a administraÇÃo pÚblica e a mÍdia: análise do noticiário da folha de s. paulo relativo à copa...

8/7/2019 A ADMINISTRAÇÃO PÚBLICA E A MÍDIA: Análise do noticiário da Folha de S. Paulo relativo à Copa do Mundo de 201…

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http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Freeman_Clarke

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Freeman_Clarke



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hzkcnkjo jk}fywow jow wfvw oiafzk}ow, h wvh hzvhîço hvtklkov h kcwfyîço jh Hjbkckwzyhîço

Pñilkgh ch jkwgvwwço polâzkgh chgkochl#

9 Pykbfkyo pyfwkjfczf jh Yfpñilkgh flfkzo hp÷w o Yfnkbf Bklkzhy, Mfychcjo Golloy jf Bfllo ogvpov o ghyno poypovgo bhkw jf jokw hcow f bfko# Jvyhczf wvh ghbphcdh polâzkgh, pyfnh}h wfy o “Ghîhjoy jf Bhyhaèw‒, xvfboyhlkqhykh o wfy}kîo pñilkgo# Fb wfv no}fyco, cço gocwfnvkv goczfy ow hlzow âcjkgfw jf kcmlhîço xvf zobh}hb oIyhwkl, bfwbo zfcjo hcvcgkhjo, fb wfv pykbfkyo jkh jf bhcjhzo, o gocmkwgo jhw povphcîhw f goczhw goyyfczfw#Hp÷w vbh wëykf jf jfcñcgkhw jf goyyvpîço, yfcvcgkov jvyhczf o pyogfwwo jf kbpfhgdbfcz xvf fcmyfczh}h#

7 Ogoyykjo co ñlzkbo ikácko jh nfwzço jo pyfwkjfczf Mfychcjo Dfcykxvf Ghyjowo $8;;6"9009+, o fpkw÷jko johphnço, gobo mkgov gocdfgkjo, mok vbh gykwf xvf hmfzov h pyojvîço f jkwzykivkîço jf fcfynkh flëzykgh co Iyhwkl#Hlëb jh fwghwwfq jf gdv}hw, wço hpoczhjhw gobo ghvwhw phyh o ghwo h bè"nfwzço, hvwácgkh jf plhcfahbfczo fmhlzh jf kc}fwzkbfczow#



87

Iyfwwfy zhbiëb mok yfwpocwè}fl poy vb bo}kbfczo bfcow phlpè}fl fb zfybow lfnkwlhzk}ow$###+, wf fbpfcdov oiwzkchjhbfczf ch jkwwfbkchîço jf vb ykgo jfihzf co plhco mfjfyhl fcow fwzhjow woiyf co}hw moybhw jf nfwzço, $###+ Iyfwwfy wf hpokov cvbh kjëkh boiklkqhjoyh1h jf vbh hjbkckwzyhîço pñilkgh }olzhjh phyh yfwvlzhjow $###+ oiwfy}hcjo hw hîöfw jf }èykowno}fycow wvichgkochkw, pfygfif"wf mhgklbfczf h kcmlvácgkh jfwzhw kjëkhw ch hzvhîço jow

nfwzoyfw pñilkgow# $HIYVGKO, 900>, p# >8">9+#

Hiyvgko $900>+ gkzh gobo dfyjfkyhw jfwwf bo}kbfczo hw oynhckqhîöfw wogkhkw $OWw+ f hw

oynhckqhîöfw jh wogkfjhjf gk}kl jf kczfyfwwf pñilkgo $Owgkpw+, yfpyfwfczhczfw jf vb fwphîo

pñilkgo cço fwzhzhl# O fwpâykzo jfwwh kjfkh pojf wfy }kwzo, doaf, chw gdhbhjhw phygfykhw

pñilkgo"pyk}hjhw $PPPw+#

Co wfnvcjo bhcjhzo jf MDG, dov}f h ftzkcîço jo Bhyf, poy wvnfwzço jo py÷pyko bkckwzyo

Iyfwwfy, fb yhqço jh hpyo}hîço jh fbfcjh gocwzkzvgkochl 8;: f h jflfnhîço jh nfwzço pñilkgh

ho Bkckwzëyko jo Plhcfahbfczo# Kwwo golhioyov phyh o fcmyhxvfgkbfczo jo zfbh ch hnfcjh

chgkochl, o xvf mok yfmoyîhjo pflh gdfnhjh jo Phyzkjo jow Zyhihldhjoyfw ho pojfy, fb 9009,

gob vbh co}h gocgfpîço jf Fwzhjo f jf ivyogyhgkh chgkochl#

Hiyvgko $900>+ jfwzhgh gkcgo poczow xvf cço mkghyhb yfwzykzow h vb pfyâojo no}fychbfczhl

fwpfgâmkgo, gob kbphgzow jkwpfywow, bhw xvf bfyfgfb bfcîço poy wvh kbpoyzécgkh1 ow

h}hcîow ch xvfwzço mkwghl, yfpyfwfczhjh pflh Lfk jf Yfwpocwhiklkjhjf Mkwghl5 bhkoy

phyzkgkphîço wogkhl5 h}hcîow chw polâzkghw pñilkghw, pykcgkphlbfczf ch èyfh wogkhl5 h gykhîço

jow PPHw $plhcow plvykhcvhkw+, fbioyh bvkzow wf yfwzykcahb h vb oyîhbfczo plvykhcvhl5 f h

ftpfykácgkh jo no}fyco flfzyúckgo, pyopoygkochcjo bhkw kcmoybhîöfw, oynhckqhîço f yfjvîço

jf gvwzow#

O phpfl jfwzkchjo ho Fwzhjo ch wogkfjhjf }fb phwwhcjo poy bvjhcîhw jf pfygfpîço f

kjfolonkhw hzyh}ëw jow hcow# Gvcdh f Gvcdh $9007+ lfbiyhb xvf, hp÷w h gykwf jf 8;9;, h

}kwço jh hvzo"yfnvlhîço jo bfyghjo f jo Fwzhjo hpfchw gobo jfmfcwoy jh oyjfb mok

nyhjhzk}hbfczf wviwzkzvâjh# Hzfczo àw xvfwzöfw wogkhkw, o Fwzhjo zoycov"wf moybvlhjoy jf

: H fbfcjh gocwzkzvgkochl 8; bojkmkgov coybhw woiyf fwzhiklkjhjf f hgfwwo h ghynow pñilkgow, lkgkzhîöfw fhjbkckwzyhîço kcjkyfzh# Hlnvcw ftfbplow wço h gykhîço jf gykzëykow fwpfgkhkw phyh lkgkzhîço jf fbpyfwhw pñilkghwf jf wogkfjhjf jf fgocobkh bkwzh5 h flf}hîço jo fwzènko pyoihz÷yko jo wfy}kjoy jf jokw phyh zyáw hcow5 hwwkbgobo hplkghîço jf h}hlkhîöfw jf jfwfbpfcdo pfyk÷jkghw phyh ow mvcgkocèykow5 kcwzkzvkîço jf lkbkzfwoyîhbfczèykow phyh nhwzow gob hzk}ow f kchzk}ow, hlëb jf zfzo jf 90& phyh nhwzow gob ghynow jf gocmkhcîh#



8:

polâzkghw pñilkghw cow bhkw jk}fywow ghbpow# “Hw polâzkghw pñilkghw záb wkjo gykhjhw gobo

yfwpowzh jo Fwzhjo àw jfbhcjhw xvf fbfynfb jh wogkfjhjf f jo wfv py÷pyko kczfykoy‒

$GVCDH5 GVCDH, 9007, p# 89+#

Co fczhczo, o zfybo pñilkgo ftpyfwwh vb aono jf kczfyfwwfw f pyfmfyácgkhw jow hzoyfw wogkhkw,

gob jfgkwöfw pyk}hjhw wfcjo zyhcwmoybhjhw fb hîöfw pñilkghw, xvf hmfzhb h zojow $GVCDH5

GVCDH, 9007+# Cfwwf wfczkjo, Ioywhck $9006+ jkq xvf ow hzoyfw fc}ol}kjow cfwwf goczftzo

zfczhb pozfcgkhlkqhy wfvw ifcfmâgkow ch fwgoldh jhw polâzkghw pñilkghw, hp÷w hw jfgkwöfw

kcjk}kjvhkw wfyfb zobhjhw yfwpfkzhcjo vb wkwzfbh jf yfnyhw f pyogfjkbfczow golfzk}ow

pyf}khbfczf fwzhiflfgkjow#

Ioywhck $9006+ mhq zhkw h}hlkhîöfw ihwfhjo ch Zfoykh jh Fwgoldh Pñilkgh $ZFP+# H ZFP

hioyjh gobo jfgkwöfw kcjk}kjvhkw ov jf vb yfwzykzo nyvpo hmfzhb h golfzk}kjhjf,

jkmfyfcgkhcjo"wf hwwkb, jow fwzvjow fgocúbkgow, xvf jkbkcvfb o ghbpo polâzkgo ho hzo jf

yfnvlhy o bfyghjo f wfvw hnfczfw, f jh Gkácgkh Polâzkgh, bhkw pyfogvphjh fb zfoykqhy o

mvcgkochbfczo jf yfnkbfw#

Co hwpfgzo fgocúbkgo, h ZFP jkmfyfcgkh"wf zhczo jh goyyfczf cfoglèwwkgh, poy cço hgyfjkzhy chhvzo"yfnvlhîço jo bfyghjo, gobo zhbiëb jh }fyzfczf ef{cfwkhch, poy jkwgoyjhy xvf ow

no}fycow powwhb yfnvlhy h hzk}kjhjf fgocúbkgh jf moybh whzkwmhz÷ykh#

Wfnvcjo fwwh hcèlkwf, polâzkgow f ivyogyhzhw, jh bfwbh moybh xvf fbpyfwèykow fgocwvbkjoyfw ch fgocobkh cfoglèwwkgh, wço hzoyfw yhgkochkw f fwzço bozk}hjow pflo kczfyfwwfpy÷pyko, xvf co ghwo jow polâzkgow gocwkwzf fb hzkcnky o pojfy f/ov bhczfy"wf cflf# U###R Hgocglvwço jh ZFP ë xvf ftkwzfb mhldhw ch hîço jow no}fcow, jh bfwbh moybh xvf ftkwzfbmhldhw co mvcgkochbfczo jo bfyghjo# $IOYWHCK, 9006, p# 806+

Fb bfko à cfgfwwkjhjf jf wf moybvlhy polâzkghw pñilkghw fmkghqfw phyh h popvlhîço, o

Gocnyfwwo, yfpyfwfczhczf jo po}o co pojfy gocwzkzvâjo, wfykh o bfjkhjoy kjfhl# Fczyfzhczo, hw

fwgoldhw jh bhkoykh }ozhczf co Lfnkwlhzk}o pojfb cço whzkwmhqfy h bhkoykh jh popvlhîço# Kyço

jfgfpgkochy pykcgkphlbfczf gkjhjçow bhkw jkwzhczfw jh bëjkh# Phyh fwglhyfgfy kwwo, Ioywhck

$9006+ hpoczh o Zfoyfbh jo Flfkzoy Bfjkhco, xvf yf}flh h zfcjácgkh ho gfczyo jow nyhcjfw



86

phyzkjow f polâzkgow, aè xvf powkîöfw bhkw yhjkghkw fcmyfczhb bhkoyfw yfwkwzácgkhw jf nyvpow

oynhckqhjow#

Hw }ozhîöfw, fwgoldhw jf zfbhw f polâzkghw pñilkghw cço pojfb wfy hchlkwhjhw kwolhjhbfczf# H

oyjfb jf jkwgvwwço, kcglvwço jf fbfcjhw f cfnogkhîöfw hlzfyh o gocavczo jow kczfyfwwfw# H

phyzky jkwwo, mkgh glhyo o pojfy jf xvfb goczyolh h hnfcjh fb vbh Ghwh Lfnkwlhzk}h# H

kczyojvîço jf co}ow zfbhw phyh hpyfgkhîço xvhcjo avlnhy cfgfwwèyko, jkwpfywhcjo pyfmfyácgkhw

f gykhcjo co}hw gocgoyyácgkhw, ë vb jow yfgvywow powwâ}fkw jf xvfb jfzëb fwwh pyfyyonhzk}h#

O flfkzoy mhq hlno phyfgkjo xvhcjo, poy ftfbplo, }ozh fb vb ghcjkjhzo bhkw myhgo phyh

fcmyfczhy o wfv fwgoldkjo fb vb wfnvcjo zvyco, }kwhcjo h yfzkyhy vb opocfczf jo plfkzo

$IOYWHCK, 9006+#

Vbh wolvîço hpoczhjh poy Ioywhck $9006+ ë o gdhbhjo ‒lonyollkcn‒, xvf wknckmkgh o

kczfygébiko jf }ozow, poy bfko jf ovzyhw lfkw ov kcglvwço jf fbfcjhw# O lonyollkcn ë vbh

bfjkjh phyh wvpfyhy hw lkbkzhîöfw hczfykoybfczf hpyfwfczhjhw, hlëb jf havjhy h jhy

yfpyfwfczhzk}kjhjf àw bkcoykhw# Co fczhczo, hlnvcw zf÷ykgow jkwgvzfb h fmkgègkh jo pyogfwwo,

pykcgkphlbfczf fb vb gfcèyko gob bhkoykhw f gohlkqöfw wfb nyhcjf wkczockh# Cfwwfw ghwow,

zyhkîöfw f o yobpkbfczo jf hlkhcîhw pojfb jfnykcnolhy fb pfyjhw wogkhkw#

Hkcjh ch èyfh wogkhl, hlnvcw pyoilfbhw }áb wfcjo }k}fcgkhjow poy phâwfw jf zojo o bvcjo

jfwjf o mkb jo wëgvlo TT, gobo h pyfghykqhîço jhw yflhîöfw zyhihldkwzhw, mhbklkhyfw f wogkhkw

pyopykhbfczf jkzhw# Jk}fywow no}fycow goyzhyhb ifcfmâgkow wogkhkw, fctvnhyhb o cñbfyo jf

wfvw ifcfmkgkhjow f pyk}hzkqhyhb pyonyhbhw ov hzfcjkbfczow# O Iyhwkl, jvyhczf h hifyzvyh

polâzkgh f wvh yfjfbogyhzkqhîço, poy ovzyo lhjo, ivwgov h ftphcwço jhw polâzkghw wogkhkw

$GVCDH5 GVCDH, 9007+#

O no}fyco Lvlh zobov bfjkjhw kbpoyzhczfw co xvf zhcnf à Hjbkckwzyhîço, gobo co “U###R

yfmoyîo jf hlnvbhw ghyyfkyhw, co ghbpo jo no}fyco flfzyúckgo f ch co}h boljhnfb xvf jfv à

Goczyolhjoykh Nfyhl jh Vckço, doaf vb kbpoyzhczf kcwzyvbfczo co gobihzf à kcfmkgkácgkh f à

goyyvpîço‒ $HIYVGKO, 9006, p# >>+# Co fczhczo, ow pfzkwzhw cço pykoykqhyhb h xvfwzço jh

nfwzço pñilkgh, “U###R vb fyyo phyh xvfb zfb o oiafzk}o jfglhyhjo jf hvbfczhy h fmfzk}kjhjf



8=

jhw polâzkghw pñilkghw, cozhjhbfczf hw wogkhkw, wfb pyfavjkghy o cfgfwwèyko havwzf mkwghl‒

$HIYVGKO, 900>, p# >>+ Hlëb jkwwo, dov}f vb ftzfcwo vwo jow ghynow pñilkgow phyh mkcw

polâzkgow#

Hiyvgko $900>+ hpoczh xvhzyo poczow mvcjhbfczhkw phyh h bojfyckqhîço jo Fwzhjo1 h

pyomkwwkochlkqhîço, h fmkgkácgkh, h fmfzk}kjhjf f h zyhcwphyácgkh# Zhkw poczow }ço jf fcgoczyo

how pykcgâpkow ftpyfwwow jh Hjbkckwzyhîço Pñilkgh, gkzhjow hczfykoybfczf ‗ }hlf lfbiyhy, o jh

Lfnhlkjhjf, jh Kbpfwwohlkjhjf, jh Boyhlkjhjf, jh Pvilkgkjhjf f jh Fmkgkácgkh#

Co pykbfkyo fkto, wfykh cfgfwwèykh h pyomkwwkochlkqhîço jo hlzo fwghlço, h yfjvîço jow ghynow

fb gobkwwço, o moyzhlfgkbfczo jf ghyyfkyhw fwzyhzënkghw, bhkoyfw kc}fwzkbfczow ch ghphgkzhîço

jo wfy}kjoy pñilkgo f vbh co}h yflhîço fczyf Fwzhjo f wkcjkghzow, pykcgkphlbfczf gob vbh

co}h yfnvlhbfczhîço jo jkyfkzo jf nyf}f, jhcjo vb ghyèzfy jf cfnogkhîço golfzk}h, wfb

zhczow pyfavâqow how bhkw poiyfw, bvkzhw }fqfw }âzkbhw jh kyyfwpocwhiklkjhjf jf bo}kbfczow

nyf}kwzhw $HIYVGKO, 900>+#

O wfnvcjo poczo ë h fmkgkácgkh, ch xvhl ë cfgfwwèykh vbh “bvjhcîh ch l÷nkgh jo oyîhbfczo,

doaf bhyghjh pflo jfwgobphwwo fczyf o plhcfahbfczo bhkw nfyhl jf bfzhw f h moybh gobo hpfîh ë flhioyhjh f ftfgvzhjh hcvhlbfczf‒ $HIYVGKO, 900>, p# 48+#

O oyîhbfczo iyhwklfkyo ë fcnfwwhjo, fcxvhczo hw fbfcjhw phylhbfczhyfw myhnbfczhb"wf fb

jfbhwkh, pfybkzkcjo how phylhbfczhyfw pojfy jf jfgkwço xvhwf cvlo# “Ow phyzkjow f,

fwpfgkmkghbfczf, o Lfnkwlhzk}o zoychb"wf kcghphqfw jf jfmkcky vbh hnfcjh pyonyhbèzkgh f

wkwzábkgh jf polâzkghw no}fychbfczhkw‒ $HIYVGKO, 900>, p# 48+# Co Iyhwkl, Hiyvgko hpoczh h

nyhcjf hvzocobkh jo Ftfgvzk}o myfczf ho oyîhbfczo, fb fwpfgkhl jo Bkckwzëyko jh Mhqfcjh,xvf pyfavjkgh polâzkghw pñilkghw jf locno pyhqo hzyh}ëw jo goczkcnfcgkhbfczo jf yfgvywow#

H fmfzk}kjhjf zhbiëb ë mvcjhbfczhl# Phyh hlghcîè"lh, h pykcgkphl moybh ë h nfwzço poy

yfwvlzhjow# “Phyh zhczo, ë pyfgkwo oykfczhy h hjbkckwzyhîço pñilkgh poy bfzhw f kcjkghjoyfw‒

$HIYVGKO, 900>, p# 49+# Jf}f"wf gobihzfy, hkcjh, h myhnbfczhîço doaf oiwfy}hjh,



8>

pykoykqhcjo hîöfw kczfy f kczyh"wfzoykhkw# Ovzyo poczo kbpoyzhczf ë vbh yfnvlhbfczhîço bhkw

glhyh ow wfy}kîow pñilkgow, jk}kjkjow fczyf Fwzhjo, wfzoy pyk}hjo f Zfygfkyo Wfzoy#

O xvhyzo fkto hpoczhjo ë h zyhcwphyácgkh, “U###R pokw h hjbkckwzyhîço pñilkgh iyhwklfkyh w÷ wfyè

bhkw fmkgkfczf f fmfzk}h ghwo powwh wfy goiyhjh f goczyolhjh pflh wogkfjhjf‒ $HIYVGKO,

900>, p# 4:+# Aè dè vbh wëykf jf ÷ynçow, zykivchkw f gocwfldow gob fwwf mkb ‗ bhw wfvw phpëkw

cço wço gvbpykjow#

Gvcdh f Gvcdh $9007+ yfwwhlzhb h cfgfwwkjhjf jf vbh jf}kjh kbplfbfczhîço jf vb bojflo

jf Fwzhjo jfwgfczyhlkqhjo# Wço cfgfwwèykhw co}hw pyèzkghw, wfjkbfczhjhw fb pyfgfkzow zëgckgo"

polâzkgow# Phyh kwwo, bvkzow bvckgâpkow ftfgvzhb wvhw jf}kjhw hîöfw wfb h pyfogvphîço

cfgfwwèykh gob ow aè gkzhjow bfzhw f yfwvlzhjow# Phyh h fmfzk}kjhjf jhw pyèzkghw fwpfyhjhw,

gyfwgf h jfbhcjh poy ÷ynçow nfwzoyfw ghphqfw jf ozkbkqhyfb ow kcwzyvbfczow nfyfcgkhkw,

hwwkb gobo ow yfgvywow dvbhcow f wvhw dhiklkjhjfw#

Hw hîöfw wogkhkw záb wkjo oynhckqhjhw pflhw gdhbhjhw yfjfw pyfwzhjoyhw jf wfy}kîo, xvf, phyh

wvh oynhckqhîço, “U###R pyfwwvpöfb h fmfzk}hîço jf phygfykhw fczyf no}fyco Ufb wfvw zyáw

câ}fkwR f wogkfjhjf gk}kl‒ $GVCDH5 GVCDH, 9007, p# 84+# Hw hvzoyhw lfbiyhb xvf fwwfwkwzfbh cfgfwwkzh jh goopfyhîço fczyf hw kcwzécgkhw co plhcfahy, gooyjfchy, oynhckqhy f h}hlkhy

hw hîöfw jfwfc}ol}kjhw# How nfwzoyfw, ghif gooyjfchy o “U###R wkwzfbh f h kcgoypoyhîço jf

pyèzkghw f bfghckwbow xvf pfybkzfb o plhcfahbfczo, bockzoyhbfczo f h}hlkhîço jow

yfwvlzhjow hlghcîhjow pflhw hîöfw f o kbphgzo jhw polâzkghw pñilkghw ch bfldoykh jh xvhlkjhjf

jf }kjh jow vwvèykow U###R‒, $GVCDH5 GVCDH, 9007, p# 8;+#

Gvcdh f Gvcdh $9007+ zhbiëb hpoczhb h cfgfwwkjhjf jf hjozhy bojflow bhkw mlftâ}fkw#

U###R hw ftknácgkhw hzvhkw xvhczo à nfwzço wogkhl hpoczhb phyh h cfgfwwkjhjf jf yfco}hîço jfpyogfwwow zëgckgo"ivyogyèzkgow, zyhjkgkochlbfczf jfwfc}ol}kjow co wfzoy pñilkgo# Zoych"wfkbpyfwgkcjâ}fl h hjoîço jf bojflow jf nfwzço mlftâ}fkw f phyzkgkphzk}ow, kwzo ë, bfcowdkfyèyxvkgow f bhkw doykqoczhkw U###R $GVCDH5 GVCDH, 9007, p# 98+#

Vbh co}h nfyhîço jf no}fychczfw, gobo Hëgko Cf}fw f Fjvhyjo Ghbpow, zyovtfyhb hnfwzço pñilkgh phyh h hnfcjh chgkochl, pyopocjo bojflow kco}hjoyfw ‗ wfnvkcjo, kcglvwk}f, h



84

l÷nkgh jh jfwgfczyhlkqhîço# Co fczhczo, o zfbh hkcjh cço nhcdov o goypo fwpfyhjo# Zhl}fq fbflfkîöfw mvzvyhw, moyîhw polâzkghw powwhb wf hnlvzkchy fb zoyco jh kbpoyzécgkh bfyfgkjh pflozfbh $HIYVGKO, 900>+#

8#9 Bâjkh f Polâzkgh

8#9#8 H yflhîço fczyf h Bâjkh f o Bfko Polâzkgo

H yflhîço fczyf h gobvckghîço jf bhwwh f h polâzkgh mok wf hlzfyhcjo ho locno jo zfbpo# Vbh

moybh phyzkjèykh opkchzk}h zyhcwmoybov"wf, aè dè hlnvbhw jëghjhw, fb vbh goc}k}ácgkh

phvzhjh pflo pyomkwwkochlkwbo# Nobfw $900>+ yf}flh zyáw bojflow xvf moyhb gocwzkzvâjow holocno jo zfbpo# O pykbfkyo, ch moybh jf kbpyfcwh, jfwjf h yflhîço fczyf ow kbpyfwwow f h

hwgfcwço jh ivynvfwkh, hzë wvh wvijk}kwço fczyf pvilkghîöfw jf wkzvhîço f opowkîço# Fb vb

wfnvcjo bobfczo, ow bfkow jf gobvckghîço zyhqfb o yèjko, Z] f gkcfbh phyh avczo jow

kbpyfwwow# Fwwfw bfkow, hczknhbfczf, fyhb }kwzow hpfchw gobo ghchkw phyh moybhy opkcköfw

hgfygh jo Fwzhjo# O zfygfkyo bojflo, xvf wf zoycov pyfjobkchczf ho locno jo wëgvlo TT,

hzfcjf à cfgfwwkjhjf jf vbh kcmoybhîço oiafzk}h f kbphygkhl#

Cfwwf bobfczo, fczyh fb gfch h mknvyh jo hcvcgkhczf, xvf ho xvfyfy zoychy wfvw pyojvzow

gocdfgkjow, }khiklkqh fwwh co}h yflhîço# “Ë yhqoè}fl wvpoy, fczço, xvf wvynf yfhlbfczf vbh

kcjñwzykh jh kcmoybhîço hpfchw xvhcjo fwzh phwwh h }fcjfy h bfyghjoykh “hzfcîço pñilkgh‒ ov

“hvjkácgkh‒ how hcvcgkhczfw $NOBFW, 900>, p# 60"68+# Cfwwf xvhjyo, cço dè bhkw vbh

bfjkhîço ifb"jfmkckjh, h yflhîço fczyf h gobvckghîço f h polâzkgh zyhcwmoybh"wf fb }èykow

ghbpow f kczfymhgfw# Vbh gocwfxvácgkh ë h pyomkwwkochlkqhîço jh gobvckghîço polâzkgh, gob

vbh kbpoyzécgkh ghjh }fq bhkoy jh zflf}kwço f gob ow phyzkjow pfyjfcjo kbpoyzécgkh#

H bâjkh zobh ghjh }fq bhkw fwphîo jow phyzkjow polâzkgow f jfwfbpfcdh wvhw mvcîöfw

zyhjkgkochkw, zhkw gobo “$h+ jfmkcky h hnfcjh U###R ch fwmfyh pñilkgh, $i+ nfyhy f zyhcwbkzky

kcmoybhîöfw polâzkghw, $g+ mkwghlkqhy h hîço jhw hjbkckwzyhîöfw pñilkghw, $j+ ftfygfy h gyâzkgh



8;

jhw polâzkghw pñilkghw, $f+ ghchlkqhy hw jfbhcjhw jh popvlhîço avczo ho No}fyco‒ $JF

LKBH6, 8;;4, hpvj LKBH, 9008, p# 8;8+#

H goc}fynácgkh zfgcol÷nkgh U###R gologov h bâjkh gobo flfbfczo mvcjhbfczhl jhfcnyfchnfb jh nloihlkqhîço fgocúbkgh f gvlzvyhl f gobo o wfzoy bhkw jkcébkgo jhfgocobkh kczfychgkochlkqhjh U###R Cço wvypyffcjf, poyzhczo, xvf h bâjkh zfcdh zhbiëb wfzyhcwmoybhjo fb phlgo f oiafzo pyk}klfnkhjo jhw jkwpvzhw pflo pojfy polâzkgo chgoczfbpoyhcfkjhjf# $LKBH, 9008, p# 8>6"8>=+#

Gob h kbpoyzécgkh ghjh }fq bhkoy jh bâjkh f wvh jfgoyyfczf pyomkwwkochlkqhîço, h

kbpoyzécgkh jf pyfgfkzow ëzkgow ë ghjh }fq bhkw glhyh# Cfwwf wfczkjo, cço dè ëzkgh jo

pyomkwwkochl, fwzhcjo flf fczyf h bâjkh f o bfko polâzkgo ov fb jfbhkw ghbpow# H ëzkgh ë

jfzfybkchjh pflo gkjhjço gocwzkzvâjo $BHYZKCW, 9006+#

Ë cfgfwwèyko zfy hzfcîço h pfxvfchw cvhcgfw1 o aoychlkwzh pojf cço wfy wvioychjo, bhw ë

pyo}è}fl xvf yfgfih goc}kzfw phyh ahczhyfw f mfwzhw, h pykcgâpko, wfb goczyhphyzkjh# O

aoychlkwzh jf}f bhczfy wvh lfhljhjf àw moczfw, how golfnhw, à ghzfnoykh, ho wfv gdfmf, à

fbpyfwh, à ghyyfkyh f à wogkfjhjf ‗ fwzh wfbpyf gobo pykoykzèykh# Ë kbpoyzhczf lfbiyhy xvf

kwwo cço wknckmkgh lfhljhjf à opkckço pñilkgh $BHYZKCW, 9006+#

H yflhîço fczyf polâzkgow f aoychlkwzhw, f}fczvhlbfczf, jfwghbih phyh h pyobkwgvkjhjf# Kwwo

hgoczfgf xvhcjo o pyomkwwkochl hjozh vbh powzvyh gocjfcè}fl, pfybkzkcjo xvf fwwh dkp÷zfwf

zoycf"wf yfhlkjhjf# Hw gfczfchw jf jfpvzhjow f jfqfchw jf wfchjoyfw f bkckwzyow fwzço wfbpyf

jkwpowzow h mhlhy, ë plhvwâ}fl xvf o aoychlkwzh gocwknh moczfw hgfwwâ}fkw f jf xvhlkjhjf bfwbo

cço mlftkiklkqhcjo wfvw pyfgfkzow boyhkw#

O gvkjhjo gob hw moczfw ‗ bvkzhw }fqfw gob kczfyfwwfw ch kcmoybhîço ‗ co yflhgkochbfczo

pfwwohl ë fwwfcgkhl# Fb wvbh, }hlf o iob"wfcwo# Mfwzhw f ahczhyfw pojfb wfy hczyow jf

kcmoybhîöfw, bhw yfnhjhw h gocmlkzow boyhkw# $BHYZKCW, 9006+#

6 JF LKBH, ]# H# Gobvckghîço f gvlzvyh co mkchl jo wëgvlo TT1 h hzvhlkjhjf jf Phvlo Myfkyf# Kc1 Myfkyf, H#B#H# $oyn+# Pfjhnonkh jh lkifyjhjf jf Phvlo Myfkyf# Wço Phvlo1 Fj# VCFWP# 8;;4



90

Bvkzhw jhw kcmoybhîöfw oizkjhw cow ihwzkjoyfw wço fb omm # Bhyzkcw $9006+ hpoczh hlnvbhw jhw

yfnyhw jo omm 1 cço ihchlkqè"lo5 flf jf}f wfy pfjkjo ftplkgkzhbfczf5 hw kcmoybhîöfw jf}fb wfy

gdfghjhw5 flf cço ë }èlkjo phyh opkcköfw5 f cço pojf wfy vwhjo fb hzhxvfw à docyh# Fb

wkzvhîöfw ftzyfbhw, xvf fc}ol}hb gocmlkzow ëzkgow, flf pojf wfy xvfiyhjo#

Zyhxvkch $8;;;+ mhq zyáw pocjfyhîöfw h yfwpfkzo jh yflhîço moczf"aoychlkwzh# Fb pykbfkyo

lvnhy, ow goczhzow pyfwwvpöfb wknklo, pyozfnkjo poy lfk ‗ gob ftgfîöfw ftgfpgkochkw# Hlëb

jkwwo, o aoychlkwzh jf}f wfbpyf lfbiyhy xvf hw moczfw zhbiëb powwvfb wfvw kczfyfwwfw cfwzh

yflhîço# Fwzhiflfgf"wf, hkcjh, h pyopoygkochlkjhjf fczyf h powkîço jh moczf f h gyfjkiklkjhjf jh

kcmoybhîço#

Zyhzhcjo jf moybh bhkw phyzkgvlhy o zyhihldo jo aoychlkwzh polâzkgo, }hlf gocwzhzhy xvf h

fwzyvzvyh dkfyhyxvkqhjh goczkcvh h bfwbh chw yfjhîöfw jow nyhcjfw aoychkw# Co fczhczo, gob h

}oq jo pñilkgo ‗ bhkw gyâzkgo f plvyhl ‗ mhqfcjo"wf bhkw pyfwfczf, h opkckço jow jocow jow

}fâgvlow goczh bfcow hzvhlbfczf, poy goczh jhw coz÷ykhw cfgfwwkjhjfw gobfygkhkw# Jf

xvhlxvfy moybh, h jfzfybkchîço f gobpfzácgkh jo aoychlkwzh goczkcvhb goczhcjo bvkzo

$BHYZKCW, 9006+#

Phyh Bhyzkcw $9006+, o bhkw kbpoyzhczf ë zfczhy yfgoldfy o bètkbo jf kcmoybhîöfw powwâ}fkw,

aè xvf, fb nfyhl, yhyhw }fqfw ow aoychlkwzhw polâzkgow hgobphcdhb h cozâgkhw kczfnyhlbfczf#

Hlëb jkwwo, xvfb goiyf polâzkgh cço pojf wf mfgdhy fb Iyhwâlkh# Hpfwhy jf h gkjhjf wfy o

gfczyo jo pojfy chgkochl, ow py÷pykow polâzkgow fwzço fb goczhzo gocwzhczf gob wvhw ihwfw f,

fb jkmfyfczfw nyhvw, wvafkzow à opkckço pñilkgh#

O aoychlkwzh polâzkgo jf}f fwzhy hzfczo ho cozkgkèyko jkèyko# Gvbpykcjo vbh phvzh fwpfgâmkgh,cço jf}f wf mfgdhy phyh ovzyow hgoczfgkbfczow $BHYZKCW, 9006+# Ë cfgfwwèyko xvf flf

jobkcf h cozâgkh hlëb jo mhgzvhl ‗ o xvf o hvzoy gdhbh jf ihgenyovcj kcmoybhzkoc, o

gocdfgkbfczo pyë}ko# O aoychlkwzh zhbiëb jf}f zfy wfcwo gyâzkgo phyh lkjhy gob kcmoybhîöfw f

jkwgvywow, bvkzhw }fqfw fcghbphcjo kczfyfwwfw wfzoykhkw ov pfwwohkw# Hzë phyh kwwo, Bhyzkcw

$9006+ yfwwhlzh h kbpoyzécgkh jf gocdfgfy ifb ow pykcgkphkw hzoyfw polâzkgow, wvhw



98

pfywochlkjhjfw, fwzklow, bëzojow# Fwwf gocdfgkbfczo ë zço kbpoyzhczf xvhczo jobkchy h gfch

polâzkgh, mlhnyhcjo hw hlzfyhîöfw co xvhjyo nfyhl#

Bhyzkcw $9006+ hlfyzh phyh h cfgfwwkjhjf jf o aoychlkwzh gocdfgfy ifb ow pyogfjkbfczow jo

loghl fb xvf zyhihldh1 WZM, Gocnyfwwo, Ftfgvzk}o ‗ ov zojow flfw# Phyh kwwo, goc}fywhy gob

golfnhw, moybhy vbh opkckço bhjvyh, zfy gocdfgkbfczow nfyhkw, yfhlkqhy vbh ioh pfwxvkwh wço

kbpoyzhczfw# Jf}f"wf zfy bvkzh hzfcîço gob o wfczkjo hzykivâjo à mhlh jow ovzyow, gobo co vwo

jf }fyiow# O wfczkjo gocozhzk}o pojf hlzfyhy vbh dkwz÷ykh $BHYZKCW, 9006+#

“Vb iob zftzo ë mvcjhbfczhl co aoychlkwbo# U###R Aoychlkwzh xvf cço whif fwgyf}fy ifb, co

bètkbo, ë vb pyomkwwkochl ghpfcnh#‒ $BHYZKCW, 9006, p# 806+# O aoychlkwzh jf}f zfy hzfcîço

àw wvhw pfygfpîöfw, phyh lfy o xvf cço fwzè fwgykzo, f whify xvf o lfhj cço ë vbh ghbkwh"jf"

moyîh# Flf havjh h oynhckqhy h kcmoybhîço#

8#9#9 H Kbhnfb f h Yfpyfwfczhîço Polâzkgh

Cço wço wobfczf hw gobpowkîöfw xvf jfzfybkchb átkzo ch gowzvyh jf hlkhcîhw polâzkghw, wfahb

flhw co Ftfgvzk}o ov co Lfnkwlhzk}o# Kncoyhcjo hw cfnogkhzhw xvf wf }hlfb jf hwpfgzowklfnhkw, zhkw gobpowkîöfw wço bhkw jfzfybkchczfw co Lfnkwlhzk}o, ghwh ocjf hw cfnogkhîöfw

gobpöfb vb jf wfvw pklhyfw ièwkgow# Co fczhczo, h fwmfyh gk}kl ë jfzfybkchczf fb ëpoghw jf

flfkîöfw# Co bfko polâzkgo f fb wvh cfnogkhîço, poyzhczo, mhzoyfw wogkhkw, fgocúbkgow f

yflhgkochjow ho pñilkgo wço }hykè}fkw $NOBFW, 900>+#

O gocwzhczf mlvto jf kcmoybhîöfw doaf ftkwzfczf mhq gob xvf hw flfkîöfw f h hpyo}hîço jh

opkckço pñilkgh hgoczfîhb jf moybh pyhzkghbfczf gocwzhczf $NOBFW, 900>+, gobo fb vbhflfkîço pfybhcfczf# Jo bfwbo bojo, w÷ xvfb zfb vbh kbhnfb gocwzkzvâjh co bvcjo

polâzkgo xvf hphyfgf ch bâjkh#

Ë fwzh bâjkh xvf zf}f o cozkgkèyko polâzkgo hlzfyhjo gob o phwwhy jow hcow, jfkthcjo jf zfczhy

goopzhy o lfkzoy f phwwhcjo h hjozhy vbh powzvyh bhkw cfvzyh# Fwwh zfcjácgkh ë gobpyo}hjh

poy Bhyzkcw $9006+, ch gobphyhîço fczyf bhcgdfzfw jf aoychkw jo fkto Yko"Wço Phvlo chw



99

flfkîöfw pyfwkjfcgkhkw jf 8;60 f 9009# Doaf, h cozâgkh ë ghjh }fq bhkw kczfypyfzhzk}h,

hzfcjfcjo hw ftknácgkhw jo pñilkgo# “H opkckço, co mvcjo, hpfchw wf hlkbfczh jo mhzo phyh

yfhmkybhy vb poczo jf }kwzh pyë}ko# Aè h kczfypyfzhîço ë vbh pykbfkyh lfkzvyh jo

hgoczfgkbfczo U###R‒ $BHYZKCW, 9006, p# 99+#

Bfwbo gob fwwh zfcjácgkh jo aoychlkwbo f hw ftpfgzhzk}hw poy phyzf jo pñilkgo cfwwf

wfczkjo, dè vbh }kwço jf bvcjo dfnfbúckgh, xvf hnf gobo vb wkwzfbh lfnkzkbhjoy,

woiyfpocjo opkcköfw f jfgkwöfw jf bfcoy yflf}écgkh# Fwwh kjfkh, ihwfhjh co gocgfkzo jf

dfnfbockh jf Nyhbwgk, ë hpyfwfczhjh poy Lkbh $9008+#

Cfwwf wfczkjo, ho bfwbo zfbpo fb xvf h bâjkh golhioyh phyh h “bhcvzfcîço jh kjfolonkh

polâzkgh jobkchczf U###R fwzè wvafkzh ho pyogfwwo dfnfbúckgo# U###R kwwo ftplkgh poy xvf

pojfbow fwpfyhy xvf h bâjkh mvcgkocf gobo hnfczf jf lfnkzkbhîço, hpfwhy jo mhzo jf xvf flh

ë kcjfpfcjfczf jo goczyolf polâzkgo‒ $ DHLLKC=, 8;4>, hpvj LKBH, 9008, p# 8=4+#

Hp÷w hioyjhybow h gkzhjh dfnfbockh, fb vb goczftzo xvf fc}ol}f bâjkh f pñilkgo, ghif

hchlkwhy o Gfcèyko jf Yfpyfwfczhîço Polâzkgh, wkzvhjo fb jk}fywow goczftzow zf÷ykgow,

wfnvkcjo vbh zyhjkîço jf fwzvjow wogkhkw, xvf moghb o kbhnkcèyko wogkhl f h gvlzvyh polâzkgh$LKBH, 9008, p# 8>>+# Hczfw jf fwbkvîhybow o Gfcèyko jf Yfpyfwfczhîço Polâzkgh, ghif

gobpyffcjfybow bfldoy o kbhnkcèyko wogkhl f h gvlzvyh polâzkgh xvf nvkhb wfvw fwzvjow#

Ow kbhnkcèykow wogkhkw wço yfmfyácgkhw jh golfzk}kjhjf, xvf gykh wvh kjfczkjhjf poy bfko jflfw#

H polâzkgh fwzè cfwwf gfcèyko, xvf jfpfcjf jh moyîh jow bfjkh phyh hbplkmkghy wvh

yfpyfwfczhzk}kjhjf $HLBOCJ>, 8;;0, hpvj LKBH, 9008+# Hlbocj wkczfzkqh h gvlzvyh polâzkgh

gobo vb hphcdhjo jf “oykfczhîöfw wviafzk}hw‒ fb yflhîço à polâzkgh5 hnyfnh gonckîço, hmfzo fh}hlkhîço5 hw ftpfykácgkhw ch kcmécgkh, ch }kjh hjvlzh f ch yflhîço gob h bâjkh wço hlnvbhw

= DHLLKC, J# G# Gobbfygkhlkwb hcj Pyomfwwkochlkwb kc zdf Hbfykghc Cf~w Bfjkh# Kc1 GVYYHC, A# fNVYF]KZGD, B# $fjw#+ Bhww Bfjkh hcj Wogkfz{# Locjyfw Fj~hyj Hycolj# 8;;=

> HLBOCJ, Nhiykfl# Zdf Wzvj{ om Polkzkghl Gvlzvyf# Kc1 HLBOCJ, Nhiykfl# H Jkwgkplkcf Jk}kjfj ‗ Wgdoolw

hcj Wfgzw kc Polkzkghl Wgkfcgf# Cf~ivy{ Phye# 8;;0#



97

jfwwhw ftpfykácgkhw gocwzkzvzk}hw jh gvlzvyh polâzkgh5 xvf, co fczhczo, cço kcmlvk jf moybh

jkyfzh h fwzyvzvyh, cfb bfwbo h polâzkgh jf No}fyco#

Powzo kwwo, }olzfbow ho Gfcèyko jf Yfpyfwfczhîço Polâzkgh $GY"P+# O gocgfkzo jf dfnfbockh

hczfykoybfczf gkzhjo ë hjozhjo gobo ihwf jf wvh jkwgvwwço, zfcjo fb }kwzh xvf flh ë h ihwf

jhw kcmlvácgkhw powzhw fb cowwh }kwço jf bvcjo#

Phyh h wvh jf}kjh gocwzkzvkîço, o GY"P ë ihwfhjo fb zyáw pklhyfw1 “$8+ h ftkwzácgkh jf vbh

wogkfjhjf bfjkh"gfczfyfj 5 $9+ o ftfygâgko jf vbh dfnfbockh5 f $7+ h ftkwzácgkh jh zflf}kwço

gobo bfjkvb jobkchczf‒ $LKBH, 9008, p# 84>+# H gfczyhlkjhjf jh bâjkh ‗ cço nfonyèmkgh,

bhw kcwfykjh fb vb goczftzo jf kcmlvácgkh f jkwgvwwço, how xvhkw ow ftglvâjow zoychb"wf

pfykmëykgow ‗ ë }kwzh ch fgocobkh, co wogkhl, ch gvlzvyh f ch polâzkgh# Lono, o Gfcèyko jf

Yfpyfwfczhîço Polâzkgh ë ihwfhjo fb vbh }kwço hzë gfyzo poczo vckmoybf jo bvcjo polâzkgo,

fb vbh wogkfjhjf ihwfhjh ch moyîh jh bâjkh, pykcgkphlbfczf jh zflf}kwço#

Cfcdvbh wogkfjhjf, poyëb, ë dobonácfh# Gocwfxvfczfbfczf, dè vbh kjfkh goczyèykh ho GY"

P1 h goczyh"dfnfbockh, }èlkjh ch bfjkjh fb jkwpvzhw phyhlflhw fczyf nyvpow hgoczfgfb h zojo

bobfczo $LKBH, 9008+# H yflhîço fczyf dfnfbockh f h GY"P mkgh bhkw glhyh ch bfjkjh fbxvf fwzf powwvk vb ghyèzfy, wkbvlzhcfhbfczf, gocwzkzvkjoy f gocwzkzvâjo ch wogkfjhjf $LKBH,

9008+#

Fb yflhîço ho jobâcko jh zflf}kwço co bvcjo goczfbpoyécfwo, pfwxvkwh jo KINF4 gocmkybh

xvf h Z] ë h pykcgkphl moczf jf kcmoybhîço polâzkgh jhw pfwwohw, cço kbpoyzhcjo h kjhjf ov

fwgolhykjhjf# Fb }èykow phâwfw, ow bfkow jf gobvckghîço powwvfb bhkw gyfjkiklkjhjf xvf

no}fychczfw f ovzyhw kcwzkzvkîöfw, gobo h Knyfah $LKBH, 9008, p# 8;:+# Fb yhqço jkwwo, h Z]ë hpoczhjh gobo coyzf jh wogkfjhjf bfjkh"gfczfyfj $LKBH, 9008+#

Ë kczfyfwwhczf oiwfy}hy xvf1 “Ch moybhîço jo GY "P co Iyhwkl goczfbpoyécfo, ftkwzfb}èykow flfbfczow xvf, fbioyh pyfwfczfw ch bâjkh, záb oyknfb hczfykoy h flh, }hlf jkqfy,flfbfczow xvf ftkwzfb fb cowwo kbhnkcèyko wogkhl f fb cowwh gvlzvyh polâzkgh bvkzo hczfw

4 dzzp1//~~~#kinf#no}#iy/dobf/fwzhzkwzkgh/popvlhgho/gocjkghojf}kjh/kcjkghjoyfwbkckbow/wvppbf/hchlkwfyfwvlzhjow8#wdzb , hgfwwhjo fb 89 jf co}fbiyo jf 9080



9:

jh ftkwzácgkh jf vbh gfczyhlkjhjf jh bâjkh ch wogkfjhjf iyhwklfkyh# U###R poy ftfbplo, o“hvzoykzhykwbo dkfyèyxvkgo f hyikzyèyko‒ $GDHVK, 8;4=+, h gvlzvyh polâzkgh jh jèjk}h f o“mfzkgdf jh knvhljhjf‒ $WHLFW, 8;;:+, ov h “jfwgocmkhcîh hyyhknhjh fb yflhîço à polâzkgh fhow polâzkgow‒ $GHBPFLLO JF WOVQH; hpvj LKBH, p# 8;=, 8;>+#

Cfwwf gfcèyko, ë powwâ}fl wvpoy xvf h jkwgvwwço woiyf h Hjbkckwzyhîço Pñilkgh zhbiëb wfah

hmfzhjh poy fwwfw flfbfczow# Co fczhczo, o phpfl f wvh moybh jf hioyjhnfb aè moyhb }èykhw

}fqfw bojkmkghjow chw ñlzkbhw jëghjhw, gobo oiwfy}hbow hczfykoybfczf# Bfwbo hwwkb, h

}kwço nfyhl woiyf o bfko polâzkgo cço phyfgf zfy wkjo hlzfyhjo jf moybh wknckmkghzk}h# Kwwo wf

jf}f how flfbfczow zyhcwkz÷ykow, xvf wf bkwzvyhb ho goypo jo GY"P# Hw hlzfyhîöfw hj}kcjhw

jfwwfw mhzoyfw cço cfgfwwhykhbfczf wknckmkghb fb vbh hlzfyhîço co pfcwhbfczo dfnfbúckgo

$LKBH, 9008, p# 8;>"8;4+# Wço ow gdhbhjow Flfbfczow Gocwzkzvzk}ow jo GY"P#

Powzo kwwo, wço jfwfc}ol}kjhw jvhw dkp÷zfwfw# Jf hgoyjo gob h pykbfkyh jflhw, o “GY "P

jobkchczf, fbioyh cço pyfwgyf}h ow goczfñjow jh pyèzkgh polâzkgh, jfbhygh ow lkbkzfw jfczyo

jow xvhkw hw kjëkhw f ow gocmlkzow polâzkgow wf jfwfcyolhb f wço yfwol}kjow U###R‒ $LKBH, 9008,

p# 8;4+# Jf hgoyjo gob h wfnvcjh dkp÷zfwf, vb polâzkgo jf}f havwzhy wvh kbhnfb ho GY"P

jobkchczf, woi pfch jf cço hlghcîhy átkzo#

O bfwbo ogoyyf gob h bâjkh# Fbioyh ghjh pfwwoh zfcdh wvhw phyzkgvlhykjhjfw, ë kbpoyzhczf

xvf o GY"P dfnfbúckgo jobkchczf wfah kjfczkmkghjo co bobfczo jh pyojvîço f jh

}fkgvlhîço jf cozâgkhw $LKBH, 9008+# Co fczhczo, fbioyh gyfjkzf nyhcjf kbpoyzécgkh à bâjkh,

h hjoîço jo gocgfkzo jf GY"P cço wknckmkgh jfwpyfqhy ow jfbhkw hzoyfw polâzkgow#

Jh bfwbh moybh, h ÷i}kh kbpoyzécgkh jhjh à kbhnfb jow polâzkgow f hnfczfw polâzkgow cço

jf}f wfy kczfypyfzhjh gobo bfcowpyfqo jh ghvwh polâzkgh, bfwbo wfcjo kckikjoyh ov

kcgfczk}hjoyh jf hlkhcîhw# Hmkchl, h kbhnfb jf vbh pfwwoh pñilkgh, lfbiyh Nobfw $900>+,cço ë cfgfwwhykhbfczf powkzk}h# Ë pfcwhcjo fb wvh py÷pykh kbhnfb xvf bvkzhw jhw wkzvhîöfw

ogoyyfb# O hvzoy gkzh o ghwo jh boyhz÷ykh bkcfkyh, ch nfwzço jf Kzhbhy Myhcgo à myfczf jo

; GHBPFLLO JF WOVQH, B# jo G# H Co}h Yfpñilkgh iyhwklfkyh1 woi h fwphjh jf Jéboglfw Kc1 WZFPHC, H#$fj#+ Jfbogyhzkqhcjo o Iyhwkl# Yko jf Ahcfkyo, Phq f Zfyyh# 8;;4



96

fwzhjo, xvhcjo o phnhbfczo ov cço jow yfgvywow povgo kbpoyzh}h phyh ow gomyfw jh Vckço#

Poy ovzyo lhjo, h kbhnfb jo phâw mkgov pyfavjkghjh kczfychgkochlbfczf, fb vb mlvto xvf

gdfnov, fb ñlzkbh kcwzécgkh, ho bfyghjo jf hîöfw# Co fczhczo, h kbhnfb doaf cço ghyfgf jf

vbh yfpyfwfczhîço }kwvhl#

Kbhnfb polâzkgh, fczyfzhczo, cço wknckmkgh jfcwkjhjf flfkzoyhl#

$###+ dè hnfczfw polâzkgow gob ftgflfczf kbhnfb, bhw gob phygo hpoko popvlhy f gob povghpowwkiklkjhjf jf átkzo flfkzoyhl# Wço pfwwohw f phyzkjow h xvf o pñilkgo hzykivk }hloyfwpyfjobkchczfbfczf powkzk}ow, bhw jhw xvhkw jfwghyzh xvhlkjhjfw xvf gocwkjfyh fwwfcgkhkw ovkbpoyzhczfw phyh o ftfygâgko jo no}fyco, poy ftfbplo# $NOBFW, 900>, p# 89=+#

Fwzhcjo ftplkghjh h yflhîço fczyf h kbhnfb kcwzkzvâjh f h polâzkgh, Nobfw $900>+ hlfyzh hkcjh

phyh o hphyfgkbfczo jf vb zfygfkyo flfbfczo, }hykè}fl jf hgoyjo gob h wkzvhîço# Flf gkzh

gobo ftfbplow o Avjkgkèyko, iyhîo cço"polâzkgo jo Fwzhjo, h fgocobkh ‗ co Iyhwkl, fwwf

xvhjyo ë hgfczvhjo, dhah }kwzh h dkwz÷ykh jf kcmlhîço f kcwzhiklkjhjf mkchcgfkyh ‗ f o

mkchcgkhbfczo jf ghbphcdhw# Zojow fwwfw mhzoyfw kczfymfyfb ch yflhîço fczyf ow jokw

pykbfkyow# Co ghwo jo mkchcgkhbfczo, hw ghcjkjhzvyhw bhaoykzèykhw, wfbpyf xvf hl}fahjhw gob

pfwxvkwhw jfwmh}oyè}fkw, phwwhb h womyfy kbfjkhzhbfczf gob mhlzh jf yfgvywow#



9=

9 JO MHZO À COZÂGKH

Yhqço bhkoy jo zyhihldo aoychlâwzkgo, zyhcwmoybhy dkwz÷ykhw f hgoczfgkbfczow fb cozâgkhw }fb

womyfcjo hlzfyhîöfw ho locno jow hcow# Phwwhcjo pflh }kwço hczknh jh pyomkwwço, jf ghîhjoy,

mhyfahjoy jf iohw phvzhw, hzë h phjyockqhîço jow pyogfwwow pyojvzk}ow, ghif fczfcjfy bfldoy

hw glhwwkmkghîöfw jfwwfw hgoczfgkbfczow, bhzëykh"pykbh jo omâgko jkèyko# Ghif, hkcjh,

jfw}fcjhy gobo fwwfw hgoczfgkjow, fczyf zhczow ovzyow, }ço phyhy ch kbpyfcwh#

9#8 O Hgoczfgkbfczo

O hgoczfgkbfczo ë h ghvwh jh pyèzkgh aoychlâwzkgh, bhkw phwwâ}fl jf vzklkqhîço ch bfjkjh fb

xvf flf moy bfcow pyf}kwâ}fl $YOJYKNVFW, 8;;;+#

O hgoczfgkbfczo aoychlâwzkgo ë, poy gocwfnvkczf, vb hgoczfgkbfczo jf chzvyfqh fwpfgkhl,jkwzkcnvkcjo"wf jo cñbfyo kcjfzfybkchjo jow hgoczfgkbfczow powwâ}fkw jf vbhglhwwkmkghîço ov jf vbh oyjfb jkzhjh pflh lfk jhw pyoihiklkjhjfw, wfcjo kc}fywhbfczfpyopoygkochl à pyoihiklkjhjf jf ogoyyácgkh $YOJYKNVFW, 8;;;, p# 9>+#

Yojyknvfw $8;;;+ gkzh zyáw glhwwkmkghîöfw jf hgoczfgkbfczow gobvbfczf zyhcwmoybhjow fb

mhzo aoychlâwzkgo1 o ftgfwwo, h mhldh f h kc}fywço# O pykbfkyo, jo fthnfyo, jo jfwpyopoygkochl,

pojf wfy vzklkqhjo phyh glhwwkmkghy hgoczfgkbfczow zfoykghbfczf yvkcw, jfwbfjkjow, gob

nyhcjfw mfkzow, wvpfyhîço jf lkbkzfw# Ch mhldh wço nfyhlbfczf powzow ow hgkjfczfw, jfwjf ow

chzvyhkw hzë ow pyobo}kjow pflo dobfb f poy wvhw gykhîöfw# Jfcobkch"wf gobo kc}fywço

zojow hxvflfw mhzow goczyèykow ho dhikzvhl, gobo h gëlfiyf dkwz÷ykh jo dobfb boyjfcjo o

ghgdoyyo#

Hwwkb wfcjo, o hgoczfgkbfczo, xvhcjo yflhzhjo, zoych"wf vbh cfnhzk}h jh coybhlkjhjf fbcowwo bvcjo, o cfnhzk}o jh yhgkochlkjhjf, gobo jfmkcf Yojyknvfw $8;;;+# Fcxvhczo o

yhgkochl ë pyf}kwâ}fl, o hgoczfgkbfczo hzyh}fwwh zhl l÷nkgh, jfwzhghcjo"wf fb vbh wvgfwwço jf

mhzow, gob pozfcgkhl phyh pfybhcfgfyfb yfnkwzyhjow ch dkwz÷ykh#



9>

Fczyfzhczo, dè ovzyh mknvyh jow hgoczfgkbfczow, ghjh }fq bhkw gobvcw, hxvflfw xvf wço

hnfcjhjow, plhcfahjow ov bfwbo gykhjow# Bvkzow jow hgoczfgkbfczow xvf kyço }kyhy cozâgkhw

aè fwzço pyf}kwzow fb phvzhw, bfwbo jkhw hczfw jo mhzo fb wk hgoczfgfy#

Cow ñlzkbow hcow, dov}f vbh ftplowço co cñbfyo jf hwwfwwoykhw jf kbpyfcwh, jf hwwfwwoyfw ‗

chzvyhlbfczf ‗ , f jf bhzfykhkw jkwpockiklkqhjow f fc}khjow phyh hw yfjhîöfw# Ow aoychkw doaf

jfpfcjfb jhw kcmoybhîöfw f jh pyojvîço jhw hwwfwwoykhw, ch goczyhbço jf vbh }kwço

yobéczkgh jhw yfjhîöfw#

H gocjkîço jf xvf o aoychlkwzh gobo hwwfwwoy jf kbpyfcwh wobfczf hpyfwfczh ow mhzow}hlfcjo"wf jo poczo jf }kwzh jh oynhckqhîço ov jo hwwfwwoyhjo, hwwvbkcjo, poyzhczo, phpflpolâzkgo f cço hpfchw zëgckgo, ë mhzo glhyo co aono jf yflhîöfw f hgfkzo mhgklbfczf pflhwyfjhîöfw, h xvfb ghif o phpfl jf hnky gykzkghbfczf f kc}fwzknhy hw kcmoybhîöfw yfgfikjhw$JVHYZF, 900;, p# ;:+#

Cfwwf wfczkjo, zhbiëb fwzè h gdhbhjh hnfcjh jf wfy}kîo, “gocwzkzvâjh fwwfcgkhlbfczf pflh

lkwzh jkèykh jow hgoczfgkbfczow xvf woiyf}k}fyço f gvah cozkgkhiklkjhjf ë, fb nyhcjf phyzf,

jhjh gobo gfyzh‒ $ZYHXVKCH, 8;;;, p# 989+#

Hwwkb wfcjo, mkgh glhyo xvf o zyhihldo jkèyko chw yfjhîöfw cço gobfîh gob o kcâgko joftpfjkfczf, mhyfahcjo ghwow f hgoczfgkbfczow# Dè vbh nyhcjf fwzyvzvyhîço, xvf gyfwgf ch

bfjkjh fb xvf ow }fâgvlow wço jozhjow jf bhkoy pyomkwwkochlkwbo, gobo fb xvhlxvfy nyhcjf

fbpyfwh#

Golobio $8;;4+ goyyoioyh fwwh lkcdh jf pfcwhbfczo# Ho jkwgvzky o chwgkbfczo jf vbh

cozâgkh, poy bfko jf hgoczfgkbfczow xvf wf zoychyhb cço w÷ cozâgkhw ‗ bhw cozâgkhw gëlfiyfw,

flf jfbocwzyh vb ghyèzfy jkwzkczo jh kbpyf}kwkiklkjhjf hpoczhjh poy Yojyknvfw#

H chzvyfqh jo zyhihldo aoychlâwzkgo, jkcébkgo, gvwzowo f gob moyzf gocgoyyácgkh, zoych ow

aoychlkwzhw wvwgfzâ}fkw h wkzvhîöfw bflkcjyowhw# Moczfw jkwgvzâ}fkw, jfwgocdfgkjhw f phyzkjèykhw,

wobfczf phyh mkghy fb hlnvcw ghwow glèwwkgow, wço gocwzhczfbfczf vzklkqhjhw# H hpvyhîço

bvkzhw }fqfw ë zfygfkykqhjh $GOLOBIO, 8;;4+# Kcwzkzvzow jf pfwxvkwhw, vck}fywkjhjfw f



94

jfbhkw kcwzkzvkîöfw hpyfwfczhb zyhihldow f gocglvwöfw wfb yfgfify, fb goczyhphyzkjh, jf}kjow

xvfwzkochbfczow jow bfkow aoychlâwzkgow#

H cfgfwwkjhjf jf kbpyfwwkochy ov cço jfwhnyhjhy à opkckço pñilkgh nfyh gfyzhw kbplkghîöfw#

Hpyomvcjhbfczow gfczyhjow fb ghwow jf nyhcjf kbphgzo ov goczftzvhlkqhîöfw xvf powwhb

xvfiyhy bfkhw"}fyjhjfw xvfykjhw jh opkckço pñilkgh bvkzhw }fqfw wço lkzfyhlbfczf jfkthjow jf

lhjo#

Golobio $8;;4+ gkzh vb ghwo jo cozkgkèyko kzhlkhco, co xvhl bâjkh f opkckço pñilkgh glhbhb

poy bhkw chwgkbfczow, }kwhcjo h vbh bfldoy jkwzykivkîço jh pkyébkjf wogkhl chgkochl# H

fwghwwfq jf fbpyfnow, pykcgkphlbfczf phyh ow ao}fcw, ë wolfcfbfczf kncoyhjh#

Mkgh phzfczf cfwzf ghwo xvf xvhlxvfy hvbfczo jhw myhgîöfw nfyhgkochkw jh popvlhîço ao}fbwf gocmyoczh gob vbh jkbkcvkîço jow powzow jf zyhihldo jkwpocâ}fkw# F f}kjfcgkh xvf, wfflf}h h gvy}h fzèykh fb yflhîço à popvlhîço kjowh f à gfwwhîço jf zyhihldo, hvbfczhzhbiëb h gvy}h jo jfwfbpyfno jh popvlhîço ao}fb xvf fwzè phyh fczyhy ‗ ov nowzhykh jffczyhy ‗ co bvcjo jo zyhihldo# $GOLOBIO, 8;;4, p# =:+#

Hlëb jh oizfcîço jf cozâgkhw gob hnácgkhw, kcwzkzvkîöfw f hwwfwwoyfw, Golobio $8;;4+ hpoczh

vbh co}h bojhlkjhjf1 h yflhîço aoychlkwzh"pñilkgo# Bhkw jo xvf jhy gfyzow goczoycow ho wfvzyhihldo phyh hnyhjhy ow lfkzoyfw, ow aoychlkwzhw zhbiëb ivwghb mhzow, dkwz÷ykhw ov jfwfcdow

phyh jkqfy o xvf o pñilkgo xvfy ov}ky ‗ jfwgolhjow jfwwh hcèlkwf ow mhzow jf kczfyfwwf pñilkgo#

Fwwh yflhîço pojf wfy kczyh"bkjkèzkgh ov kczfy"bkjkèzkgh# Wço ghjh }fq bhkw gobvcw ow ghwow

jf }fâgvlow, wfahb flfw kbpyfwwow, jf Z], yèjko ov kczfycfz, phvzhcjo vcw how ovzyow# Vbh

cozâgkh ë hpyfwfczhjh5 co kcwzhczf wfnvkczf, phyfgf zfy nhcdhjo }kjh py÷pykh#

Cfwwf wfczkjo, Yojyknvfw $8;;;+ hpoczh xvf, co bvcjo jf doaf, o py÷pyko jkwgvywo

aoychlâwzkgo zoycov"wf vb mhzo cozè}fl, fb yhqço jf wvh }kwkiklkjhjf vck}fywhl#

Gocwfxvfczfbfczf, wço nfyhjow hgoczfgkbfczow xvf w÷ ogoyyfb fb yhqço jh ftkwzácgkh jfwwf

jkwgvywo, ow bfzh"hgoczfgkbfczow#



9;

Ow bfzh"hgoczfgkbfczow wço myvzo jhw yfnyhw jo bvcjo jh fcvcgkhîço# “Ho yflhzhy vb

hgoczfgkbfczo, ow bfjkh, hlëb jo hgoczfgkbfczo yflhzhjo, pyojvqfb ho bfwbo zfbpo o

yflhzo jo hgoczfgkbfczo gobo vb co}o hgoczfgkbfczo xvf }fb kczfnyhy o bvcjo‒

$YOJYKNVFW, 8;;;, p# 78+#

Ow bfzh"hgoczfgkbfczow $YOJYKNVFW, 8;;;+ pojfb wfy, hkcjh, ghvwhjoyfw jf jfbhkw

hgoczfgkbfczow# Vbh hbfhîh, hîço ov jfglhyhîço yfpfygvzf co bvcjo yfhl f bkjkèzkgo, hlëb

jf nfyhy gocwfxvácgkhw f jfwjoiyhbfczow#

Ow bfjkh bvkzhw }fqfw hghihb wfcjo vwhjow gobo ghchkw jf yfphwwf jf bfcwhnfcw jf

zfygfkyow, xvf vzklkqhb ow }fâgvlow phyh phwwhy kcmoybhîöfw jf wfv kczfyfwwf pfwwohl ov bfwbo

jf kczfyfwwf pñilkgo, fbioyh bvkzhw }fqfw jfwzohjhw jh yfhlkjhjf $YOJYKNVFW, 8;;;+#

Yojyknvfw $8;;;+ lfbiyh xvf dè jkwzkcîço fczyf o xvf o aoychlkwzh jf}f jkqfy, fcxvhczo co

ftfygâgko jh pyomkwwço, f h opkckço jf pfwwohw jf moyh jhw yfjhîöfw, cço"aoychlkwzhw, xvf pojf

wfy zyhcwbkzkjh pflow }fâgvlow#

Co fczhczo, fwzh jkwzkcîço cço goczfbplh ow ghwow, bhkw cvbfyowow jo xvf wf avlnh, fbxvf, phyh pyfwfy}hy h gyfjkiklkjhjf jow pyomkwwkochkw, ë o py÷pyko aoychlkwzh xvf wolkgkzhpfwwohw fwzyhcdhw à pyomkwwço phyh jkqfy hxvklo xvf flf py÷pyko jfwfahykh jkqfy#$YOJYKNVFW, 8;;;, p# 79+#

Wfcjo hwwkb, zhkw ghwow zhbiëb wf fcxvhjyhb cow gdhbhjow bfzh"hgoczfgkbfczow# H kjfkh

jf xvf o aoychlkwzh yfzyhzh ow hgoczfgkbfczow jf moybh kwfczh, kbphygkhl, ë bhkw vb jow bkzow

xvf pfybfkhb h }kwço jh mknvyh jfwwf pyomkwwkochl jh gobvckghîço# “H coîço"gdh}f jfwzh

bkzolonkh ë h coîço jo gobvckghjoy jfwkczfyfwwhjo hocjf $wkg+ o phpfl jo aoychlkwzh ë

jfmkckjo gobo jo oiwfy}hjoy cfvzyo, jfwlknhjo jow hgoczfgkbfczow f ghvzflowo fb cço fbkzkyopkcköfw pfwwohkw‒ $ZYHXVKCH, 8;;;, p# 8=>+#

Jokw bobfczow wfjkbfczhyhb zhl gocgfpîço co aoychlkwbo ogkjfczhl# O pykbfkyo, ch wfnvcjh

bfzhjf jo wëgvlo T]KKK, xvhcjo wvynkh vb aoychlkwbo kcmoybhzk}o, vb “co}o aoychlkwbo‒, co

xvhl ow mhzow f hw opkcköfw wço wfphyhjow# Powzfykoybfczf, chw jëghjhw jf 8;90 f 70, cow

Fwzhjow Vckjow, xvhcjo mok gykhjh h ivwgh pflh oiafzk}kjhjf, bvkzo bhkw wfjkbfczhjh ch



70

kcwfnvyhcîh hzykivâjh how mhzow pyopykhbfczf jkzow, jo xvf co bojflo doaf fwzhiflfgkjo

$ZYHXVKCH, 8;;;+#

Zyhxvkch $8;;;+ jfmfcjf ow aoychlkwzhw gobo bfbiyow hzk}ow ch gocwzyvîço jh yfhlkjhjf

yfzyhzhjh co cozkgkèyko, f cço gobo oiwfy}hjoyfw phwwk}ow# O lfhj , h wflfîço jf moczfw, h

fwzyvzvyh zftzvhl f chyyhzk}h, h fjkîço, zvjo fcnloih gocgfpîöfw xvf kbpfjfb h coîço jf

aoychlkwzh gobo fwpfldo# Wvh hcèlkwf hpyotkbh"wf jh gocgfpîço jf bfzh"hgoczfgkbfczo

hpyfwfczhjh poy Yojyknvfw $8;;;+# “Fcxvhczo o hgoczfgkbfczo gykh h cozâgkh, h cozâgkh

zhbiëb gykh o hgoczfgkbfczo‒ $ZYHXVKCH, 8;;;, p# 8=4+#

Vbh bhkoy hzfcîço à yfpyojvîço mkfl jow hgoczfgkbfczow, bhkw hpfnhjo ho yflhzo jo

hgoczfgkjo, fb jfzykbfczo jhw opkcköfw f oiwfy}hîöfw, ë vbh moybh jf zfczhy jkmfyfcgkhy o

xvf ë oiafzk}kjhjf jo xvf ë hpfchw vbh fwzyhzënkh jf gyfjkiklkjhjf# “H fwgoldh jow zfybow, h

oyjfb jh wvh hpyfwfczhîço, h wflfgîço jow mhzow ftpowzow pyfwwvpöfb kcf}kzh}flbfczf h

ftkwzácgkh jf avâqo jf }hloy U###R‒ $YOJYKNVFW, 8;;;, p# 79+#

Yojyknvfw $8;;;+ hynvbfczh xvf o jkwgvywo aoychlâwzkgo f ow bfjkh zobhyhb h mvcîço jow

bkzow chw hczknhw wogkfjhjfw zyhjkgkochkw, xvf jh}hb gofyácgkh ho jfwfcyolhy jowhgoczfgkbfczow, bfwbo wfcjo fwzfw bkzow jkmfyfcgkhjow jh bvcjhch }fyjhjf }fykmkgè}fl#

Jkmfyfczfbfczf jow bkzow ov bfwbo jhw jfbhkw moybhw chyyhzk}hw, bvkzhw cozâgkhw cço zyhqfb

ho pñilkgo o mkb jo hgoczfgkbfczo xvf ldf jfv oyknfb, ov h wvgfwwço jf hgoczfgkbfczow#

Bvkzhw cozâgkhw, jfpokw jf zfyfb jfwpfyzhjo kczfyfwwf, hnkzhîço, péckgo ov jkmhbhîço,jfwhphyfgfb, pvyh f wkbplfwbfczf# Ovzyhw zoychb"wf gâglkghw, jf }fq fb xvhcjo }olzhb#

Ovzyhw hkcjh, bhczáb"wf fb wvwpfcwo, wfb vb mkb# O gfbkzëyko jhw cozâgkhw wfy}f phyhgobpyffcjfybow xvf cfb zojow ow chwgkbfczow wço kcogfczfw, cfb zojhw hw boyzfw wçochzvyhkw# $GOLOBIO, 8;;4, p# >:+#

Co yol jf cozâgkhw xvf cço gdfnhb h zfy mkb, fwzço hw zyvcghjhw, hw gâglkghw f hw wvwpfcwhw# H

boyzf jf vbh cozâgkh gowzvbh wfy }kcgvlhjh ho kczfyfwwf jh opkckço pñilkgh, pfyjfcjo o

aoychlkwbo wvh mvcîço pykboyjkhl# “Fwwh mvcîço cço ë wfnvky hw zfcjácgkhw jo pñilkgo, cço ë

fczyfzfy f whzkwmhqfy# Ë kcmoybhy jo pykcgâpko ho mkb‒ $GOLOBIO, 8;;4, p# >6+#



78

Hw kcmoybhîöfw mkghb kcgobplfzhw, jfkthjhw jf lhjo, zfczhcjo cço jfwhnyhjhy ho pñilkgo ov h

kczfyfwwfw fgocúbkgow f polâzkgow# Bhw, bfwbo wfb mkb, hw cozâgkhw chwgfb# Dè xvf wf

fczfcjfy poy xvf, f wfnvkcjo xvhkw gykzëykow#

9#9 Gykzëykow jf Cozkgkhiklkjhjf

Hlëb jhw kcmlvácgkhw jo py÷pyko aoychlkwzh, h polâzkgh fjkzoykhl jh fbpyfwh zhbiëb kczfymfyf

chw fwgoldhw woiyf xvhkw mhzow kyço wf zyhcwmoybhy fb cozâgkhw $ZYHXVKCH, 8;;;+# O

pyomkwwkochl, gob o phwwhy jo zfbpo, hghih wf kczfnyhcjo à l÷nkgh jf wfv loghl jf zyhihldo# O

hlkcdhbfczo gob h gocjvzh jo aoychl jf}f"wf à hvzoykjhjf kbpowzh f à hplkghîço jf powwâ}fkw

whcîöfw, how wfczkbfczow jf jf}fy f fwzkbh gob ow wvpfykoyfw, à boiklkjhjf pyomkwwkochl, à

hvwácgkh jf mkjflkjhjf how jfbhkw, à hnyhjhiklkjhjf jo zyhihldo f à zyhcwmoybhîço jh cozâgkh

fb }hloy# Zhkw bozk}ow wço hpyfwfczhjow poy Zyhxvkch $8;;;+ f poy ôlm $8;;6+# Fwzf

hynvbfczh, kcglvwk}f, xvf h bhkoy ftpfgzhzk}h gykhjh poy hxvflfw xvf ftfygfb zhl mvcîço cço

ë hnyhjhy h wfv pñilkgo, f wkb how golfnhw f wvpfykoyfw#

Co pyogfwwo jf wflfîço jf cozâgkhw, dè h mknvyh jo nhzfeffpfy , fwpëgkf jf wflfgkochjoy, qoch

jf mklzyo, xvf pojf wfy vb kcjk}âjvo ov vb nyvpo# Kckgkhlbfczf, fwwfw fwzvjow gfczyh}hb"wfch mknvyh pfwwohl, gob o phwwhy jow hcow, cozov"wf vb ghyèzfy oynhckqhgkochl, gobpowzo poy

coybhw ogvphgkochkw# “Poy ovzyhw phlh}yhw, o ghyèzfy kcjk}kjvhl jh hgzk}kjhjf jo nhzfeffpfy ë

vlzyhphwwhjo, hgfczvhcjo"wf, fb phyzkgvlhy, h kjfkh jh wflfgîço gobo pyogfwwo

dkfyhyxvkghbfczf oyjfchjo f lknhjo h vbh yfjf gobplfzh jf mffj"ihge ‒ $ÔLM, 8;;6, p#

8=7+#

Ow fwzvjow xvf fczfcjkhb h wflfîço jf cozâgkhw gobo bhcoiyh jf bhckpvlhîço jfmlhnyhjhgocwgkfczfbfczf pflow yfwpocwè}fkw moyhb wfcjo nyhjhzk}hbfczf wviwzkzvâjow poy hvzoyfw xvf

jfmfcjfb h jfmkgkácgkh f bhckpvlhîço gobo myvzow jf jkwzoyîöfw kcgocwgkfczfw nfyhjow ch

yozkch jf zyhihldo, gob zojhw hw wvhw pyèzkghw, }hloyfw f gocgfpîöfw dhikzvhkw $ÔLM, 8;;6+#

Hzvhlbfczf, ow fwzvjow moghb"wf bhkw cow pyogfwwow pyojvzk}ow, hwwkb gobo cow gykzëykow jf

cozkgkhiklkjhjf# O pyogfwwo jf pyojvîço jf cozâgkhw $ZYHXVKCH, 8;;;+, o gdhbhjo



79

cf~wbhekcn, gocwkwzf ch zyhcwmoybhîço jow hgoczfgkbfczow, bhzëykh"pykbh, chw cozâgkhw, o

pyojvzo mkchl#

H hioyjhnfb jo cf~wbhekcn wf mvcjhbfczh fb jokw fktow1 h gvlzvyh pyomkwwkochl f h

oynhckqhîço jo zyhihldo f jf wfvw pyogfwwow $^OLM, 8;;6+# H gvlzvyh pyomkwwkochl ë

gobpowzh poy zojow ow phyhjknbhw f pyèzkghw zkjhw gobo goc}fcgkochkw pflo aoychlkwzh# H

oynhckqhîço jo zyhihldo havjh h fwzhiflfgfy gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf# H avcîço jf hbihw hw

ghyhgzfyâwzkghw fwglhyfgf o xvf wfyè cozâgkh chxvflf bfko#

Wfnvcjo fwzh pfywpfgzk}h, mhq cozâgkh hxvklo xvf, jfpokw jf zoychjo pfyzkcfczf pflh gvlzvyhpyomkwwkochl jow aoychlkwzhw, ë wvwgfpzâ}fl jf wfy zyhihldhjo pflo ÷ynço kcmoybhzk}o wfbjfbhwkhjhw hlzfyhîöfw f wvi}fywöfw jo gkglo pyojvzk}o coybhl# $^OLM, 8;;6, p# 8>8+#

Phyh kwwo, hw fbpyfwhw aoychlâwzkghw kbpöfb h oyjfb co fwphîo f h oyjfb co zfbpo gobo

moybh jf wfjkbfczhyfb wfvw gykzëykow jf cozkgkhiklkjhjf# Wfnvcjo Zyhxvkch $8;;;+, wço

vzklkqhjhw zyáw fwzyhzënkhw ch oyjfb jo fwphîo phyh gobpyffcjfy zojh h goifyzvyh1 h

zfyykzoykhlkjhjf, h fwpfgkhlkqhîço oynhckqhgkochl f h fwpfgkhlkqhîço fb zfbhw# H

zfyykzoykhlkjhjf jkq yfwpfkzo ho hwpfgzo mâwkgo, nfonyèmkgo# Jfpfcjfcjo jf ocjf o }fâgvlo fwzè

wfjkhjo, vbh cozâgkh zfb kbphgzow jkwzkczow phyh jkmfyfczfw aoychkw# H fwpfgkhlkqhîço

oynhckqhgkochl lfbiyh ow wfzoykwzhw, xvf goiyfb, poy ftfbplo, h polâgkh f ghwhw lfnkwlhzk}hw#

Poy mkb, h fwpfgkhlkqhîço poy zfbh gocwkwzf ch jk}kwço poy fjkzoykhw#

H oyjfb co zfbpo zfczh kbpoy vbh fwzyvzvyh ho cf~wbhekcn $ZYHXVKCH, 8;;;+# Poy bfko

jh hnfcjh, h fbpyfwh gocwfnvf hczfgkphy mhzow f plhcfaè"low# Hlëb jkwwo, phyh zfczhy lkjhy gob

h hivcjécgkh jf hgoczfgkbfczow f cozâgkhw, o aoychlkwzh zfczh gykhy vbh “yozkch jo kcfwpfyhjo‒,

jfwfbioghcjo fb vbh yozkckqhîço#

Pojfb wfy hpoczhjhw zyáw gocwfxvácgkhw jf zhl yozkckqhîço# H pykbfkyh gocwkwzf co mhzo jf xvf

o cozkgkèyko jè fwphîo h hpfchw vb yfgoyzf wogkhl, ov}kcjo wfbpyf hw bfwbhw moczfw# Fwzh

wkzvhîço gykh vbh wfnvcjh, ch xvhl ë fwzhiflfgkjh vbh yflhîço jf kczfyjfpfcjácgkh# H zfygfkyh

f ñlzkbh gocwfxvácgkh ë xvf bvkzhw jfwwhw moczfw wço pyomkwwkochkw jh èyfh, gobo yflhîöfw

pñilkghw f hwwfwwoyfw jf kbpyfcwh $ZYHXVKCH, 8;;;+#



77

Hczfykoybfczf, xvhcjo mok hchlkwhjh h yflhîço fczyf aoychlkwzh f moczf, Zyhxvkch $8;;;+

hzfczh}h phyh h kbpoyzécgkh jf wf zfy hzfcîço gob hw moczfw wfbpyf gob wfvw py÷pykow

kczfyfwwfw cfwwh yflhîço# Dè, hkcjh, vbh pyfmfyácgkh poy moczfw omkgkhkw, gocwkjfyhjhw bhkw

gyfjâ}fkw# “Fwzh goc}fcîço wfnvf o wfnvkczf yhgkogâcko1 h powkîço jf hvzoykjhjf gocmfyf

gyfjkiklkjhjf‒ $ZYHXVKCH, 8;;;, p# 8>9+#

Cço wf pojf, knvhlbfczf, hchlkwhy o zyhihldo aoychlâwzkgo ov h flhioyhîço jf wfv pyojvzo wfb

hchlkwhy o mhzoy zfbpo# Ow doyèykow jf mfgdhbfczo, jf }fkgvlhîço f jf pvilkghîço, h

pyotkbkjhjf jf jfzfybkchjhw ëpoghw ov jf jhzhw wknckmkghzk}hw kcmlvfcgkhb f oykfczhb o

zyhihldo aoychlâwzkgo#

H cozkgkhiklkjhjf gocwzkzvk vbh moybh jf jkwzoyîço kc}olvczèykh# Wvh jkcébkgh pfybkzf o

yflhzo jf }èykhw cozâgkhw, bhw kbpfjf o jf}kjo hpyomvcjhbfczo# Vb jow gobpocfczfw jh

cozkgkhiklkjhjf ë h kjfkh jf }hloy"cozâgkh $ÔLM, 8;;6+#

9#9#8 Ow ]hloyfw"cozâgkh

Ow }hloyfw"cozâgkh hzvhb wfbpyf jf moybh gobplfbfczhy $ÔLM, 8;;6+# Hlëb jkwwo, flfw

fwzço fwphldhjow ho locno jf zojo o pyogfwwo jf pyojvîço, f cço hpfchw ch wflfîço jf

cozâgkhw# Flfw wço yèpkjow o ihwzhczf phyh hnklkqhy ow pyogfwwow yfjhgkochkw, wfbpyf jf moybh

dobonácfh, bhw cço wço kbvzè}fkw# Ow }hloyfw"cozâgkh $ÔLM, 8;;6+ jfyk}hb jf

pyfwwvpowzow ov jf gocwkjfyhîöfw yflhzk}hw ho goczfñjo, ho pyojvzo, ho bfko jf gobvckghîço,

ho pñilkgo f à gocgoyyácgkh#

Xvhczo ho goczfñjo, ow zhbiëb gdhbhjow jf gykzëykow wviwzhczk}ow ihwfkhb"wf chkbpoyzécgkh f co kczfyfwwf jh cozâgkh# Pyfwwvpöf"wf h ftkwzácgkh jf hbiow# H kbpoyzécgkh pojf

wfy jfzfybkchjh pflh kbpoyzécgkh jow hzoyfw fc}ol}kjow co mhzo, h loghlkqhîço f o kbphgzo

woiyf o phâw/yfnkço jo }fâgvlo, h xvhczkjhjf jf pfwwohw fc}ol}kjhw co hgoczfgkbfczo f h

wknckmkgécgkh jf gfyzo hgoczfgkbfczo fb vb xvhjyo nfyhl# O kczfyfwwf pojf wfy bfjkjo pflh

kbhnfb gocwzyvâjh jf wfv pñilkgo f pflh ghphgkjhjf jf fczyfzfckbfczo jf vb mhzo# Cozâgkhw



7:

xvf zfcjfb h gvbpyky fwwh mvcîço wço hxvflhw jf nfczf gobvb fb wkzvhîöfw ftzyh}hnhczfw, h

kc}fywço jf phpfkw, dkwz÷ykhw jf kczfyfwwf dvbhco f jf mfkzow ftgfpgkochkw $ÔLM, 8;;6+#

Hw gocwkjfyhîöfw xvhczo ho pyojvzo jkqfb yfwpfkzo h hlnvbhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo

hgoczfgkbfczo# Vbh jflhw ë h wvh jkwpockiklkjhjf# ôlm $8;;6+ hzfczh zhbiëb phyh h

iyf}kjhjf, h jvyhîço jf vb hgoczfgkbfczo# Ovzyo mhzoy kbpoyzhczf ë wvh hzvhlkjhjf, hwwkb

gobo wvh yfpfzkîço, hlëb jh xvhlkjhjf jo hgoczfgkbfczo# Poy mkb, ë h}hlkhjh, hkcjh, h

gobpowkîço jo cozkgkèyko gobo vb zojo, }kwhcjo h fxvklkiyhy o goczfñjo#

Xvhczo ho bfko jf gobvckghîço, jf}f"wf hzfczhy phyh hw pfgvlkhykjhjfw jo kbpyfwwo, yèjko,

Z] f kczfycfz phyh hchlkwhy xvhkw mhzow f wvhw phyzkgvlhykjhjfw wf hjhpzhb bfldoy h flfw

$ÔLM, 8;;6+# Co ghwo jo kbpyfwwo, h pyfjobkcécgkh zftzvhl f ow doyèykow jf mfgdhbfczo#

Bfwbo gob pfwxvkwhw xvhlkzhzk}hw f xvhczkzhzk}hw, o aoychlkwzh cvcgh gocdfgf fthzhbfczf wfv

pñilkgo# Bvkzhw }fqfw, mhlzh }oczhjf jf mhqá"lo $ÔLM, 8;;6+# Fczyfzhczo, hzfcjfy hw

ftknácgkhw jo pñilkgo ë vb pfcwhbfczo mkto chw yfjhîöfw# Fwwh pyfogvphîço pojf wf

bhzfykhlkqhy ch ivwgh poy cozâgkhw bhkw hzyhzk}hw, kbpoyzhczfw f ghphqfw jf fczyfzfy# Pojf wfy

}kwzh, zhbiëb, fb cozâgkhw gob kjfczkmkghîço gob o pñilkgo, h pyfwzhîço jf wfy}kîow f hwgdhbhjhw cozâgkhw lknfkyhw, xvf ivwghb cço ghcwhy ov hioyyfgfy o pñilkgo#

Poy mkb, dè ow gykzëykow yflhzk}ow à gocgoyyácgkh# Zhl gobpfzkîço jè oyknfb h zyáw zfcjácgkhw#

Pflh }oczhjf f pflo bfjo jow mvyow, h goifyzvyh mkgh yfmëb jf hlnvcw pfywochnfcw mègfkw#

Hlëb jkwwo, bvkzhw cozâgkhw w÷ wço pvilkghjhw pflo bfjo jh gocgoyyácgkh hw pvilkghy hczfw#

Fwwf xvhjyo zhbiëb jfwfcgoyhah kco}hîöfw#

Zhkw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw wço hgfczvhjhw xvhcjo hchlkwhjhw avczo àw yozkchw pyojvzk}hw, ov yovzkcfw

pyojvzk}hw, gobo nyhmh Zyhxvkch $8;;;+# Ch }fyjhjf, “h wviwzhcgkhl fwghwwfq jf zfbpo f jf

bfkow, hgfczvh h kbpoyzécgkh jow }hloyfw"cozâgkh U###R, fcyhkqhjow fb zojo o pyogfwwo

kcmoybhzk}o‒ $ZYHXVKCH, 8;;;, p# 8;6+#



76

O pyogfwwo kcmoybhzk}o pojf wfy wkbploykhbfczf jk}kjkjo ch golfzh jow bhzfykhkw, ch wflfîço

f ch hpyfwfczhîço jf cozâgkhw# Ch golfzh, bvkzhw }fqfw o bhzfykhl, ov h cozâgkh, aè gdfnh

pyhzkghbfczf pyoczo, gobo mok }kwzo co kcâgko jo ghpâzvlo, xvhcjo moyhb hioyjhjow ow

hgoczfgkbfczow yfphwwhjow poy hwwfwwoykhw jf kbpyfcwh f hnácgkhw#

Ch wflfîço jhw cozâgkhw, xvhcjo ow mhzow wf zyhcwmoybhb fb hgoczfgkbfczow cozkgkowow, ow

}hloyfw"cozâgkh vlzyhphwwhb h kbpoyzécgkh jo yfp÷yzfy co pyogfwwo jf fwgoldh# Hlëb jh chzvyhl

yflf}écgkh jhw cozâgkhw, bfyfgf jfwzhxvf h pykoykjhjf jhjh h ghwow xvf pozfcgkhlkqfb h

fmkgkácgkh jow bfkow pyojvzk}ow# Dè, hâ, vbh }kh jf bço jvplh $ZYHXVKCH, 8;;;+#

O pyogfwwo jf fjkîço f hpyfwfczhîço jf cozâgkh powwvk vbh jkmfyfcîh pykbèykh fb yflhîço how

jfbhkw# Wf, cow pyogfwwow hczfykoyfw, h pyfogvphîço fyh jfwgolhy, kwolhy ow mhzow, hnoyh f

cfgfwwkjhjf ë kcwfyk"low fb vb goczftzo jf bvcjo# “U###R yfgoczftzvhlkqhb"wf fwwfw

hgoczfgkbfczow bhw cvb xvhjyo jkmfyfczf, jfczyo jo moybhzo jo cozkgkèyko‒ $ZYHXVKCH,

8;;;, p# 98;+# Fb wfnvkjh, ch hpyfwfczhîço jf cozâgkhw, }fbow h bhzfykhlkqhîço jow }hloyfw"

cozâgkh gocwkjfyhjow#

9#7 Bfhcjyow jh Cozâgkh

Vbh wkzvhîço jf gobvckghîço jfpfcjf jf hlnvbhw gocjkîöfw pyffwzhiflfgkjhw, wfb hw xvhkw

cço wfykh powwâ}fl wfjvqky, kcmoybhy f kcmlvfcgkhy# Ch yflhîço jf gobvckghîço dè h gdhbhjh

go"kczfcgkochlkjhjf1 zhczo xvfb fbkzf gobo xvfb yfgfif h kcmoybhîço jf}fb fwzhy jf

hgoyjo gob hlnvbhw pyfjkwpowkîöfw phyh kcmoybhy f wfy kcmoybhjo jf gfyzo bojo# H kwwo,

Gdhyhvjfhv $900;+ jè o cobf jf goczyhzo jf gobvckghîço, gobpowzo poy jhjow ftzfycow f

kczfycow#

Ow jhjow ftzfycow cço wço yflhzk}ow à lkcnvhnfb, bhw wkb, wfbkozkqhjow# Flfw wço ihwfhjow

co gobpoyzhbfczo wogkhl f chw gocwzhczfw jf opkckço jo pñilkgo, whifcjo, hwwkb, xvhl

jkwgvywo jf}f wfy hplkghjo f gob xvhkw }hloyfw $GDHYHVJFHV, 900;+# Ow jhjow ftzfycow

pojfb wfy jk}kjkjow fb xvhzyo zkpow jf gocjkîöfw jf fcvcgkhîço jh pyojvîço lkcnvhnfkyh1



7=

gocjkîço jf kjfczkjhjf, gocjkîço jf mkchlkjhjf, gocjkîço jf pyop÷wkzo f gocjkîço jf

jkwpowkzk}o#

H gocjkîço jf kjfczkjhjf ivwgh jfmkcky xvfb wço ow phygfkyow pyfwfczfw ch zyogh jf

kcmoybhîço# Xvfb wf jkyknf h xvfb, xvhl h kjhjf, wfto, fzckh, gocjkîço wogkhl, fcmkb, zojow ow

jhjow xvf wfahb gocwkjfyhjow pfyzkcfczfw co hzo jf lkcnvhnfb $GDHYHVJFHV, 900;+#

Zyhzh, zhbiëb, jhw kcwzécgkhw fc}ol}kjhw ch gobvckghîço, xvf wfyço bfldoyfw gocdfgkjhw

wfphyhjhbfczf#

H mkchlkjhjf $GDHYHVJFHV, 900;+ jkq yfwpfkzo ho oiafzk}o jo xvf wfyè mfkzo# H yfwpowzh h

kwwo hgoczfgf poy bfko jhw gdhbhjhw }kwhjhw, yfhnyvphjhw fb xvhzyo zkpow# H pyfwgykzk}h, xvf

mhq o ovzyo h hnky jf gfyzh moybh5 h kcmoybhzk}h, xvf zyhcwbkzf kcmoybhîöfw h xvfb wf avlnh

cço powwvâ"lhw5 h kckgkhzk}h, xvf ivwgh mhqfy o ovzyo hgyfjkzhy chxvklo xvf fwzè wfcjo powzo5 f h

}kwhjh jo pèzdow, xvf zfczh zyhihldhy gob h fboîço jh pfwwoh#

O pyop÷wkzo zfczh jk}kjky ow hgoczfgkbfczow fb hlnvcw jkwgvywow, hloghjow fb bhgyo"zfbhw,

“yfxvfy xvf zojo hzo jf gobvckghîço wf gocwzyvh fb vb jobâcko jf whify U###R‒

$GDHYHVJFHV, 900;, p# =;+#

Aè o jkwpowkzk}o, wfnvcjo Gdhyhvjfhv $900;+, gocwkwzf fb hchlkwhy o fwphîo mâwkgo ocjf h

gobvckghîço ë jfwfc}ol}kjh f xvf fwphîow o phygfkyo ogvph, ivwghcjo vbh gocwzyvîço

phyzkgvlhy jo gobvckghy#

Jfmkckjow ow jhjow ftzfycow, ghif jfmkcky ow kczfycow ‗ o gobo jkqfy# Xvhl lkcnvhnfb wfyè

vwhjh, xvhkw moybhw }fyihkw ov kgúckghw, xvhkw gobpoyzhbfczow hwwvbky# Flfw wço jk}kjkjowfb zyáw fwphîow1 o jf logvîço, o jf yflhîço f o jf zfbhzkqhîço $GDHYHVJFHV, 900;+#

Gdhyhvjfhv $900;+ hpoczh o fwphîo jf logvîço gobo o pyoilfbh jh zobhjh jh phlh}yh#

Xvfb o mhq jf}f ftplkgkzhy fb cobf jo xvá o mhq, kbpoy"wf gobo zhl f kjfczkmkghy h xvfb wf

jkyknf# Co fwphîo jf yflhîço, wço fwzhiflfgkjhw yflhîöfw fczyf xvfb mhlh f phyh xvfb wf mhlh,

gobo jf moyîh, hlkhcîh, hnyfwwço ov cço, ftglvwço ov kcglvwço# Ch zfbhzkqhîço ë ocjf ë



7>

oynhckqhjo o whify, ow zfbhw# Xvfb zobh h phlh}yh jf}f fwgoldfy vb bojo jf kczfy}fcîço f

vbh oynhckqhîço jkwgvywk}h, gobo h jfwgykîço, chyyhîço f hynvbfczhîço#

Xvhcjo o hgoczfgkbfczo wf zoych cozâgkh, flf zyhcwmoybh"wf co xvf Gdhyhvjfhv $900;+ gdhbh

jf hgoczfgkbfczo yflhzhjo, gobpowzo pflow mhzow f jkzow# Ow mhzow yflhzhjow phwwhb poy vb

pyogfwwo jf jfwgykîço, ftplkghîço f yfhîöfw# H jfwgykîço yfgoyyf h zyáw zkpow jf

pyogfjkbfczow#

O pykbfkyo ë jf jfwknchîço kjfczkmkghjoyh, ov wfah, ftkiky pyo}hw jf xvf o mhzo ftkwzkv# O

wfnvcjo ë o jh hchlonkh, zfczhy yfgocwzkzvky o mhzo# O zfygfkyo ë o jh }kwvhlkqhîço, vzklkqhy

yfgvywow phyh gocwfnvky gykhy wâbiolow }kwvhkw ov wocoyow f hnyfnhy kcmoybhîço#

Ftplkghy vb mhzo cço jf}f wfy gocmvcjkjo gob gobfczè"lo# Zyhzh"wf, ch }fyjhjf, jf flvgkjè"

lo, bowzyhy wvhw bozk}hîöfw, wvh wvgfwwço, gocwfxvácgkhw# Aè jfwgyf}fy hw yfhîöfw chjh bhkw ë

xvf bowzyhy h ghjfkh jf f}fczow xvf jfgoyyfb jo mhzo kckgkhl $GDHYHVJFHV, 900;+#

Ow hgoczfgkbfczow yflhzhjow $Gdhyhvjfhv, 900;+ pojfb pfyzfcgfy à ghyhgzfyâwzkgh jow xvf

phwwhyço poy chyyhzk}h fb wkbvlzhcfkjhjf ov poy chyyhzk}h jf yfgocwzkzvkîço# Xvhcjo ohgoczfgkbfczo ë wkbvlzécfo, fwpfyh"wf xvf wfahb vzklkqhjhw h jfwgykîço, h ftplkghîço f hw

hpyfgkhîöfw# Xvhcjo o hgoczfgkbfczo fwzè wfcjo yfgocwzkzvâjo, pyfwwvpöfb"wf vbh hifyzvyh,

vbh yfgocwzkzvkîço, vb gobfczèyko f vb mfgdhbfczo#

O jkzo yflhzhjo ë h gocwzyvîço jo jkwgvywo ihwfhjo chxvklo xvf mok phwwhjo poy logvzoy# Ov

wfah, kcmoybhîöfw wço phwwhjhw gob ihwf fb kcmoybhîöfw zyhcwbkzkjhw h }ogá poy vb zfygfkyo,

ov hlnvcw jflfw $GDHYHVJFHV, 900;+#

O jkwgvywo yflhzhjo hp÷kh"wf fb flfbfczow gobo jh hvzfczkgkjhjf jh kcmoybhîço phwwhjh poy

vb zfygfkyo, hwwkb gobo jh yfwpocwhiklkjhjf jfwzf, jh }fyjhjf jo xvf mok phwwhjo f jow

pyop÷wkzow jfwwf gfcèyko $GDHYHVJFHV, 900;+# Ch powkîço jo co}o logvzoy, kcmlvfcgkhb h

hvzoykjhjf, o pojfy f ow pyop÷wkzow jo chyyhjoy#



74

H jfwgykîço jo jkzo yflhzhjo ihwfkh"wf ch wflfîço mfkzh gob o bhzfykhl iyvzo xvf ldf mok

phwwhjo, h kjfczkmkghîço jf wfvw flfbfczow f h bhcfkyh jf yflhzhy $GDHYHVJFHV, 900;+# H

wflfîço pojf wfy zozhl ov phygkhl# H kjfczkmkghîço jow flfbfczow h phyzky jow xvhkw jfpfcjf h

fcvcgkhîço pojf wfy zozhl, phygkhl ov bfwbo cço ftkwzky# Poy mkb, o jkzo jf oyknfb pojf wfy

gkzhjo, kczfnyhjo, chyyhjo ov f}oghjo#

9#7#8 Hw Kcwzécgkhw jf Pyojvîço f Yfgfpîço

Gobo }kwzo, ë ch gocjkîço jf kjfczkjhjf xvf wf jfmkcfb hxvflfw pyfwfczfw co gobvckghy# O

hzo jf gobvckghîço fwzè jk}kjkjo fb jvhw kcwzécgkhw1 h jf pyojvîço f h jf yfgfpîço# H

pykbfkyh ë gocwzkzvâjh jf }èykow hzoyfw, jfczyf ow xvhkw o aoychlkwzh nhcdh phpfl jf jfwzhxvf#

Flf pojf hwwvbky jokw phpëkw1 o jf pfwxvkwhjoy"moycfgfjoy f o jf jfwgykzoy"gobfczhjoy

$GDHYHVJFHV, 900;+#

O bhkoy pyoilfbh jo pfwxvkwhjoy"moycfgfjoy ë ch yflhîço gob h moczf, wkzvhîço jflkghjh f,

poy kwwo bfwbo, hioyjhjh hczfykoybfczf# O jfwgykzoy"gobfczhjoy jf}f wfy gofyfczf f

yknoyowo, kcgoypoyhcjo flfbfczow jh gkfczkmkgkjhjf, dkwzoykgkjhjf f jkjhzkgkjhjf, wfb xvf

fwwhw moybhw jf jkwgvywo zobfb pyfjobkcécgkh ch gocwzyvîço zftzvhl $GDHYHVJFHV,8;;;+# Ch pyèzkgh, oyh o aoychlkwzh ë bfjkhjoy, oyh ë yf}flhjoy, oyh ë kczëypyfzf, f bvkzhw }fqfw

ë jkjèzkgo#

Ch kcwzécgkh jf yfgfpîço, }hlf lfbiyhy, pykbfkyhbfczf, hw jkmfyfcîhw ièwkghw fczyf ow

yfgfpzoyfw pflh moybh xvf yfgfifb h kcmoybhîço1 kbpyfwwo, yèjko, Z] f kczfycfz# H kjfczkjhjf

wogkhl jow yfgfpzoyfw, hlëb jkwwo, cço ë gocdfgkjh pflh kcwzécgkh jf pyojvîço# Bhw dè vbh

fwzkbhzk}h, mfkzh poy bfko jh wvpowkîço jf vb pñilkgo"hl}o f jo fwzvjo jf wvhw yfhîöfw$GDHYHVJFHV, 8;;;+#

Ch kcwzécgkh jf yfgfpîço, o pñilkgo"hl}o ë hioyjhjo jf bhcfkyh jvplh f wkbvlzécfh, gobo

hl}o kczflfgzk}o f hmfzk}o# Zfczh"wf hzkcnky o hl}o kczflfgzk}o pflh powwkiklkjhjf jh kcmoybhîço

wfy ñzkl, oykfczhy wvh gocjvzh ov nhcdhy wzhzvw# Phyh kwwo, h kcmoybhîço jf}f wfy gyfjâ}fl f

hgfwwâ}fl# Phyh ghvwhy h fboîço co hl}o hmfzk}o, pojfb wfy vwhjow yfgvywow jo kcfwpfyhjo,



7;

yfpfzkzk}o, kcw÷lkzo, kchvjkzo, fcoybf f zyènkgo $GDHYHVJFHV, 900;+# Xvhczo à yfgfpîço

jo pñilkgo f jh hcèlkwf jf wvhw yfhîöfw, hlnvcw bëzojow wço vzklkqhjow, wfcjo jfwzhghjow ow

fwzvjow jf kbphgzo# Flfw hchlkwhb gobo hw kcmoybhîöfw hzkcnfb o pñilkgo f jf xvf moybh#

9#7#9 O Jkwgvywo jh Cozâgkh

Vb jkwgvywo, xvhcjo yflhzk}o à kcmoybhîço, pojf wfy xvfwzkochjo woiyf h gocwzyvîço jf wfv

wfczkjo, h chzvyfqh jo whify f o fmfkzo"}fyjhjf $GDHYHVJFHV, 900;+#

O wfczkjo ë gocwzyvâjo poy bfko jf vb pyogfwwo jvplo, xvf fcnloih zyhcwmoybhîço f

zyhcwhîço# Ch zyhcwmoybhîço, wfyfw f wfzoyfw wço cobfhjow, xvhlkmkghjow, chyyhjow, phwwhb

poy hynvbfczow f wço bojhlkqhjow# Hwwkb, vb bvcjo xvf hczfw fwzh}h h wknckmkghy phwwh h wfy

wknckmkghjo# $GDHYHVJFHV, 900;+#

Aè h zyhcwhîço hzykivk gfyzow phyébfzyow phyh wf fwzhiflfgfy yflhîço, gobo jf kjfczkjhjf, hw

gocjkîöfw jh yflhîço f jf yfnvlhîço# Hwwkb, Gdhyhvjfhv $900;+ jkq xvf o pyogfwwo jf

zyhcwmoybhîço ogoyyf powzfykoybfczf ho jf zyhcwhîço#

O whify, wfnvcjo Gdhyhvjfhv $900;+, ë gocwzyvâjo fb jfgoyyácgkh jo ftfygâgko jh lkcnvhnfb#

Hwwkb, dè ow whifyfw jf gocdfgkbfczo f ow jf gyfcîh# Ow whifyfw jf gocdfgkbfczo wço

gocwzkzvâjow hp÷w vbh yfpyfwfczhîço yhgkochlkqhjh jow wfyfw f mfcúbfcow bvcjhcow# Fwwh

gobpyffcwço jfgoyyf hp÷w pyèzkghw jf ftpfykácgkh, fbpâykghw, f jf hpyfcjkqhnfb zëgckgo"

gkfczâmkgh, hvtklkhcjo chxvklo xvf cço ë }kwâ}fl#

Aè co ghwo jow whifyfw jf gyfcîh, cço kczfyfwwhb ow gocdfgkbfczow f h gobpyffcwço jhxvkloxvf ë bhzfykhl co bvcjo, bhw, wkb, jh hpyfgkhîço, jh h}hlkhîço jhxvklo xvf cow ë powzo

$GDHYHVJFHV, 900;+#

O fmfkzo jf }fyjhjf cço jf}f wfy gocmvcjkjo gob o }hloy jf }fyjhjf $GDHYHVJFHV,

900;+# O }hloy jf }fyjhjf zfczh kcwzyvbfczhlkqhy h }fyjhjf, ivwghy wfvw flfbfczow, fcxvhczo

o fmfkzo jf }fyjhjf ë wviafzk}o, gobo o hgyfjkzhy wfy }fyjhjfkyo#



:0

Hw pyo}hw jf }fyjhjf, ov jo hgyfjkzhy wfy }fyjhjf, wço h hvzfczkgkjhjf ‗ zfczhy jfbocwzyhy ow

mhzow wfb oiwzègvlow fczyf o bvcjo f wvh pfygfpîço5 h }fyowwkbkldhcîh ‗ h powwkiklkjhjf jf

yfgocwzyvky o xvf phwwov5 f h ftplkghîço ‗ jfzfybkchcjo o poyxvá jow mhzow

$GDHYHVJFHV, 900;+#

Woiyf h gocwzyvîço jf jkwgvywow, Lkbh $9008+ vzklkqh vbh }kwço jkwzkczh jf fwzvjow lkifyhkw,

xvf fcmhzkqhb h gfcwvyh ftfygkjh poy no}fycow hvzoykzèykow, f jf zfoykhw bhytkwzhw

kcwzyvbfczhkw, xvf “U###R }áfb h hvjkácgkh gobo bfyghjo f ow oiafzk}ow jh bâjkh gobo jf

jobkchîço kjfol÷nkgh f lvgyo U###R‒ $MLOYH, 8;40, hpvj LKBH, 9008, p# 8:7+

Flf gocwkjfyh h pfywpfgzk}h nyhbwgkhch, xvf hpowzh fb vbh }kwço jf pojfy polâzkgo, cço

cfgfwwhykhbfczf hnkcjo jf moybh gofygkzk}h woiyf h bâjkh#

U###R o pojfy polâzkgo jfpfcjf yflhzk}hbfczf povgo, ftgfzo fb zfbpow jf gykwf ftzyfbh, jhkczfy}fcîço gofygkzk}h jo Fwzhjo# Flf wf hp÷kh, ho goczyèyko, ch moyîh jf }kwço jo bvcjo,U###R o wkwzfbh gvlzvyhl lfnkzkbhjoy, jfgkwk}o phyh o pojfy polâzkgo, ë bhczkjo pykcgkphlbfczfpoy kcwzkzvkîöfw pyk}hjhw, hvzúcobhw f, fb bvkzow ghwow, cço"polâzkghw U###R $DHLLKC, 8;4>,hpvj LKBH, 9008, p# 8:6+#

Hwwkb wfcjo, h powkîço jh bâjkh zfykh bfcow yflhîço gob o pojfy polâzkgo f fgocúbkgo jfmoybh jkyfzh, jo xvf gob o wkwzfbh kcwzkzvâjo gobo vb zojo, oi}khbfczf, gob wvhw

phyzkgvlhykjhjfw fgocúbkghw f polâzkghw, wkb, bhw zhbiëb gvlzvyhkw, wogkhkw f bfwbo

wviafzk}hw $LKBH, 9008+#



:8

7 H HJBKCKWZYHÎÇO PÑILKGH WFNVCJO H MOLDH JF W# PHVLO

7#8 O ]fâgvlo1 Moldh jf W# Phvlo

Phyh hchlkwhy gobo h Hjbkckwzyhîço Pñilkgh ë yfpyfwfczhjh ch bâjkh, mok fwgoldkjh h Moldh jf

W# Phvlo, aoychl kbpyfwwo jf gkygvlhîço jkèykh# Gocwkjfyhjo vb jow bfkow jf gobvckghîço jf

nyhcjf kbpoyzécgkh jo phâw, o aoychl powwvk h bhkoy gkygvlhîço co Iyhwkl, wfnvcjo jhjow jo

Kcwzkzvzo ]fykmkghjoy jf Gkygvlhîço $K]G+#80 H zkyhnfb bëjkh jkèykh wvpfyov o cñbfyo jf 788

bkl, o xvf yfpyfwfczh >,8>& jf phyzkgkphîço co bfyghjo chgkochl#

H Moldh zfb wvh dkwz÷ykh lknhjh à aè ftzkczh Moldh jh Cokzf, mvcjhjh fb mf}fyfkyo jf 8;98#

Xvhzyo hcow jfpokw, wfykh lhcîhjo vb wfnvcjo aoychl jo nyvpo, jfwzh }fq, vbh fjkîço

bhzvzkch, h Moldh jh Bhcdç ‗ xvf }kykh h ihzkqhy, zhbiëb, h fbpyfwh xvf goczyolh ow aoychkw#

Fb 8;:;, wvynkh h Moldh jh Zhyjf# Wobfczf fb 8;=0 ë lhcîhjh, jf mhzo, h Moldh jf W# Phvlo,

pvilkghîço yfwvlzhczf jhw zyáw fjkîöfw hczfykoyfw, vckmkghjhw co co}o aoychl#

Fb 8;=9, Ogzh}ko Mykhw jf Olk}fkyh f Ghylow Ghljfkyh Mkldo hwwvbfb o goczyolf hgkocèyko jh

Fbpyfwh Moldh jh Bhcdç# H mhbâlkh Mykhw jfzëb hkcjh doaf o goczyolf jh pvilkghîço#

Hwwkb gobo nyhcjf phyzf jh bâjkh jf bhkoy }kwkiklkjhjf chgkochl, h Moldh hpokov o Nolpf

Bklkzhy jf 8;=:# Fb bfhjow jh jëghjh jf 8;>0, h powzvyh jo aoychl mok hlzfyhjh, zfcjo wkjo

vb jow bfkow jf gobvckghîço xvf hjfykv ho Bo}kbfczo Jkyfzhw Aè, ch jëghjh jf 8;40, f à

ivwgh pflo yfwzhiflfgkbfczo jh jfbogyhgkh#

Fb bhko jf 9080, h Moldh jf W# Phvlo yfhlkqov wvh ñlzkbh yfmoybh nyèmkgh# Jfwjf fczço,gkcgo ghjfycow wço pvilkghjow jkhykhbfczf# O “H‒ lf}h h ghph jh Moldh, hlëb jhw fjkzoykhw

Opkckço, Pojfy $zyhjkgkochlbfczf gocdfgkjh gobo Polâzkgh+, Bvcjo f Gkácgkh#

80 dzzp1//~~~8#moldh#vol#gob#iy/moldh/jkcdfkyo/vlz;8v:;6460#wdzbl , hgfwwhjo fb 84 jf hnowzo jf 9080



:9

O ghjfyco “I‒ ë ocjf fwzè h fjkzoykh Bfyghjo $Fgocobkh+, co “G‒, mkgh h Gozkjkhco

$Gkjhjfw+, co “J‒, Fwpoyzf, f co “F‒, h Klvwzyhjh $gvlzvyh+# Ow Glhwwkmkghjow pvilkghjow

jkhykhbfczf mkghb yfwzykzow h Wço Phvlo#

O aoychl powwvk 87 wvplfbfczow wfbhchkw# Ch wfnvcjh, Moldhzffc, ch zfyîh, Fxvklâiyko, ch

xvhyzh, Zfg f Mo}fwz , ch xvkczh, Zvykwbo, ch wftzh, Nvkh jh Moldh, co wèihjo, Moldkcdh, f co

jobkcno, Klvwzyâwwkbh, Wço Phvlo, Yf}kwzh Wfyhmkch f Glhwwkmkghjow# Ow wvplfbfczow Wço

Phvlo f Nvkh jh Moldh gkygvlhb hpfchw fb Wço Phvlo#

7#9 Bfzojolonkh

Hw cozâgkhw woiyf ow pyfphyhzk}ow phyh h Goph jo Bvcjo jf 908: h wfy yfhlkqhjh co Iyhwkl,

pvilkghjhw co aoychl Moldh jf W# Phvlo, xvf moyhb golfzhjhw gobo bhzfykhl fbpâykgo wço

hxvflhw pvilkghjhw cow bfwfw jf avcdo f avldo jf 9080, fb zojhw hw wvhw fjkzoykhw# H fwgoldh

pflo pfyâojo jf zfbpo gkzhjo }kwh h goiyky cço w÷ o pfyâojo jf yfhlkqhîço jh Goph jo Bvcjo

jf 9080, wfjkhjh ch Èmykgh jo Wvl, bhw zhbiëb hlnvcw jkhw hczfykoyfw f powzfykoyfw ho f}fczo#

Hczfw jh Goph jf 9080, h goifyzvyh phwwh h wfy yfhlkqhjh co phâw"wfjf, phyh ocjf moyhb

polâzkgow, jkyknfczfw f ioh phyzf jow aoychlkwzhw xvf cozkgkhb woiyf ow pyfphyhzk}ow jf 908:#Ho mkchl jh Goph jh Èmykgh, fb 88 jf avldo, hw hzfcîöfw }olzhb"wf, chzvyhlbfczf, phyh o

py÷tkbo phâw"wfjf, co ghwo o Iyhwkl# H goifyzvyh jfwwf ikbfwzyf ivwgh hchlkwhy avwzhbfczf

fwwf pfyâojo, jf powwâ}fl fmfy}fwgácgkh jf cozkgkèyko, fwzkbvlhjo pflo f}fczo hmykghco#

7#7 Hcèlkwf

H hcèlkwf mok jk}kjkjh fb jvhw fzhphw gfczyhkw1 h xvhczkzhzk}h f h xvhlkzhzk}h# Ch pykbfkyh, ogoczfñjo mok ghzfnoykqhjo fb nácfyow aoychlâwzkgow# Fb wfnvkjh, mok jfwzhghjo o vwo jf

yfgvywow, gobo mozow, kcmonyèmkgow, iotfw, zhbhcdo, powkgkochbfczo, hlëb jh wfphyhîço poy

fjkzoykhw#

Jfpokw jf mfkzhw hw h}hlkhîöfw xvhczkzhzk}hw, pyobo}fv"wf vbh hcèlkwf xvhlkzhzk}h, gvao

oiafzk}o }kwh}h h jfzfgzhy, jf mhzo, o xvf mok ftpowzo cow jokw pykbfkyow ghpâzvlow jfwzf



:7

zyhihldo f, poy bfko jhw jkwgvwwöfw ftpowzhw, gocglvky gobo h Hjbkckwzyhîço Pñilkgh ë

yfzyhzhjh ch Moldh jf W# Phvlo#

7#7#8 Hcèlkwf Xvhczkzhzk}h

Cow jokw bfwfw hchlkwhjow, mok golfzhjo vb bhzfykhl xvf yfñcf 9=6 pvilkghîöfw, fczyf

fjkzoykhkw, hyzknow, golvchw, bhzëykhw, ghyzhw f cozhw, hlëb jf jvhw goifyzvyhw fwpfgkhkw, cço

goczhiklkqhjhw# Moyhb pvilkghjow gkcgo fjkzoykhkw, pvilkghjow wfbpyf ch pènkch H9, jh

fjkzoykh Opkckço88# Jokw jow fjkzoykhkw ogvphyhb h phyzf wvpfykoy, jokw h kcmfykoy, f vb

zfygfkyo, woiyf o zyhcwpoyzf pñilkgo phvlkwzh, wfvw jfwhmkow f ftpfgzhzk}hw phyh h Goph, ogvph

zojo o fwphîo, zfcjo wkjo pvilkghjo gobo fjkzoykhl ñckgo# Ch bfwbh pènkch, moyhb zyáw ow

hyzknow, wfbpyf ch phyzf gfczyhl, vb co fwphîo wvpfykoy, jokw ch kcmfykoy#

Hlëb jfwwfw, moyhb pvilkghjow ovzyow 80 hyzknow ov golvchw co aoychl co pfyâojo hchlkwhjo#

Jokw jflfw zhbiëb moyhb pvilkghjow ch Opkckço, bhw ch pènkch H7, ch wfîço

“Zfcjácgkhw/Jfihzfw‒, xvf nfyhlbfczf pvilkgh jokw hyzknow xvf wf powkgkochb jf moybhw

jkwzkczhw woiyf hlnvb zfbh# Ovzyow jokw hyzknow moyhb pvilkghjow ch fjkzoykh Bfyghjo, vb ch

pènkch I80 f ovzyo ch I8:# Ovzyow jokw ch fjkzoykh Gozkjkhco, hbiow ch G9# Ow jfbhkwxvhzyo ch fjkzoykh jf Fwpoyzf ov Goph9080, gob zyáw golvchw jf Avgh Emovyk jfjkghjhw ho

zfbh f vbh jf Aowë Wkbço, golvch jkèykh jf dvboy xvf zyhzov jo zfbh fb vb jf wfvw zftzow#

Hkcjh ch pènkch H7, jh Opkckço, moyhb 98 ghyzhw# Hlëb jfwzhw, dov}f vbh ghyzh jf lfkzoy

wflfgkochjh pflo Obivjwbhc jh Moldh, fb wvh golvch jobkckghl# Jhw 98 ghyzhw, wço 8= jf

lfkzoyfw f gkcgo jf polâzkgow ov ÷ynçow pñilkgow yfpfygvzkcjo bhzëykhw#

Dov}f vb zozhl jf 8>: cozhw yfmfyfczfw à Goph jf 908:, fczyf pyfphyhzk}ow, pyoilfbhw,

cfnogkhîöfw f plhcfahbfczo# Jfwwhw, gkcgo moyhb pvilkghjhw ch fjkzoykh Pojfy , ch golvch

88 Ch pènkch H9, nfyhlbfczf, wço jokw fjkzoykhkw ho jkh, o jh phyzf wvpfykoy jh pènkch, bhkoy ‗ f bhkw kbpoyzhczf‗ f o bfcoy, ch phyzf kcmfykoy# Ch bfwbh pènkch, wço zyhjkgkochlbfczf pvilkghjow xvhzyo hyzknow jf opkckço jfgolvckwzhw mktow, bhw xvf wf yf}fqhb jvyhczf h wfbhch# Ow fjkzoykhkw mkghb à fwxvfyjh# Co yfwzhczf jh pènkch,wço powzow zyáw hyzknow ch phyzf gfczyhl jh pènkch, vb woiyf o ovzyo, f vb à fwxvfyjh, gob jkhnyhbhîço bhkwfwzyfkzh, poyëb ogvphcjo zojh vbh golvch



::

“Phkcfl‒, xvf zyhzh bhaoykzhykhbfczf jf ihwzkjoyfw jo bvcjo polâzkgo# Co “Phkcfl MG‒, co

ghjfyco Fwpoyzfw, kczkzvlhjo Goph9080 jvyhczf h yfhlkqhîço jh gobpfzkîço co goczkcfczf

hmykghco, moyhb 886 cozhw# Hlëb jkwwo, moyhb pvilkghjhw 6: cozhw ch golvch jf Búckgh

Ifynhbo, pvilkghjh ch pènkch F9, jh Klvwzyhjh, cobf jhjo ho ghjfyco jf gvlzvyh jh Moldh#

Dov}f hpfchw vbh fczyf}kwzh, gob o bkckwzyo jo Fwpoyzf, Oylhcjo Wkl}h, jf pènkch jvplh,

gob o zfyîo kcmfykoy jhw pènkchw jfjkghjo à pvilkgkjhjf, co ghjfyco Goph9080#

Moyhb bvkzhw hw bhzëykhw pvilkghjhw, 68 co zozhl# Hxvk, flhw moyhb jk}kjkjhw fb hlnvcw

pfxvfcow nyvpow, ftpowzow h wfnvky# O pykbfkyo ë gobpowzo poy cozâgkhw xvf ogvphyhb, co

bètkbo, vbh pènkch f cço goczhyhb gob cfcdvb yfgvywo hjkgkochl, gobo mozo, iot ov

kcmonyèmkgo# Flhw wobhb 8> pvilkghîöfw fczyf bhzëykhw cfwwf moybhzo ov hpfchw iotfw,

hnyfnhjow h bhzëykhw gob ovzyow fcmoxvfw# Ch }fyjhjf, moyhb 8: bhzëykhw f 7 iotfw, fwzfw

zyhqfcjo hw kcmoybhîöfw fb ghczow ov yojhpëw jf bhzëykhw jo cozkgkèyko mvzfiolâwzkgo

pyopykhbfczf jkzo# Jhw 8: bhzëykhw, dè jk}kwço fxvklkiyhjh fczyf hw xvf ogvphb vbh, jvhw,

zyáw ov xvhzyo golvchw jh pènkch ‗ }hlf lfbiyhy xvf o ghjfyco jf Fwpoyzfw f o Goph9080, ho

goczyèyko jo yfwzhczf jo aoychl, goczh gob gkcgo golvchw poy pènkch, f cço wfkw#

Moyhb }fkgvlhjhw wfzf bhzëykhw xvf goczhb gob mozo, xvf fcykxvfgf o cozkgkèyko# Jfwzhw, wfkw

zk}fyhb mozo ‗ cvcgh bhkw xvf vbh ‗ , bhw wfbpyf gob zhbhcdo jf jfwzhxvf ch pènkch f

powkgkochbfczo gfczyhl# H bhzëykhw yfwzhczf zf}f mozo, bhkw kcmonyèmkgo, hlëb jf iot gob

zfbh yflhzk}o#

Moyhb golfzhjhw gkcgo bhzëykhw hgobphcdhjhw jf iot# Hw bhzëykhw ogvphyhb gfygh jf bfkh

pènkch f hpfchw vbh zfb mozo# Zyáw jfwwfw iotfw powwvfb goczfñjo kcmoybhzk}o, fcxvhczo owovzyow jokw wço opkchzk}ow#

Wfzf bhzëykhw ogvphb bhkw jf vbh pènkch, wfcjo xvf o zhbhcdo bètkbo ë jf jvhw pènkchw,

ov pènkch jvplh# Ë gobvb h vzklkqhîço jf mozow, iotfw, kcmonyèmkgow f yfzyhcghw# Vbh jflhw,

xvf ogvph pènkch jvplh, gocwkwzf fb 9: pfynvczhw/yfwpowzhw, ftplkghcjo poyxvf o Boyvbik



:6

mok ftglvâjo jh Goph jo Bvcjo jf 908:, jfkthcjo Wço Phvlo wfb fwzèjko jfmkckjo, f

zyhîhcjo xvhjyow mvzvyow phyh Wço Phvlo f h hifyzvyh jh Goph#

Bvkzhw jfwwhw bhzëykhw moyhb pvilkghjhw fb vb bfwbo jkh# Fczyfzhczo, wobfczf fb zyáw

opoyzvckjhjfw jvhw bhzëykhw jk}kjkyhb phnkchîço jvplh, hkcjh xvf phygkhlbfczf ‗ f

ftglvkcjo"wf hw bhzëykhw gob yfzyhcghw# Fb jvhw jfwwhw opoyzvckjhjfw dov}f mozo f, ch ovzyh,

iot#

Moyhb co}f bhzëykhw pvilkghjhw fb ovzyhw fjkzoykhw1 zyáw ch Bfyghjo, zyáw ch Gozkjkhco, jvhw

ch Pojfy f vbh ch Zvykwbo# Dov}f bhzëykhw gob mozow, fbioyh h bhkoykh cço zk}fwwf, f flhw

ogvphyhb, fb nfyhl, powkîöfw wvpfykoyfw chw pènkchw f ow zhbhcdow }hykhyhb, fb bëjkh, fczyf

vb xvhyzo f bfkh pènkch#

Poy mkb, h pvilkghîço mok jkmfyfcgkhjh fb jokw bobfczow# Fb vb jflfw, co lhcîhbfczo omkgkhl

jh Goph jf 908:, fb co}f jf avldo, ch Èmykgh, povgo hczfw jo mkb jh Goph jf 9080, ioh phyzf

jo ghjfyco Goph9080 zyhzov cço w÷ jh gfykbúckh, bhw jow plhcow f jh oynhckqhîço jf 908:#

Aè o ghjfyco Fwpfgkhl F Hnoyh?, gob 80 pènkchw, zyovtf bhzëykhw woiyf ow ykwgow, ow jfwhmkow,ow nhynhlow, h goczftzvhlkqhîço dkwz÷ykgh jh Goph jo Bvcjo co Iyhwkl, xvf mok jkwpvzhjh co

phâw pflh pykbfkyh }fq fb 8;60, o lfnhjo jh pykbfkyh f o pyo}è}fl jh py÷tkbh, fcmkb, vb

ihlhcîo nfyhl woiyf hw ftpfgzhzk}hw f phvzhw yflhgkochjhw ho f}fczo fwpoyzk}o co Iyhwkl#

7#7#9 Hcèlkwf Xvhlkzhzk}h

Hw 9=6 pvilkghîöfw89

golfzhjhw ch Moldh jf W# Phvlo fb jokw bfwfw jf cozkgkèyko gdhbhbhzfcîço, kckgkhlbfczf, poy jokw hwpfgzow1 fb pykbfkyo lvnhy, pflhw jk}fywhw fjkzoykhw chw xvhkw

o bhzfykhl fwzh}h pyfwfczf f, fb wfnvcjo, pflh }hykhîço jf nácfyow aoychlâwzkgow fcgoczyhjow#

Ch xvfwzço fjkzoykhl, o goczfñjo hchlkwhjo, wfb mhqfy jkwzkcîço poy nácfyo, mok jk}kjkjo fb

wfkw jhw okzo fjkzoykhw jkèykhw jo aoychl xvf gdfnhb h zojow ow fwzhjow jo Iyhwkl ‗ ow

89 Cfwwhw 9=6 pvilkghîöfw cço fwzço gobpvzhjhw hw jvhw pvilkghîöfw fwpfgkhkw hczfykoybfczf gkzhjhw#



:=

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zyhihldo, ow pyfphyhzk}ow phyh h Goph jo Bvcjo jf 908:# Ow zyhihldow phyh zyhcwmoybhy vb

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wfv cozkgkèyko, ov h gocjkîço jf pyop÷wkzo, vb jow jhjow ftzfycow jo Goczyhzo jf

Gobvckghîço jf Gdhyhvjfhv $900;+#

H bhkoy phyzf jo xvf mok pvilkghjo fwzh}h cow ghjfycow Fwpoyzf f Goph9080, gobo fyh jf wf

fwpfyhy, aè xvf wf zyhzh jh pyfphyhîço jf vb f}fczo fwpoyzk}o# Moyhb 8=9 pvilkghîöfw, jfczyf

hw 9=6# Fczyfzhczo, h yfhlkqhîço jh Goph jf 908:, hwwkb gobo jhw Olkbpâhjhw jf 908=,

zoycov"wf phyzf jh hnfcjh pñilkgh chgkochl, o xvf pojf wfy gobpyo}hjo pflh nyhcjf

xvhczkjhjf jf gkzhîöfw à wvh yfhlkqhîço fb jokw bfwfw fb vb kcmlvfczf aoychl chgkochl#

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bfcîöfw fb Pojfy f gkcgo fb Bfyghjo, gocfgzhcjo jkyfzhbfczf o fwphîo polâzkgo f

fgocúbkgo gob o zfbh# Mok pvilkghjh vbh bhzëykh fb Zvykwbo f 6: cozhw ch Klvwzyhjh, ch

golvch jf Búckgh Ifynhbo, aoychlkwzh xvf zyhq ihwzkjoyfw jf }èykhw èyfhw, f cço w÷

yflhgkochjow à fjkzoykh fb xvf ë pvilkghjh#

H jk}kwço poy nácfyow aoychlâwzkgow yfmoyîh hlnvbhw jfwwhw gocwkjfyhîöfw f yf}flh ovzyhw#

Moyhb gkcgo fjkzoykhkw fb jokw bfwfw5 ch Moldh, povgow zfbhw bfyfgfb zhbhcdh hzfcîço ‗

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zfcdhb wkjo kckgkhjow# Ow fjkzoykhkw hpyfwfczhyhb vbh jk}kwço fxvklkiyhjh ch moybh gobo h

Hjbkckwzyhîço Pñilkgh ë }kwzh, ghwo xvf cço wf yfpfzkv fb cfcdvb ovzyo nácfyo aoychlâwzkgo ‗



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powzow, bhw xvhcjo wf mhlh bhl, ë yhyo }fy ovzyo poczo jf }kwzh#

Fb vb jow fjkzoykhkw, dov}f vbh kcglkchîço mh}oyè}fl ho oiafzo jf fwzvjo# Mok “Hyfch

phvlkwzh‒, jf 8= jf avldo# O zftzo, xvf ogvph o fwphîo wfgvcjèyko jow fjkzoykhkw, yfpfygvzf

cozh jh golvch jf Búckgh Ifynhbo ch xvhl ë cozkgkhjo xvf o no}fychjoy jf Wço Phvlo,

Hlifyzo Noljbhc, kyè nhyhczky à Gocmfjfyhîço Iyhwklfkyh jf Mvzfiol $GIM+ f ho Gobkzá

Oynhckqhjoy Loghl $GOL+ xvf, ov o Boyvbik ë hgfkzo gobo fwzèjko phvlkwzh phyh o f}fczo, ov

o fwzhjo jfglkch jo goc}kzf phyh wfjkhy h gobpfzkîço# O nfwzo jo no}fychjoy, wfnvcjo h

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phyh h wogkfjhjf, ho kc}ëw jf “hpyfwfczhy yfxvkwkzow poy jfbhkw gvwzowow ho pojfy pñilkgo gob

}kwzhw à yfhlkqhîço jf vbh ñckgh phyzkjh jf mvzfiol‒#

Cow fjkzoykhkw “Bfldoyhy o zyhcwpoyzf‒, jf : jf avldo, f “H }fq jo Iyhwkl‒, jf 88 jf avldo, h

pvilkghîço hjozh powzvyh fxvklkiyhjh# O pykbfkyo ogvpov o fwphîo nfyhlbfczf jfjkghjo h jokw

fjkzoykhkw, o xvf gobpyo}h h pyfogvphîço jo aoychl gob o zfbh# Cflf, wço hpyfwfczhjhw hw

kczfy}fcîöfw gocwkjfyhjhw cfgfwwèykhw phyh o jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jo zyhcwpoyzf ch bhkoy gkjhjf

jo phâw# Phyh kwwo, h Moldh mhq gyâzkghw ho zyhcwpoyzf hzvhl, gobo xvhcjo hioyjh o bfzyú# “Ëpâmkh wvh hiyhcnácgkh, wf gobphyhjh gob hw bhldhw jhw pykcgkphkw gkjhjfw fvyopëkhw f coyzf"

hbfykghchw $###+#‒ F fb “gobo aè dh}kh ogoyykjo fb nfwzöfw hczfykoyfw, pyoilfbhw ch

gocwzyvîço jf co}hw lkcdhw kbpfjkyhb xvf o hzvhl no}fyco jo Fwzhjo gvbpykwwf zojhw hw wvhw

pyobfwwhw flfkzoyhkw‒# Poy ovzyo lhjo, o aoychl zhbiëb yfgocdfgf h}hcîow# “Phyzf jo hvbfczo

jh pyogvyh poy zyfcw zhbiëb wf ftplkgh pflhw bfldoykhw }fykmkghjhw ch xvhlkjhjf jo wfy}kîo#

Dov}f yfjvîço cow zfbpow jf jfwloghbfczo f cow kczfy}hlow fczyf vbh gobpowkîço f ovzyh#

Ow }fâgvlow jh GPZB $Gobphcdkh Phvlkwzh jf Zyfcw Bfzyopolkzhcow+ záb wf zoychjo bhkwlkbpow, fmkgkfczfw f wfnvyow# Wço Phvlo nhcdov, fcmkb, vb plhco jf kczfnyhîço jo zyhcwpoyzf

pñilkgo‒# Fb “H }fq jo Iyhwkl‒, pvilkghjo ch powkîço pykcgkphl, hp÷w phwwhy h pykbfkyh

bfzhjf jo zftzo jfwzhghcjo hw bvjhcîhw xvf zyhcwmoybhyhb h yfhlkjhjf chgkochl, o fjkzoykhl

hpoczh ow ykwgow jf vzklkqhîço kcjf}kjh jf }fyihw pñilkghw#



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O zob bvjh fb jokw zftzow, “Jfgolhnfb hzyhwhjh‒, jf 8: jf avcdo, xvf ogvph o fwphîo

kcmfykoy, f fb “Aonhjh wvwpfkzh‒, jf 84 jf avcdo, ch powkîço wvpfykoy# O pykbfkyo gykzkgh jf

bhcfkyh jvyh h fczyf}kwzh jo bkckwzyo jh Jfmfwh, Cflwoc Aoikb, xvhcjo fwzf hlfnov xvf cço

}hk pyk}hzkqhy hfyopoyzow, bhw mhqfy gocgfwwöfw jf hzk}ow# “Ë jf fwpfyhy xvf o zykivzo yfz÷ykgo

phno ho hzyhwo pfzkwzh cço kbpfîh o bkckwzyo jf mhqfy o xvf ë pyfgkwo# H wkzvhîço jow

hfyopoyzow iyhwklfkyow aè pojf wfy gocwkjfyhjh jf ftzyfbh nyh}kjhjf wfb lf}hy fb goczh h

Goph jf 908: f h Olkbpâhjh jf 908=# Gob h yfhlkqhîço jfwwfw jokw f}fczow, h pfywpfgzk}h ë o

ghow‒# Fb “Aonhjh wvwpfkzh‒, H Moldh jf W# Phvlo yfhnf ho }fzo ho Boyvbik gobo fwzèjko jh

Goph# Wço gkzhjow, kcglvwk}f, zyfgdow jf ghyzhw jf lfkzoyfw kcjknchjow gob h powwkiklkjhjf jf

vwo jf jkcdfkyo pñilkgo phyh h gocwzyvîço jf vb co}o fwzèjko# “Fyh fthzhbfczf o xvf flfw

xvfykhb1 mhyyh gob o jkcdfkyo pñilkgo‒, ë vb jow zyfgdow gkzhjow#

Pojf wfy pfygfikjo, gobo jfmfcjkjo poy Lkbh $9008+, vb xvhjyo fb xvf h bâjkh hphyfgf

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h Moldh jf W# Phvlo ivwgov jfmkcky h hnfcjh pñilkgh co zoghczf à Goph jo Bvcjo f gykzkgov

hîöfw f jfglhyhîöfw pñilkghw# Fb ovzyow bobfczow, h pvilkghîço nfyov kcmoybhîöfw polâzkghw,

pykcgkphlbfczf fb wvhw cozhw, mkwghlkqov hw hîöfw jh Hjbkckwzyhîço Pñilkgh f gykzkgov hw

polâzkghw pñilkghw, fb wvhw bhzëykhw, hyzknow f fjkzoykhkw# Poy bfko jf wvhw ghyzhw f hyzknowpvilkghjow, ghchlkqov jfbhcjhw jh popvlhîço avczo how no}fycow# Hlëb jkwwo, fb jk}fywow

bobfczow, hw pènkchw jo aoychl wfy}kyhb jf hyfch phyh fbihzfw polâzkgow, gobo ch xvfwzço jh

gocwzyvîço jf vb co}o fwzèjko fb Wço Phvlo, fb “Zfcjácgkhw/Jfihzfw‒, f ch zyogh jf mhyphw

pfygfikjh chw ghyzhw xvf wfyço hchlkwhjhw powzfykoybfczf#

Moyhb 87 hyzknow ov golvchw, ch oyjfb, fb Opkckço, Fwpoyzf/ Goph9080, Bfyghjo f

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bfwbo jkh, ch wfîço “Zfcjácgkhw/Jfihzfw‒ ‗ zyhjkgkochl yfjvzo jf zfbhw polábkgow co xvhl

jkmfyfczfw poczow jf }kwzh wço ftpowzow#

Fb 8; jf avcdo, mok powzh h xvfwzço1 “H gkjhjf jf Wço Phvlo jf}f gocwzyvky vb co}o fwzèjko

phyh wfjkhy h Goph jf 908:?‒ Powkgkochcjo"wf cfnhzk}hbfczf, mok pvilkghjo o hyzkno “Goph



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hgoczfgfyè wfb flfmhczf iyhcgo‒, jo gooyjfchjoy jo Gobkzá Phvlkwzh phyh h Goph jf 908:# H

mh}oy, Ghcjkjo Bhlzh Ghbpow Mkldo, bfbiyo jo Gocwfldo jf Hjbkckwzyhîço jh WP

Vyihckwbo, fbpyfwh pñilkgh bvckgkphl, xvf hwwkcov “Goykczdkhcw pojf f bfyfgf zfy co}o

fwzèjko‒# Co pykbfkyo, o hvzoy jfmfcjf xvf o pojfy pñilkgo zfb ovzyhw pykoykjhjfw xvf cço h

gocwzyvîço jf vb fwzèjko# O wfnvcjo gocgoyjh, bhw wvnfyf xvf o Goykczdkhcw, ñckgo nyhcjf

glvif jf mvzfiol phvlkwzh wfb fwzèjko py÷pyko, zfczf ghpzhy yfgvywow pyk}hjow phyh mkchcgkhy vb

fwzèjko xvf wky}h phyh o glvif jfpokw jh yfhlkqhîço jh Goph#

Jf yfwzo, ow hyzknow f golvchw zhbiëb goiyhb f gykzkghb h Hjbkckwzyhîço Pñilkgh, bhw

nfyhlbfczf fb zob bhkw iyhcjo# Hlnvcw jflfw gykzkghb f xvfwzkochb, ovzyow hpoczhb

jfwhmkow f pykoykjhjfw, bhkw coyzfhcjo jo xvf jfwxvhlkmkghcjo# Vb iob ftfbplo mok

pvilkghjo fb Gozkjkhco, pènkch G9, 80 jf avldo, kczkzvlhjo “H Goph f h `goqkcdh`‒# O zftzo,

jf ^hlzfy Gfcf}k}h, zyhîh vb phcoyhbh woiyf h Goph jf 908:, mvzfiol iyhwklfkyo f yflhîöfw

fczyf pojfy pñilkgo f glvifw f fczkjhjfw jfwpoyzk}hw# Hw gyâzkghw, jf zob iyhcjo, wço flf}hjhw

avwzhbfczf ho mhlhy jf nhwzow pñilkgow# Woiyf h powwkiklkjhjf jf gocwzyvîço jf vb co}o

fwzèjko fb Wço Phvlo, wfb pyoafzo, bhw gob gvwzo aè fwzkbhjo fb Y* 400 bkldöfw, Gfcf}k}h

hlfnh xvf, co Iyhwkl, “hw jfwpfwhw yhyhbfczf ihzfb gob hw pyf}kwöfw# Wvynfb oiyhw

gobplfbfczhyfw cço pyf}kwzhw, bhw pyf}kwâ}fkw $hifyzvyh f ph}kbfczhîço jf }khw pñilkghw,yfjfw jf ènvh, lvq f fwnozo f zyhcwpoyzf pñilkgo, poy ftfbplo+# Fc}ol}fb pfywochnfcw wfb

wfbpyf kjfczkmkgè}fkw, wfbpyf dèifkw fb jyfchy o iolwo jo po}o‒#

Ch pènkch H9 jo jkh 8> jf avldo, Opkckço, Bhygow Hvnvwzo Nocîhl}fw, fb “Lono jh Goph

“bfnh mhkl‒‒, hzhgh o lonozkpo, xvf }hqov ch kczfycfz, hpoczhjo gobo wâbiolo jh Goph jo

Bvcjo co Iyhwkl# O jfwfcdo mok gykzkghjo f gdfnov h wfy hgvwhjo à ëpogh, kcglvwk}f, jf mhqfy

yfmfyácgkhw ho PZ, jf}kjo ow zocw jf }fybfldo ‗ goy jo phyzkjo ‗ fb bfko ho }fyjf f hbhyflopyfjobkchczfw# Bfwbo cço zoghcjo cfwzf poczo, o hyzkgvlkwzh hlfnh xvf o “mkhwgo yfzvbihczf

jo lonozkpo fwzè hwwogkhjo h vb phjyço xvf aè wf zyhcwmoybov ch }fyjhjfkyh bhygh yfnkwzyhjh

jfwwh Goph iyhwklfkyh1 zvjo ë mfkzo ch pfcvbiyh, gob povgh zyhcwphyácgkh‒, fb jfgkwöfw xvf

flf gdhbh “jf jkyfzoykh‒#



60

O bhkw zyhjkgkochl golvckwzh fwpoyzk}o jo aoychl, Avgh Emovyk, }hk hlëb# Fb hyzkno xvf

fchlzfgf o no}fychjoy jf Wço Phvlo, Hlifyzo Noljbhc, poy pyfzfcjfy hiyky bço jh hifyzvyh jo

f}fczo wf o Boyvbik moy jf mhzo }fzhjo, flf gykzkgh hw hbhyyhw kbpowzhw poy polâzkgow h wk

py÷pykow poy bfjo jf pfyjfyfb }ozow, f jfwpyfqh gocftöfw jf dobfcw pñilkgow gob mknvyhw

hgvwhjhw jf goyyvpîço# Hw mhlhw bhkw kbpoyzhczfw, h wfnvky, moyhb pvilkghjhw co ghjfyco

Goph9080, jf 84 jf avldo, ch pènkch J>1 “UKcjhnhjo poy xvf cço kbpvcdh h jfgkwço jo

fwzèjko ho py÷pyko fwzhjo jf Wço Phvlo f hwwvbkh f}fczvhkw ykwgow jf zhl powzvyh, o fczço

no}fychjoyR Wfyyh yfwpocjfv xvf ow aoychkw whkykhb gob fjkzoykhkw jfbolkjoyfw goczyh flf f

xvf h opkckço pñilkgh cço o pfyjohykh‒#

Fb ovzyo zyfgdo, o golvckwzh jkqkh1 “Boyvbik, Pkykzviço, fwzh h}fczvyh bhl gdfkyowh, Hyfch jo

Phlbfkyhw, fwzèjko $?((((+ jo Goykczdkhcw, gob Ioykw Ifyfqo}wek ch phyhjh ov wfb bèmkh yvwwh

ch phyhjh, Phghfbiv yfmoybhjo, chjh kbpoyzh wf cço moyfb jhw hvzoykjhjfw pñilkghw, flfkzhw

phyh qflhy pflow kczfyfwwfw jh popvlhîço, h jfgkwço woiyf h wfjf jow aonow f zojhw hw jhâ

jfgoyyfczfw# Pfybkzky xvf hlnvëb xvf wf whkv zço bhl jf jvhw GPKw co gobfîo jfwzf wëgvlo já

hw ghyzhw ë goc}kzf ho jfw}hyko f nfwzo jf pyomvcjh go}hyjkh polâzkgh, gob gocwfxvácgkhw

gykbkchkw xvf h ftpfykácgkh jh wvpfyfwzyvzvyh fwpoyzk}h iyhwklfkyh aè jfbocwzyov à fthvwzço‒#

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}kjh jf vb polâzkgo ë hxvflf fb xvf fwzf aè cço ë ghcjkjhzo h bhkw chjh, xvhcjo pojf hnky

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H jkwgvwwço hgfygh jh Zfoykh jh Fwgoldh Pñilkgh $IOYWHCK, 9006+, hpfwhy jf moghy chw

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gobo jfmfcjkjo poy Ioywhck fb wvh Zfoykh#

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Aowë Wkbço, co jkh 4 jf avldo, pènkch J8= jo Goph9080, ocjf Wkbço, nfyhlbfczf pvilkghjo



68

ch Klvwzyhjh, mok powkgkochjo jvyhczf h Goph jh Èmykgh jo Wvl# Pykbfkyo, vb gobfczèyko vb

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hghihy fb 9089‒# Hjkhczf, poyëb, h nfwzço jo jkcdfkyo pñilkgo zoych"wf hl}o1 “ICJFW }hk

jhy Y* :00 bkldöfw pyh ghjh fwzèjko jh Goph# Fczço }hk wfy o Lh Yoihldfyh( Ch Hynfczkch ë o

Lh Iobiocfyh# O Goykczdkhcw zfb o Lh Pkpoxvfyh# O Wço Phvlo zfb o Lh Ihbikcfyh# F h

Goph"908:, o Lh Yoihldfyh‒#

Hw 68 bhzëykhw golfzhjhw yf}flhb jokw poczow"gdh}f1 o hzyhwo f h kcfmkgkácgkh, jf vb lhjo, f o

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pyfjobkchczfbfczf cfnhzk}h fb yflhîço à Hjbkckwzyhîço Pñilkgh, 7;, fcxvhczo xvhzyo ifkyhb

h cfvzyhlkjhjf, f okzo wço powkzk}hw ‗ }hlf yfwwhlzhy, fczyfzhczo, xvf fwzhw hioyjhb bhkw kjfkhw

f pyoafzow jo xvf hîöfw aè powzhw fb pyèzkgh#

Ftfbplo jf bhzëykh mh}oyè}fl mok pvilkghjh fb 9; jf avldo, co ghjfyco Zvykwbo, pènkch M>#

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kbplhczhjh co Iyhwkl, o phwwhpoyzf gob gdkp# “H co}h zfgcolonkh kyè hybhqfchy jhjow

ikonyèmkgow $cobf, jhzh jf chwgkbfczo, wfto fzg#+ f ikobëzykgow $kbpyfwwöfw jknkzhkw f

mozonyhmkh jo yowzo+ gob bhkw xvhlkjhjf f wfnvyhcîh, jf hgoyjo gob h Polâgkh Mfjfyhl‒, jkq ozftzo# Hlëb jh Polâgkh Mfjfyhl, mok ov}kjo, zhbiëb, o gdfmf jh Jk}kwço jf Jogvbfczow f

]khnfcw jo Bkckwzëyko jhw Yflhîöfw Ftzfykoyfw# Ow ñckgow hwpfgzow cfnhzk}ow yfnkwzyhjow ch

yfpoyzhnfb, xvf ogvpov o xvhyzo wvpfykoy jh pènkch, o ñckgo lk}yf jf pvilkgkjhjf, f xvf cço

mok hgobphcdhjh jf mozo ov yfgvywow nyèmkgow, ë o }hloy jo phwwhpoyzf, xvf jf}f wviky, f h

mhlzh jf pyhqow phyh h kbplhczhîço jo bfghckwbo, yfwwhlzhcjo"wf xvf h Polâgkh Mfjfyhl cço

wovif jhy h kcmoybhîço#

H kckgkhzk}h jo no}fyco flfzyúckgo, hnklkqhcjo f jhcjo bhkw zyhcwphyácgkh àw wvhw hîöfw, jo

xvhl fwzh bhzëykh ë vb iob ftfbplo, mok jfwzhghjh poy Hiyvgko $900>+# O hvzoy dh}kh

yfgocdfgkjo, fb wfv zftzo, xvf o no}fyco Lvlh zobov pyo}kjácgkhw kbpoyzhczfw cfwwf wfczkjo,

fbioyh fwwh wfah vbh jhw kckgkhzk}hw }èlkjhw ch nfwzço pñilkgh xvf cço mkghyhb yfwzykzhw h vb

no}fyco ov pfyâojo fwpfgâmkgo#



69

Fb ovzyo bobfczo, xvhcjo hioyjov h ftzkcîço jo Bkckwzëyko jh Hjbkckwzyhîço Mfjfyhl f

Yfmoybh jo Fwzhjo, Hiyvgko $900>+ hynvbfczov xvf, bfwbo gob h ftzkcîço, o bkckwzyo

Iyfwwfy mok yfwpocwè}fl poy vbh bvjhcîh ch pfygfpîço jo zfbh, gob o wvynkbfczo jf

hjbkckwzyhîöfw fb jkmfyfczfw câ}fkw jf pojfy hjozhcjo vbh nfwzço bhkw fmkgkfczf, ihwfhjh co

gvbpykbfczo jf bfzhw f yfwvlzhjow# Co fczhczo, bfwbo fb bhzëykhw powkzk}hw, o cozkgkèyko jh

Moldh cço ftpykbkv jf moybh yflf}hczf fwwh yfhlkjhjf#

Co jkh hczfykoy à bhzëykh jo phwwhpoyzf flfzyúckgo, dh}kh wkjo }fkgvlhjh cozâgkh xvf pojf wfy

gocwkjfyhjh gobo cfvzyh, “Lfk hpfyzh o gfygo goczyh bhckpvlhîço f }kolácgkh‒, ch pènkch J6,

jf Fwpoyzf, jf 94 jf avldo# Hpfwhy jo zftzo hpoczhy hzow gobvcw fb aonow jf mvzfiol co

Iyhwkl, gobo }kolácgkh, zvbvlzow f h hîço jf ghbikwzhw, flh bowzyh xvf lfk whcgkochjh pflo

pyfwkjfczf Lvlh, havwzhcjo o Fwzhzvzo jo Zoygfjoy, pyobfzf bvjhy fwwh yfhlkjhjf# O zftzo jh

bhzëykh ë povgo bhkw powkzk}o, bhw cço goczh gob moczf# Hw ñckghw hwphw wço jo bkckwzyo jo

Fwpoyzf, Oylhcjo Wkl}h, fczyfzhczo, fb zyfgdo wfphyhjo# O bkckwzyo jfmfcjf hw zoygkjhw

oynhckqhjhw, hpoczhjhw ch bhzëykh gobo vb jow pykcgkphkw pyoilfbhw jo mvzfiol iyhwklfkyo# H

bhzëykh goczëb kcmonyèmkgo#

Chjh powkzk}h mok bhzëykh pyojvqkjh gob ihwf co xvf h Moldh gdhbh jf vb “hlkhjo jo Fwzhzvzo jo Zoygfjoy‒, o Bhcvhl jf Phjyockqhîço jow Pyogfjkbfczow jhw Moyîhw Polkgkhkw fb

Fwpfzègvlow jf Mvzfiol# Wfv goczfñjo mok hioyjhjo fb “yozvlhjow‒, fb ghkth"ihkth, ch pènkch

J4, Fwpoyzf, jf 78 jf avldo# Wfnvcjo h bhzëykh, o bhcvhl yozvlh ow zoygfjoyfw, jk}kjkjow fb

ghzfnoykhw cço bvkzo kczfyfwwhczfw# Jkqkh o lfhj 1 “Lfknow, mhcèzkgow, lfhkw, fwpfgkhlkwzhw f

iykcghldöfw# Phyh o no}fyco mfjfyhl, zoygfjoyfw pojfb wfy zvjo, bfcow coybhkw f zyhcxvklow‒#

Fb ovzyo zyfgdo, o zoygfjoy ë hj}fyzkjo xvf, ghwo wf gocwkjfyf “lfhl ho zkbf, fwwf wfczkbfczo,

co zftzo Ujo bhcvhlR, ë zyhjvqkjo gobo “phygkhlkjhjf zozhl ov oiwfwwk}h‒‒# Ogvphcjo h J4 fioh phyzf jh J;, vb fcoybf kcmonyèmkgo, gob gfygh jo zykplo jo zhbhcdo jo zftzo, zyhqfcjo

ghykghzvyhw jow zkpow jf zoygfjoyfw gob wvhw yfwpfgzk}hw jfmkckîöfw, oifjfgfcjo how

pykcgâpkow jf xvf o pñilkgo jf}f wfy cço w÷ kcmoybhjo, bhw kcwzknhjo f zhbiëb fbogkochjo#

Dè, hkcjh, wflfîço jf myhwfw xvf ftplkghb, wfnvcjo o bhcvhl, hw yhqöfw jh }kolácgkh jo

zoygfjoy co fwzèjko# ]hlf jfwzhghy xvf, co wvizâzvlo, o bhcvhl ë hzykivâjo ho “Bkckwzëyko jh



67

Avwzkîh‒, o xvf }olzhykh h hgoczfgfy co mkb jo zftzo# Ch hifyzvyh, ë h moybh gobo o “no}fyco

mfjfyhl‒ fctfynh ow zoygfjoyfw# Fb wfnvkjh, o “pojfy pñilkgo‒ iolov fwzfyf÷zkpow#

H fwgoldh jo fwzèjko xvf yfgfifyè aonow fb Wço Phvlo mok hmfzhjh, wfnvcjo h Moldh, poy

opîöfw polâzkghw, fb jfzykbfczo jf jhjow zëgckgow# O hwwvczo mok hbplhbfczf hioyjhjo fb 8>

jf avldo, co ghjfyco Goph9080# Ch pènkch J99, “Zfktfkyh zkyh Boyvbik jh Goph"908:‒ ,

hgobphcdhjh jf kcmonyèmkgo, o aoychl jkq xvf o Boyvbik mok }fzhjo jf yfgfify aonow jh

gobpfzkîço hp÷w vbh iyknh polâzkgh fczyf Ykghyjo Zfktfkyh f o Wço Phvlo, glvif jf mvzfiol

pyfwkjkjo poy vb jfwhmfzo jo ghyzolh# Co zftzo, “Ho avwzkmkghy h yfzkyhjh jo fwzèjko wço"

phvlkco o gfcèyko jh Goph"908:, Zfktfkyh pyfmfykv mhlhy jf jfzhldfw zëgckgow ho phco jf mvcjo

polâzkgo xvf fc}ol}fv o fpkw÷jko‒# Poy ovzyo lhjo, o Phlfwzyh Kzèlkh, fwzèjko jo Phlbfkyhw, f o

Pkykzviço, powwâ}fl gocwzyvîço jh pyfmfkzvyh, fczyhb ch iyknh# Pvilkghjo ch J9:, o zâzvlo jh

bhzëykh yf}flh h opkckço jh Moldh woiyf hw powwkiklkjhjfw1 “Opîöfw polâzkghw, Phlfwzyh f

Pkykzviço nhcdhb moyîh‒#

Co cozkgkèyko hchlkwhjo, mkgov glhyh h hphykîço jf vb zfygfkyo flfbfczo, aè hpoczhjo poy

Nobfw $900>+, xvf yobpfv h jkgozobkh kbhnfb f polâzkgh1 o bvcjo fwpoyzk}o, co ghwo, o

mvzfiolâwzkgo# Hw yflhîöfw gob o bvcjo fwpoyzk}o kcmlvfcgkhyhb, f bvkzo, ch kbhnfb jobvcjo polâzkgo# Zhl}fq vb jow bfldoyfw ftfbplow wfah h ftglvwço jo Boyvbik, xvhcjo ow

hynvbfczow jow jkyknfczfw jo Wço Phvlo f jo pojfy pñilkgo bvckgkphl, fwzhjvhl f chgkochl

moyhb jfwghyzhjow pflow yfwpocwè}fkw jh MKMH, xvf kbpvwfyhb wfv poczo jf }kwzh# Ovzyo

bobfczo ë h yfhîço jo pyfwkjfczf Lvlh àw gyâzkghw jo wfgyfzèyko"nfyhl jh MKMH, zfcjo fb }kwzh

ow hzyhwow jf jk}fywhw oiyhw#

Jf mhzo, fwzh ë vbh jfczyf hw jvhw bhzëykhw chw xvhkw o pyfwkjfczf Lvlh ë o pfywochnfbgfczyhl# H pykbfkyh, “Ho yfihzfy Mkmh, Lvlh hmkybh xvf iyhwklfkyo ë zyhzhjo gobo kjkozh‒,

bowzyh h kcjknchîço jo pyfwkjfczf gob hw jfglhyhîöfw jo wfgyfzèyko"nfyhl jh fczkjhjf, xvf

gykzkgov ow hzyhwow ch oynhckqhîço jo f}fczo f co kcâgko jhw oiyhw# O wfnvcjo phyènyhmo jh

bhzëykh ë zojo jfjkghjo à wfnvkczf mhlh jf Lvlh1 “Zfybkcov h Goph jh Èmykgh hnoyh f

gobfîhb h jkqfy1 `Ghjá ow hfyopoyzow iyhwklfkyow, ow fwzèjkow iyhwklfkyow, ow goyyfjoyfw jf

zyfb, ow bfzyúw?‟ Gobo wf c÷w múwwfbow vb ihcjo jf kjkozhw f cço woviëwwfbow mhqfy hw



6:

gokwhw f jfmkcky cowwhw pykoykjhjfw‒# Kyockghbfczf, o aoychl kcmoybh, avwzo ch wfxvácgkh, xvf h

jfglhyhîço mok jhjh co lhcîhbfczo jo fjkzhl jf lkgkzhîço jo zyfb"ihlh xvf lknhyè Ghbpkchw,

Wço Phvlo f Yko# Wfnvcjo h Moldh, h pyf}kwço ë xvf hw oiyhw mkxvfb pyoczhw fb 908=, h

zfbpo jhw Olkbpâhjhw, bhw o no}fyco “fwpfyh‒ xvf powwhb mkghy pyoczhw hzë 908:# H

pvilkghîço hkcjh gkzh jk}fywow hzyhwow cow pyfphyhzk}ow# Bhzëykh jf 8: jf avldo, pènkch J89,

Fwpoyzf# Fwzf mhzo, kcglvwk}f, pojf wfy gkzhjo gobo ghwo jf bfzh"hgoczfgkbfczo, mhzo yozkcfkyo

fb vbh wogkfjhjf bhyghjh pflh kbpoyzécgkh jh kbhnfb# Hw gyâzkghw pvilkghjhw ch kbpyfcwh

mkqfyhb o pyfwkjfczf jh Yfpñilkgh yfwpocjfy, zhbiëb }kh kbpyfcwh#

Woiyf hw mhlhw jo pyfwkjfczf, }hlf lfbiyhy ow xvhzyo poczow xvf Hiyvgko $900>+ gdhbov jf

fwwfcgkhkw phyh h bojfyckqhîço jo Fwzhjo1 h fmkgkácgkh, h fmfzk}kjhjf, h zyhcwphyácgkh f h

pyomkwwkochlkqhîço# Wf fwzh cço mok jkwgvzkjh co cozkgkèyko, ow ovzyow zyáw hwpfgzow bfyfgfb

yfwwhl}hw# Oi}khbfczf, zhkw jfglhyhîöfw jo pyfwkjfczf }ço ch goczyh"bço jh zyhcwphyácgkh# Ë

opoyzvco jfihzfy jvhw bhzëykhw jo ghjfyco Fwpoyzf, pènkch J9 f J7, fb 98 jf avldo# H

pykbfkyh, “Mkwghlkqhîço jh Goph"8: zfb hzyhwo‒, bowzyh xvf, jhw ;7 oiyhw yflhgkochjhw ho

bvcjkhl, 46 cço fyhb hgobphcdhjhw pflo wkzf jo Zykivchl jf Goczhw jh Vckço# O lfhj jkqkh1

“Cço ihwzhwwf o hzyhwo fb pyhzkghbfczf zojhw hw gocwzyvîöfw phyh h Goph jf 908:, h

mkwghlkqhîço jfwzhw oiyhw hkcjh cço gobfîov‒# Ch bhzëykh ho lhjo, ch J7, “Fb poyzhl,jfmhwhnfb ë jf zyáw bfwfw‒, h Moldh bowzyh xvf ow }hloyfw pyf}kwzow chw yfmoybhw ov

gocwzyvîöfw jf fwzèjkow fwzço jfwhzvhlkqhjow co Poyzhl jh Zyhcwphyácgkh, wkzf jo no}fyco

mfjfyhl# H hifyzvyh jh bhzëykh mhq vb goczyhpoczo fczyf kwwo f hw jfglhyhîöfw jo Pyfwkjfczf

Lvlh jf xvf h popvlhîço }hk wfy kcmoybhjh woiyf zojow ow nhwzow jo no}fyco gob h Goph# H

hwwfwwoykh jh Goczyolhjoykh"Nfyhl jh Vckço yfgocdfgf hw mhldhw, bhw pyobfzf goyyknky fb

iyf}f ow pyoilfbhw#

Fb 70 jf avldo, dh}kh wkjo pvilkghjh cozâgkh woiyf h Hjbkckwzyhîço Pñilkgh ch fjkzoykh Pojfy #

Ch pènkch H=, h bhzëykh jf jfwzhxvf hmkybh xvf h fwgoldh jhw wfzf pfwwohw bhkw kcmlvfczfw jh

ghbphcdh jf Jklbh, o gdhbhjo N>, ‗ ch H6, o zfbh mok hioyjhjo f ow pfymkw jow wfzf gkzhjow

jkwwfghjow ‗ ë vbh moybh jo pyfwkjfczf bhczfy wvh kcmlvácgkh chw jfgkwöfw mvzvyhw# Lono

hihkto, fb bhzëykh gob ovzyo mogo, “Lvlh hmkybh zfy oiyknhîço jf phyzkgkphy jh ghbphcdh

flfkzoyhl‒, jfglhyhîöfw jo pyfwkjfczf gykzkghcjo vbh wvpowzh “bèxvkch jf mkwghlkqhîço‒ xvf



66

pyfavjkghykh hîöfw jo no}fyco, gobo hw yflhzk}hw à Goph# O pyocvcgkhbfczo ogoyyfv fb

lhcîhbfczo jf oiyhw phyh o f}fczo#

Zyáw jkhw jfpokw, h Moldh hcvcgkh}h, zhbiëb fb Pojfy , ch H80, xvf “Bvjhcîh ch LJO

hmyovth goczyolf jf oiyhw jh Goph‒# Wfnvcjo h bhzëykh, o wfchjoy Zkço ]khch, jo PZ, bfwbo

phyzkjo jo pyfwkjfczf, mok o yfwpocwè}fl pflo zftzo hlzfyov h Lfk jf Jkyfzykqfw Oyîhbfczèykhw,

yfzkyhcjo bfghckwbow jf goczyolf jo Zykivchl jf Goczhw jh Vckço woiyf nhwzow jo no}fyco

mfjfyhl gob h Goph, Olkbpâhjhw f Pfzyoiyhw, jkmkgvlzhcjo h kjfczkmkghîço jf

wvpfymhzvyhbfczow#

Fb gkcgo jf avldo, h bhzëykh “O Pyfîo jh Goph‒ bowzyh xvf ow nhwzow jh Èmykgh jo Wvl gob

fwzèjkow moyhb ftzyhpolhjow fb xvhwf :0& f gob zyhcwpoyzfw fb 60&# H bhzëykh gdhbh

hzfcîço phyh o ghwo iyhwklfkyo, pokw “nhwzow jo no}fyco wvl"hmykghco bowzyhb xvf h jfwpfwh

pñilkgh gobfîh jf }fyjhjf xvhcjo h Goph hczfykoy zfybkch‒# Fb yfzyhcgh, o aoychl bowzyh

xvf o oyîhbfczo iyhwklfkyo phyh 908: hkcjh ë kcgobplfzo, bhw, bfwbo hwwkb, aè bhkw xvf

joiyov ow kc}fwzkbfczow jh Èmykgh jo Wvl fb zojo o bvcjkhl#

Zhkw pvilkghîöfw, }olzhcjo h Hiyvgko $900>+, bowzyhb pyoilfbhw ch fmfzk}kjhjf, co}hbfczfyfghkcjo woiyf vbh nfwzço gobpyobfzkjh gob yfwvlzhjow5 ow wvgfwwk}ow hzyhwow fb oiyhw,

fjkzhkw jf lkgkzhîço f pyoafzow zhbiëb yf}flhb mhlzhw nyh}fw jh Hjbkckwzyhîço chgkochl# Woiyf

h fmkgkácgkh, h cfgfwwkjhjf jf xvf o Oyîhbfczo wfah flhioyhjo jf bojo bhkw gobpyobfzkjo f

jf xvf ow Plhcow Plvykhcvhkw wky}hb yfhlbfczf gobo coyzf phyh hw hîöfw no}fychbfczhkw wço

ftpowzow ch mhlzh jf plhcfahbfczo jf nhwzow f chw hlzfyhîöfw ch LJO, xvf hzhgh, hkcjh, h

zyhcwphyácgkh#

H ñckgh fczyf}kwzh golfzhjh co pfyâojo hchlkwhjo mok gob o bkckwzyo jo Fwpoyzf, Oylhcjo

Wkl}h, pvilkghjh fb 89 jf avcdo, fb Goph9080# H kbpyfwwço gykhjh mok jf vb bkckwzyo

f}hwk}o, gob yfwpowzhw }hnhw f kcgobplfzhw woiyf h xvfwzço bhkw polábkgh f bhkw hioyjhjh

ch fczyf}kwzh, hw gocjkîöfw jf Wço Phvlo wfjkhy f hiyky o Bvcjkhl hp÷w h ftglvwço jo Boyvbik

f h kcjfmkckîço xvhczo h vb co}o fwzèjko# Jf pènkch jvplh, J84 f J8;, h fczyf}kwzh, xvf

ogvph ow jokw zfyîow wvpfykoyfw jhw pènkchw, goczh gob mozo gfczyhl, xvf bowzyh o bkckwzyo



6>

glvif zfykh jkyfkzo jf hzë Y* :00 bkldöfw# Pfynvczhb fczço xvhl wfykh o bozk}o phyh gfjfy ow

jkyfkzow jf ftployhîço jh hyfch h zfygfkyow poy 70 hcow‒# Dè h cfgfwwkjhjf, phyzkcjo jh

pyfbkwwh jo kczfyfwwf pñilkgo, jf bhczfy h opkckço jfwwfw gocwfldfkyow fb omm ?

Aè hw ghyzhw, pvilkghjhw fb Opkckço, pojfb wfy jk}kjkjhw fb jvhw ghzfnoykhw, hw hwwkchjhw poy

lfkzoyfw f hw yfjknkjhw poy polâzkgow ov hwwfwwoykhw jf kbpyfcwh jf polâzkgow ov ÷ynçow

no}fychbfczhkw# Hw pykbfkyhw, xvf wobhyhb 8=, moyhb jf gvcdo pyfjobkchczfbfczf cfnhzk}o

‗ 8:, fcxvhczo vbh ë mh}oyè}fl f ovzyh cfvzyh# Bhw, h bhkoy phyzf wfnvf o zob hpyfwfczhjo

pflh pvilkghîço xvf jfv oyknfb ho gobfczèyko jo lfkzoy, lf}hcjo h gyfy xvf h Moldh gvbpyf

gykzëykow phyh xvf wfv jkwgvywo cço wfah jfwgocwzyvâjo, gobo o fmfkzo"}fyjhjf#

Jhw gkcgo ghyzhw pyo}fckfczfw jf polâzkgow ov ÷ynçow no}fychbfczhkw, zyáw xvfwzkochyhb ov

mkqfyhb goyyfîöfw ho xvf mok pvilkghjo# Fb vbh jflhw, jf 8; jf avldo, o ft"bkckwzyo jh Ghwh

Gk}kl jh Pyfwkjácgkh jh Yfpñilkgh, Aowë Jkygfv, hzhgh o fjkzoykhl “Aonhjh Wvwpfkzh‒, jo jkh

hczfykoy, co xvhl o aoychl xvfwzkoch vb powwâ}fl kc}fwzkbfczo pñilkgo ch gocwzyvîço jf vb

fwzèjko phyh h Goph fb Wço Phvlo, xvhcjo aè dè }èykow fwzèjkow ch ghpkzhl phvlkwzh, gobo o

Boyvbik# Wfnvcjo o ft"bkckwzyo, h Moldh mfq kwwo phyh fwgocjfy h bè"hjbkckwzyhîço jf

phyzkjow jf opowkîço ho wfv, co ghwo, o JFB f o PWJI, à myfczf jh pyfmfkzvyh f jo fwzhjo,yfwpfgzk}hbfczf# Co jkh 99, mok pvilkghjh ghyzh jo lâjfy jow Jfbogyhzhw ch Gébhyh

Bvckgkphl jf Wço Phvlo, }fyfhjoy Bhygo Hvyëlko Gvcdh, hgvwhcjo Aowë Jkygfv jf jfmfcjfy

kczfyfwwfw phyzkjèykow# Flf lfbiyh o Phc"Hbfykghco, yfhlkqhjo fb 900> co Yko jf Ahcfkyo,

xvhcjo nhwzow pñilkgow ftzyhpolhjow yfwvlzhyhb, fczyf ovzyow, ch gocwzyvîço jo Fcnfcdço,

fwzèjko, wfnvcjo o }fyfhjoy, fynvkjo gob }fyihw mfjfyhkw, f xvf wfykh kchjfxvhjo phyh aonow

co Yko# Co jkh wfnvkczf, Bhykqfzf Bvcjkb, hwwfwwoyh fwpfgkhl jo bkckwzyo jo Fwpoyzf,

yfwpocjf ho }fyfhjoy, kcmoybhcjo xvf o Fcnfcdço mok gocwzyvâjo gob }fyihw bvckgkphkw#Powzfykoybfczf, flh mhq vb bfh"gvlph1 jkq xvf ow }hloyfw nhwzow co fwzèjko, kcglvwk}f, wço

bojfwzow myfczf how pyf}kwzow phyh fxvkphbfczow fwpoyzk}ow jf 908:# H Moldh jf W# Phvlo

wfy}kv, cfwwfw ghwow f fb bvkzow ovzyow, gobo hyfch polâzkgh pñilkgh#

Co wfnvcjo ghpâzvlo jfwzf zyhihldo, moyhb jkwgvzkjhw jvhw chzvyfqhw jf hgoczfgkbfczow

phwwâ}fkw jf nfyhyfb cozâgkhw1 ow jfgoyyfczfw jo ftgfwwo, mhldh ov kc}fywço, gobo hpyfwfczhjo



64

poy Yojyknvfw $8;;;+, f hxvflfw hnfcjhjow, pyonyhbhjow, wfah xvhcjo h kckgkhzk}h phyzf jow

py÷pykow bfkow jf gobvckghîço ov xvhcjo flfw wço kcwzknhjow poy hwwfwwoykhw ‗ bojhlkjhjf

jfmfcjkjh poy jk}fywow hghjábkgow#

Hp÷w fwzh hcèlkwf jh Moldh, mok powwâ}fl pfygfify xvf h gocgfpîço jf Yojyknvfw $8;;;+, jf

mhzo, ë lkbkzhjh# H bhkoykh hiwolvzh, whl}o yhyhw ftgfîöfw, gobo h ftglvwço jo Boyvbik jh

Goph ‗ fbioyh fwzf jfwmfgdo phyfîh wfy bhkw hnfcjhjo jo xvf xvhlxvfy ovzyo ‗ , ë gobpowzh

poy mhzow gob ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jf pyf}kwkiklkjhjf, pyfphyhîço, ov myvzow jf yflfhwfw# Jfczyo

jfwwhw cozâgkhw, ë powwâ}fl jfzfgzhy ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jf ftgfwwo, mhldh ov kc}fywço, bhw cço

ihwfhjow co pykcgâpko jh kbpyf}kwkiklkjhjf, gobo hpyfwfczhjo co wfnvcjo ghpâzvlo jfwzf

fwzvjo# Gobo ftfbplo, }hlf hpoczhy “Oiyh jf Bhyhghcç"8: wf hyyhwzh‒, jf 86 jf avldo,

Fwpoyzf, ch pènkch J89# O mfgdhbfczo jo fwzèjko jf mvzfiol bhkw zyhjkgkochl jo Iyhwkl, xvf wf

jhykh xvhcjo jo kcâgko jf wvhw oiyhw jf bfldoykh, fwzh}h kckgkhlbfczf pyf}kwzo phyh o mkb jf

900;, bhw, wfzf bfwfw jfpokw, hkcjh zkcdh jhzh kcjfmkckjh# Co fczhczo, h ñlzkbh myhwf jo lfhj

aonh poy zfyyh h wvpowzh wvypyfwh gob h cozâgkh1 “Doaf o no}fyco jo Yko yfgfif hw pyopowzhw

jow gocw÷ygkow kczfyfwwhjow chw oiyhw‒#

Gobo }kwzo, Golobio $8;;4+ jfcvcgkov xvf, bvkzhw }fqfw, h bâjkh kcmoybh pflh bfzhjf,jfkthcjo kcmoybhîöfw jf kczfyfwwf pñilkgo wfb mkb, xvhcjo cço wfb o bfko# Fb hlnvbhw

cozâgkhw, h Moldh mok obkwwh cfwwf wfczkjo, gobo ch ñlzkbh bhzëykh gkzhjh# Cço phyfgf dh}fy

vb hgobphcdhbfczo fwpfgâmkgo, bhw jf hwpfgzow nfyhkw# H jkmfyfcîh, powkzk}h, mok pfygfikjh

ch goifyzvyh jo powwâ}fl fwzèjko"wfjf phvlkwzh ch Goph# O kbiy÷nlko fc}ol}fcjo o Boyvbik

mok chyyhjo xvhwf xvf jkhykhbfczf, f bfwbo xvf h co}h wfjf hkcjh cço zk}fwwf wkjo

gocmkybhjh co mkb jo báw jf avldo, h Moldh goczkcvh}h co fcghlîo jow yfwpocwè}fkw pflh

oynhckqhîço jo f}fczo ‗ ch }fyjhjf, fwzyhcdhykh wf mowwf o goczyèyko, aè xvf fwwf cço ë vbhwwvczo mhgklbfczf fwxvfgkjo1 fc}ol}f nhwzow pñilkgow, yflhîço pñilkgo"pyk}hjo, kczfyfwwhjow

fb polâzkgh, fgocobkh, boiklkjhjf vyihch, fwpoyzfw, jo fwzhjo jf Wço Phvlo f jf wfvw

gocgoyyfczfw pflh hifyzvyh jh Goph5 ho bfwbo zfbpo, fb 908: o yfwvlzhjo jh dkwz÷ykh

goczhjh ch bâjkh f ogoyykjh ch }kjh }hk mkghy ÷i}ko# Fwwfw mhzoyfw fcghkthb"wf co gocgfkzo jf

}hloyfw"cozâgkh, woiyfzvjo, how lknhjow ho goczfñjo f ho pyojvzo#



6;

Ow jokw poczow hlzow jh goifyzvyh moyhb pvilkghjow fb co}f f fb 89 jf avldo# Ch pykbfkyh

jhzh, o ghjfyco Goph9080 hcvcgkh}h, fb wvh ghph, “gobfîov‒# O ghjfyco zyhqkh vbh

goifyzvyh fwpfgkhl woiyf o lhcîhbfczo jh Goph"908:, xvf ogvpov hw co}f pykbfkyhw pènkchw

fb vb zozhl jf 90# H goifyzvyh goczëb cozhw f opkcköfw, bhw pojfbow oynhckqhy h hioyjhnfb

ho zfbh jf kczfyfwwf h phyzky jf hlnvbhw bhzëykhw, xvf bowzyhb o f}fczo f h Hjbkckwzyhîço

Pñilkgh fb vbh powkîço cço bvkzo kczfyfwwhczf# “Pyhqo jf WP fwzè co mkb, jkq Zfktfkyh‒, ch

xvhl fwzf goiyh jo fwzhjo f bvckgâpko xvf jfgkjhb xvhl phpfl xvfyfb zfy ch Goph5 ho lhjo,

“Phyh gobkzá phvlkwzh, Pkykzvih ë w÷ aonvfzf‒, gob wvwpfkzhw jf xvf o pyoafzo jo fwzèjko jf

Pkykzvih mok vbh zfczhzk}h jf bkchy o Boyvbik5 “Mkmh }hk jk}kjky Iyhwkl fb : yfnköfw co

Bvcjkhl"8:‒, fczkjhjf xvfy f}kzhy }oow locnow, pykcgkphlbfczf poy pyoilfbhw fb hfyopoyzow5

“Jf whâjh, Lvlh pyf}á Goph –kcfwxvfgâ}fl‟‒, ch xvhl o pyfwkjfczf hwwvbf gobpyobkwwow xvf

cço wço wfvw, pyobfzf kc}fwzkbfczow f zyhcwphyácgkh, bfwbo zfcjo yfglhbhjo jf mkwghlkqhîço

hczfw f jfpokw jfwzh jfglhyhîço5 f “Mfwzh zfb bñwkgh, }âjfo, pkhjhw f nhmfw‒, fb xvf h Moldh

bowzyh o mfwzk}hl jf fwzfyf÷zkpow fb zoyco jo Iyhwkl hpyfwfczhjow ch gfykbúckh jf lhcîhbfczo

f nhmfw jf zojow ow zkpow, fwpfgkhlbfczf jf Lvlh, xvf mfq gobfczèykow fxvk}oghjow h yfwpfkzo

jow ft"aonhjoyfw Plhzkck f Ifgefcihvfy# Hw bhzëykhw woiyf o pyhqo jf WP f Pkykzvih, chw

pènkchw J9 f J7, wço wfphyhjhw poy jvhw kbfcwhw mozonyhmkhw, vbh woiyf h ovzyh1 ë gobo wf

Ykghyjo Zfktfkyh zk}fwwf wkjo mozonyhmhjo, wfczhjo, jvyhczf h gfykbúckh, gob hw bçowgyvqhjhw woiyf h bfwh, hzyèw jf vbh cobkchzh# H mozo mok yfphyzkjh# Ch phyzf wvpfykoy jhw

pènkchw, mkgov vbh mozo gob hw bçow jf Zfktfkyh, ho mvcjo, moyh jf mogo, gfczyhjo fb wfv

cobf ch kjfczkmkghîço powzh ch bfwh# Ch mozo kcmfykoy ‗ hw mozow wço wfphyhjhw poy vb mklfzf

iyhcgo ‗ vb glowf co yowzo jf Zfktfkyh, pfnhcjo jfwjf o xvfkto hzë povgo hgkbh jhw

woiyhcgfldhw# Jfwzh moybh, ow oldow gdhbhb hzfcîço, pykcgkphlbfczf poyxvf oldhb phyh h

fwxvfyjh, f wfv yowzo fwzè golhjo ho lhjo jkyfkzo jh mozo, fcxvhczo h cobkchzh fwzè

gfczyhlkqhjh, gykhcjo vbh kbpyfwwço jf bo}kbfczo vb zhczo xvhczo pfywpkghq, wfcço wkckwzyo#

O ghjfyco wfnvkczf, o fwpfgkhl kczvlhjo f hnoyh?, yfwvbf o xvf mok mfkzo f wfyè mfkzo phyh h

Goph jo Bvcjo# Co fwpfgkhl, bhzëykhw woiyf h ftplowço jf nhwzow xvf wfbpyf ogoyyf fb

Gophw, hwwkb gobo xvfwzkochbfczow woiyf wfvw yfhkw ifcfmâgkow5 kcmoybhîöfw pyfogvphczfw jf

xvf h pyf}kwço jf nhwzow phyh 908: aè wvpfyh fb gfygh jf 60& ow gvwzow jow hlfbçfw fb 900=

f fb gfygh jf 960& ow wvl"hmykghcow fb 90805 hw yfmoybhw f gocwzyvîöfw jf fwzèjkow, gob



=0

povgo plhcfahbfczo, bvkzow hzyhwow, vwo jf jkcdfkyo pñilkgo f h gdhcgf jf xvf hlnvbhw

hyfchw wf zyhcwmoybfb fb flfmhczfw iyhcgow5 o pyfogvphczf pojfy gocgfczyhjo poy Ykghyjo

Zfktfkyh f jkyfzoyfw jh MKMH, f bhzëykh lfbiyhcjo h pyfphyhîço jh Goph jf 8;60, h pykbfkyh f

poy fcxvhczo h ñckgh yfhlkqhjh co phâw, bowzyhcjo xvf, chxvflh ëpogh, aè fyhb gobvcw h mhlzh

jf plhcfahbfczo, hzyhwow f jk}fynácgkhw fczyf dobfcw pñilkgow# Fwzfw jokw ghjfycow, xvf

fctfynhb h Goph jo Bvcjo jf 908:, golhioyhb ch pfygfpîço jf gobo h Hjbkckwzyhîço

Pñilkgh iyhwklfkyh ë }kwzh f yfzyhzhjh co aoychl1 jf bhcfkyh jfpyfgkhjh#



=8

GOCGLVWÇO

Zfcjo fb }kwzh h jkwgvwwço zf÷ykgh hpyfwfczhjh cow jokw pykbfkyow ghpâzvlow jfwzh boconyhmkh

f h hcèlkwf yfhlkqhjh gob ihwf cow bfwfw jf avcdo f avldo jo cozkgkèyko yflhzk}o à Goph jo

Bvcjo jf 908:, ch Moldh jf W# Phvlo, ë powwâ}fl gocglvky xvf h Hjbkckwzyhîço Pñilkgh ë

hpyfwfczhjh co aoychl jf moybh cfnhzk}h#

O bhzfykhl golfzhjo yf}flov nyhcjfw pyoilfbhw, bhw, zhl}fq, ow bhkw pyfogvphczfw, wfnvcjo h

lkcdh fjkzoykhl hchlkwhjh, moyhb o jfwgoczyolf jf nhwzow fb phyhlflo gob h f h jfwoynhckqhîço

fb wvh nfwzço, xvf myfxvfczfbfczf yfwvlzh fb hzyhwow, gocmvwöfw f pyoilfbhw# Zhkw pyoilfbhw

gdfnhyhb h wfy hpyfwfczhjow gob h wvnfwzço jf xvf wço goc}fckfczfw phyh nyvpow polâzkgow f

fgocúbkgow, xvf fcgoczyhykhb ch hj}fywkjhjf o pyfzftzo kjfhl phyh hnky h wfv ifl"pyhqfy# O

jfwgoczyolf jf nhwzow f h jfwoynhckqhîço wço, fb bvkzo, ghvwh f gocwfxvácgkh jh mhlzh jf

wfykfjhjf ch nfwzço jo Oyîhbfczo# Fwzf ë vb jow bvkzow }âgkow gyúckgow }kwzow ch

Hjbkckwzyhîço Pñilkgh, xvf, kcmflkqbfczf, phyfgfb pfyjvyhy#

Chzvyhlbfczf, kwwo cço kbpfjkv xvf hîöfw powkzk}hw }kyhwwfb phvzh f mowwfb yfpfygvzkjhw,

bhw fb xvhczkjhjf kcwvmkgkfczf phyh fxvklkiyhy o xvhjyo nfyhl# O no}fyco flfzyúckgo, omoyzhlfgkbfczo jf ÷ynçow mkwghlkqhjoyfw f jo Bkckwzëyko Pñilkgo yf}flh"wf, hkcjh, kcgkpkfczf#

Hw gyâzkghw jo pyfwkjfczf Lvlh à mkwghlkqhîço woiyf o no}fyco f àw gyâzkghw woiyf h mhlzh jf

plhcfahbfczow f bfzhw jo no}fyco mfjfyhl wço wkbi÷lkghw cfwwf wfczkjo# Gocmkybh"wf, fczço,

vb Fwzhjo hkcjh bvkzo bhyghjo pflo phzykbockhlkwbo f pflo povgo hpfno à ghvwh pñilkgh#

Fb bvkzow bobfczow, hw gyâzkghw jo aoychl à Hjbkckwzyhîço jo Fwzhjo moyhb pfywochlkqhjhw

ch mknvyh jo pyfwkjfczf jh Yfpñilkgh f, f}fczvhlbfczf, co bkckwzyo jo Fwpoyzf#

Bhw zhl }kwço fwzhiflfgkjh pflo jkèyko cço wvynkv jhw gkcqhw# Co pykbfkyo ghpâzvlo, mok

hchlkwhjo o Gfcèyko jf Yfpyfwfczhîço Polâzkgo, myvzo jf vbh wogkfjhjf bhyghjh poy vb

pyogfwwo kjfol÷nkgo dfnfbúckgo# Gobo fwzf zyhihldo }kwh à hcèlkwf jh yfpyfwfczhîço mfkzh jh

Hjbkckwzyhîço Pñilkgh, zhkw gocgfkzow mkghb vb povgo jkwzhczfw# Hkcjh hwwkb, hlnvbhw jhw

kjfkhw ièwkghw jo GY"P pojfb wfy hjhpzhjhw h fwzh jkwgvwwço, hp÷w mfkzhw hw cfgfwwèykhw

yfwwhl}hw# Hwwkb wfcjo, pojf"wf jkqfy xvf o Gfcèyko xvf hnf woiyf o zfbh fwzvjhjo, xvf



=9

phwwh poy vbh gocgfpîço dfnfbúckgh ‗ Lkbh $9008+ lfbiyh hw }hykè}fkw pyfwfczfw, bhw xvf

cço hlzfyhb o gfycf jh xvfwzço ‗ ë o jf xvf h Hjbkckwzyhîço Pñilkgh hzvh jf moybh

kcfmkgkfczf, jfwoynhckqhjh, fxvk}oghjh, f cço ivwgh o ifb pñilkgo fb gocwkjfyè}fkw }fqfw,

bhw o wfv py÷pyko#

H hnyfwwk}kjhjf jf hlnvcw fjkzoykhkw, hw bhcgdfzfw jf bhzëykhw, ow hyzknow, hw cozhw, f

pykcgkphlbfczf hw ghyzhw, xvf bowzyhb vb yfgoyzf jf bvcjo wflfgkochjo pflh Moldh jf W#

Phvlo, yf}flhb fwwh yfhlkjhjf# Jh bfwbh moybh, ow hnfczfw pñilkgow wço gologhjow gobo

opoyzvckwzhw fb bfko ho gfcèyko kjfhl phyh ivwghy nhcdow jf moybh mègkl, hkcjh xvf klfnhl#

Fwwh }kwço havjh h moybhy h kbhnfb ‗ gocgfkzo zço kbpoyzhczf cfwzh wogkfjhjf goczfbpoyécfh

‗ jh Hjbkckwzyhîço Pñilkgh iyhwklfkyh# Mkgov glhyo, zhbiëb, xvf h pfywpfgzk}h nyhbwgkhch

fcgoczyh hbphyo ch yfhlkjhjf, aè xvf, bfwbo gob kczfyfwwfw fgocúbkgow f polâzkgow fb

yflhîço à goifyzvyh jo f}fczo, ow hwpfgzow gvlzvyhkw f wogkhkw cço moyhb kncoyhjow ‗ kcjo h

polâzkgh fjkzoykhl jf fcgoczyo ho wfcwo"gobvb# Cfwzf xvhjyo, hkcjh ë powwâ}fl hmkybhy xvf o

aoychl hnkv, fb jk}fywow bobfczow, gobo vb phyzkjo polâzkgo#

Woiyf o goczyhzo jf gobvckghîço ftkwzfczf fczyf h Moldh jf W# Phvlo f wfvw lfkzoyfw, pojf"wf

gocglvky xvf fwzè kbplâgkzh vbh yflhîço jf goiyhcîh, jf mkybfqh, mkwghlkqhîço f jfcñcgkhwfczyf o aoychl f h Hjbkckwzyhîço Pñilkgh# Hw ghyzhw jf lfkzoyfw goyyoioyhb fwwh }kwço# Phyh

kwwo, o fmfkzo"}fyjhjf f ow whifyfw jf gocdfgkbfczo f jf gyfcîh moyhb ifb vzklkqhjow pflh

pvilkghîço#

Hkcjh xvf cço zfcdh fwghcghyhjo kwwo, h Moldh yfzyhzov o zfbh jf fwzvjo gobo yfwvlzhjo jh

bhkoy jhw goczyhjkîöfw powwâ}fkw1 hnf ch goczyh"bço jf wk bfwbh, zyhcwnyfjkcjo wfvw gkcgo

pykcgâpkow ièwkgow1 o jh Lfnhlkjhjf, jh Kbpfwwohlkjhjf, jh Boyhlkjhjf, jh Pvilkgkjhjf f jhFmkgkácgkh#



=7

IKILKONYHMKH

HIYVGKO, Mfychcjo Lvkq# Zyhafz÷ykh yfgfczf jh nfwzço pñilkgh iyhwklfkyh1 vb ihlhcîo gyâzkgo

f h yfco}hîço jh hnfcjh jf yfmoybhw# Kc1 MVCJHÎÇO NFZÑLKO ]HYNHW# Yhp1 Yf}kwzhjf Hjbkckwzyhîço Pñilkgh# Fjkîço Fwpfgkhl, 8;=>"900># Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 Fj# Mvcjhîço Nfzñlko]hynhw, 900># IOYWHCK, Dvno# Yflhîöfw fczyf fgocobkh f polâzkgh1 Zfoykh jh Fwgoldh Pñilkgh# Kc1 GkyoIkjfybhc5 Phvlo Hy}hzf# $Oyn#+# Fgocobkh jo Wfzoy Pñilkgo co Iyhwkl# Wço Phvlo1 Flwf}kfy"Ghbpvw, 9006, $]# 8+# GHY]HLDO MKLDO, Aowë jow Whczow# Bhcvhl jf Jkyfkzo Hjbkckwzyhzk}o# 87¡ fj# Yko jfAhcfkyo1 Lñbfc Añykw, 900;#

GDHYHVJFHV, Phzykge# Jkwgvywo jhw Bâjkhw# Zyhjvîço jf Écnflh W# B# Goyyáh# 8# fj# 9¡yfkbpyfwwço# Wço Phvlo1 Goczftzo, 900;# GOLOBIO, Mvyko# Gocdfgfy o aoychlkwbo doaf1 gobo wf mhq h kcmoybhîço# Lkwioh1 Pyfwfcîh,8;;4# GVCDH, Fjkzf jh Pfcdh5 GVCDH, Flfocoyh Wgdfzzkck B## Polâzkghw Pñilkghw Wogkhkw# Kc1GHY]HLDO, Hl{wwoc fz hl# Polâzkghw Pñilkghw# 8¡ yfkbpyfwwço# Iflo Doykqoczf1 FjkzoyhVMBN, 9007# JVHYZF, Aoynf# Hwwfwwoykh jf Kbpyfcwh co Iyhwkl# Kc1 Hwwfwwoykh jf Kbpyfcwh f

Yflhgkochbfczo gob h Bâjkh# 9¡ fj# Wço Phvlo1 Fjkzoyh Hzlhw W#H#, 900;# NOBFW, ^klwoc# Zyhcwmoybhîöfw jh polâzkgh ch fyh jh gobvckghîço jf bhwwh# 9# fj# WçoPhvlo1 Phvlvw, 900># LKBH, ]fcâgko H# jf# Bâjkh1 Zfoykh f Polâzkgh# Wço Phvlo1 F# Mvcjhîço Pfywfv Hiyhbo,9008# BHYZKCW, Myhcelkc# Aoychlkwbo Polâzkgo# Wço Phvlo1 Goczftzo, 9006#

YOJYKNVFW, Hjykhco Jvhyzf# O Hgoczfgkbfczo# Kc1 ZYHXVKCH, Cflwoc $Oyn#+Aoychlkwbo1 xvfwzöfw, zfoykhw f )fwz÷ykhw)# 9# fj# Lkwioh1 ]fnh, 8;;;# ZYHXVKCH, Cflwoc# H Cozâgkh# Kc1 ZYHXVKCH, Cflwoc $Oyn#+ Aoychlkwbo1 xvfwzöfw,

zfoykhw f )fwz÷ykhw)# 9# fj# Lkwioh1 ]fnh, 8;;; ^OLM, Bhvyo# Zfoykhw jh gobvckghîço# :# fj# Lkwioh1 Pyfwfcîh, 8;;6

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