f pyfgocgfkzow jf vb pfywochnfb jobkchczf, gocwkjfyhjo gobo}fcgfjoy, chxvflf jfzfybkchjo pfyâojo# H lkzfyhzvyh, poy ovzyo lhjo, xvhcjo hiyf fwphîo phyh



9;

bhckmfwzhîço jf ykzow f zyhjkîöfw oyhkw, pfybkzf ho fwgykzoy yfwnhzhy myhnbfczow jh dkwz÷ykh xvf

cço moyhb goczhjow, bhw xvf ftkwzfb co wvigocwgkfczf jh gobvckjhjf# Fwwf hgfwwo wfykh

kbpowwâ}fl jf xvhlxvfy ovzyh moybh, yfwwhlzh Qklhd Ifycj $8;;4+#

Vb jow pykcgkphkw hzykivzow jh lkzfyhzvyh jo bhyh}kldowo ë h yf}flhîço jf poczow oiwgvyow jh

dkwz÷ykh fb xvfwzço ‗ co ghwo, h Hbëykgh Lhzkch# Kwwo hgoczfgf vbh }fq xvf h lkzfyhzvyh hzvh

“wkzvhcjo"wf ch myoczfkyh fczyf zyhjkîço popvlhy f lfzyhjh, hiyknhcjo moybhw kbpvyhw ov

dâiykjhw, hiwoy}fcjo f bfwglhcjo h plvyhlkjhjf jow jkwgvywow fb gkygvlhîço ch wogkfjhjf‒

$IFYCJ, 8;;4, p# 879+#

7#7 O ovzyo lhjo1 o aoychlkwbo ch lkzfyhzvyh

Wfnvcjo Dflokqh Dfywgo}kzq $900:+, h kbpyfcwh jh bhkoykh jow phâwfw lhzkco"hbfykghcow

wfnvkv vb bojflo jf aoychlkwbo myhcgáw, gobikchcjo hzk}kwbo polâzkgo f lkzfyhzvyh# Fczyf

aoychlkwbo f lkzfyhzvyh, cço ftkwzkh wfphyhîço jflkbkzhjh# H jfwgykîço jh pyomkwwço owgklh}h

fczyf vbh moybh jf hyzf f/ov bkwwço $p# 8>;+#

Bhcvfl Ècnfl ]èqxvfq Bfjfl $9009+ cço ftglvk h hpyotkbhîço jow jokw nácfyow $aoychlkwbof lkzfyhzvyh+# Fbioyh ow bojow jf pyojvîço jf ghjh vb }hykfb bvkzo, wfnvkcjo yvbow cfb

wfbpyf goc}fynfczfw, cço jfkthyhb jf hgoczfgfy kbpoyzhczfw poczow jf goc}fynácgkh f

zfyykz÷yko gobphyzkldhjo fczyf ow jokw ghbpow $p# 8>+# H yflhîço fczyf gykhîço lkzfyèykh f

ftfygâgko aoychlâwzkgo ë bhyghjh poy jfwfczfcjkbfczow# Ftkwzf vb h yfwpf

zfbpoyhlkjhjf1 co pyogfwwo lkzfyèyko, “wfb hihcjochy h jkbfcwço lñjkgh f myvkzk}h, jf}f

fcghbkcdhy"wf phyh o fwwfcgkhl dvbhco, ifb xvf fcghychjo chw kcf}kzè}fkw gooyjfchjhw

fwphîo"zfbpoyhkw xvf cow gocwzkzvfb‒ $BFJFL, 9009, p# 84+ Woiyf ow mhqfyfw jo aoychlkwzh,hw wvhw powwkiklkjhjfw jf zyhihldo wf yfmfyfb ho fmábfyo, phwwhnfkyo# O hvzoy fczfcjf xvf h

lkzfyhzvyh phyfgf zfy wf oykfczhjo phyh o kbpoyzhczf, f xvf pfyjvyh poy bhkw zfbpo# H

kcmoybhîço aoychlâwzkgh, phyh o vynfczf# Bfwbo hpoczhcjo fwwhw mhldhw, o powkgkochbfczo jo

hvzoy cço ë zhthzk}o1 Bfjfl $9009+ jfmfcjf xvf o gvbpykbfczo jhw yfwzykîöfw kbpowzhw pflo

hbikfczf aoychlâwzkgo cfb wfbpyf lkbkzh o zyhihldo jo yfp÷yzfy, cfb h bhkoykh jhw gykhîöfw

lkzfyèykhw hzvhkw záb goczfñjo xvf }ço pfyjvyhy pflow zfbpow ‗ xvfb wvnfyf kwwo ë Bhygfl

Pyovwz, co lk}yo Co ghbkcdo jf W~hc#



70

O hvzoy gocgoyjh, co fczhczo, gob Bhcvfl Yk}hw8 $8;;4, p# 97+1 o fwgykzoy hpoczh xvf h

bhzëykh"pykbh, zhczo jo aoychlkwbo xvhczo jh lkzfyhzvyh, ë h phlh}yh#

Xvhcjo záb }hloy, o aoychlkwbo f h lkzfyhzvyh wfy}fb phyh o jfwgoiykbfczo jh ovzyh}fyjhjf, jo lhjo ogvlzo, h phyzky jh kc}fwzknhîço f hgobphcdhbfczo jf vb hgoczfgkbfczo#Phyh o fwgykzoy aoychlkwzh ov o aoychlkwzh fwgykzoy h kbhnkchîço f h }oczhjf jf fwzklo wço hwhwhw xvf jço }úo h fwwf }hloy# $BFJFL, 9009, p# 8;+

Fwwf xvhjyo mkgh hkcjh bhkw hphyfczf h phyzky jo bobfczo xvf ow aoychlkwzhw pfygfifyfb xvf

cço ftkwzf h zço gobfczhjh powzvyh jh oiafzk}kjhjf ‗ xvf, zfoykghbfczf, jf}fykh yfnfy h

pyomkwwço#

Wëynko ]klhw"Iohw $9080+ fczfcjf xvf ow bëzojow aoychlâwzkgow f hw zëgckghw lkzfyèykhw moybhb

vb phy pyolâmkgo# Phyh o hvzoy, Aoychlkwbo Lkzfyèyko cço ë mkgîço ov dkwz÷ykh ihwfhjh hpfchw

fb mhzow# O iob yfp÷yzfy chyyhzk}o ë hxvflf xvf pyojvq vb zyhihldo jvyè}fl, xvf cço wfah

jfwghyzè}fl f mhgklbfczf pfyfgâ}fl# Yfhlkqh fwwf mfkzo hzyh}ëw jh vckço jf jvhw xvhlkjhjfw xvf,

kckgkhlbfczf, pojfb phyfgfy jkwzhczfw vbh jh ovzyh# Hmkchl, poy vb lhjo, ë cfgfwwèyko vwhy o

bfldoy jf wvh kczflknácgkh yhgkochl phyh fwzvjhy, lf}hczhy kcmoybhîöfw f, hwwkb, fwzhy hpzo h

gobpyffcjfy f hchlkwhy o hwwvczo xvf zfb pflh myfczf gob pyomvcjkjhjf# Jf ovzyo, wvh

kczflknácgkh fbogkochl fczyh phyh pfybkzky xvf o yfp÷yzfy wfah zoghjo wfcwoykhlbfczf pflo zfbh

xvf hioyjh, pflhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw wvzkw jow gfcèykow poy ocjf gkygvlh, gob o oiafzk}o jf

lf}hczhy jhjow oiafzk}ow f wviafzk}ow#

“O kbpoyzhczf ë, jf}fykh wfy, h ivwgh jf goczfñjo f moybh hcgoyhjow co yfhl, bhw ftpyfwwow

jf bhcfkyh zço mhwgkchczf xvhczo h jow bfldoyfw zftzow jf mkgîço‒, gobplfzh ]klhw"Iohw

$9080, p# 9+#

Mhlhcjo fwpfgkmkghbfczf jo yfhlkwbo bènkgo f wvh hzvhîço ch Hbëykgh Lhzkch, Ifycj $8;;4+oiwfy}h xvf h lkzfyhzvyh zfb vb pojfy xvf cfcdvb ovzyo zftzo zfb1 o jf hiyknhy, wfy fwphîo

jf zyhcwmoybhîço jow jkwgvywow xvf gkygvlhb ch wogkfjhjf fb moybh jf zftzo#

Fb zfbpow jf yfnkbfw jf ftgfîço, ë h lkzfyhzvyh, hzyh}ëw jf wvh lkcnvhnfb wkbi÷lkgh fkbhnëzkgh, xvf jkq o xvf cço pojf wfy jkzo, fwghphcjo à wf}fykjhjf jh gfcwvyh# O fwgykzoy lhzkco"hbfykghco vzklkqh fczço jf moybh hwzvgkowh h goc}fcîço jf mkggkochlkjhjf chzfczhzk}h jf pyfwfy}hy jkqfyfw jfwhgyfjkzhjow poy wfyfb }fkgvlhjow oyhlbfczf, whl}hcjo"owjh hbfhîh jf ftzkcîço yfpyfwfczhjh pflo jfwhphyfgkbfczo jow ñlzkbow ‘ghczhjoyfw‛$goczfvyw/nykozw+, mkëkw jfpowkzèykow jo whify popvlhy# $IFYCJ, 8;;4, p# 879+

8 YK]HW, Bhcvfl# Fl pfykojkwbo fw vb gvfczo# Bhjykj, Hlmhnvhyh, 8;;4#



78

Cklwoc Lhnf $9006+ hpoczh vbh jkmfyfcîh fczyf o aoychlkwbo f h lkzfyhzvyh# Fwzh ñlzkbh, hwwkb

gobo hw ovzyhw hyzfw $plèwzkghw, jyhbèzkghw fzg#+, zyhîh h yfhlkjhjf h phyzky jf myhnbfczow jow

mhzow, ov bfwbo gobpöf h mkgîço gob yfzhldow jf hgoczfgkbfczow mhgzvhkw# Wfnvcjo h

jfmkckîço jo hvzoy, “o aoychlkwbo ë woiyfzvjo vb yflhzo jf hphyácgkhw‒ $LHNF, 9006, p# 6+,

xvf ë gocwzyvâjo woi jokw pykcgkphkw hwpfgzow1 h pyfwwh ch pyojvîço jow goczfñjow cozkgkhjow

f o fwmoyîo phyh cço kcmfyky wviafzk}kjhjfw cow zftzow#Jf xvhlxvfy moybh, h pyfogvphîço fb

yflhzhy hlno fwpfgkhl, xvf gdhbhwwf h hzfcîço, f wkcnvlhykqhy hxvflf mhzo, ë vbh ivwgh

gocwzhczf phyh ow aoychlkwzhw#

Woiyf h chyyhzk}h, Lhnf $9006+ ftplkgh xvf flh wvynkv gob o oiafzk}o jf fwzfcjfy h bozk}hîço

jow lfkzoyfw fb wf kcmoybhy woiyf vb jfzfybkchjo hwwvczo# O hnyvphbfczo jow ghwow jh

bhzëykh jf}fykh wfy}ky jf kcgfczk}o phyh xvf ow py÷tkbow pvjfwwfb wfy yf}flhjow# Cço ë o

ghwo jf wobfczf ftpoy ow mhzow, fwpfyhcjo xvf wobfczf kwwo hzyhkh h hzfcîço f kczfyfwwf jow

gocwvbkjoyfw jh kcmoybhîço# Fb yfwvbo1 “f}fczow wvgfwwk}ow jf}khb wfy hlkcdhjow jf bojo

xvf ghjh xvhl jfwpfyzhwwf h gvykowkjhjf phyh o wfnvkczf‒ $LHNF, 9006, p# 80+#

Cfwwf goczftzo, ë hjfxvhjo hioyjhy hw vzklkqhîöfw jo lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb# Jkwgoyyfcjo woiyf

flhw, Wojyë f Mfyyhyk $8;4=+ jkwgvzfb h yflhîço fczyf lkzfyhzvyh f aoychlkwbo# Ë kbpoyzhczf xvf

o zftzo hpyfwfczf flfbfczow gobvcw chw chyyhzk}hw lkzfyèykhw, bhw xvf zhbiëb wfy}fb phyh

gobplfbfczhy hw yfpoyzhnfcw# Wço flfw h moyîh $xvf mkgh gocwzhzhjh wf o lfkzoy zfb kczfyfwwf

fb zfybkchy jf lfy h yfpoyzhnfb+, h glhyfqh $ivwgh pflh gobpyffcwço kbfjkhzh hzyh}ëw jh

oiafzk}kjhjf chyyhzk}h+, h gocjfcwhîço $yfmfyf"wf à wâczfwf jf kcmoybhîöfw, wvpykbkcjo

hwpfgzow wvpfymkgkhkw+# Zhbiëb wço gkzhjow ow flfbfczow zfcwço $h ivwgh poy vb glâbht f“wvwpfcwf‒ ch dkwz÷ykh+ f h co}kjhjf $yflhgkochjh cço wobfczf à vb hgoczfgkbfczo kcëjkzo,

bhw vbh moybh kco}hjoyh ov jkmfyfczf jf kczfypyfzè"lo+# O vwo jow yfgvywow lkzfyèykow cow

zyhihldow aoychlâwzkgow zhbiëb ë jfzhldhjo poy Lkbh $8;;6+# Jf hgoyjo gob o hvzoy, wço zyáw

hw powwkiklkjhjfw jfwwh kcgoypoyhîço1 vbh, phyh ow zyhihldow mkggkochkw f p

kbhnkcèykow jow hvzoyfw5 ovzyh, hw aoychlâwzkghw, xvf wf hpyopykhb jow yfgvywow lkzfyèykow phyh

yflhzhy bfldoy h yfhlkjhjf fb xvfwzço5 f, mkchlbfczf, hxvflhw xvf bkwzvyhb zhczo h mkgîço

xvhczo o mhgzvhl# Flf ivwgh gobpyo}hy, hwwkb, xvf h lkzfyhzvyh f o aoychlkwbo fwzço py÷tkbow,

f vb pojf wf hpyopykhy jf yfgvywow jo ovzyo phyh nhyhczky vb zftzo pfyfcf f gobplfzo# H

lknhîço fczyf o gobpyobkwwo gob h }fyjhjf f hw dhiklkjhjfw lkzfyèykhw mkgh ftpyfwwo xvhcjo o



79

hvzoy ftplkgh1 “]fyowwkbkldhcîh, ë kwwo xvf hpyfcjfyhb ow mkggkockwzhw gob o aoychlkwbo, vb

yfgvywo phyh ldfw jhy moyîh ho zftzo jo kbhnkcèyko‒ $LKBH, 8;;6, p# 847+#

]olzhcjo à xvfwzço jh pfyfckjhjf jhw kcmoybhîöfw, Lhnf $9006+ jkwgvzf vb zyhîo jh gyúckgh

$ovzyo nácfyo dâiykjo jf aoychlkwbo f lkzfyhzvyh+# Ow hvzoyfw bhkw ifb wvgfjkjow cfwwf zkpo jf

zftzo, ch wvh h}hlkhîço, wço hxvflfw ghphqfw jf gocwzyvky zftzow jvyhjovyow woiyf hwwvczow jf

yfhlkjhjfw zyhcwkz÷ykhw# Ë powwâ}fl wf fwzhiflfgfy vbh yflhîço fczyf fwwh jfmkckîço f h mvcîço

jo lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb# Fwwf }fâgvlo, fb wvh fwwácgkh, ogvph"wf fb yfzyhzhy jfzhldhjhbfczf f

jfkthy bhyghjo ch dkwz÷ykh vb hgoczfgkbfczo kbpoyzhczf phyh jfzfybkchjh wogkfjhjf#

7#7#8 Flfbfczow jh lkcnvhnfb lkzfyèykh co zftzo aoychlâwzkgo

Lkbh $8;;6+ f ^olmf $9006+ fcvbfyhb hlnvbhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw xvf kczfnyhb o zftzo

aoychlâwzkgo jf moybh h fcykxvfgfy wfv goczfñjo f hpyfwfczhîço# Ow wfnvkczfw flfbfczow

gocgfjfb vb zfoy bhkw yfhlâwzkgo, hpyotkbhcjo bhkw o lfkzoy jh wkzvhîço xvf fwzè wfcjo

chyyhjh# Hbiow ow hvzoyfw gocgoyjhb gob h vzklkqhîço jf yfgvywow jfwgykzk}ow f zyhcwgykîço

jf jkèlonow phyh hzkcnky fwwf oiafzk}o, fczyf ovzyow phyzkgvlhyfw jo fwzvjo jf ghjh vb jflfw#

Lkbh $8;;6+ gkzh gobo phyzf jhw zëgckghw jf yfjhîço jo zftzo jo lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb ow

wfnvkczfw flfbfczow1 chyyhîço, jfwgykîço, ftpowkîço f jkèlonow# Flfw wço phyzf jo zyhzhbfczo

jh lkcnvhnfb kczfnyhl"}fyihl jo lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb#

H chyyhîço ë gobpowzh poy zyáw flfbfczow fwwfcgkhkw xvf coyzfkhb h gobpowkîço jo zftzo1 h

wkzvhîço, h kczfcwkjhjf f o hbikfczf# O pykbfkyo zfybo wf yfmfyf à goczftzvhlkqhîço jo

hgoczfgkbfczo ‗ ov wfah, o xvf ogoyyf, poy xvhkw bozk}ow, ocjf, xvfb wço ow phyzkgkphczfw, fbxvf ëpogh f oghwkço# H kczfcwkjhjf wfy}f phyh kjfczkmkghy h ghynh fbogkochl xvf hxvflh

wkzvhîço chyyhjh jfwpfyzh co lfkzoy# H jfwgykîço jo fwphîo mâwkgo ov bfczhl xvf zhbiëb fwzço

yflhgkochjow gob o mhzo fwpfgâmkgo mkgh poy goczh jo hbikfczf# Dè vbh fwpëgkf jf oyjfb

dkfyèyxvkgh jh kbpoyzécgkh jfwwfw flfbfczow, wfnvcjo Lkbh $8;;6+# Ë bhkw gobvb co lk}yo"

yfpoyzhnfb xvf h wkzvhîço $ov wfah, h hîço jhjh+ fjkmkxvf zojh h oiyh, bhw h kczfcwkjhjf ë

pyk}klfnkhjh fb jfzykbfczo jo hbikfczf fb xvf h dkwz÷ykh wf phwwh# O hvzoy jfmfcjf xvf o

yflhzo xvf ghyyfnh hlnvbh ghynh fbogkochl ë bhkw wviwzhcgkowo f bfcow gyv jo xvf h bfyh

ftpowkîço jow hgoczfgkbfczow# Poyzhczo, jf}kjo à fwwfw hwpfgzow, cço ë



77

yhpkjhbfczf pflo lfkzoy# Lkbh $8;;6+ zhbiëb yfwwhlzh h kbpoyzécgkh jf h chyyhzk}h goczfy

zyhîow jf moyîh, pyfgkwço, glhyfqh f kbphgzo#

O vwo jf jkèlonow ë jfwgykzo pflo hvzoy gobo vbh fwzyhzënkh jf “fwzklo jfwpoahjo‒ $p# 88:+#

Lkbh $8;;6+ hynvbfczh xvf fwwf yfgvywo cço zkyh h ghynh jyhbèzkgh jo zftzo#

H jfwgykîço ë fczfcjkjh gobo “h yfpyfwfczhîço phyzkgvlhykqhjh jf wfyfw, oiafzow f hbikfczfw‒

$LKBH, 8;;6, p# 886+# Xvhcjo wf vzklkqh fwwf yfgvywo, ë gobo wf h gfch fb xvfwzço mowwf

phyhlkwhjh, gobo wf o zfbpo mkghwwf fwzèzkgo f o aoychlkwzh pvjfwwf zfy zfbpo phyh hchlkwhy f

jfzhldhy ow goczftzow f poybfcoyfw yflhgkochjow àxvflf gfcèyko xvf fwzè wfcjo jfwgykzo# Ow

zyáw zkpow bhkw gobvcw jf jfwgykîço, wfnvcjo Nhvjácgko Zoyxvhzo9, wço h pkgz÷ykgh, h

zoponyèmkgh f h gkcfbhzonyèmkgh# Co pykbfkyo ghwo, mogh"wf ch avcîço jow jfzhldfw, fb xvf ooiwfy}hjoy, mkthbfczf, hchlkwh h gfch f/ov oiafzow xvf wf pyopöf h jfwgyf}fy# Co bojflo

zoponyèmkgo, hlnvcw hwpfgzow oiwfy}hjow yfgfifb bhkw jfwzhxvf jo xvf ovzyow ‗ gobo

ftfbplo, o }olvbf f/ov bhwwh jo bhzfykhl oiwfy}hjo# H jfwgykîço gkcfbhzonyèmkgh wf

gocgfczyh fb fcmhzkqhy o aono jf lvqfw ov wobiyhw xvf kcgkjfb co oiafzo hchlkwhjo# Ovzyh

moybh jf jfwgykîço gkzhjh poy Lkbh $8;;6+ ë h pyowoponyhmkh, xvf zyhzh jow jfzhldfw mâwkgow

jhw pfwwohw# Co lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb, o hvzoy hmkybh xvf fwwf zkpo jf jfwgykîço fcykxvfgf f

moyzhlfgf h mknvyh jo pyozhnockwzh jh dkwz÷ykh# H gyoconyhmkh, xvf jfwgyf}f ëpoghw ov wkzvhîöfwzfbpoyhkw, ëpkghw, ë vb zkpo bfcow myfxvfczf#

H zëgckgh jh ftpowkîço, wfnvcjo Lkbh $8;;6+, “ë poy }kh jf yfnyh fbpyfnhjh xvhcjo o

pyomkwwkochl xvfy jkwgvzky vbh xvfwzço ièwkgh f hynvbfczhy jf bojo h zfczhy goc}fcgfy o

lfkzoy h gobvcnhy wvh }kwço jo pyoilfbh‒ $LKBH, 8;;6, p# 88>+#

Aè ^olmf $9006+ ftplkgh xvf, co jfgoyyfy jow hcow =0, ow aoychlkwzhw jfwgoiyfb yfgvywow joyfhlkwbo jow xvhkw wf hpyopykhyhb phyh kcglvky cow wfvw zftzow# Gob kwwo, o yobhcgf yfhlkwzh

hjxvkykv wfv pojfy ñckgo, “gocdfgkjo fczyf ovzyhw gokwhw gobo wfv ‘kbfjkhzkwbo‛, wvh

‘yfhlkjhjf gocgyfzh‛, wfv ‘fc}ol}kbfczo fbogkochl‛, wvh xvhlkjhjf ‘hiwoy}fczf‛

‘mhwgkchczf‛‒ $^OLMF, 9006, p# 67+#

Fwwh ftglvwk}kjhjf zftzvhl oyknkcov"wf jf xvhzyo yfgvywow# Wço flfw h jfwgykîço jfzhldhjh,

gfch h gfch, jh wkzvhîço chyyhjh5 o yfnkwzyo gobplfzo jow jkèlonow5 o poczo jf }kwzh jh zfygfkyh

9 ZOYXVHZO, Myhcgkwgo Nhvjácgko# Aoychlkwbo fbpyfwhykhl # Wço Phvlo1 Wvbbvw, 8;4:#



7:

pfwwoh5 f, mkchlbfczf, o yfnkwzyo jow dèikzow, nfwzow, f jfbhkw phyzkgvlhykjhjfw jow fc}ol}kjow

ch chyyhîço jo f}fczo fb xvfwzço#

Co pykbfkyo ghwo, h cfgfwwkjhjf jf jfzhldhbfczo wfy}kh phyh yfgoyyfy o bâckbo powwâ}fl à

wkbplfw chyyhzk}h lkcfhy f gyocol÷nkgh# O wfnvcjo yfgvywo, zyhcwgykîço jow

gobplfzow, gobplfbfczh o pykbfkyo hyzkmâgko jfwgykzo hczfykoybfczf# Wfnvcjo ôlmf $9006+,

ow aoychlkwzhw, jh bfwbh moybh xvf ow pykbfkyow yobhcgkwzhw, jfwgoiykyhb xvf ow lfkzoyfw wf

fc}ol}khb bvkzo bhkw gob o zftzo xvhcjo fwwf yfgvywo fyh fbpyfnhjo# H zfygfkyh zëgckgh

gocwkwzf co vwo jf vb pfywochnfb phyzkgvlhy xvf hpyfwfczh ghjh gfch ho lfkzoy ch pfywpfgzk}h

jh wvh }kwço, wfv fczfcjkbfczo, “jhcjo ho lfkzoy h wfcwhîço jf fwzhy jfczyo jh ghifîh jo

pfywochnfb, ftpfykbfczhcjo h yfhlkjhjf fbogkochl jh gfch gobo o pfywochftpfykbfczh‒ $ÔLMF, 9006, p# 6:+# Phyh hlghcîhy zhl mkchlkjhjf, ë cfgfwwèyko hjfczyhy chw

pfygfpîöfw jfwwf phyzkgkphczf# Fczyf}kwzè"lo h yfwpfkzo jhw wvhw fboîöfw f wfczkbfczow

pfybkzfb xvf o yfp÷yzfy powwh jfwgyf}fy bfldoy wvhw wfcwhîöfw f fbihwhy o poczo jf }kwzh jh

pfywochnfb# O xvhyzo yfgvywo ivwgh jfzhldhy ow dèikzow f nfwzow gob o kczvkzo jf powkgkochy o

wzhzvw wogkhl jf }kjh xvf o phyzkgkphczf jh chyyhzk}h zfb# ôlmf $9006+ fwbkñîh1 “o yfnkwzyo

jfwwfw jfzhldfw cço ë bfyo ioyjhjo fb pyowh# Flf wf gologh avczo ho gfczyo jf pojfy jo

yfhlkwbo, hwwkb gobo xvhlxvfy ovzyo yfgvywo jh lkzfyhzvyh‒ $ÔLMF, 9006, p# 66+# O hvzoy yfwvbf h pyfogvphîço fb pyhzkghy fwwf zkpo jf jfzhldhbfczo1

Mhwgkch"bf o mhzo jf pfwxvkwhjoyfw jh mkwkolonkh jo gëyfiyo, fwwh nyhcjf zfyyh kcgonckzhjhw gkácgkhw, fwzhyfb hphyfczfbfczf gdfnhcjo h vbh zfoykh jf xvf h bfczf dvbhch ovpwkxvf cço zfb ftkwzácgkh kczfych, jkwgyfzh# U###R H zojow ow bobfczow jf gocwgkácgkh flh Uhbfczf dvbhchR fwzè lknhjh jkyfzhbfczf h pkwzhw ftzfychw jo wzhzvw jh pfwwoh cvb wfczkjowogkhl f cço hpfchw mâwkgo, f cço pojf wf jfwfc}ol}fy cfb woiyf}k}fy wfb kwwo $ÔLMF,9006, p# 6=+#

Gob kwwo, fczfcjf"wf xvf Lkbh $8;;6+ f ôlmf $9006+ vzklkqhb fwwfw y

hpyomvcjhbfczo jow gfcèykow f pwkxvfw jhw pfywochnfcw fc}ol}kjhw co hgoczfgkbfczo chyyhjo

phyh fc}ol}fy o lfkzoy, mhqá"lo wf wfczky py÷tkbo f xvhwf xvf phyzkgkphczf jhxvflh dkwz÷ykh#

7#: H yfhlkjhjf gob vb zoxvf jf bènkgh

O fwzklo xvf glhwwkmkgh vbh nyhcjf phyzf jow zftzow jf Nhygâh Bèyxvfq ë o gdhbhjo yfhlkwbo

bènkgo# Wfnvcjo Dfywgo}kzq $900:+, flf gobfîov wvh ghyyfkyh gobo aoychlkwzh wfnvkcjo

kcmlvácgkhw jh h}hcz"nhyjf fvyopfkh, h co}flh myhcgfwh f o bojfyckwbo coyzf"hbfykghco#



76

Hgoczfgf xvf, ch Hbëykgh Lhzkch, cço ftkwzkh h yfhlkjhjf ihwfhjh co ghpkzhlkwbo yhgkochl f co

jfwfc}ol}kbfczo pyonyfwwk}o f lkcfhy, gobo fyh o ghwo jh Fvyoph# H kbpyfcwh wfnvkh vb

phjyço jf aoychlkwbo myhcgáw, xvf bfwglh}h hzk}kwbo polâzkgo f lkzfyhzvyh# Gobo cço ftkwzkh

cfcdvb zkpo jf wfphyhîço jfmkckjh fczyf aoychlkwbo f lkzfyhzvyh, h pyomkwwço jo aoychlkwzh fyh

glhwwkmkghjh gobo vbh hyzf f/ov bkwwço# Co fczhczo, ow fwgykzoyfw lhzkco"hbfykghcow zkcdhb

phyh wk vbh yfhlkjhjf ñckgh f ftzyhoyjkcèykh, jkmfyfczf jh “coybhlkjhjf‒ jow phâwfw fvyopfvw#

Dfywgo}kzq $900:+ ftplkgh xvf “ow fwgykzoyfw lhzkco"hbfykghcow jhxvflh nfyhîço yobpfyhb

gob o yfhlkwbo zyhjkgkochl f hiyhîhyhb vb bvcjo co xvhl h mhczhwkh f h yfhlkjhjf mvcjkyhb"

wf phyh moybhy vbh co}h fwmfyh gdhbhjh yfhlkwbo bènkgo‒ $DFYWGO]KZQ, 900:, p# 8>=+#

Vb povgo bhkw jf goczftzvhlkqhîço jo gfcèyko polâzkgo f wogkhl jh Hbëykgh Lhzkch zoych"wfcfgfwwèyko phyh xvf wf fczfcjh xvf o yfhlkwbo bènkgo cço ë vbh bfyh mhczhwkh jfw}kcgvlhjh

jh yfhlkjhjf xvf o fwgykzoy hjfpzo jo fwzklo ftfygkzh# Dfywgo}kzq $900:+ ftplkgh xvf1

H bâjkh yfnkwzyh wkzvhîöfw xvf jfwhmkhb o iob wfcwo# No}fycow hvzoykzèykow pfypfzvhyhb hkcavwzkîh wogkhl f h iyvzhlkjhjf dfyjhjhw jo golockhlkwbo# Hw moyîhw goczyhjkz÷ykhw jf vbwvijfwfc}ol}kbfczo hgflfyhjo f vbh bojfyckqhîço gobpvlwk}h jfwgykzhw poy Ihyifyo$8;44+ hphcdhb ow dhikzhczfw cvbh hybhjkldh xvf ow lf}h h yfwpocjfy how hgoczfgkbfczowjf bhcfkyh wvypyffcjfczf# Xvfb gocdfgf h Hbëykgh Lhzkch whif xvf o yfhlkwbo bènkgocço ë bfyh jkwzoyîço jh yfhlkjhjf cfb vbh wkbplfw kcgvywço hiwzyhzh h vb bvcjokyyhgkochl# Bhw hcjh jf iyhîow jhjow gob h gyfcîh co woiyfchzvyhl dfyjhjh jow âcjkow jhyfnkço f jow fwgyh}ow hmykghcow, zfybkchcjo poy zoychy"wf xvhwf vbh fwgoldh chzvyhl jowpo}ow lhzkco"hbfykghcow $DFYWGO]KZQ, 900:, p# 8>>"8>4+#

Phyh vbh jfmkckîço bhkw fwpfgâmkgh jo xvf ë o yfhlkwbo bènkgo, Dfywgo}kzq $900:+ gkzh Nfyhlj

Bhyzkc71 zyhzh"wf jf “vbh chyyhzk}h xvf cço jkwzkcnvf o mhczèwzkgo jo yfhl, o bkzo f h dkwz÷ykh#

Ë gocwkjfyhjo vb fwzklo jfyk}hjo jo bo}kbfczo wvyyfhlkwzh‒ $DFYWGO]KZQ, 900:, p# 8>>+#

O zyhihldo jf Nhygâh Bèyxvfq yfhlkqhjo fczyf 8;:4 f 8;66 wfy}kv phyh jfmkcky wfv fwzklo ñckgo

jf yfpoyzhnfb, bhw zhbiëb fwzhiflfgfv hw ihwfw jo wfv zyhihldo lkzfyèyko# Flf, hlëb jf wfnvky o gocgfkzo jf kczëypyfzf jow f}fczow, zhbiëb hiyhîh}h h jfmfwh jf ghvwhw wogkhkw# Fwwh

powzvyh oyknkcov"wf, fb phyzf, jo fwzklo jf aoychlkwbo fvyopfv ‗ gocgobkzhczfbfczf, }hk

goczyh h coîço jf oiafzk}kjhjf jo bojflo coyzf"hbfykghco# O aoychlkwbo jf Nhygâh Bèyxvfq

pfybkzf xvf o yfp÷yzfy hwwvbh vb phpfl hzk}o, phyzkgkphzk}o, ch zhyfmh jf yflhzhy vbh gfch ov

f}fczo ho pñilkgo# H wfxvácgkh l÷nkgh jh yfhlkjhjf cço ë wvh pyfogvphîço pykcgkphl1 bhkw

kbpoyzhczf ë h lkifyjhjf fb goczhy hw fboîöfw dvbhchw f o kbphgzo xvf h zfgcolonkh ov h

7 BHYZKC, N# Oc ‘bhnkghl‛ hcj wogkhl yfhlkwb kc Nhygkh Bhyxvfq# Kc Yoikc# Mkjjkhc $Fj#+, Nhiykfl NhygkhBhyxvfq# Locjoc1 Locnbhc, 8;;6#



7=

gykwf fgocúbkgh ftfygf ch }kjh jhw pfwwohw# “Fwwh ë vbh zyhjkîço jo aoychlkwbo lhzkco"

hbfykghco, xvf goczyhwzh gob o aoychlkwbo coyzf"hbfykghco, bhkw kczfyfwwhjo fb fcgoczyhy

ftplkghîöfw l÷nkghw f yhgkochkw phyh jfw}fcjhy o ghow, h yfhlkjhjf bñlzkplh f myhnbfczhjh‒

$DFYWGO]KZQ, 900:, p# 84:+# Fwpfgkmkghbfczf woiyf ow zftzow jo golobikhco, hvzoy jow

lk}yow hchlkwhjow cfwzf zyhihldo, Dfywgo}kzq gkzh Wkbw: $8;;9+, xvf jfmfcjf xvf hw yfpoyzhnfcw

kc}fwzknhzk}hw jf Nhygâh Bèyxvfq bkwzvyh}hb aoychlkwbo gob lkzfyhzvyh, moghcjo co goczftzo

dvbhco# Ow zftzow jo aoychlkwzh ivwgh}hb, wkbvlzhcfhbfczf, yfmlfzky woiyf ow

hpyfwfczhjow, bhw zhbiëb zyhcwgfcjá"low#

: WKBW, Yoifyz# L# $8;;9+# Zdf Mkywz Nhygkh Bhyxvfq, h Wzvj{ om Dkw Aovychlkwzkg ^ykzkcn myob 8;:4 zo 8;66#Cf~ [oye1 Vck}fywkz{ Pyfww om Hbfykgh, 8;;9#



7>

: NHIYKFL NHYGÂH BÈYXVFQ1 FCZYF O AOYCHLKWBO F LKZFYHZVYH COWLK]YOW GYÚCKGH JF VBH BOYZF HCVCGKHJHF COZÂGKH JF VB WFXÜFWZYO

:#8 Bfzojolonkh

Phyh bhzfykhl fbpâykgo jo pyfwfczf zyhihldo, moyhb fwgoldkjow ow lk}yow Gyúckgh jf vbh

boyzf hcvcgkhjh$jf 8;48+ fCozâgkh jf vb wfxüfwzyo$8;;=+, hbiow fwgykzow pflo

golobikhco Nhiykfl Nhygâh Bèyxvfq# Fbioyh fwgykzow fb moybhzow zftzvhkw jkmfyfczfw, hbiow

moyhb kcwpkyhjow fb hgoczfgkbfczow yfhkw $hkcjh xvf cço zfcdh wkjo o bfwbo mhzo xvf

bozk}ov h pyojvîço jf ghjh vb jow zyhihldow+# Ow jokw lk}yow bkwzvyhb flfbfczow jo

aoychlkwbo f jh lkzfyhzvyh fb wfvw zftzow ‗ zyhîo ghyhgzfyâwzkgo jo fwzklo gdhbhjo aoychlkwbo

lkzfyèyko# Vbh }fq xvf fwwh ë h pykcgkphl wfbfldhcîh fczyf ow jokw zyhihldow, pyfzfcjf"wf

hchlkwhy xvhkw hw jkmfyfcîhw ftkwzfczfw fczyf ow zftzow jf hbiow ow lk}yow, fczyf flhw1 fb hlnvb

jflfw pyfjobkch vb yfmkchbfczo bhkw lkzfyèyko, xvf avwzkmkxvf h glhwwkmkghîço jo zyhihldo

gobo “yobhcgf‒? F dov}f bhkoy fwmoyîo jf bfwglhy hw zëgckghw jow vck}fywow aoychlâwzkgo f

lkzfyèyko co ovzyo, xvf yfwvlzf co zâzvlo jfwwf zyhihldo fwpfgâmkgo gobo “lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb‒?

Hmkchl jf goczhw, xvhl ë o zyhzhbfczo xvf hw kcmoybhîöfw $mhgzvhkw+ xvf kcwpkyhyhb ghjh vb

jow zyhihldow yfgfifv? Ovzyo poczo jf hcèlkwf ë h moybh gobo fwwh jkmfyfcîh ch glhwwkmkghîço

jo nácfyo ë kcmlvfcgkhjh pflh lkcnvhnfb $zhczo aoychlâwzkgh xvhczo lkzfyèykh+ f ovzyow

flfbfczow yfmfyfczfw h ghjh vb jflfw $gobo hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jf ghjh zkpo jf zftzo, lkzfyèyko

ov aoychlâwzkgo, ov hw zëgckghw py÷pykhw jo aoychlkwbo+#

Phyh zhl, o vwo jow wfnvkczfw opfyhjoyfw gocgfkzvhkw coyzfhyè h jkwgvwwço1 zëgckghw aoychlâwzkghw

f zëgckghw lkzfyèykhw# Jkhczf jhw phyzkgvlhykjhjfw jfwwfw jokw vck}fywow, pyfzfcjf"wf vzklkqhy,

cow jokw lk}yow, ow wfnvkczfw gykzëykow jf hcèlkwf phyh gvbpyky ow oiafzk}ow lkwzhjow hgkbh1 hpyfwfcîh jf zyhîow jo zftzo aoychlâwzkgo chw oiyhw5 ow zkpow jf moczfw vzklkqhjhw5 h moybh gobo

h oiafzk}kjhjf fwghph, fb hlnvcw bobfczow, jh chyyhzk}h jf Bèyxvfq ‗ bhw, ho bfwbo cço

jfkth jf pfybfhy o zftzo# Hlëb jfwwfw gykzëykow, jf xvf bhcfkyh ow zyhihldow lkzfyèykow cço

zyhcwphyfgfb wobfczf chw kjfkhw mkggkochkw jow hvzoyfw, f hzë mvcgkochb gobo vbh moybh jf

gocwzyvîço ov yfzyhzo jf vbh yfhlkjhjf5 gobo o yfhlkwbo bènkgo, pflo xvhl Nhygâh Bèyxvfq ë

gocwhnyhjo, wf mhq pyfwfczf cow zyhihldow hchlkwhjow5 f, mkchlbfczf, xvhkw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw

wkcnvlhykqhb o zftzo aoychlâwzkgo xvf mhq vwo jf yfgvywow lkzfyèykow, f o fmfkzo xvf kwwo zfbwoiyf ow lfkzoyfw#



74

Woiyf ow bëzojow jo vck}fywo aoychlâwzkgo, hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo zftzo f bëzojow yflhzk}ow à

pyojvîço jhw yfpoyzhnfcw wfy}kyço gobo gykzëykow jf hcèlkwf# Wojyë f Mfyyhyk $8;4=+, hwwkb

gobo Lkbh $8;;6+, zyhzhb jhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb, jkwgvwwöfw xvf wfyço

fwwfcgkhkw phyh }fykmkghy wf hlnvb jow zyhihldow wf fcxvhjyh cfwwf pfymkl# Hlëb jkwwo,

Zyhxvkch $9006+, Lkbh $8;=;+ f Lhnf $9007 f 9006+ ftpöfb zyhîow phyzkgvlhyfw jo zftzo

aoychlâwzkgo, bhw zhbiëb jf ftfbplow fb xvf hw lkcnvhnfcw aoychlâwzkgh f lkzfyèykh wf

fcgoczyhb# Zojow fwwfw bfwbow hvzoyfw zhbiëb jkwgvzfb hlnvcw fczyh}fw jo gozkjkhco jow

aoychlkwzhw chw nyhcjfw f hpyfwwhjhw yfjhîöfw jow }fâgvlow jf gobvckghîço# Flfw yflhgkochb

hw myvwzyhîöfw xvf yfwvlzhb jfwwh yozkch gobo vb jow kcgfczk}ow phyh ow aoychlkwzhw wf

jfjkghyfb à ftfgvîço jf vb zyhihldo bhkw lk}yf ‗ xvf ë o ghwo jo lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb, gobo wf}fyè#

Pyopykhbfczf woiyf hw zëgckghw lkzfyèykhw, Bokwëw $8;>6+ f Lhaolo $8;46+ kjfczkmkghb hw

phyzkgvlhykjhjfw yfmfyfczfw h fwwf bfko, hbiow zyhzhcjo zhbiëb jh kbpoyzécgkh jh yfhlkjhjf f

wfv yfzyhzo chw pènkchw jow lk}yow# Pyofcîh Mkldo $8;;>+ poczvh hlnvcw zyhîow py÷pykow f

phyzkgvlhyfw ftkwzfczfw ch yfhlkqhîço jhw oiyhw lkzfyèykhw#

Ch yflhîço fczyf o kbhnkcèyko gvlzvyhl f o gfcèyko jh yfhl hzvhlkjhjf, Dfywgo}kzq $900:+

jkwgvzf o yfhlkwbo bènkgo, fwzklo pflo xvhl Nhygâh Bèyxvfq ë gocwhnyhjo,

ghyhgzfyâwzkghw pfybfkhb wfvw zftzow# Ifycj $8;;4+ zhbiëb jkwgvzf h xvhwf cfgfwwkjhjf xvf

ow fwgykzoyfw lhzkco"hbfykghcow záb jf bfwglhy h zfbâ}fl yfhlkjhjf f ow jf}hcfkow jh

kbhnkchîço dvbhch chw wvhw oiyhw# Ovzyow hvzoyfw, gobo Yfwfcjf $9009+, zhbiëb hioyjhb

h yflhîço fczyf mkgîço, lkzfyhzvyh f fwphîo jf jk}vlnhîço aoychlâwzkgo# Hbhyhl $8;;=+ moycfgfyè

h jkwzkcîço jf gocgfkzow gobo wviafzk}kjhjf o oiafzk}kjhjf, jf bojo xvf h hcèlkwf jf gobofwwfw zfybow wf fcghkthb ‗ ov cço ‗ fb ghjh vbh jhw oiyhw wfyè jfzfybkchczf phyh zfczhy

glhwwkmkgè"lhw f fczfcjfy xvhl o zkpo jf lkcnvhnfb pyfjobkcov cow lk}yow#

:#9 Hw dkwz÷ykhw jf Gyúckgh f Cozâgkh

Nhiykfl Nhygâh Bèyxvfq chwgfv fb Hyhzhgh, Golúbikh, fb = jf bhyîo jf 8;94# Flf ë

gocwhnyhjo, co bfko lkzfyèyko, gobo vb jow bhkoyfw fwgykzoyfw jh Hbëykgh Lhzkch# Wvh fwgykzh

ë bhyghjh pflo fwzklo gdhbhjo yfhlkwbo mhczèwzkgo, xvf bkwzvyh flfbfczow jh yfhlkjhjf gob

jk}hnhîöfw jh kbhnkchîço dvbhch# ]èykhw jhw dkwz÷ykhw yfzyhzhjhw fb wfvw lk}yow záb yflhîço



7;

gob o gozkjkhco f hw lfbiyhcîhw jh }kjh jo hvzoy ‗ h ftfbplo jo lk}yo xvf ldf yfcjfv o

pyábko Coifl jf Lkzfyhzvyh fb 8;49, Gfb hcow jf wolkjço# Cfwwh oiyh, h }kjh jf wfvw h}÷w

bhzfycow $xvf gykhyhb Nhygâh Bèyxvfq hzë ow okzo hcow jf kjhjf+ kcwpkyhyhb ow pfywochnfcw

Aowë Hyghjko Ivfcjâh f Ñywvlh Knvhyèc#

Co ghwo jow lk}yow xvf wfyço hchlkwhjow cfwzf zyhihldo, hbiow wço ih

hgoczfgkbfczow yfhkw f goczáb flfbfczow xvf, jf hlnvbh moybh, fwzço py÷tkbow jo gozkjkhco

jo hvzoy# Gyúckgh jf vbh boyzf hcvcgkhjh $8;48+ ë h yfgocwzkzvkîço jo jkh fb xvf o ao}fb

Whczkhno Chwhy, jf 98 hcow, boyyfv# H pfgvlkhykjhjf ë xvf zojo o }klhyfao jf Wvgyf, ocjf

boyh}hb o chyyhjoy f h }âzkbh, whikh jo kbkcfczf hwwhwwkchzo, f povghw pfwwohw wf

boiklkqhyhb phyh kbpfjky o gykbf# Chwhy mok hgvwhjo jf jfw}kynkchy Hcnflh ]kgèyko, xvf wfghwov gob Ih{hyjo Whc Yobèc, vb moyhwzfkyo xvf wf kcwzhlov ch pfxvfch gkjhjf# Ch cokzf jf

cñpgkhw, Hcnflh mok jf}ol}kjh h wvh mhbâlkh, pokw fyh kchgfkzè}fl xvf vbh bvldfy wf ghwhwwf

xvhcjo aè dh}kh wkjo “}kolhjh‒# Whczkhno Chwhy ë woiykcdo jf ihzkwbo jf Lvkwh Whczkhnh, h

bçf jo chyyhjoy ‗ jhâ wvynf h yflhîço jf pyotkbkjhjf jf Nhygâh Bèyxvfq gob o fcyfjo jh

dkwz÷ykh# Bhkw jf }kczf hcow jfpokw jo hwwhwwkchzo, o chyyhjoy yfzoych ho po}ohjo phyh

fczyf}kwzhy ow fc}ol}kjow f zfczhy fczfcjfy o xvf hgoczfgfv ch oghwkço xvf yfwvlzov co

hwwhwwkchzo#

Aè Cozâgkh jf vb wfxüfwzyo $8;;=+ zyhzh jh ocjh jf gykbfw xvf hgoczfgfv ch Golúbikh fb

8;;0, zojow yflhgkochjow gob o chygozyèmkgo xvf, ch ëpogh, fyh gobhcjhjo pflo zyhmkghczf

Philo Fwgoihy# H oiyh zyhihldh gob o yfzyhzo jow goczftzow polâzkgow f wogkhkw jh ëpogh, bhw

zhbiëb pfybkzf hpyomvcjhbfczo cow wfczkbfczow jow fc}ol}kjow cow jfq wfxvfwzyow xvf wço

jfzhldhjow poy Nhygâh Bèyxvfq# Jfpokbfczow jf mhbklkhyfw, mknvyhw polâzkghw

phyzkgkphczfw $jkyfzow ov kcjkyfzow+ jow hgoczfgkbfczow pfybfkhb h chyyhzk}h f gocgfjfb h flhghyèzfy jf yfhlkjhjf f pyomvcjkjhjf chw kc}fwzknhîöfw#

:#7 Nhiykfl Nhygâh Bèyxvfq, o aoychlkwzh

H ghyyfkyh jf Nhygâh Bèyxvfq co aoychlkwbo gobfîov fb 8;:4, how }kczf hcow jf kjhjf# Ow

gocwzhczfw gocmyoczow xvf h Golúbikh, wvh zfyyh chzhl, fcmyfczov, }ço jfwjf h jkwpvzh fczyf

phyzkjow polâzkgow jf ftzyfbh jkyfkzh f fwxvfyjh hzë goczyolf jow chygozyhmkghczfw woiyf o phâw#

Fwwf ñlzkbo mhzoy ë vb jow kcwpkyhjoyfw jo lk}yo Cozâgkh jf vb wfxüfwzyo $8;;=+, co xvhl

Nhygâh Bèyxvfq chyyh vbh wëykf jf hgoczfgkbfczow xvf yfwvlzhyhb ch ghpzvyh f boyzf jf vb



:0

jow bhkoyfw gykbkcowow golobikhcow, Philo Fwgoihy# Fwwf ë vb jow jfbocwzyhjoyfw xvf

kcjkghb h ghynh jf hpyotkbhîço xvf Nhygâh Bèyxvfq bhczëb gob hw dkwz÷ykhw xvf yflhzh# Ë o

ghwo jow jokw lk}yow hchlkwhjow cfwzf zyhihldo1 fb Cozâgkh $8;;=+, o hvzoy yflhzh hw

jkmkgvljhjfw xvf wfv phâw jf oyknfb fcmyfczov phyh gocwfnvky wf lk}yhy jo gobhcjo jow

gobfygkhczfw jf jyonhw# Co ghwo jh Gyúckgh $8;48+, o hvzoy yflhzh ow ihwzkjoyfw jh $yfhl+

dkwz÷ykh jo hwwhwwkchzo jf Gh{fzhco Nfczklf Gdkbfczo, vb hbkno jf kcmécgkh jf Nhygâh

Bèyxvfq# Co lk}yo, flf ë hpyfwfczhjo gobo Whczkhno Chwhy#

Cfwwfw jokw zyhihldow, Nhygâh Bèyxvfq pújf wf hpyo}fkzhy jow wfvw gocdfgkbfczow hjxvkykjow

chw yfjhîöfw jf aoychkw# Hw zèzkghw jf hpvyhîço f pfwxvkwh, zâpkghw jo aoychlkwbo, wço

fwwfcgkhkw phyh xvf o hvzoy pvjfwwf yfgocwzyvky hw dkwz÷ykhw f yfzyhzè"lhw how lfkzoyfw, jf moybhzço jfzhldkwzh f lkcfhy, xvf flfw wf wkczhb phyzf jh dkwz÷ykh f gocwknhb hpyffcjfy ow

wknckmkghjow jow hgoczfgkbfczow yflhzhjow# Lono co kcâgko jo lk}yo Gyúckgh $8;4=+, Nhygâh

Bèyxvfq jfzhldh h pfygfpîço jo hbikfczf co xvhl o gykbf wf phwwov, ch pfywpfgzk}h jow

dhikzhczfw jo pfxvfco }klhyfao#

Hw bvkzhw pfwwohw xvf flf fcgoczyov jfwjf xvf whkv jf ghwh àw =d06 hzë xvf mok yfzhldhjogobo vb poygo, vbh doyh jfpokw, lfbiyh}hb"wf jflf vb povgo wocolfczo bhw jf iob

dvboy, f gob zojow gobfczov jf vb bojo ghwvhl xvf fyh vb jkh bvkzo iockzo# Ckcnvëbfwzh}h gfyzo wf flf wf yfmfykh ho fwzhjo jo zfbpo $BÈYXVFQ, 8;48, p# 80+#

Bfwbo pfybfhjh jf flfbfczow wviafzk}ow, hj}kcjow jhw opkcköfw jow fczyf}kwzhjow phyh h

pyojvîço jo lk}yo, h jfwgykîço jfzhldhjh pojf pyopoygkochy ho lfkzoy gfyzo câ}fl jf

fc}ol}kbfczo ch dkwz÷ykh, aè xvf flf $pyo}h}flbfczf+ }hk gobpyffcjfy ifb o gfcèyko jfwgykzo#

Fb Cozâgkh jf vb wfxüfwzyo $8;;=+, Bèyxvfq mhq vbh goczftzvhlkqhîço jo bobfczo polâzkgo

f wogkhl jh ëpogh# Gob kwwo, pyogvyh jfbocwzyhy o dkwz÷ykgo xvf yfwvlzov ch zobhjh jf pojfy

jow chygozyhmkghczfw#

H Golúbikh cço dh}kh zobhjo gocwgkácgkh jf wvh kbpoyzécgkh co zyèmkgo bvcjkhl jf jyonhwhzë xvf ow chygozyhmkghczfw fczyhyhb ch hlzh polâzkgh jo phâw pflh poyzh zyhwfkyh, pykbfkyogob wfv gyfwgfczf pojfy jf goyyvpîço f wvioyco, f jfpokw gob hwpkyhîöfw py÷pykhw# U###R Obozk}o pykcgkphl jfwwh nvfyyh fyh o zfyyoy xvf ow chygozyhmkghczfw wfczkhb jkhczf jhpowwkiklkjhjf jf wfyfb ftzyhjkzhjow phyh ow Fwzhjow Vckjow, ocjf pojfykhb wfy avlnhjowpoy jflkzow hlk gobfzkjow f wvibfzkjow h pfchw jfwgobvchkw $BÈYXVFQ, 8;;=, p# 9>+#

Cozh"wf xvf, co bfwbo bobfczo, Nhygâh Bèyxvfq $8;;=+ jè hw ftplkghîöfw phyh hw

zfbfykjhjfw jow zyhmkghczfw $h ftzyhjkîço phyh ow FVH+, ho bfwbo zfbpo fb xvf fwglhyfgf jf

xvf moybh ow gykbkcowow gocwfnvkyhb hjfczyhy ch polâzkgh jo phâw# O pykbfkyo ghwo goczh gob



:8

o vwo jf }èykow hjafzk}ow, hlëb jf goczhy gob h wviafzk}kjhjf jow fczyf}kwzhjow ‗ hmkchl jf

goczhw, wço hw lfbiyhcîhw pfwwohkw jflfw xvf nvkhb Nhygâh Bèyxvfq pfl

Phyzkgvlhybfczf co wfnvcjo ghwo ftfbplkmkghjo, pfygfif"wf xvf dè bfcow hjafzk}ow co zftzo,

f xvf dè bhkw pyfogvphîço jo hvzoy fb goczftzvhlkqhy o bobfczo, vwhcjo wvh py÷pykh }oq, jo

xvf hjfczyhy chw fboîöfw jf pfywochnfcw f moczfw phyh wvpyky fwwh zhyfmh# Jfkth"wf, fczço, co

ghwo jo zyfgdo jo lk}yo Cozâgkh jf vb wfxüfwzyo $8;;=+, bfcow fwphîo phyh wviafzk}kjhjfw, o

xvf gvbpyf h oykfczhîço jf Lhnf $9006+ woiyf o fwmoyîo xvf o aoychlkwzh jf}f zfy phyh yfgdfhy

wfvw zftzow jf gocwzhzhîöfw oiafzk}hw#

Zyhxvkch $9006+ zyhzh jh jkwgvwwço woiyf h zkyhckh jo mhzoy zfbpo f h pyfwwh# Chw yfjhîöfw jf

aoychkw f jfbhkw }fâgvlow kbpyfwwow jf jflkbkzhjh gkygvlhîço pfyk÷jkgh, hw kcmoybhîöfw}fkgvlhjhw hghihb yfpyfwfczhcjo vbh phyzf myhnbfczhjh jh yfhlkjhjf# Co ghwo jow jokw

lk}yow, Nhygâh Bèyxvfq pújf wf lk}yhy jfwwf fbpfgkldo# Hmkchl jf goczhw, dè vb kczfy}hlo jf

9> hcow fczyf h boyzf jf Whczkhno, fb 8;68, f o yfzoyco jo chyyhjoy ho }klhyfao# Chw phlh}yhw

jo py÷pyko1 “Zkcdh wocdhjo xvf hzyh}fwwh}h vb iowxvf jf nyhcjfw mknvfkyhw ocjf ghâh vbh

gdv}h iyhcjh U###R# ‛Wfbpyf wocdh}h gob èy}oyfw‛, jkwwf"bf wvh bçf 9> hcow jfpokw,

f}oghcjo ow poybfcoyfw jhxvflh wfnvcjh"mfkyh kcnyhzh‒ $BÈYXVFQ, 8;48, p# ;+# Gob o

lk}yo Cozâgkh, cço ë jkmfyfczf# Co pyfmègko, kczkzvlhjo Nyhzkjöfw, o hvzoy mhlh woiyf hwgocwzhzhîöfw jf xvf ow co}f wfxvfwzyow xvf hgoczfgfyhb phyhlflhbfczf ho yhpzo kckgkhl, jf

Bhyvah Phgd÷c, cço pojfykhb wfy jfw}kcgvlhjow jf vb bfwbo mfcúbfco gykbkcowo# Jkzo

kwwo, Bèyxvfq $8;;=+ ftplkgh how wfvw lfkzoyfw1

Fwzh gobpyo}hîço zhyjkh cow oiyknov h yfgobfîhy gob vbh fwzyvzvyh f vb múlfnojkmfyfczfw, phyh xvf ow pyozhnockwzhw zk}fwwfb wvh kjfczkjhjf ifb jfmkckjh f wfv py÷pykogfcèyko# Mok vbh wolvîço zëgckgh phyh vbh chyyhîço lhikyâczkgh xvf co moybhzo kckgkhl zfykhwkjo myhnoyowh f kczfybkcè}fl# Jfwzf bojo, poyëb, o zyhihldo pyf}kwzo phyh vb hco wfpyolocnov poy xvhwf zyáw U###R $BÈYXVFQ, 8;;=, p# 6+#

H phyzky jfwwh pfygfpîço, o hvzoy opzov poy ftphcjky o zfbpo jf fczyf}kwzhw f pfwxvkwhw gob

ow fc}ol}kjow co hgoczfgkbfczo jow wfxvfwzyow# O zfbpo jf pyojvîço jo lk}yo xvhwf xvf

zykplkgov, o xvf jfbocwzyh xvf Nhygâh Bèyxvfq zf}f nyhcjf ghynh jf lkifyjhjf zfbpoyhl phyh

gocglvky h wvh oiyh# Wfcjo hwwkb, goczhzh"wf xvf, fb pflo bfcow jvhw oghwköfw jh wvh

ghyyfkyh, o hvzoy golobikhco zf}f h gdhcgf jf jykilhy h goyykxvfkyh pyfwwh jow aoychkw f

yf}kwzhw# Fwwf zfbpo ë h yhqço pflh xvhl Nhygâh Bèyxvfq zf}f h gdhcgf jf bfynvldhy co

phwwhjo f yfgoczhy fwwhw dkwz÷ykhw ‗ wfbpyf vwhcjo h gowzvbfkyh xvhczkjhjf jf jfzhldfw,zoychcjo o chyyhjoy xvhwf xvf ockwgkfczf#



:9

:#: Hw moczfw1 xvfb jkwwf o xvá?

Yfzobhcjo o yhgkogâcko jf Lhnf $9007+, hw moczfw wço “kcwzkzvkîöfw ov pfywochnfcw xvf

zfwzfbvcdhb ov phyzkgkphb jf f}fczow jf kczfyfwwf pñilkgo‒ $LHNF, 9007, p# :;+# Wfnvcjo h

glhwwkmkghîço ftfbplkmkghjh co kzfb 9#: jfwzf zyhihldo, ow zkpow jf moczfw bhkw vzklkqhjow poy

Nhygâh Bèyxvfq cow jokw lk}yow hchlkwhjow wço jo zkpo kcjfpfcjfczfw f zfwzfbvcdhw# Jf mhzo,

hw pfywochnfcw xvf wf fcghkthb cfwwf pfymkl jkwpockiklkqhb yflhzow gob povghw gdhcgfw jf

jfzvyphîço $pflo bfcow gocwgkfczf ov kczfcgkochl+, aè xvf, wfnvcjo Lhnf $9007+, cço yf}flhb

wvhw kcmoybhîöfw gob o kczvkzo jf mh}oyfgfy hlnvbh kcwzkzvkîço ov }fywço jh dkwz÷ykh# Co

fczhczo, o fc}ol}kbfczo fbogkochl $ghyhgzfyâwzkgo jhw moczfw zkpozfwzfbvcdhw+ jowfc}ol}kjow pyo}á o lk}yo jf vbh nyhcjf ghynh fbogkochl, xvf pojf wfy}ky phyh jfbocwzyhy h

nyh}kjhjf jow hgoczfgkbfczow chyyhjow, f fc}ol}fy o lfkzoy chxvflh lfkzvyh#

O yflhzo fbogkochjo jow fc}ol}kjow ch wkzvhîço chyyhjh pflow lk}yow, kczfybfjkhjh pflh

kczfy}fcîço chyyhzk}h jo hvzoy, yfwvlzhb fb phyènyhmow gobo o jfwgykzo h wfnvky, fb xvf

Plègkjh Lkcfyo, h bçf jo mhlfgkjo Whczkhno Chwhy, jè wfv jfpokbfczo ho chyyhjoy jf Gyúckgh

jf vbh boyzf hcvcgkhjh $8;48+1

Lono xvf hphyfgk co }ço jh poyzh gocmvcjkv"bf gob h lfbiyhcîh jf Whczkhno Chwhy#“Fwzh}h hâ‒, jkwwf"bf# “]fwzkh h yovph jf lkcdo iyhcgo lh}hjh w÷ gob ènvh, poyxvf wvh pflffyh zço jflkghjh xvf cço wvpoyzh}h o yoîhy jo fcnobhjo#‒ Mkgov ihwzhczf zfbpo wfczhjh chyfjf, bhwzknhcjo wfbfczfw jf bhwzyvîo, hzë xvf h klvwço jf xvf o mkldo }olzhyh mok fbioyh#Wvwpkyov fczço1 “Mok o dobfb jh bkcdh }kjh#‒ $BÈYXVFQ, 8;48, p# 8:+

Pfygfif"wf xvf Nhygâh Bèyxvfq cço povph ow jfzhldfw jfwgykzk}ow phyh yflhzhy h gfch jh

goc}fywh gob Plègkjh Lkcfyo1 fwzyhzënkhw gobo jfwgyf}fy o wvwpkyo xvf h bçf wolzov jvyhczf

o jfpokbfczo zhbiëb fcykxvfgfb h ghynh fbogkochl jhxvflh chyyhzk}h# Cfwwf zkpo jfphyènyhmo, }á"wf xvf cço dè cfcdvbh kcmoybhîço xvf wolvgkocf o bkwzëyko jo poy xvf h cok}h

}kolhjh bfczkv woiyf h wvh yflhîço gob Whczkhno, ov cfcdvbh ovzyh zyhbh jh dkwz÷ykh chyyhjh

poy Bèyxvfq $8;48+# O hvzoy wf pyfogvph wobfczf fb jfwgyf}fy o bobfczo jh goc}fywh, f

hpyomvcjhy wvhw pfwxvkwhw cow wfczkbfczow jhw moczfw, co xvf flhw xvfyfb gobphyzkldhy ‗ co

ghwo jh bçf jf vb mhlfgkjo, fwpfgkhlbfczf chw gocjkîöfw fb xvf ogoyyfv h boyzf jf Whczkhno

Chwhy, fyh jf wf fwpfyhy xvf mowwf vb yflhzo yfplfzo jf wfczkbfczow#



:7

Co ghwo jf Cozâgkh jf vb wfxüfwzyo $8;;=+, o hvzoy wf jkwpúw h kcglvky co lk}yo }èykow zkpow jf

jfpokbfczow jkmfyfczfw jhw moczfw# Hw kcmoybhîöfw xvf fbihwhb zojo o jfgoyyfy jo lk}yo wço

jhw }âzkbhw ov pfwwohw py÷tkbhw jflhw, bhw hw mhlhw jow gykbkcowow zhbiëb gocwzhb co

zyhihldo# Ov wfah, bfwbo xvf Bèyxvfq cço zfcdh ov}kjo h }fywço jkyfzhbfczf jow ihcjkjow

xvf phyzkgkphyhb jow yhpzow, flfw zhbiëb záb }oq co lk}yo Cozâgkh jf vb wfxüfwzyo# Co

zyfgdo h wfnvky, o hvzoy bfwglh hw mhlhw jf jokw pfywochnfcw jo lk}yo1 o bhykjo jf Ifhzykq

$vbh jhw pykbfkyhw wfxüfwzyhjhw+, o polâzkgo Hlifyzo ]kllhbkqhy, f vbh ghyzh fwgykzh pflo

zyhmkghczf golobikhco, Philo Fwgoihy# H pykbfkyh jfglhyhîço ë h jo gykbkcowo1

“Cço wf pyfogvpf poy $zfy mfkzo+ wvhw jfglhyhîöfw à kbpyfcwh pfjkcjo xvf bf ftzyhjkzfb#Wfk xvf zvjo jhyè gfyzo f xvf cço bf nvhyjhyè yhcgoyfw, poyxvf h lvzh fb jfmfwh jf wvhmhbâlkh cço zfb oiafzk}ow jkmfyfczfw jhw xvf fv zyh}o fb jfmfwh jh bkcdh#‒ ]kllhbkqhy yflhgkocov hxvflh myhwf gob vbh hczfykoy jf Fwgoihy, ch xvhl jkwwf wfczky"wf fc}fynocdhjopoy zfy Bhyvah gobo yfmëb, pokw h iyknh cço fyh gob flh f wkb gob o bhykjo# ]kllhbkqhy aèzkcdh jkzo jf ovzyh moybh1 “Gobo pojf wfy xvf, wf h iyknh ë fczyf c÷w jokw, xvfb fwzè fbwfv pojfy wfah h bkcdh bvldfy?‒, f pyopúw fb gocwfxüácgkh xvf mowwf zyoghjo poy Bhyvahphyh cfnogkhy fb pfwwoh# Fwgoihy cço hgfkzov $BÈYXVFQ, 8;;=, p# 986+#

H bkwzvyh jf jfpokbfczow jhw moczfw gocwvlzhjhw ë pyopowzh poy Lhnf $9007+# Fbioyh co

ftfbplo yfmfykjo co kzfb 9#: jfwzf zyhihldo fwzfah yflhgkochjo gob o vwo jhw jfglhyhîöfw jf

jokw ftpfyzw $xvf cço ë o zkpo jf moczf fwgoldkjh poy Nhygâh Bèyxvfq cow wfvw lk}yow+, pojf"wf

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zço hlbfahjh f kjfhlkqhjh pflow aoychlkwzhw, wfnvcjo Hbhyhl $8;;=+#

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poy ftfbplo# Jvyhczf zojh h oiyh, o hvzoy jè bhkw ácmhwf àw jfglhyhîöfw jhw }âzkbhw jo xvf àw

jow ihcjkjow, o xvf pojf wfy fczfcjkjo gobo vbh pkwzh woiyf xvhl lhjo jo bvyo o hvzoy

gocwkjfyh bhkw kbpoyzhczf yfzyhzhy#

Woiyf h fwgoldh jf xvhkw jfglhyhîöfw kcglvky co lk}yo Gyúckgh jf vbh boyzf hcvcgkhjh$8;48+, Bèyxvfq zhbiëb fwgoldf kcwfyky ow jfpokbfczow fbogkochjow f fczfcjkbfczow

wviafzk}ow jow phyzkgkphczfw# Co ftfbplo h wfnvky, flf ftpöf o fczfcjkbfczo xvf ow dhikzhczfw

jf Wvgyf zk}fyhb jo fc}ol}kbfczo jow pykcgkphkw pfywochnfcw xvf fwzh}hb yflhgkochjow ho

hwwhwwkchzo jf Whczkhno Chwhy1

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nyhcjfqh, jo xvkcdço jf cozoykfjhjf xvf h }kjh ldfw zkcdh jfwzkchjo# Whczkhno Chwhy ftpkhyh h kcañykh, ow kybçow ]kgèyko pyo}hyhb wvh gocjkîço jf dobfcw, f h kybç fcnhchjhfwzh}h ovzyh }fq fb powwf jf wvh docyh# O ñckgo xvf zkcdh pfyjkjo fyh Ih{hyjo WhcYobèc# “O poiyf Ih{hyjo‒, gobo mok lfbiyhjo jvyhczf hcow $BÈYXVFQ, 8;48, p# 897"89:+#

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jfpokbfczow jf moczfw, o wkbplfw gykzëyko jh fwgoldh jf xvhkw mhlhw kcglvky, f o jfwzhxvf jhjo

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pyojvîço jow zyhihldow lkzfyèykow# Woiyf h yflhîço fczyf yfhlkjhjf f lkzfyhzvyh, Bokwëw $8;>6+hmkybh xvf h mkgîço ë fczfcjkjh gobo vb vck}fywo kczfykoy# Ë lè, cfwwh fwpëgkf jf fwgocjfykao,



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xvf ow pyojvzow jh pfygfpîço wfcwâ}fl f fbozk}h jh yfhlkjhjf hbikfczf fwzço hybhqfchjow f

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h kbhnkchîço ë fczfcjkjh gobo vbh “zyhcwmknvyhjoyh jo yfhl, ch bfjkjh fb xvf zyhcwmoybh o

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Bèyxvfq $8;48+, vwhcjo fwwfw yfgvywow jfwgykzow hgkbh, gologh o pyozhnockwzh gobo }âzkbh,

gobo hlnvëb xvf cço pújf mvnky jhw mhzhlkjhjfw jo jfwzkco#

Zhbiëb co lk}yo Cozâgkh jf vb wfxüfwzyo $8;;=+ fwwfw zyhîow pojfb wfy kjfczkmkghjow# O

chyyhjoy jfwgyf}f hw gyfcîhw f nowzow jow wfxvfwzyhjoyfw jf Bhyvah f Ifhzykq, zhbiëb

kczfyghlhcjo myhwfw lkzfyhkw jow pfywochnfcw gob h chyyhzk}h#

]k}khb hmfyyhjow ho bfwbo Bfckco Afwvw f à bfwbh Bhykh Hvtklkhjoyh jf wfvwwfxüfwzyhjow# Yfqh}hb zojow ow jkhw phyh kbployhy h pyozfîço f h bkwfykg÷yjkh jflfw, gobvbh jf}oîço pfy}fyzkjh, pokw omfyfgkhb jfwphgdow f whgykmâgkow phyh xvf havjhwwfb coátkzo jf wfvw gykbfw# Jfpokw jf wvh jf}oîço pflow whczow, zkcdhb jf}oîço pflo Yod{pcol,vb zyhcxüklkqhczf xvf ldfw pfybkzkh gobfzfy ch }kjh yfhl hw pyofqhw jo gkcfbh# “Bkwzvyhjogob vbh gfy}fah jè lono vbh ocjh lfnhl ‗ ftplkgh}h vb }knkh# ‗ Fczço hlnvëb bffbpyfwzh vb zyfqokzço f fv yovio vb ghyyo phyh phwwfhy# O nowzkcdo ë h ghyh jf zfyyoy jflfwxvhcjo fczyfnhb hw gdh}fw#‒ Ojkh}hb zojo o yfwzo1 ow polâzkgow, o no}fyco, o Fwzhjo, havwzkîh, h polâgkh, h wogkfjhjf kczfkyh# H }kjh, jkqkhb, fyh vbh bfyjh $BÈYXVFQ, 8;;=, p#=4+#

Jh bfwbh moybh xvf Lkbh $8;;6+, ^olmf $9006+ hnyvph xvhzyo zyhîow xvf fcykxvfgfb o

zftzo aoychlâwzkgo, moycfgfcjo lf}fqh f mlvkjfq cow zftzow# Wço flfw h jfwgykîço jfzhldhjh jh



:;

wkzvhîço chyyhjh5 ow jkèlonow gobplfzhbfczf yfnkwzyhjow5 o poczo jf }kwzh jh zfygfkyh pfwwoh5

f, poy ñlzkbo, o yfnkwzyo jow dèikzow f nfwzow jow pfywochnfcw fc}ol}kjow ch chyyhîço jo

f}fczo fb xvfwzço#

Vb ftfbplo xvf hiyhcnf fwwfw jokw pykbfkyow flfbfczow fwzè co wfnvcjo ghpâzvlo jf Cozâgkh

jf vb wfxüfwzyo $8;;=+1 o bhykjo jf Ifhzykq ]kllhbkqhy, o jovzoy Pfjyo Nvfyyfyo, mkgh

whifcjo xvf flh mok wfxvfwzyhjh# O zyfgdo bowzyh h goc}fywh fczyf flf f vb polkgkhl1

Mok kczfyyobpkjo poy vb zflfmocfbh jf vb omkgkhl jh polâgkh xvf pfynvczov gob vb fwzklopyomkwwkochl wf flf gocdfgkh Ifhzykq ]kllhbkqhy# “Glhyo ‗ yfwpocjfv o jovzoy Nvfyyfyo# ‗ Ëh bkcdh bvldfy#‒ O polkgkhl mfq vb iyf}f wklácgko f jkwwf cvb zob bhkw dvbhco1 “Ifb,cço mkxvf hmlkzo#‒ U###R

‗ Bhw o xvf mok xvf hgoczfgfv gob flh? ‗ pfynvczov#‗ Vb gdomfy mok hwwhwwkchjo ch fwxvkch jh Xvkczh H}fckjh gob h yvh 46 ‗ jkwwf o omkgkhl# ‗ Ë vb Yfchvlz 98 gkcqh"glhyo, gob plhghw jf Ionozè PW"907:# O wfcdoy kjfczkmkgh ocñbfyo?‗ Cço zfcdo h bfcoy kjëkh ‗ jkwwf o jovzoy Nvfyyfyo, kbphgkfczf# ‗ Bhw jknh lono o xvf

hgoczfgfv gob Ifhzykq#‗ H ñckgh gokwh xvf poy fcxvhczo pojfbow jkqfy ho wfcdoy ë xvf fwzè jfwhphyfgkjh ‗ jkwwfo omkgkhl# Fcgoczyhbow wvh iolwh co ihcgo jo ghyyo, f vbh hnfcjh ocjf fwzh}h fwgykzo xvflknhwwfb phyh o wfcdoy fb ghwo jf fbfynácgkh $BÈYXVFQ, 8;;=, p# 98"99+#

Gob kwwo, kjfczkmkghb"wf flfbfczow jf zfcwço ch chyyhzk}h, gobo h jfwgykîço jo zob jf }oq

vwhjo pflo omkgkhl jf polâgkh f jo py÷pyko jovzoy Nvfyyfyo# Ow jkèlonow pyogvyhb pyo}oghy hwfcwhîço jf pyotkbkjhjf jo lfkzoy gob h zyhbh xvf fwzè gobfîhcjo h wf jfwfcghjfhy#

O chyyhjoy jf Cozâgkh jf vb wfxüfwzyo $8;;=+ ogvph vbh powkîço ockwgkfczf, aè xvf jfwgyf}f

gob zhczow jfzhldfw o gozkjkhco f wfcwhîöfw âczkbhw jow fc}ol}kjow ch dkwz÷ykh# O zftzo ë

gocwzyvâjo gob h }oq chyyhzk}h ch zfygfkyh pfwwoh, zhbiëb phyh gvbpyky fwwf phpfl jf

ockwgkácgkh# Xvhcjo o chyyhjoy ftpöf o jkh"h"jkh jhw yfmëcw co ghzk}fkyo, jfwgyf}f jfzhldfw jh

yozkch xvf jf}fykhb wfy oiyknhzoykhbfczf gvbpykjow# Fwwfw jokw hwpfgzow goyyfwpocjfb how

ovzyow jokw flfbfczow gkzhjow poy ^olmf $9006+1 o poczo jf }kwzh ch zfygfkyh pfwwoh f o

yfnkwzyo jf dèikzow f nfwzow#

Ow nvhyjkçfw zhbiëb phyfgkhb wfxüfwzyhjow# Cço pojkhb wf bo}fy pflo yfwzo jh ghwh fjoybkhb jvyhczf wvhw doyhw jf jfwghcwo fb ovzyo xvhyzo, zyhcghjo gob ghjfhjo phyh xvfcço mvnkwwfb# U###R Wfb cfcdvbh yfnvlhykjhjf hphyfgkhb gdfmfw fcghpvqhjow f bhkw ifb"}fwzkjow, xvf yfgfikhb yflhz÷ykow f jkwzykivâhb kcwzyvîöfw# Wvhw jfgkwöfw kbpyf}kwâ}fkw f hw wfxüfwzyhjhw f ow nvhyjkçfw, ch bfwbh pyopoyîço, fwzh}hb à bfygá#U###RO ghmë jh bhcdç jhw yfmëcw gdfnh}h xvhcjo bfcow wf fwpfyh}h1 ghmë gob lfkzf f vbh iyoh

gob vbh whlwkgdh fb gkbh# Hlboîh}hb mfkaço ov lfczkldh cvbh ènvh gkcqfczh5 pfjhgkcdowjf ghycf fb poîhw jf noyjvyh, vbh goldfy jf hyyoq f vb yfmyknfyhczf# Zkcdhb jf gobfy wfczhjhw co golgdço, pokw cço dh}kh cfcdvbh ghjfkyh co xvhyzo, f w÷ jf goldfy, pokw nhymow



60

f mhghw fwzh}hb pyokikjow pflhw coybhw jf wfnvyhcîh# O ahczhy fyh kbpyo}kwhjo gob owmfkaöfw yfxvfczhjow f ovzyhw woiyhw jo hlboîo#

Fb Gyúckgh jf vbh boyzf hcvcgkhjh $8;48+, kjfczkmkgh"wf ovzyo zyfgdo fb xvf Nhygâh

Bèyxvfq vzklkqh"wf jow yfgvywow gkzhjow poy ^olmf $9006+# Co phyènyhmo h wfnvky, fcgoczyhb"

wf zyhcwgykîöfw jf jkèlonow, h ftpowkîço jf yozkchw f jfzhldfw âczkbow jow wfczkbfczow f

gobpoyzhbfczow jow pfywochnfcw fc}ol}kjow, zvjo pflh }oq jf vb chyyhjoy ch zfygfkyh

pfwwoh# H gfch phwwh"wf jfpokw xvf Bhynoz, h kybç jo chyyhjoy, jfwgoiyf xvf Whczkhno Chwhy,

wfv pykbo, fwzè avyhjo jf boyzf1

Bkcdh kybç }olzov h ghwh boyjfcjo"wf poy jfczyo phyh cço gdoyhy# Fcgoczyov bkcdh bçfch whlh jf ahczhy, gob vb }fwzkjo jobkckghl jf mloyfw hqvkw xvf }fwzkyh phyh h f}fczvhlkjhjf

jo ikwpo }ky cow gvbpykbfczhy, f fwzh}h ghczhcjo o mhjo jo hboy kc}kwâ}fl fcxvhczohyyvbh}h h bfwh# Bkcdh kybç cozov xvf dh}kh vb lvnhy h bhkw xvf jf gowzvbf#‗ Ë phyh Whczkhno Chwhy ‗ jkwwf"ldf bkcdh bçf# ‗ Bf jkwwfyhb xvf }ogá o goc}kjov phyhzobhy ghmë#‗ Zkyf"o ‗ jkwwf bkcdh kybç#Fczço ldf goczov# “Bhw mok gobo wf aè o wovifwwf‒, jkwwf"bf# “O bfwbo jf wfbpyf,xvhcjoh nfczf gobfîh h ldf goczhy hlnvbh gokwh, f hczfw xvf h dkwz÷ykh gdfnvf à bfzhjf, flh aèwhif gobo zfybkch#‒ Hxvflh bè cozâgkh fyh vb g÷jkno gkmyhjo phyh bkcdh bçf# WhczkhnoChwhy zkcdh fwwf cobf poy ghvwh jo cobf jflh, f flh fyh, hlëb jkwwo, wvh bhjykcdh jfihzkwbo U###R# Hkcjh cço hghihyh jf ov}ky h cozâgkh f aè fwzh}h gob ow whphzow jf whlzo f hbhczkldh jf knyfah xvf w÷ vwh}h, fczço, phyh hw }kwkzhw jf páwhbfw# Bfv phk, xvf ov}kyh zvjojh ghbh, hphyfgfv jf pkahbh ch whlh jf ahczhy f ldf pfynvczov hwwvwzhjo hocjf kh#‗ Pyf}fcky bkcdh gobhjyf Plègkjh ‗ yfwpocjfv flh# ‗ Cço ë avwzo xvf zojo bvcjo whkih

xvf }ço bhzhy wfv mkldo, f wfah flh h ñckgh xvf cço whif#‗ Zfbow zhczow }âcgvlow gob flh gobo gob ow ]kgèyko ‗ jkwwf bfv phk#‗ H nfczf jf}f wfbpyf fwzhy jo lhjo jo boyzo ‗ jkwwf flh $BÈYXVFQ, 8;48, p# 7="7>+#

]á"wf, poyzhczo, xvf ftkwzfb chw jvhw oiyhw flfbfczow zâpkgow jh lkcnvhnfb lkzfyèykh ‗ zhczo

ow pyopowzow poy Lkbh $8;;6+ xvhczo poy ^olmf $9006+# Hbiow ow hvzoyfw gocgoyjhb xvf,

gob h kcglvwço jfwwfw yfgvywow, o lfkzoy zfb vbh yflhîço bhkw py÷tkbh gob h dkwz÷ykh xvf fwzè

wfcjo chyyhjh# Gob vb câ}fl jf fc}ol}kbfczo bhkoy, hw kcmoybhîöfw pojfb wfy bfldoy

hpyffcjkjhw, f h bfcwhnfb xvf wf pyfzfcjf zyhcwbkzky cço ë mhgklbfczf fwxvfgkjh#



68

6 GOCGLVWÇO

Fwzf zyhihldo wf pyopúw h hchlkwhy hw wkbklhykjhjfw f jkmfyfcîhw fczyf ow lk}yow Gyúckgh jf vbh

boyzf hcvcgkhjh $8;48+ f Cozâgkh jf vb wfxüfwzyo $8;;6+# Whif"wf, pykbfkyhbfczf, xvf o vwo

jf flfbfczow py÷pykow jo zftzo lkzfyèyko ë gobvb àw jvhw oiyhw# Fwwh phyzkgvlhykjhjf ë

yfwwhlzhjh poyxvf hbiow ow zyhihldow wço jf hvzoykh jo golobikhco Nhiykfl Nhygâh Bèyxvfq ‗

xvf zfb, gobo wvh pykcgkphl moybhîço, o zyhihldo jf aoychlkwzh ‗ poyzhczo, zëgckghw gobo

hpvyhîço, fczyf}kwzhw f wflfîço jf moczfw mkqfyhb phyzf jo pyogfwwo jf pyojvîço jhw jvhw

oiyhw# Fbioyh zhbiëb wfah gocwhnyhjo gobo hvzoy jf bvkzow ovzyow lk}yow jf mkgîço, ë

hyykwghjo jkqfy xvf wvhw oiyhw wço kcwpkyhjhw ftglvwk}hbfczf h phyzky jf jf}hcfkow jh

kbhnkchîço1 vb flfbfczo kbpoyzhczf xvf wfbpyf fwzf}f pyfwfczf chw wvhw oiyhw ë h yfhlkjhjf,gocmoybf jfwgykzo co kzfb 7#:, xvf zyhzh woiyf hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo yfhlkwbo bènkgo gkzhjhw

poy Dfywgo}kzq $900:+#

Jh bfwbh moybh hgoczfgfv gob ow jokw lk}yow xvf wfy}kyhb jf bhzfykhl fbpâykgo phyh fwzf

zyhihldo# Hbiow wço kcwpkyhjow fb hgoczfgkbfczow yfhkw f moyhb fwgykzow poy vb aoychlkwzh,

bhw o xvf wf zfb xvhcjo ow lk}yow wço lkjow cço ë vbh cozâgkh jf aoychl ov vbh bfyh

yfpoyzhnfb# Fbioyh ow zftzow nvhyjfb bvkzhw wfbfldhcîhw fczyf wk xvhczo à ftkwzácgkh jfzyhîow ghyhgzfyâwzkgow jh lkzfyhzvyh, h lfkzvyh jfwwfw zyhihldow jfbocwzyh o xvhczo hw jvhw oiyhw

wf jkwzkcnvfb# Hw jkmfyfcîhw gobfîhb ch glhwwkmkghîço jow jokw lk}yow1 vb, Gyúckgh jf vbh

boyzf hcvcgkhjh $8;48+, ë lkjo gobo vb yobhcgf jf cço"mkgîço f Cozâgkh jf vb wfxüfwzyo

$8;;=+ wf fcghkth co pfymkl jo lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb#

Woiyf h jkwzkcîço jfwwfw jokw nácfyow, Lkbh $8;;6+ jfmfcjf xvf o lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb “ë bvkzhw

}fqfw myvzo jh kcxvkfzvjf jo aoychlkwzh xvf zfb hlno h jkqfy, gob pyomvcjkjhjf, f cço fcgoczyhfwphîo phyh mhqá"lo co wfv ébikzo yfnvlhy jf zyhihldo, ch kbpyfcwh gozkjkhch‒ $LKBH, 8;;6,

p# 77+# Wfnvkcjo o pykcgâpko jh mhlzh jf fwphîo o xvhl o aoychlkwzh zfb xvf fcmyfczhy

jkhykhbfczf, wvynf vbh jhw pykbfkyhw jkmfyfcîhw ch flhioyhîço jow jokw lk}yow# Co pyfmègko jf

Cozâgkh jf vb wfxüfwzyo $8;;=+, o py÷pyko Nhygâh Bèyxvfq ftplkgh xvf h pyopowzh jo zyhihldo

jf pyojvîço jo lk}yo wvynkv poy wvnfwzço jf Bhyvah f wfv bhykjo, Hlifyzo ‗ xvf xvfykh

gobphyzkldhy gob zojo o bvcjo o jyhbh xvf Bhyvah fcmyfczov, f ftpoy hw yflhîöfw xvf kwwo

zkcdh gob zojo vb gfcèyko polâzkgo# Kckgkhlbfczf, o zyhihldo jf}fykh jvyhy vb hco, bhw hw

hpvyhîöfw mkqfyhb gob xvf fwwf zfbpo xvhwf xvf zykplkghwwf# O mhzo jf o hvzoy zfy zkjo fwwh



69

lkifyjhjf zfbpoyhl, bfwbo wf zyhzhcjo jf vb zyhihldo gob pyop÷wkzow aoychlâwzkgow, ë vb jow

kcjkghzk}ow jf xvf wf zyhzh jf vb lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb#

Hlëb jfwwf, pojf"wf gkzhy o zfbh jf hiyhcnácgkh gobo ovzyo jkmfyfcgkhl fczyf ow lk}yow# O

zfbh jf Cozâgkh $8;;=+ fwzè yflhgkochjo gob zojo vb gfcèyko polâzkgo f wogkhl jf kczfyfwwf

chgkochl# Co ghwo jf Gyúckgh $8;48+, fbioyh o gykbf zfcdh bvjhjo h }kjh jhw mhbâlkhw

fc}ol}kjhw ch jf}olvîço jf Hcnflh ]kgèyko f ch boyzf jf Whczkhno Chwhy, o cñbfyo jf

pfwwohw xvf womyfv gob fwwfw hgoczfgkbfczow ë gocwkjfyh}flbfczf bfcoy jo xvf co ghwo jf

Cozâgkh jf vb wfxüfwzyo $8;;=+# Hw wkzvhîöfw chyyhjhw co lk}yo Gyúckgh jf vbh boyzf

hcvcgkhjh $8;48+ gocgfycfb bvkzo bhkw àw pfwwohw jo pfxvfco }klhyfao jf Wvgyf, bfwbo

xvf wfahb ihwzhczf kcvwkzhjhw ‗ hmkchl, vb dobfb kcogfczf }hk jf fcgoczyo gob h boyzf fpovghw pfwwohw zfczhb kbpfjk"lo, fbioyh zojow whkihb jo kbkcfczf hwwhwwkchzo# Aè co ghwo jo

lk}yo Cozâgkh $8;;=+, zojo o phâw wf gobo}fv gob ow yhpzow, f h polâzkgh chgkochl wf boiklkqov

phyh xvf mowwf gologhjo vb mkb cow gocmlkzow f hw }âzkbhw pvjfwwfb }olzhy àw wvhw ghwhw#

Fczfcjf"wf, fb pykbfkyo lvnhy, xvf ë kcfnè}fl h pyfwfcîh jow flfbfczow jh lkzfyhzvyh chw jvhw

oiyhw hchlkwhjhw jf Nhiykfl Nhygâh Bèyxvfq# Bhkw jo xvf kwwo, gobpyo}ov"wf xvf h lkzfyhzvyh

cço ë myvzo jf jf}hcfkow ov wkzvhîöfw hj}kcjhw wobfczf jo kbhnkcèyko jo hvzoy1 poy bfkojflh, mhqfb"wf yfnkwzyow dkwz÷ykgow, f wfv phpfl gobo }fâgvlo jf zyhcwbkwwço jfwwhw dkwz÷ykhw f

ykxvfqhw wogkhkw ë ftplkgkzhjo co jfgoyyfy jfwzf zyhihldo#

Fb wfnvcjo lvnhy, gobpyo}h"wf xvf Cozâgkh jf vb wfxüfwzyo $8;;=+, pflow gykzëykow jf

hiyhcnácgkh, zfbpo f oiafzk}o jf pyojvîço, pojf wfy glhwwkmkghjo gobo vb lk}yo"yfpoyzhnfb,

poy kbplfbfczhy fb bhkoy fwghlh ow flfbfczow zâpkgow jo aoychlkwbo chw wvhw pènkchw ‗

fwpfgkhlbfczf co xvf gocgfycf ho phpfl xvf Nhygâh Bèyxvfq jfwzkch ho zyhihldo, f xvf fwzèco pyfmègko jo bfwbo#

Aè co ghwo jf Gyúckgh jf vbh boyzf hcvcgkhjh $8;48+, }fykmkgh"wf xvf ow gykzëykow jf

kcgfczk}o phyh h pyojvîço jo lk}yo jf}fb"wf ho mhzo jf wf zyhzhy jf vb hgoczfgkbfczo

kcvwkzhjo f o fwglhyfgkbfczo phyh ow boyhjoyfw jh }klh, f jfbhkw fc}ol}kjow $jkyfzh ov

kcjkyfzhbfczf+ ch boyzf jh Whczkhno, bfwbo xvf fwwh yfwpowzh zfcdh jfboyhjo 9> hcow#

Fbioyh hw zëgckghw aoychlâwzkghw jf pfwxvkwh, hpvyhîço f fczyf}kwzhw zhbiëb, gfyzhbfczf,

coyzfkfb h pyojvîço jfwwf zyhihldo, h kcglvwço jf jfpokbfczow fbogkochjow, wfcwhîöfw

mhczhwkowhw f }èykow molgloyfw zâpkgow jh yfnkço jço ho lk}yo vb hy bhkw “lf}f‒# Hlëb jfwwfw



67

flfbfczow, h lkcnvhnfb vzklkqhjh ë ifb bhkw yfgdfhjh jf zëgckghw py÷pykhw jh lkzfyhzvyh, o xvf

pfybkzf xvf o zyhihldo wfah fcxvhjyhjo gobo vb yobhcgf jf cço"mkgîço, bvkzo bhkw py÷tkbo

jo vck}fywo lkzfyèyko jo xvf jo aoychlâwzkgo, gobo ë o ghwo jo ovzyo lk}yo xvf wfy}kv jf

bhzfykhl fbpâykgo phyh fwzf zyhihldo#



6:

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HBHYHL, Lvkq# H oiafzk}kjhjf aoychlâwzkgh# 8# fj# Poyzo Hlfnyf1 Whnyh, JGG Lvqqhzzo, 8;;=#

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GHJFYCOW jh gobvckghîço# Cf~ Aovychlkwb1 h yfpoyzhnfb gobo gykhîço lkzfyèykh# Yko jfAhcfkyo1 Pyfmfkzvyh jh Gkjhjf jo Yko jf Ahcfkyo, Wfgyfzhykh Fwpfgkhl jf Gobvckghîço Wogkhl#H Wfgyfzhykh, 9007# $Wëykf Fwzvjow5 }#>#+

GOWWOC, Ykljo# Yobhcgf"yfpoyzhnfb1 o kbpëyko goczhbkchjo# Kc1 GHWZYO, Nvwzh}o jf5

NHLFCO, Hlft $Oyn#+# Aoychlkwbo f lkzfyhzvyh1 h wfjvîço jh phlh}yh# 8# fj# Wço Phvlo1Fwgykzvyhw Fjkzoyh, 9009# ghp# =, p# 6>">0#

DFYWGO]KZQ, Dflokqh Noliwphc# O aoychlkwbo bènkgo jf Nhiykfl Nhygâh Bèyxvfq# Yf}kwzhFwzvjow fb Aoychlkwbo f Bâjkh# Mloykhc÷polkw, }# 8, c# 09, 900:# Jkwpocâ}fl <dzzp1//~~~#pfykojkgow#vmwg#iy/kcjft#pdp/aoychlkwbo/hyzkglf/}kf~Mklf/9040/84973# Hgfwwofb 09 wfz# 9080#

LHNF, Cklwoc# H yfpoyzhnfb1 zfoykh f zëgckgh jf fczyf}kwzh f pfwxvkwh aoychlâwzkgh# 7¡ fj#, Ykojf Ahcfkyo# Yfgoyj, 9007#

______

# Zfoykh f zëgckgh jo zftzo aoychlâwzkgo# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 Flwf}kfy, 9006#

LHAOLO, Bhykwh# O xvf ë lkzfyhzvyh# =¡ fjkîço# Wço Phvlo1 Iyhwklkfcwf, 8;46#

LKBH, Hlgfv Hboyowo# O aoychlkwbo gobo nácfyo lkzfyèyko# 9# fj# Fjkzoyh Hnky1 Yko jfAhcfkyo, 8;=;# $Golfîço Fcwhkow+

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66

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as linguagens de gabriel garcÍa mÁrquez: estudo do emprego de técnicas literárias e...

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